.  *'-.*.«  - 


*  r4  * 

.'  \  • 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


t  7- 


The  RALPH  D.  REED  LIBRARY 

-o 

DEPARTMENT  OF  GEOLOGY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES,  CALIF. 


NORTH  AMERICAN 


GEOLOGY  AND  PALEONTOLOGY 


FOR  THE   USE   OK 


AMATEURS,  STUDENTS,  AND  SCIENTISTS 


S.   A.    NT  ILLKR 


CINCINNATI,  OHIO 
1889 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1889,  by 

S.  A.  MIDLER, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PRESS  OF 

WESTERN    METHODIST   BOOK    CONCERN, 
CINCINNATI,    OHIO, 


Geology, 
Library 


PREFACE. 


A  GENERAL  knowledge  of  Geology  is  probably  of  greater  importance 
to  the  people  of  the  United  States  than  a  like  amount  of  information  in 
any  other  department  of  natural  science;  but  every  one  will  admit  the 
state  of  learning  in  this  branch  is  not  of  a  very  high  grade.  There  is  a 
common  complaint  among  well-informed  people  who  have  given  Geology 
no  special  study  that  the  language  used  is  technical,  the  names  long, 
difficult  to  understand,  and  not  unfrequently  bear  upon  their  face  the 
evidence  of  affectation,  as  if  those  coining  the  words  had  attempted  to 
make  them  as  obscure  as  possible.  It  is  a  fact,  however,  that  technical 
names  are  absolutely  essential  to  a  correct  understanding  of  every  branch 
of  Natural  History;  and  when  the  system  of  nomenclature  is  once  learned 
the  names  are  readily  understood,  and  much  more  easily  remembered, 
than  the  arbitrary  names  of  individual  things  possibly  can  be.  In  this 
work  an  effort  has  been  made  to  popularize  the  rules  of  nomenclature,  and 
to  define  the  technical  words  in  the  text  or  in  the  Glossary. 

Generic  and  specific  names,  which  have  been  used  by  authors  where 
the  fossils  are  not  known  to  occur  in  the  Palaeozoic  rocks  of  North  America, 
are  printed  in  italics.  Synonyms,  names  not  described  as  required  by  the 
rules  of  nomenclature,  preoccupied  names,  and  those  condemned  for  any 
other  reason,  are  also  printed  in  italics.  When  an  author  has  referred  his 
species  to  a  genus  to  which  it  does  not  belong,  the  specific  name  will  be 
found  in  italics  under  such  generic  name,  and  referred  to  the  genus  to 
which  it  belongs,  and  at  the  latter  place  the  original  erroneous  generic 
reference  will  be  found  in  parenthesis. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  define  all  genera  known  from  the 
Palaeozoic  rocks  of  North  America ;  the  name  of  the  author  of  each  genus 
is  given,  the  date  of  coining  the  word,  and  an  abbreviated  reference  to  the 
book  and  page  where  published,  and  the  etymology  of  the  word  and  name 
of  the  type  species.  The  names  of  all  the  species,  arranged  in  alphabetical 
order,  will  be  found  under  the  genera  to  which  they  belong;  and  also  the 
authors  of  them,  the  dates  and  places  of  publication,  and  very  frequently 

3 

813718 


PREFACE. 

references  to  two  places  of  publication,  especially  where,  in  the  first  instance, 
the  species  was  defined  without  illustration,  as  has  been  too  frequently  done 
in  society  publications,  the  place  above  and  beyond  all  others  where  no 
species  should  be  described  unless  accompanied  by  proper  illustrations. 

An  attempt  has  also  been  made  to  correct  the  misspelling  of  words  so 
as  to  perfect  the  nomenclature,  and  we  call  special  attention  to  the  Index  of 
Genera,  where  a  few  corrections  are  made  that  were  overlooked  in  the  text, 
and  where  the  gender  of  each  genus  is  indicated. 

After  the  author  had  commenced  the  preparation  of  this  work,  which 
was  several  years  ago,  knowing  the  great  expense  attending  the  making 
of  illustrations,  he  applied  to  several  State  Geologists  and  others  for  the 
privilege  of  taking  electrotypes  from  the  wood-cuts  belonging  to  the  State 
Governments  and  to  the  individuals ;  and  he  has  now  to  express  his 
acknowledgments  to  Alfred  R.  C.  Selwyn,  F.  R.  S,  F.  G.  S.,  Director  of 
the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  who  placed  at  his  disposal  all  belonging 
to  the  Canadian  Survey,  and  he  availed  himself  of  about  one  hundred  and 
sixty  of  the  original  figures  used  by  the  late  Prof.  Billings ;  and  also  to 
express  his  obligations  to  the  late  Prof.  A.  H.  Wort-hen,  from  whom  he 
obtained  nearly  all  those  used  in  the  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois.  After 
a  very  large  number  of  figures  had  been  made  by  the  expensive  process  of 
wood-engraving,  he  learned  of  the  much  cheaper  electrotype  process,  and 
engaged  the  services  of  the  Kline  Photo-engraving  Company,  of  Cincinnati, 
and  for  the  accuracy  and  faithfulness  with  which  many  figures  have  been 
reproduced  he  is  indebted  to  the  skill  of  the  artists  in  that  company. 

CINCINNATI,  November,  1889. 


NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DEFINITIONS   AND    LAWS    OR   OEXDLOQY. 

§  1.  GEOLOGY  is  the  science  which  comprehends  the  structure  of  the  earth  and 
investigates  its  history.  It  does  not  extend  to  the  beginning,  nor  throw  any  light 
upon  the  astronomical  theory  that  the  world  was,  at  one  time,  in  a  gaseous  state, 
and  later  in  a  condition  of  fluidity.  It  commences  at  the  most  ancient  rocks  found 
upon  the  surface  of  the  earth.  These  had  their  origin,  in  sedimentary  deposition, 
at  the  bottom  of  an  ocean.  The  world  was  then  as  large  as  it  is  now,  and  beyond 
the  fact  that  these  rocks  were  once  merely  sedimentary  layers  at  the  bed  of  a 
sea,  the  previous  history  of  the  earth  is  unknown,  and  all  prior  time  is  impenetrable 
darkness.  Geology  commences  at  the  lowest  discovered  rocks,  and  investigates  the 
overlying  strata,  the  changes  that  have  taken  place,  the  lapse  of  time,  and  the  de- 
velopment of  organic  life,  to  the  present  moment.  If  the  strata  of  rocks  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth  were  horizontal,  the  science  would  extend  over  a  short  period  of  time, 
and  might  be  learned  as  rapidly  as  we  progress  in  zoology,  anatomy,  or  other 
branches  of  Natural  History  ;  but  the  rocks  are  inclined  at  various  angles,  and  form 
synclinal  troughs  and  anticlinal  ridges,  and  expose,  in  the  order  of  sedimentary  de- 
position, at  the  maximum  more  than  forty  miles  in  thickness.  Mountain  regions 
rarely  afford  so  good  opportunities  for  the  study  of  Geology  as  a  country  unbroken, 
except  by  the  exposures  in  stone-quarries  and  the  banks  of  streams.  In  some  States 
the  dip  of  the  strata  is  quite  uniform  for  a  hundred  miles  or  more,  without  any  folds 
or  flexures.  It  is  in  these  areas  the  student  will  find  the  most  inviting  fields  for  the 
study  of  the  science. 

§  2.  The  laws  of  the  science  have  been  ascertained,  from  observation  and  in- 
vestigation of  the  changes  now  taking  place,  from  a  knowledge  of  those  which  have 
occurred  within  the  historical  period,  from  the  evidence  of  change  in  more  remote 
ages,  from  the  study  of  the  skeletons  and  harder  parts  of  animals  and  plants,  and 
the  process  of  infiltration  of  mineral  matter  into  these  organisms,  which  fills  up  the 
cavities  and  produces  petrifactions,  and  from  the  study  and  determination  of  the 
characters  of  the  petrifactions  found  in  the  rocks  of  nearly  all  ages.  Neither  plants 
nor  animals  turn  to  stone;  flesh  can  not  petrify.  When  a  body  is  sufficiently  firm 
to  preserve  its  form  until  water,  holding  lime  or  silica  in  chemical  solution,  can 
penetrate  the  cavities,  saturate  it,  and  deposit  the  stony  matter  as  the  organism 
decays,  we  have  a  fossil  or  petrifaction.  The  laws  of  nature  are  uniform  in  their 
operation.  The  diversified  character  of  the  rocks  has  resulted  from  general  causes, 
and  the  uplifting  and  inclination  of  sediments  did  not  occur  in  one  period  of  time, 
but  are  distributed  through  and  belong  to  all  geological  ages.  We  do  not  assume 

2 


DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY. 


the  intensity  of  any  forces  exceeded,  in  times  past,  those  which  are  now  in  activity. 
The  changes  which  the  earth  has  undergone  within  the  scope  of 
geological  investigations  were  produced  by  the  same  laws,  acting 
with  the  same  degree  of  power,  as  those  we  may  daily  witness. 
This  is  true  of  aqueous  and  igneous  action  and  of  all  organic  and 
inorganic  movements. 

§  3.  An  anticlinal  axis  is  that  line  from  which  strata  dip  to 

FIG.  1.  Anticlinal  axis       .,.,  mi-i  *        v.  11  ft  e 

at  a.  strata  disturbed,   either  side.     The  ridge  of  a  house-top,  the  slope  of  the  roof  rep- 

folded.   and    denuded, 

formab\e7tr^dep°£  resenting  the  dip  of  the  strata,  will  convey  an  idea  of  an  anti- 


folded.   and    denuded, 

for 
ioew 


the  arc  of  a   circle,  and,  in  such   case,  the  strata  incline  in  all 
directions   from  a  given  point,  which  is  the  anticlinal  axis.     A  synclinal  axis  is  the 
reverse  of  an  anticlinal  axis.    Rocks  are  called 
stratified  whether  the   planes  of  the  beds  are 
parallel  to  each  other,  or  rest  unconformably. 
Conformable  strata  have  the  planes  of  the  beds 
parallel    to    each    other,   and    unconformable 
strata  have  the  planes  of  the  strata  of  one 

bed  resting  upon  the  edges  of  the  strata  of  ^  2  Sectlonof  the  Jura  Mountalns, lllustrat. 
another.  This  must  necessarily  mark  an  in-  ^^^^n^^n^^j&^w^ 
terval  of  time  between  the  two  which  is  not  ^^^^T^S^^SSSSsS^S 

represented  by  a  deposit.       A  fault    is    a    dis-    Disturbed  and  thrown  into  waves 

location  of  strata  so  that  the  continuity  of  the  mass  is  destroyed  by  one  side  of  the 

fracture  being  elevated  higher  than 
the  other.  A  dyke  is  a  wall  of 
rock  between  the  two  sides  of  a 
fault  or  fracture,  interrupting  the 
continuity  of  the  beds  on  either 
side.  Sometimes  a  dyke  shows  an 
overflow  at  the  top.  When  strata 
terminate  abruptly,  they  terminate 
in  an  escarpment.  An  outlier  is  a  lone 
rock  in  place,  or  a  hill  detached 
by  erosion  from  the  surrounding 


Fio.  3.  Escarpment   on  the  right,  rffort.  representing 

mass  of  similar  beds,  of  which  it 


the 


evidently  once  formed  a  part. 
§  4.  The  erosion   of  the  earth  never  ceases.     Decomposed  and  disintegrated 
substances  are  being  constantly  removed  by  rain  and  super-  , 

ficial  waters  to  a  lower  level  than  they  previously  occupied. 
The  erosion  or  denudation  must  be  followed  by  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  materials.     The  deposit  at  one  place  can  only 
progress  at  the  rate  with    which   it  is   transported    from 
another.     All  strata  consist  of  transported  matter,  and,  as 
Lyell   said,   the  evidence  of  the  work    of  denudation    is     FM, 
defective,  because  it  is  the  tendency  of  every  destroying  2and 
cause  to   obliterate  in  great  part  the  signs  of  its  own  agency.      Stratified  rocks, 
therefore,  indicate  only  part  of  the  erosion  which  the  earth's  surface  has  undergone, 


8t***$aillol{S!l 

e  ien  tn£fauit?m 


DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY.  7 

because  the  same  materials  in  a  multitude  of  cases  have  been  broken  up  again  and 
again,  and  restratified,  presenting  for  our  observation  only  the  last  of  the  many 
forms  through  which  they  have  passed.  The  oldest  rocks,  as  well  as  the  most  recent, 
were  formed  from  the  waste  of  older  rocks  than  themselves,  therefore  we  can  never 
see  any  part  of  the  primitive  earth  or  original  solidified  matter. 

§  5.  The  atmospheric  forces,  in  activity  and  disturbing  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
are  generally  combined  with  the  aqueous,  as  in  frost ;  or  the  chemical,  as  in  the 
union  with  carbonic  acid ;  but  the  effects  of  air  and  wind  are,  by  no  means,  incon- 
siderable. The  surface  of  all  exposed  rocks  and  earthy  materials  bear  the  evidences 
of  disintegration  and  denudation.  The  sun  dries  up  the  mud  and  cracks  the  earth 
and  soils,  while  the  winds  sweep  the  dust  from  roads  and  barren  places.  Grains 
of  sand,  driven  by  the  wind,  will  groove  and  polish  the  hardest  rocks  and  minerals, 
and  sometimes  fairly  dissolve  and  carry  away  limestone  and  more  friable  substances. 
Sand  blowing  is  used  in  the  arts  for  etching  hard  materials.  All  soils  have  resulted 
from  the  disintegration  of  rocks,  and  when  not  transported,  the  quality  depends  upon 
the  character  of  the  parent  rock  immediately  below  ;  and  ths  penetration  of  the  soil 
to  the  unaltered  parent  rock  will  reveal  the  different  stages  of  the  change  effected  by 
atmospheric  agencies,  aided  more  or  less  by  the  effects  of  frost  and  water.  The 
winds,  blowing  inland  from  large  bodies  of  water,  carry  sand  from  the  beaches,  and 
pile  it  in  mounds  and  ridges,  called  sand-dunes ;  and  the  same  effects  are  produced 
upon  the  deserts,  and  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  wherever  light  or  loose  materials  are 
exposed  to  its  action.  A  wind-storm  blew  a  standing  locomotive  off  the  railroad 
track  at  East  St.  Louis,  and  other  storms  have  been  known  to  move  bodies  weighing 
several  tons.  The  geological  effects  of  the  wind  therefore  are  conspicuous  in  some 
parts  of  the  world,  while  in  others  they  are  so  slight  as  to  be  quite  overlooked. 

§  6.  Water  is  an  active  solvent  of  rocky  substances,  and  the  solvent  power  in- 
creases with  heat  and  pressure.  It  is  also  a  powerful  mechancial  agent.  It  will 
enter  the  minute  openings  in  the  hardest  rocks,  freeze,  and  chip  up  minute  scales ; 
and  so  it  will  enter  larger  cracks  and  orifices,  freeze  and  break  open  large  rocks,  or 
burst  from  ledges  immense  masses.  Ice,  freezing  at  the  margin  of  lakes  and  ponds, 
by  expansion,  crowds  the  loose  rocks  on  the  shores  in  the  form  of  ridges  of  bowlders, 
and  freezing  around  the  free  rocks  at  the  bottom  in  shallow  water  or  near  the  shore, 
will,  when  broken  up  by  partial  thawing,  and  assisted  by  the  force  of  waves  and 
winds,  transport  such  rocks  to  distant  places.  Mud,  sand,  gravel,  and  pieces  of  rock 
are  transported  down  stream  by  all  rivers,  and  the  transportation  is  aided  by  the  ice 
in  the  temperate  and  colder  latitudes.  On  the  shores  of  the  St.  Lawrence  transported 
bowlders  are  found  weighing  many  tons. 

§  7.  The  capacity  of  the  atmosphere  to  take  up  aqueous  vapor  in  suspension, 
increases  with  the  temperature,  and  when  saturated  the  least  interference  with  the 
currents  of  the  air  will  precipitate  rain.  Hence  there  is  more  rain  in  warmer  than 
in  colder  latitudes.  Clouds  drifting  against  mountains  and  high  lands  will  discharge 
rain.  The  rain  falls  upon  the  ground,  disintegrates  earthy  substances,  and  transports 
the  disintegrated  materials  resulting  from  its  own  action,  and  from  atmospheric 
agencies,  down  the  valleys  to  the  ocean.  It  is  said  the  Ganges  annually  carries  to 
the  sea  6,368,000,000  cubic  feet  of  sediment,  which,  being  spread  over  the  whole 
basin  of  the  river,  comprehending  400,000  square  miles,  would  make  a  layer  1-1751 
of  a  foot  thick.  The  Ganges,  therefore,  erodes  its  basin  one  foot  in  1,751  years. 


8  DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY. 

The  area  of  the  Mississippi  basin  is  1,244,000  square  miles,  and  the  annual  discharge 
of  sediment  by  the  river  is  estimated  at  7,471,411,200  cubic  feet,  an  amount  suffi- 
cient to  cover  the  whole  basin  1-4640  of  a  foot.  Therefore  the  Mississippi  River  re- 
moves from  its  basin  a  thickness  of  one  foot  in  4,640  years. 

§  8.  The  greater  number  of  valleys  in  North  America  have  been  carved  out 
by  the  streams  flowing  in  them  at  substantially  the  same  rate  of  excavation  that  is 
now  in  progress.  All  the  valleys  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  have  been  excavated 
by  the  slow  process  of  the  action  of  rain  and  the  rivers.  The  Mississippi  and  all  its 
tributaries  have  excavated  their  own  valleys,  with  the"  exception  of  a  few  in  the 
mountain  regions.  Not  only  have  the  valleys  been  thus  excavated,  but  much  of  the 
intervening  land  has  been  denuded  of  many  feet  of  surface  rocks.  While  the  beds 
of  the  older  streams  sink  extremely  slow,  if  at  all,  the  valleys  are  gradually  widening 
by  the  wear  and  tear  of  rain  and  storm.  This  erosion  has  taken  place  since  the  close 
of  Palaeozoic  time.  The  hills  are  usually  terraced  because  the  strata  are  of  different 
degrees  of  hardness  and  durability,  the  softer  and  more  easily  disintegrated  are 
gradually  removed  by  atmospheric  influences  and  the  transporting  power  of  rains 
and  springs,  leaving  the  harder  and  more  solid  standing  out  in  more  or  less  abrupt 
slopes  and  cliffs. 

§  9.  The  lower  limit  of  perpetual  snow  under  the  equator  is  16,000  feet  above 
the  sea,  in  the  Swiss  Alps,  in  latitude  46  N.,  it  is  8,500  feet,  and  in  the  arctic  and 
antarctic  regions  it  reaches  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  isothermal  lines,  around  the 
earth,  being  affected  by  the  distribution  of  the  land  and  water  surface  and  the  ocean 
currents,  do  not  follow  the  degrees  of  latitude ;  therefore,  in  ages  past,  when  the  land 
and  water  occupied  different  areas,  and  the  ocean  currents  moved  in  other  routes, 
the  isothermal  lines  were  correspondingly  changed.  Above  the  line  of  perpetual 
snow  there  is  an  augmentation  from  year  to  year,  and  below  it,  during  the  colder 
seasons,  the  snow  falls  many  feet  in  thickness.  An  equilibrium  is  preserved  by  the 
melting  of  the  snow  in  sunshine,  by  occasional  rains  to  which  it  is  subjected,  and  by 
the  natural  tendency  to  creep  down  the  mountain  side  by  the  force  of  its  own 
gravity.  This  movement  gives  rise  to  glaciers,  which  follow  the  depressions  or 
ravines  on  the  sides  of  the  mountains  to  a  considerable  distance  below  the  perpetual 
line  of  snow.  They  move  very  slowly,  but  transport  sand,  gravel,  and  masses  of 
rock,  and  smooth,  polish,  and  groove  their  rocky  channels,  because  fragments  of  rock 
get  interposed  between  the  glacier  and  the  rocks  of  the  valley.  The  stones  carried 
along  on  the  ice  are  called  the  "moraines"  of  the  glacier.  There  is  always  one  line 
of  blocks  on  each  side,  these  are  called  the  "lateral  moraines."  Where  there  are 
confluent  glaciers  the  lateral  moraines  of  the  tributary  glacier  are  carried  into  the 
larger  stream  of  ice,  and  are  called  "medial  moraines." 

§  10.  The  effects  of  glaciers  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  are  not  important,  not- 
withstanding so  much  has  been  said  about  them,  and  it  is  evident  they  have  not 
been  much  more  imposing  in  past  geological  ages  than  they  are  now.  There  are 
probably  no  evidences  of  glacial  action  upon  the  continent  of  North  America  where 
they  do  not  now  exist,  except  in  a  few  places  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  where 
they  have  departed  on  account  of  the  drainage  of  adjacent  lakes,  and  some  indica- 
tions in  the  New  England  Mountains  where  they  are  unknown  now,  either  because 
that  region  is  somewhat  depressed,  or  because  the  Arctic  Current  does  not  hug  the 
shore  as  far  south  as  it  did  in  the  Pliocene  or  Post-pliocene  period. 


DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY.  9 

§  11.  In  high  northern  and  southern  latitudes  glaciers  descend  into  the  sea, 
where  fragments  are  broken  off,  which  are  called  "icebergs."  Icebergs  bear  all 
the  earth  and  rocks  they  did  when  constituting  part  of  a  glacier,  and  they  soon  fall 
in  with  ocean  currrents,  and  are  drifted  great  distances  before  they  are  dissolved, 
and  let  the  ' '  moraines "  fall  to  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  In  this  manner  the  sub- 
marine surface  is  strewn  with  foreign  mud,  sand,  gravel,  bowlders,  and  fragments  of 
rock.  Coast-ice  acts  in  the  same  manner  when  blown  out  into  the  sea  by  off-shore 
winds.  The  ice  sinks  into  the  ocean  eight  times  as  deep  as  it  projects  above  the 
surface,  and  when  in  shallow  water  it  impinges  upon  the  submarine  bottom,  the  force 
of  the  current  or  the  winds  may  cause  it  to  polish  or  groove  the  rocks,  if  fragments 
intervene,  in  the  same  manner  that  glaciers  will  polish  or  groove  their  valleys.  Ice- 
bergs drift  from  Baffin's  Bay  to  the  latitude  of  the  Azores,  from  Greenland  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  from  the  antarctic  regions  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  also  to  Chili,  in  South  America.  Darwin  saw  one  in  the  southern  seas 
bearing  a  rock  visible  twelve  feet  above  the  surface,  1,400  miles  distant  from  any 
known  land.  Icebergs  have  a  transporting  power  more  than  a  thousand-fold  greater 
than  glaciers,  and  an  eroding  power  but  little  inferior,  and  yet  the  action  of  icebergs 
is  inconspicuous  now,  and  has  been,  so  far  as  we  know,  in  all  the  ages  gone  by. 

§  12.  A  large  part  of  the  rain  sinks  into  the  ground,  takes  up  mineral  matter 
in  chemical  solution,  flows  out  in  springs,  and  transports  its  load  to  the  ocean.  In 
this  manner  many  caves  and  caverns  are  excavated.  The  waves  produced  by 
storms  and  tides  beat  down  the  shores  of  large  bodies  of  water,  and  deposit  the  ma- 
terials at  other  places.  The  ocean  currents  have  a  drifting  and  denuding  action 
where  the  water  is  shallow.  The  wear  and  tear  of  the  earth  by  the  action  of  water 
never  ceases,  and  the  more  we  contemplate  the  subject,  the  better  able  we  are  to 
realize  the  magnitude  of  the  never-ending  destruction. 

§  13.  The  violence  of  earthquakes,  and  the  fires  of  the  volcanoes,  the  elevations 
and  depressions  of  land  with  respect  to  the  sea,  seem  to  have  operated  within  the 
historical  period  on  as  grand  a  scale  as  we  are  warranted  in  believing  they  did  in 
past  geological  ages.  Earthquakes  and  volcanic  fires  are  intimately  connected,  and 
neither  penetrate  the  earth  to  any  great  depth.  Earthquakes  have  been  felt  upon 
the  surface  of  the  earth  when  miners,  at  a  depth  of  1,000  feet  or  more,  have  not 
experienced  the  sensation.  The  transmission  of  the  vibration  is  more  distinct,  and 
phenomena  more  apparent  where  the  strata  are  hard  rocks  than  where  they  consist 
of  sand  and  gravel,  or  softer  material.  All  volcanoes  are  near  large  bodies  of 
water,  and  observation  has  shown  that  water  gains  access  to  the  volcanic  foci,  and 
that  steam  is  a  powerful  agent  in  all  eruptions.  The  pressure  or  force  of  gravity  of 
the  layers  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  develops  the  latent  heat,  so  there  is  an  increase 
of  temperature  at  the  rate  of  about  one  degree  for  every  sixty  feet  penetrated  for 
the  first  2,000  or  3,000  feet.  The  deeper  borings  have  not  shown  the  regular  con- 
tinuing increase  of  the  heat,  nor  is  the  increase  uniform  through  different  kinds  of 
rock,  or  at  different  places.  The  better  opinion  seems  to  be  that  neither  this  increase 
of  heat,  nor  the  volcanic  fires  afford  any  evidence  of  the  internal  fluidity  of  the 
earth,  but,  on  the  contrary,  the  earth  is  probably  solid,  with  exception  of  local 
caverns  near  the  surface,  and  local  masses  of  melted  matter  resulting  from  chemical 
causes  which  are  in  operation  at  no  great  depth. 

§  14.  All  are  more  or  less  familiar  with  the  story  of  the  buried  cities  of  Hercu- 


10  DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY. 

laneura  and  Pompeii,  and  the  great  eruptions  of  Vesuvius.  In  1669  a  current  of 
lava  flowed  from  Etna,  having  a  width  of  600  yards,  and  a  depth  of  40  feet  when  it 
reached  the  sea  at  the  distance  of  fifteen  miles.  In  1783  Skapter  Jokul,  in  Iceland, 
sent  forth  two  currents  of  lava  in  opposite  directions,  one  of  which  extended  fifty 
miles,  and  the  other  forty-five.  The  extreme  breadth  of  the  one  in  Skapter  valley 
was  fifteen  miles,  and  the  other  had  a  breadth  of  seven  miles.  The  ordinary  height 
of  the  current  was  100  feet,  but  in  narrow  defiles  it  sometimes  amounted  to  600  feet. 
There  is  no  evidence  of  a  volcanic  eruption  on  the  continent  of  North  America  in 
past  geological  ages  that  surpassed  this  in  volume. 

About  midnight,  August  11,  1772,  a  luminous  cloud  appeared  to  envelop 
Papandayang,  a  volcano  on  the  island  of  Java,  and  in  a  short  time  it  actually  fell  in 
with  a  great  noise.  Immense  quantities  of  volcanic  substances  were  thrown  out  and 
distributed  for  many  miles  around.  It  is  estimated  the  mountain  for  fifteen  miles  in 
length  and  six  in  breadth  was  swallowed  up  in  the  earth  by  this  commotion.  Forty 
villages  were  ingulfed  or  destroyed,  and  2,957  inhabitants  perished.  It  seems  in 
this  instance  the  eruptions  had  formed  a  corresponding  cavity  beneath  the  surface, 
and  when  the  weight  above  overcame  the  resistance,  the  volcano  suddenly  fell  into 
the  abyss  beneath. 

A  volcano  forced  its  way  from  beneath  the  sea  into  the  atmosphere  off  St. 
Michael's,  Azores,  in  1«811.  It  was  first  seen  above  the  sea  on  June  13th.  The  ap- 
pearances were  exceedingly  beautiful,  the  volcano  shooting  up  columns  of  the  blackest 
cinders  to  the  height  of  between  700  and  800  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water. 
When  not  ejecting  ashes,  an  immense  body  of  vapor  or  smoke  revolved  almost  hori- 
zontally on  the  sea.  The  bursts  were  accompanied  by  explosions  resembling  a  mixed 
discharge  of  cannon  and  musketry,  and  a  great  abundance  of  lightning.  By  the  4th 
of  July  an  island  was  formed  a  mile  in  circumference  and  300  feet  high.  In  the 
center  there  was  a  crater  full  of  hot  water,  which  discharged  itself  through  an 
opening  facing  St.  Michael's.  The  island  subsequently  disappeared  kbeneath  the 
water. 

Twelve  islands  constitute  the  Hawaiian  Group,  four  of  these  are  mere  barren 
rocks ;  the  remaining  eight  have  an  area  of  about  6,000  square  miles.  All  of  these 
islands  are  volcanic,  and  no  other  rocks  than  volcanic  are  found  upon  them  save  a 
few  remnants  of  sea-beaches.  They  are  all  mountainous,  and  the  deep  sea  surround- 
ings have  shown  the  islands  are  only  the  summits  of  gigantic  mountain  masses. 
Mauna  Kea,  on  Hawaii,  is  13,900  feet  above  the  sea,  and  Mauna  Loa  13,700  feet.  If  the 
ocean  were  driven  away,  it  is  said  these  mountain  peaks  would  stand  30,000  feet  above 
the  foot  of  the  mountain  range.  On  Hawaii  the  volcanic  forces  are  still  in  opera- 
tion. On  Maui  they  rested  at  a  recent  epoch,  or  within  a  few  hundred  years.  On 
the  other  islands  they  have  long  been  extinct,  and  the  piles  built  up  have  been 
greatly  eroded.  On  Hawaii  there  are  two  grand  foci  of  volcanic  eruption  where 
the  fires  are  now  raging,  Mauna  Loa  and  Kilauea.  Mauna  Loa  is  the  largest  vol- 
cano in  the  world,  and  none  approach  it  in  the  magnitude  jof  its  eruptions.  A 
moderate  eruption  represents  more  material  than  Vesuvius  has  emitted  since  the 
days  of  Pompeii,  and  the  flow  of  1855  would  have  nearly  built  Vesuvius.  On  the 
whole,  it  appears  there  are  as  many  active  volcanoes,  and  some  as  vast  and  fright- 
ful in  eruptive jpower  as  seem  to  have  existed  at  any  other  single  period  in  geolog- 
ical time. 


DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY.  11 

§  15.  An  earthquake  in  New  Zealand  in  1856  raised  a  tract  of  land  compris- 
ing 4,600  square  miles,  from  one  to  nine  feet.  In  1822,  and  again  in  1835,  the  coast 
of  Chili  for  several  hundred  miles  was  elevated  from  one  to  three  or  four  feet  or 
more.  The  estimated  area  raised  in  1822  amounted  to  100,000  square  miles.  In 
1819  an  earthquake  at  Cutch,  in  the  delta  of  the  Indus,  raised  an  extent  of  country 
about  fifty  miles  long  and  sixteen  miles  wide,  ten  feet,  while  a  considerable  tract  in 
the  delta  of  the  Indus  sank  down.  Such  are  a  few  of  the  effects  produced  by  earth- 
quakes in  the  present  century ;  they  are  similar  to  those  which  have  occurred  in 
every  century  during  the  historical  period,  and  are  quite  as  extensive  as  any  we 
are  warranted  in  believing  occurred  in  any  of  the  earlier  geological  ages. 

§  16.  It  is  said  large  tracts  of  land  are  elevated  and  depressed  without  the  in- 
tervention of  earthquakes.  It  is  said  there  has  been  an  elevation  of  land  bordering 
the  Baltic,  during  the  historic  period,  of  about  three  feet  in  a  century.  The  whole 
coast  of  Scandinavia  is  said  to  be  gradually  rising  at  a  very  slow  pace.  A  large 
area  in  Greenland  is  reported  as  slowly  subsiding.  At  Fort  Lawrence,  in  the  Bay 
of  Fundy,  there  is  a  pine  and  beach  forest  covered  at  high  tide  by  about  thirty 
feet  of  water.  And  it  is  claimed  there  is  some  evidence  of  subsidence  on  part  of 
the  New  England  Coast,  where  we  have  the  most  indubitable  evidence  of  an  eleva- 
tion of  several  hundred  feet  since  the  beginning  of  the  Post-pliocene  period,  but  these 
elevations  and  depressions  may  have  been  accompanied  with  earthquakes. 

§  17.  Earthquakes  and  volcanoes  have  a  common  origin,  the  former  always 
accompany  the  eruption  of  the  latter,  and  it  is  not  likely  any  great  areas  of  land 
rise  or  fall  without  the  intervention  of  the  same  energies.  The  proximate  cause  of 
volcanic  and  earthquake  phenomena  is  not  fully  known,  and  it  is  much  easier  to 
show  the  improbability  of  the  many  theories  offered  for  their  explanation  than  to 
present  one  free  from  objections.  Volcanoes  are  intermittent  in  their  eruptions ; 
they  act  by  spasms  of  activity,  separated  by  intervals  of  repose.  If  they  were  vents 
to  internal  fluidity  of  the  earth,  the  streams  of  flowing  fire  would  be  constant,  not 
intermittent  explosions.  If  they  were  vents  to  any  great  mass  of  melted  matter  pent 
up  until  strength  enough  were  obtained  to  force  a  passage  way  to  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  when  the  vents  would  open  the  reservoirs  would  exhaust  themselves  and  close 
forever.  Volcanoes  are  not  to  be  attributed  to  the  remains  or  residue  of  enormous 
heat  contained  in  the  globe,  at  some  remote  period  of  its  physical  evolution,  or  con- 
sidered as  lending  any  support  to  the  nebular  hypothesis,  or  the  theory  that  the 
earth  was  at  one  time  in  a  gaseous  or  fluid  condition. 

Geyser  (from  the  Icelandic  word  geysa,  to  gush,)  is  a  periodically  eruptive  or 
intermittent  hot  spring,  from  which  the  water  is  projected  in  a  fountain-like  column. 
The  analogy  between  it  and  a  volcano  is  so  striking  that  it  might  be  called  a  volcano 
erupting  hot  water  instead  of  melted  lava.  In  the  case  of  a  geyser,  cold  water  is 
supposed  to  sink  from  the  surface  to  heated  rocks ;  it  starts  as  a  passive  liquid, 
and  by  its  molecular  absorption  of  heat  is  converted  in  the  depths  into  an  elastic,  ex- 
plosive gas,  which  ejects  it  through  another  orifice  to  the  surface.  The  gas  forces 
out  the  column  of  water  and  escapes ;  then  quiet  ensues  until  a  new  supply  of  water 
is  furnished.  This  accounts  for  the  intermitting  flows.  Grant  the  local  heated  con- 
dition of  the  rocks  below,  and  all  the  phenomena  of  the  geysers  may  be  ac- 
counted for. 

The  melted  lavas  of  volcanoes  bring  up  with  them  great  quantities  of  the  vapor 


12  DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY. 

of  water,  having  an  enormous  expansive  power  which  is  given  off  as  steam  at  the 
moment  of  eruption.  Lava  is  generally  a  sponge-like  mass  of  myriads  of  visible  ves- 
icles formed  by  the  sudden  exclusion  of  the  water-vapor  in  the  act  of  solidification. 
There  is  abundant  evidence  of  the  participation  of  water  and  its  constituent  gases 
in  volcanic  phenomena.  From  the  proximity  of  volcanoes  to  or  occurrence  in  the 
sea,  it  has  been  supposed  their  active  state  is  produced  by  the  percolation  of  sea- 
water  to  metallic  bases  of  the  earths,  or  alkalies,  at  various  depths,  which  bases  be- 
come inflamed  and  chemical  action  ensues,  producing  the  eruption.  The  oxygen  of 
the  water  is  supposed  to  unite  with  the  metallic  base,  the  hydrogen  to  unite  with 
sulphur,  forming  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas,  and  with  the  chlorine  forming  muriatic 
acid  gas,  etc.  The  gases  evolved  from  volcanoes  are  muriatic  acid  gas,  sulphur 
combined  with  oxygen  or  hydrogen,  carbonic  acid  gas,  nitrogen,  and  aqueous  vapor. 
Electricity  is  a  factor  in  all  earthquakes  and  volcanic  eruptions.  Its  action  is  mani- 
fest in  the  atmospheric  disturbances,  in  the  undulatory  movement  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  and  in  the  speed  with  which  the  earthquake  wave  travels.  An  earthquake 
moves  in  the  direction  of  the  wave  at  a  rate  frequently  exceeding  fifty  miles  in  a 
minute,  and  when  the  movement  is  communicated  to  the  waters  of  the  ocean,  the 
waves  follow  at  a  pace  hundreds  of  times  slower.  Suppose  a  powerful  current  of 
electricity  near  the  surface  of  the  earth,  to  be  broken,  and  suddenly  restored, 
the  shock  may  be  supposed  to  resemble  that  of  an  earthquake.  Fusion  might 
result  in  consequence  of  such  restoration.  The  crystallization  of  stratified  rocks 
might  break  such  electrical  currents,  if  any  exist  in  the  earth,  or  it  might  disturb 
the  equanimity  of  the  electricity  if  it  exists  in  a  passive  state,  to  the  same  extent  as 
if  it  were  a  broken  and  restored  current.  In  other  words,  subterranean  electric  cur- 
rents, if  once  excited,  may  melt  the  rocks  and  produce  the  heat  necessary,  when  as- 
sisted by  the  presence  of  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water,  to  produce  volcanic  eruptions. 
Such  are  some  of  the  theories  to  account  for  the  instigating  or  proximate  causes  of 
earthquakes  and  volcanoes. 

The  mouth  of  a  volcano  is  called  a  crater,  though  the  pit  on  Kilauea  has  been 
called  a  caldera.  If  steam  alone  escapes  through  a  vent,  it  is  called  a  fumarole ;  but  if 
sulphurous  vapors  also  escape,  it  is  called  a  solfatara.  When  hot  springs  deposit  lime, 
it  is  called  tufa ;  but  if  the  deposit  is  silicious,  it  is  called  sinter  or  geyserite.  Lava 
consists  of  silica,  alumina,  lime,  magnesia,  soda,  potash,  and  iron  oxide.  If  the 
silica  is  in  excess,  it  is  tradiyte,  and  belongs  to  what  lithologists  call  the  acidic  group, 
from  the  large  quantity  of  silicic  acid  it  contains ;  but  if  there  is  a  large  proportion 
of  soda  or  potash  and  lime  or  magnesia,  and  not  more  than  50  per  cent  of  silica,  it 
is  a  basalt,  and  belongs  to  the  basic  group,  from  the  larger  quantity  of  alkaline  and 
earthy  bases  it  contains.  Trachyte  is  a  grayish  igneous  rock,  of  rough  fracture 
owing  to  the  grains  of  glassy  feldspar  which  mainly  constitute  it.  Basalt  may  be 
light-colored  crystalline  or  granitoid,  or  dark  colored,  compact,  massive,  like  dolerite; 
but  in  addition  to  labradorite  and  pyroxene,  it  contains  chrysolite  in  disseminated 
grains.  When  lava  becomes  glassy,  it  is  called  obsidian. 

§  18.  The  most  important  change  taking  place  upon  the  earth  is  in  constant 
operation  at  the  bed  of  the  ocean.  Near  the  shore  it  is  a  littoral  deposit;  farther 
away  it  is  a  chalky  deposit,  consisting  of  foraminifera  and  shells,  and  in  deeper  water 
it  is  a  red,  silicious  clay.  The  character  of  the  deposit  is  dependent  upon  the  depth 
of  the  ocean,  except  where  washings  from  land  affect  it.  The  depth  of  the  pure 


DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY.  13 

globigerina  ooze,  or  chalky  deposit,  is  limited  to  about  2,250  fathoms,  and  at  greater 
depths  the  deposit  gradually  passes  into  fine  pure  clay,  and  below  2,500  fathoms  it 
consists  almost  wholly  of  a  silicate  of  the  red  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina.  At 
moderate  depths  shells  fall  upon  the  bottom,  in  perfect  condition;  as  the  depth 
increases  they  become  more  and  more  brittle,  and  finally  break  up  and  disappear  by 
the  chemical  action  which  affects  them,  until,  having  passed  through  2,500  fathoms 
of  water,  nothing  is  left  save  an  insoluble  residue,  which  constitutes  the  red  clay. 
The  simple  fact  of  the  increasing  depth  of  the  ocean  gives  variety  to  the  character 
of  the  deposits.  But  at  the  greatest  depth  to  which  the  dredge  has  descended, 
which  exceeds  five  miles,  the  silicious  shells  of  Radiolarians  exist  as  abundantly  as 
they  do  in  the  shallower  depths  of  the  ocean.  Such  deposits,  in  the  process  of 
induration,  become  stratified  and  laminated,  and  form  calcareous,  argillaceous,  and 
arenaceous  or  silicious  rocks. 

§  19.  Animals,  secreting  carbonate  of  lime,  have  played  an  important  part  in 
modifying  the  surface  of  the  earth.  The  coral-making  polyp  has  wrought  great 
changes,  because  the  reef-forming  genera  continue  the  accumulation,  on  the  same 
spot,  for  centuries,  and  the  influence  of  the  Bryozoa,  which  produce  only  delicate 
corals,  is  everywhere  conspicuously  engraved.  There  are  other  agents,  inferior  in 
operation,  affecting  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  all  combined  have  served  in  times 
past  to  deposit  in  water  all  the  rocks  constituting  the  continent  of  North  America, 
and  to  elevate  the  land  above  the  seas  and  lakes,  after  such  deposition,  and  again  to 
•denude  it  and  present  it  to  us  with  its  mountains  and  valleys  as  they  now  exist. 

§  20.  Every  part  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  has  been  covered  with  water,  and 
much  of  what  is  now  dry  land  has  been  several  times  inundated ;  and  it  is  supposed 
a  large  part,  if  not  the  whole  area  covered  by  the  oceans,  has,  at  some  period  of 
time,  been  above  the  water  line.  The  elevations  and  depressions  have  been  in  the 
form  of  ridges,  with  intervening  basins,  in  different  ages  of  the  world ;  and  basins, 
existing  in  the  same  age,  have  been  filled  with  deposits  of  different  kinds  and  in 
different  degrees  of  rapidity, — some  being  filled  with  drifted  materials,  and  others 
with  the  secretions  of  animal  and  vegetable  organisms.  Consequently  there  is  a 
great  diversity  in  the  structure  of  the  land  of  different  continents,  and  they  must  be 
separately  investigated.  The  most  recent  deposits  may  be  made  on  the  most  ancient 
rocks.  Cretaceous  deposits  may  occur  upon  the  Silurian,  or  Jurassic  on  the  Devonian ; 
hence,  many  difficulties  are  encountered  in  ascertaining  the  chronological  order  of 
the  strata  upon  each  continent;  and  this  would  be  utterly  impossible  were  it  not  for 
the  animal  and  vegetable  remains,  which  have  followed  the  progress  of  time  in  evolu- 
tions of  type  and  structure  in  different  oceanic  basins,  so  as  to  furnish  the  means  of 
approximately  parallelizing  the  strata.  Different  kinds  of  rocks  are  forming  at  un- 
equal depths  of  the  ocean,  at  the  same  time;  conglomerates  and  sandstones  in  shallow 
water  and  near  the  shores ;  chalky,  and  slaty  or  shaly  in  deeper  water,  and  silicious 
farther  from  land  and  at  still  greater  depths.  Strata  of  the  same  kind  are  not  con- 
tinuous over  large  areas;  but  change  within  short  distances  from  sandstone  to  shale 
or  limestone ;  hence,  it  is  never  safe  to  trust  to  the  character  of  the  rock  for  the  testi- 
mony to  prove  its  age.  We  must  go  to  the  fossils  for  the  evidence,  because  it  has 
been  ascertained  that  species  did  not  generally  live  beyond  a  geological  period,  and 
characterized  different  Groups  of  rocks,  and  thus  become  infallible  guides  to  the 
order  of  superposition.  No  two  periods  are  represented  by  like  assemblages  of  fossil 


14  DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY. 

forms,  and  this  dissimilarity  furnishes  the  facts  upon  which  the  Groups  of  rocks  are 
distinguished  from  each  other.  Comparison  of  the  fossils  shows  a  progression  in 
development  along  an  ascending  scale  toward  the  higher  and  more  enduring  plants 
and  animals,  and  the  extinction  of  lower  or  less  highly  organized  forms. 

§  21.  Sandstone  is  a  rock  made  of  sand  derived  from  a  silicious  rock.  When 
pure  it  is  used  for  making  glass.  Iron  usually  colors  it  red  or  yellowish,  and  often 
cements  it  into  good  building  stone.  When  a  little  clay  is  intermixed  it  is  called 
freestone,  and  if  it  contains  gravel  it  is  conglomerate,  or  if  loosely  cemented  in  the 
air  and  not  under  water  a  pudding-stone.  When  sandstone  is  subjected  to  heat  and 
pressure  it  is  metamorphosed  and  becomes  quartzite. 

Shale  is  a  soft,  fine-grained,  aluminous  rock,  in  layers.  If  it  is  pure  it  is  clay 
shale;  if  it  contains  sand  it  is  sandy  shale;  if  bituminous  matter,  bituminous  shale. 
When  the  shale  is  hardened  it  becomes  slate.  Slate  rocks  among  the  metamorphic 
series  are  called  schists.  The  clay  slate  used  in  North  Carolina  for  making  slate- 
pencils  is  called  pyrophyllite. 

Limestone  is  ordinarily  composed  of  lime  and  carbonic  acid,  with  impurities  of 
clay,  sand,  and  iron.  Hydraulic  limestone  contains  clay  and  magnesia.  Magnesian 
limestone  is  called  dolomite,  after  Dolomieu,  a  mineralogist.  Lithographic  stone  is  a 
very  even-grained,  compact  limestone,  usually  of  buff  or  drab  color.  Chalk  is  a  soft 
limestone,  and  marble  is  a  hard  crystalline  limestone.  Gypsum,  alabaster,  calcite, 
dogtooth  spar  and  satin  spar  are  names  given  to  crystalline  limestone. 

§  22.  The  general  order  of  superposition  of  the  rocks  of  North  America  has 
been  ascertained,  and  they  have  been  divided  into  Systems  and  Groups.  Another 
division  has  been  made,  founded  on  the  organisms  that  occur  in  the  rocks,  viz: 
Eozoic,  Palaeozoic,  Mesozoic  and  Csenozoic.  Some  use  the  word  Archaean  instead  of 
Eozoic.  The  Eozoic  includes  the  Laurentian  and  Taconic  Systems.  The  Palaeozoic 
includes  the  Lower  Silurian,  Upper  Silurian,  Devonian,  Subcarboniferous  and  Car- 
boniferous Systems.  The  Mesozoic  includes  the  Triassic,  Jurassic  and  Cretaceous 
Systems.  The  Caenozoic  is  synonymous  with  the  Tertiary  System.  These  Systems 
may  be  very  closely  parallelized  with  the  strata  of  Europe  and  other  parts  of  the 
world.  The  words  "System"'  and  "formation"  are  in  use  with  this  nomenclature, 
as  Devonian  "System"  or  Devonian  "formation,"  but  more  generally  they  are  both 
omitted  as  unnecessary  appendages  to  the  names  of  the  divisions. 

The  Taconic  is  introduced  in  many  places  with  conglomerate  layers  resting  un- 
conformably  upon  the  Laurentian  ;  the  Lower  Silurian  commences  with  the  Potsdam 
sandstone,  the  Upper  Silurian  with  the  Medina  sandstone,  the  Devonian  with  the 
Oriskany  sandstone,  the  Subcarboniferous  with  the  Waverly  sandstone,  and  the  Coal 
Measures  with  the  Carboniferous  Conglomerate.  Each  of  these  great  divisions 
commences  with  drifted  materials,  and  important  changes  of  the  fauna.  They  are 
each  capable  of  subdivision  into  Groups,  and  they  are  not  only  convenient  in  the 
discussion  of  the  science,  but  they  are,  to  a  certain  extent,  founded  in  nature. 

§  23.  For  the  purpose  of  more  definite  classification  these  larger  divisions  are 
subdivided.  Each  subdivision  is  called  a  "Group,"  and  it  generally  bears  the  name 
of  the  place  where  first  studied  and  described  ;  as,  the  Potsdam  Group,  so  named  be- 
cause the  strata  were  first  studied  and  described  at  Potsdam,  New  York.  This 
method  is  preferred  to  any  other,  because  the  geographical  name,  when  combined 
with  the  word  "  Group,"  is  sufficiently  technical.  It  can  not  be  used  for  any  other 


DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY.  15 

purpose ;  it  can  never  mislead  as  to  the  mineral  structure  or  relative  position  of  the 
strata,  and  it  indicates  the  typical  locality  of  the  exposure.  Sandstones,  conglom- 
erates, limestones,  and  shales,  occur  in  nearly  every  Group,  and  for  this  reason 
geological  subdivisions  can  not  be  established  upon  the  mineral  or  chemical  char- 
acters of  the  rocks.  The  rocks  which  form  these  Groups  are  composed  of  a  few 
simple  minerals,  which  are  repeated  over  and  over  again  in  the  different  layers,  but 
not  in  chronological  succession,  nor  in  any  other  way  indicative  of  age  or  position. 
To  speak  of  a  rock  as  a  limestone,  sandstone,  shale,  slate,  or  clay,  conveys  no  idea 
of  its  geological  age  or  place.  It  is  merely  the  expression  of  a  mineralogical 
character. 

§  24.  Prof.  Rogers  conceived  the  idea  of  improving  the  nomenclature  of  the 
palaeozoic  rocks  by  dividing  them  into  fifteen  parts,  and  giving  them  names  signifi- 
cant of  their  relative  ages.  This  he  did  by  using  words  suggesting  metaphorically 
different  parts  of  a  day,  as  follows :  Primal,  Auroral,  Matinal,  Levant,  Surgent, 
Scalent,  Premeridian,  Meridian,  Post  Meridian,  Cadent,  Vergent,  Ponent,  Vesper- 
tine, Umbral,  and  Serai,  meaning  respectively  the  formations  of  the  Dawn,  Day- 
break, Morning,  Sunrise,  Mounting  Day,  Climbing  Day,  Forenoon,  Noon,  After- 
noon, Declining  Day,  Descending  Day,  Sunset,  Evening,  Dusk,  and  Nightfall. 
Unfortunately  for  his  attempt  to  substitute  another  for  the  geographical  nomencla- 
ture then  quite  well  established  and  susceptible  of  indefinite  expansion,  without  the 
use  of  conflicting  terms  or  words  that  could  mislead  the  student,  there  were  several 
extensive  Groups  of  rocks  full  of  the  remains  of  animal  life,  then  unexplored,  and 
consequently  quite  unknown  to  his  system.  For  obvious  reasons  the  nomenclature 
suggested  by  Mr.  Rogers  has  not  been  adopted. 

§  25.  The  words  series,  strata,  layer,  deposit,  zone,  bed,  horizon,  period,  age, 
epoch,  and  era  are  not  technical  names,  but  are  used  in  geological  descriptions,  be- 
cause expressive  and  convenient.  Each  Group  must,  in  all  cases,  depend  upon  the 
palseontological  characters,  and  can  never  rest  upon  the  structure  of  the  rocks. 
When  properly  defined,  it  is  established,  and  no  one  has  a  right  to  substitute  another 
name  for  it,  nor  to  propose  a  name,  simply  because  of  inability  to  properly  distinguish 
it  at  a  particular  locality.  For  example,  the  Trenton,  Utica,  and  Hudson  River 
Groups  had  been  long  established,  when  some  one,  being  unable  to  distinguish  the 
Utica  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati,  and  not  knowing  whether  the  rocks  are  Trenton 
or  Hudson.  River,  proposed  to  call  the  exposure  the  "Cincinnati  Group."  The 
black  slate,  which  characterizes  the  Utica  in  New  York,  does  not  exist  at  Cincinnati, 
though  calcareous  slates  and  shales  of  the  same  age  do,  and  they  contain  Triarthrus 
becki,  Leptobolus  lepis,  and  other  characteristic  fossils,  while  the  Hudson  River  is 
plainly  distinguishable  above,  and  the  Trenton  as  readily  determined  below.  If  the 
Utica  had  thinned  out  in  its  extension  westward  from  New  York  before  reaching 
Cincinnati,  there  would  have  been  no  excuse  for  calling  the  Trenton  or  Hudson  River, 
or  both  of  them  together,  by  a  new  name,  nor  is  there  any  excuse  for  so  doing  when 
the  Utica  is  easily  distinguished. 

§  26.  Another  kind  of  synonymy  to  be  deplored  exists  where  a  Group  has 
been  named  and  thoroughly  defined,  and  for  some  trivial  reason,  the  geologists  of 
another  locality  use  another  name  for  rocks  of  the  same  age  without  regard  to 
priority  in  nomenclature.  For  example,  the  Calciferous  Group  was  established  and 
defined  so  as  to  include  rocks  other  than  Calciferous  sandrock,  and  ten  years  after- 


16  DEFINITIONS  AND  LAWS  OF  GEOLOGY. 

ward  rocks  of  the  same  age  on  the  Mississippi  were  called  the  "  Lower  Magnesian 
Limestone,"  and  geologists  of  that  locality  persist  in  the  use  of  the  latter  name,  be- 
cause they  say  the  word  Calciferous  is  not  admissible  from  the  lithological  character 
of  the  rock.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  name  Calciferous  has  come  down  to  this 
generation  as  the  name  of  a  Group  of  rocks,  but  it  is  as  well  established  as  the  name 
of  any  other  Group,  and  like  the  word  Tertiary,  which  has  no  application  to  the 
rocks  to  which  it  is  applied,  is  fastened  upon  the  science,  and  so  interlocked  with  it 
that  it  can  not  be  eradicated  even  were  it  desirable  so  to  do.  With  how  much  less 
reason  should  we  encourage  the  use  of  another  mineralogical  name,  having  more 
limited  application,  in  its  stead! 

§  27.  The  rule  is,  the  law  of  priority  should  be  rigorously  enforced  where  a 
Group  has  been  named,  and  the  fossils  have  been  so  described  and  illustrated  that  it 
may  be  identified  by  a  palaeontologist  elsewhere  than  at  the  typical  locality.  Syno- 
nymy is  always  the  result  of  ignorance,  and  much  of  it  has  come  from  those  whose 
work  has  been  absolutely  worthless. 

§  28.  Experience  has  shown  the  impracticability  of  making  lesser  subdivisions 
for  the  purpose  of  geological  nomenclature,  than  Groups,  especially  in  the  present 
state  of  the  science,  though  it  is  eminently  fit  and  proper  to  speak  of  the  marl-beds 
or  sandstone  layers  in  any  Group,  or  of  the  Olyptocrimts  or  Orthis  beds  at  any  locality. 
Minute  and  careful  definition  and  description  of  the  characters  of  each  and  every 
part  of  a  Group  is  one  thing,  and  the  suggestion  of  a  geological  subdivision,  founded 
upon  a  marked  peculiarity  at  one  locality,  which  can  not  be  distinguished  at  another, 
is  quite  a  different  thing.  It  must  not  be  supposed  none  of  the  Groups  will  be  sub- 
divided, but  proposing  a  name  is  not  establishing  a  Group.  The  Coal  Measures 
ought  to  be  divided  into  Groups  because  of  the  great  thickness  of  the  fossiliferous 
rocks,  and  a  temporary  division  in  some  localities  is  indicated  by  the  use  of  the  words 
Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Coal  Measures,  but  great  palasontological  information 
must  be  acquired  before  any  practicable  subdivision  can  be  made. 

§  29.  The  stratigraphical  division  of  the  rocks  of  North  America  into  Groups 
bearing  geographical  names,  with  an  approximate  thickness  in  ascending  order,  is 
as  follows: 

Laurentian  System,  not  divided  into  Groups, 40,000  feet. 

6    .  (  Lower  Taconic,  not  divided  into  Groups, 25,000    " 

%  ~  \  Georgia  Group,  including  St.  John  Group, 10,000     " 

H       (Swanton  Group,, 10,000     " 

Potsdam  Group, 4,000  " 

Calciferous  Group, 2,000  " 

Quebec  Group  (very  doubtful), 6,000  feet  ? 

Chazy  Group, 1,000  " 

Black  RiverGroup, 150  " 

Trenton    Group, 1  100  " 

Utica  Slate  Group 600  " 

[Hudson  River  Group, 1,200  " 

Medina  Group 2,500  " 

Clinton  Group, 500  " 

Niagara  Group 800  " 

Guelph  Group,      1  {< 

Onondaga  Group,  J                                                                         •    '  «**' 

Lower  Helderberg  Group, 2,000  " 

Carried  forward 102,050  feet. 


LAURENTIAN  SYSTEM.  17 

Brought  forward, 102,050  feet. 

.  f  Oriskany  Group, 300  " 

(3  Upper  Helderberg  Group, 900  " 

'2  I  Hamilton  Group, 1,400  " 

g  1  Portage  Group, 1,400  " 

«  Chemung  Group, 3,000  " 

1  L  Catskill  Group 7,500  " 

•,  f  Waverly  Group, 500 

0  ^  I  Burlington  Group, 500 

•8  g  I  Keokuk  Group, 200 

3  £  I  Warsaw  Group, 100 

•g  S     St.  Louis  Group, 400 

w       [Kaskaskia  Group, 720 

In  Pennsylvania,  where  the  Subcarboniferous  can  not  be 
separated  into  Groups,  there  is  a  thickness  of  5,000  feet,  and 
in  Nova  Scotia  6,000  feet. 

•  JL  w  f  Carboniferous  Conglomerate,  or  Millstone  Grit, 6,000 

S  '5  §  \  Coal  Measures, 10,000 

°.o  u  (.Permian  Group, 1,000 

Triassic  not  divided  into  Groups, 25,000 

Jurassic  not  divided  into  Groups, , 10,000 

Dakota  Group, 1,000 

Fort  Benton  Group, 900 

Niobrara  Group, 500 

Fort  Pierre  Group 1,200 

Fox  Hills  Group, 4,000 

Fort  Union  or  Laramie  Group, 7,000 

.  f  Eocene, 15,000 

1  b  I  Miocene, 3,000 

£  .2  j  Pliocene,     3,000 

*"  L  Post-pliocene, 1,000 

Total, 211,150  feet. 


CHAPTER  II. 

SYSTEM. 


§  30.  THE  Laurentian  System  was  so  named  from  the  Laurentian  Mountains, 
and  not  from  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  The  name  was  applied  to  the  metamorphic 
rocks  of  Canada  as  a  scientific  term,  by  Sir  William  Logan,  in  the  Report  of  Progress 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada  for  the  years  1852-53.  His  special  study 
of  these  rocks  began  as  early  as  1846.  He  applied  the  name  to  all  rocks  lower  than 
the  Potsdam;  but  Emmons  had  preceded  him  in  defining  the  Taconic  System,  which 
rests  uncomformably  upon  the  rocks  that  comprise  nearly  all  which  Logan  studied  ; 
and  hence  the  Laurentian  is  confined  to  the  rocks  below  the  Taconic.  The  rocks 
consist  of  sedimentary  strata  altered  to  a  highly  crystalline  condition  —  great  vertical 
thicknesses  of  gneiss  and  granitoid  rock's,  separated  by  masses  of  crystalline  limestone 
and  quartzite.  Previous  to  this  geographical  name  they  were  called  azoic,  metamor- 
phic, or  primary  rocks. 

Granite  is  a  word  derived  from  the  granular  texture  of  the  rock  to  which  it  is 
applied.  It  is  crystalline  and  composed  of  quartz,  felspar,  and  mica.  The  felspar 
usually  gives  the  predominating  color.  When  the  granite  is  stratified,  the  laminae 
being  separated  by  thin  scales  of  mica,  it  is  gneiss  or  granite  schist;  if  mica  is  in 
excess,  it  is  mica  schist;  when  hornblende  displaces  the  mica,  it  is  syenite  (named 


18  LAURENTIAN  SYSTEM. 

from  Syene,  in  Egypt) ;  and  if  it  only  partially  displaces  it,  it  is  syenitic  granite. 
Many  of  the  granites  and  syenites  are  intrusive,  while  others,  not  distinguishable  from 
these,  take  the  place  of  sedimentation  and  pass  into  gneiss  or  mica  schist.  Felspar 
signifies  rock-spar  from  the  German  word  fds,  a  rock,  though  it  is  usually  spelled 
feldspar  from  the  German  vrordfeld,  a. field,  and  therefore  made  to  signify  field-spar. 
There  are  several  species  of  felspar,  dependent  upon  the  potash,  soda,  or  lime  they 
contain.  That  which  usually  enters  granite  is  orthoclase,  or  potash  felspar,  and  is 
compact  laminated,  or  compact  crypto-crystalline,  consisting  of  about  the  following 
substances:  silica  64.6,  alumina  18.5,  and  potash  16.9.  When  soda  enters  into  the 
composition  of  the  felspar,  it  becomes  attrite,  and  the  granite  is  then  disposed  to 
undergo  spontaneous  disintegration,  which  sometimes  takes  place  below  direct  atmos- 
pheric influences  at  great  depths  in  the  earth.  The  kaolin  of  the  Chinese  is  derived 
from  felspar  from  the  disintegration  of  granitic  rocks,  and  porcelain  clay  is  often  from 
the  same  source.  Garnets  are  common  in  gneiss  and  mica  schist.  The  most  common 
mica,  and  that  which  generally  enters  into  granite,  gneiss,  and  related  rocks,  is  called 
muscovite.  Other  species  in  the  mica  group  are  called  phlogopite,  biotite,  lepidome- 
lane,  astrophyllite,  lepidolite,  and  cryophyllite. 

§  31.  Logan  said  of  the  Lauren tian  System:  "Stretching  on  the  north  side  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  from  Labrador  to  Lake  Huron,  this  series  occupies  by  far  the 
larger  portion  of  Canada,  and  its  strata  probably  possess  a  great  thickness.  To 
determine  the  superposition  of  the  various  members  of  such  an  ancient  series  of  rocks 
is  a  task  which  has  never  yet  been  accomplished  in  geology,  and  the  difficulties 
attending  it  arise  from  the  absence  of  fossils  to  characterize  its  different  members. 
Bands  of  the  crystalline  limestone  are  easily  distinguished  from  bands  of  the  gneiss ; 
but  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  know  from  local  inspection  whether  any  mass  of  limestone 
in  one  part  is  equivalent  to  a  certain  mass  in  another.  They  all  resemble  one  another 
lithologically,  and  although  masses  dipping  in  the  same  direction  are  met  with, 
running  for  considerable  distances  rudely  parellel  with  one  another,  it  is  scarcely 
ever  safe  to  take  for  granted  that  they  are  stratigraphically  distinct.  The  dips  avail 
but  little  in  tracing  out  the  structure ;  for  in  the  numerous  folds  of  the  series  the 
dips  are  frequently  overturned,  and  the  only  reliable  mode  of  pursuing  the 
investigation  and  working  out  the  physical  structure,  is  patiently  and  continuously  to 
follow  the  outcrop  of  each  important  mass  in  all  its  windings  as  far  as  it  can  be 
traced,  until  it  becomes  covered  up  by  superior,  unconformable  strata;  is  cut  off  by 
a  great  dislocation,  or  disappears  by  thinning  out." 

§  32.  The  surface  area  accupied  by  the  Laurentian  series  in  Canada  and  British 
America,  exclusive  of  any  exposure  that  may  exist  in  the  Cordillera  or  Rocky 
Mountains,  is  not  less  than  250,000  square  miles.  The  northern  limit  is  the  Arctic 
Ocean ;  from  here  it  may  be  traced  south  upon  the  western  side  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
and  appearing  upon  its  eastern  side  it  spreads  over  the  greater  part  of  Labrador,  and 
extends  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  southern  limit  is  the  St.  Lawrence  from 
Labrador  to  Cape  Tourmente,  a  distance  of  600  miles,  except  a  narrow  border  of 
Taconic  on  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle ;  another  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mingan  River ;  a 
third  near  the  Seven  Islands,  and  two  on  Murray  Bay  River,  and  the  Gouffre.  Ex- 
tending westwardly  it  occurs  30  miles  north  of  Montreal,  and  follows  up  the  Ottawa 
River  for  a  distance.  It  then  strikes  off  to  the  Thousand  Islands,  and  crosses  over 
into  New  York,  where  it  exposes  an  area  of  10,000  square  miles.  From  there  it 


LA  URENTIAN  SYSTEM.  1 9 

extends  north-westerly  a  short  distance  north  of  Lake  Huron,  and  bordering  upon 
Lake  Superior,  a  great  part  of  its  length,  it  appears  at  Lake  of  the  Woods,  north 
of  Rainy  River,  though  an  arm  extends  south  of  Lake  Superior  into  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin.  The  western  boundary  of  this  great  area  extends  from  Lake  of  the 
Woods  in  a  sinuous  northerly  direction  among  the  lakes,  and  following  the  highlands 
that  divide  the  waters  which  flow  into  Hudson's  Bay  from  those  flowing  in  other 
directions,  to  the  Arctic  Ocean.  There  are  some  patches  within  this  general  outline 
covered  with  Taconic  rocks,  or  those  of  Post-pliocene  age. 

§  33.  The  arm  of  this  great  exposure,  which  appears  in  the  Upper  Peninsula 
of  Michigan,  has  an  area  of  about  1,839  square  miles,  consisting  of  several  tracts, 
one  of  which  touches  Lake  Superior  west  of  Marquette.  The  rocks  are  chiefly 
granite,  gneiss,  syenite,  and  crystalline  limestone,  which  thus  far  have  afforded  no 
useful  minerals.  The  surface  area  in  Wisconsin  is  somewhat  greater.  Other  ex- 
posures in  the  United  States  are  confined  to  irregular  areas  in  the  mountain  regions. 
North  Carolina  exposes  about  20,000  square  miles,  or  nearly  half  the  State.  One 
belt  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  miles  wide,  crosses  the  northern  part  of  the  sub- 
eastern  section  of  the  State  upon  which  the  capital  is  situated.  It  extends  north- 
ward into  Virginia,  and  southward  beyond  Cape  Fear  River.  It  consists  generally 
of  gneiss,  which  passes  into  granite  or  mica  schist.  Another  belt  extends  from  the 
southern  border  of  the  State  at  Catawba  River  in  a  north-east  direction,  almost  to 
the  Virginia  line  near  Roxboro,  and  reappears  eight  or  ten  miles  to  the  eastward 
and  crosses  the  northern  border  about  midway  of  Granville  County.  There  is 
another  small  area  in  the  southern  part  of  Orange  County.  Limited  areas  are  found 
in  Georgia,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  and 
at  other  places  in  the  Appalachian  chain.  A  small  area  occurs  in  Missouri  near 
Iron  Mountain,  and  another  in  Arkansas.  In  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  there  are 
many  exposures,  some  of  which  are  quite  large.  They  generally  trend  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  mountain  chain,  and  are  found  in  Mexico,  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
Nevada,  Utah,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Nebraska,  Wyoming,  and  Montana. 

§  34.  A  section  taken  by  Logan  in  the  region  where  he  studied  the  rocks,  is 
as  follows: 

1.  Orthoclase  gneiss,  composing  Trembling  Mountain, 5,000  feet. 

2.  Crystalline  limestone  of  Trembling  Lake, 1,500    " 

3.  Orthoclase  gneiss, 4,000     " 

4.  Crystalline  limestone  of  Great  Beaver  and  Green  Lakes,  with  inter- 

stratified  garnetiferous  rock  and  hornblendic  Orthoclase  gneiss,  2,500    " 

5.  Orthoclase  gneiss,  garnetiferous  gneiss   and  quartzite  below  the 

Grenville  limestone, 3,500  " 

6.  Crystalline  limestone  of  Grenville,  with  interstratified  gneiss,    .    .       750  " 

7.  Orthoclase  gneiss, 1,580  " 

8.  Proctor's  Lake  limestone,      20  " 

9.  Orthoclase    gneiss,  passing   gradually    into    Anorthosite    between 

Proctor's  Lake  and  Morin  band, 3,400    " 

10.  Anorthosite  above  the  Morin  band, 10,000     " 

Total 32,250  feet. 

This  is  about  the  thickness  in  New  Hampshire,  and  not  equal  to  the  estimated 
thickness  in  Wisconsin.  Enough  is  known,  however,  to  show  this  section  of  Logan's 
by  no  means  represents  the  total  thickness  in  Canada.  The  better  opinion  seems  to 
be  that  the  Laurentian  series  has  a  thickness  in  Canada  of  more  than  40,000  feet, 


20  LAURENTIAN  SYSTEM. 

and  probably  more  than  eight  miles,  or  quite  as  great  as  it  is  in  Bohemia  or  any 
other  European  country. 

§  35.  While  these  are  the  oldest  rocks  known,  they  were,  in  their  unmeta- 
morphosed  condition,  ordinary  sediment  in  water  derived  from  materials  that  pre. 
ceded  them.  They  were  formed  by  the  disintegration,  denudation,  and  redeposi- 
tion  of  older  rocks,  which  in  their  turn  preceded  others,  in  how  many  cycles  of 
change  we  have  no  means  of  knowing.  Their  upheaval  above  the  surface  of  the 
sea  was  the  beginning  of  the  North  American  continent.  The  trend  of  the  range 
in  this  upheaval  is  as  nearly  east  and  west  as  the  later  elevations  of  the  Appalachian 
and  Kocky  Mountain  chains  are  north  and  south.  These  rocks  were  until  recently 
supposed  to  have  preceded  the  existence  of  both  vegetable  and  animal  organisms, 
and  were,  therefore,  called  azoic,  but  in  addition  to  the  fossil  Eozoon  canadense  there 
are  other  evidences  of  organic  life,  as  follows : 

1.  The  iron  ore  evidences  organic  life,  because  all  the  accumulations  of  iron 
now  in  progress  are  formed  by  the  agency  of  organic  matter.      The  peroxide  of 
iron  existing  in  the  rocks  is  not  soluble  in  water  alone,  but  the  addition  of  decom- 
posing organic  matter  deoxidizes  it,    and    carbonate  of  iron  is    formed,  which    is 
soluble  and  may  be  precipitated.     Peroxide  of  iron  being  insoluble,  the  infiltrating 
waters  which  take  up  soda,  lime,  and  magnesia  from  sediments,  can  not  remove  this 
metal  unless  they  contain  organic  matter.     The  evidence  of  the  reducing  and  dis- 
solving action  of  organic  matter  is,  in  the  great  thickness  of  sediments,  almost  des- 
titute of  iron  and  in  the  extensive  beds  of  iron  ore. 

2.  The  masses  of  limestone  tend  to  prove  the  existence  of  organic  matter,  be- 
cause limestone  in  process  of  formation  is  almost  wholly  composed  of  shells,  corals, 
tests  of  foraminifera,  and  other  animal  secretions,  and  nearly  all  the  unmetamorphosed 
limestones  of  past  ages  are  largely  composed  of  organic  relics. 

3.  Graphite  occurs  in  beds,  imbedded  masses,  and  in  scales ;  in  granite,  gneiss, 
mica  schist,  and  crystalline  limestones ;  it  results  from  the  alteration  by  heat  of  coal 
in  the  Coal   Measures,  and  is  a  common   product  of  furnaces.     Its  presence  is, 
therefore,  an  evidence  of  organic  matter,  because  we  know  of  no  other  source  for  its 
derivation,  and  are  able  to  trace  its  origin  to  vegetable  matter  in  rocks  of  a  less 
remote  date.     It  is  inferred  the  carbon  was  collected  by  marine  vegetation  at  that 
early  period. 

4.  In  the  lowest  non-metamorphosed  rocks,  and  in  the  shales  and  limestones  of 
the  Taconic   System,  several  classes  of  the  animal  subkingdom  are  represented, 
which  indicates,  if  we  judge  by  analogy  with  subsequent  changes  and  progress  of 
life,  that  the  seas  in  much  earlier  times  must  have  teemed  with  life.     This  is  the  only 
view  consistent  with   the  modern   theory   of  evolution  and   the  present  state  of 
knowledge  concerning  the  development  of  animals  and  vegetables. 

5.  The  Eozoon  canadense,  a  fossil  rhizopod,  is  found  in  the  Grenville  band  of 
limestone  near  the  middle  of  the  series.     The  limestone  is  thus  described:  "The 
general  character  of  the  rock  connected  with  the  fossil  produces  the  impression  that  it 
is  a  great  foramiuiferal  reef,  in  which  the  pyroxene  masses  represent  a  more  ancient 
portion,  which,  having  died  and  become  much  broken  up  and  worn  into  cavities  and 
deep  recesses,  afforded  a  seat  for  a  new  growth  of  foraminifera,  represented  by  the 
calcareo-serpentinous  part.     This  in  its  turn  became  broken  up,  leaving,  however, 
in  some  places,  uninjured  portions  of  the  organic  structure.     The  main  difference 


LAURENTIAN  SYSTEM.  21 

between  this  foraminiferal  reef  and  more  recent  coral  reefs  seems  to  be,  that  while 
with  the  latter  are  usually  associated  many  shells  and  other  organic  remains,  in  the 
more  ancient  one  the  only  remains  yet  found  are  those  of  the  animal  which  built  the 
reef." 

6.  The  relatively  large  amount  of  potash  in  the  Laurentian  series  indicates  an 
abundant  marine  vegetable  life,  because  later  fossil  fucoidal  layers  frequently  abound 
in  potash,  and  living  algse  secrete  potash  from  the  ocean  in  such  form  as  to  retain  it 
in  the  sediments  now  accumulating,  and  in  which  they  are  buried. 

7.  And,  negatively,  we  have  no  good  reason  to  think  the  Laurentian  Age  was 
lifeless;  beside,  the  actual  elements  composing  the  Laurentian  rocks  are  not  different 
from  those  in  succeeding  formations;  indeed,  oxygen,  hydrogen,  silicon,  aluminum, 
magnesium,  calcium,  potassium,  sodium,  iron,  and  carbon  constitute  .99  of  all  the 
rocks  in  the  world. 

§  36.  The  change  which  sedimentary  strata  of  sands  and  clays,  composed  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  potash,  underwent  to  form  granite,  gneiss,  and  mica  schist;  the 
transformation  of  sand  into  quartzite,  and  all  other  changes  caused  by  crystallization 
and  new  combinations,  are  supposed  to  be  owing  to  chemical  and  molecular  forces, 
acting  under  the  conditions  of  pressure,  heat,  and  moisture.  The  pressure  of  a  deep 
sea  would  develop  a  high  degree  of  heat.  The  mountain  ranges  have  undergone 
volcanic  and  earthquake  upheavals  which  may  have  accompanied  the  metamorphism 
as  active  agencies.  It  would  seem  to  be  a  law  that  mountain  upheavals  follow  great 
sedimentary  deposits,  and  the  chemical  action  is  most  powerful  under  the  grandest 
accumulations;  but  the  idea  that  such  accumulations  bend  the  crust  of  the  earth,  or 
the  crust  of  the  earth  contracts  and  wrinkles  up  mountain  chains  in  the  act  of  cooling, 
is  too  chimerical  for  consideration. 

§  37.  Sedimentation  ceased  when  the  beds  were  forced  above  the  ocean,  but 
continued  elsewhere.  When  the  beds  were  elevated,  the  wear  and  wash  from  at- 
mospheric and  aqueous  forces  began /'and  deposits  ensued  upon  the  margin  of  the 
land  and  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean.  The  denudation  of  the  anticlinal  heights  has 
furnished  many  geological  sections,  but  the  older  rocks  remain  hidden  from  view, 
and  will  forever  remain  unknown.  There  is  absolute  nonconformability  of  the  Lau- 
rentian rocks  with  overlying  Groups  at  every  locality  which  has  been  examined. 
The  Taconic  is  introduced  by  total  nonconformability,  and  frequently  with  a  con- 
glomerate containing  pebbles  derived  from  the  adjacent  Laurentian.  Here  is  an 
unrevealed  chapter  of  geological  history,  one  that  has  not  been  reached  and  read, 
and  never  can  be  unless  some  region  is  unearthed  where  the  Taconic  rests  con- 
formably upon  the  Laurentian.  The  Laurentian  is  the  home  of  granite,  marble, 
gneiss,  and  other  valuable  building  rocks,  and  the  best  mica  quarries ;  but  the 
precious  metals  have  been  found  only  in  the  intrusive,  altered,  or  sedimentary  rocks 

of  later  times. 

3 


22  TACONIC  SYSTEM. 

CHAPTER  III. 
TACONIC  SYSTEM:. 

§  38.  IN  1842,  Ebenezer  Eramons,  in  his  Report  on  the  Second  Geological  Dis- 
trict of  New  York,  described  the  rocks  lying  on  the  sides  of  the  Taconic  Mountains, 
parallel  with  the  boundary  line  between  New  York  and  Vermont,  under  the  name 
of  the  Taconic  System.  He  found  the  belt  on  the  western  border  of  the  mountains 
more  than  fifteen  miles  wide,  and  on  the  eastern  side  nearly  twenty-five  miles, 
making  a  total  width  of  nearly  forty  miles.  The  rocks  occur  in  Westchester,  Co- 
lumbia, Rensselaer,  and  Washington  Counties,  and  stretching  the  whole  length  of 
Vermont,  enter  Canada,  and  extend  beyond  Quebec.  He  mentioned  a  typical  lo- 
cality in  Berkshire,  Massachusetts.  The  general  character  of  the  rocks  was  given 
as  follows : 

1.  A  coarse,  granular  limestone  of  various  colors  called  Stockbridge  limestone 
from  the  quarries  at  that  place. 

2.  Granular  quartz   rock,  generally  fine-grained,   in    firm,    tough  crystalline 
masses  of  a  brown  color,  but  sometimes  white,  granular,  and  friable. 

3.  Magnesian  slate. 

4.  Sparry  limestone. 

5.  Taconic  slate,  which  is  extremely  fine-grained  and  only  slightly  coherent. 

He  traced  the  rocks  in  a  north  and  south  course  for  150  or  200  miles,  and  ob- 
served the  fact  that  they  underlie  the  Potsdam  sandstone  wherever  it  does  not  rest 
upon  the  gneissoid  strata. 

§  39.  In  1844  he  published  the  "Taconic  System,"  reviewed  his  former  work, 
furnished  numerous  evidences  in  support  of  the  existence  of  these  rocks  below  the 
Potsdam  and  above  the  gneissoid  rocks,  or  what  are  now  known  as  Laurentian,  and 
ascertained  they  had  a  thickness,  as  shown  by  a  single  section,  of  more  than  two 
miles.  He  said,  taking  one  broad  view  of  the  whole  system,  it  might  be  described 
as  consisting  of  fine  and  coarse  slates,  with  subordinate  beds  of  chert,  fine  and  coarse 
limestones,  and  gray,  brown,  and  white  sandstone ;  these  admitting,  however,  of 
further  divisions.  The  leading  divisions  recognized  were : 

1.  Granular  quartz,  or  brown  sandstone,  resting  uncouformably  upon  the  older 
gneiss.     It  is  the  least  regular  in  its  continuation  of  any  of  the  rocks  of  the  Taconic 
System,  and  generally  appears  in  insulated  mountain  masses,  as  at  Oak  Hill  between 
Adams  and  Williamstown,  Mass.,  at  Monument  Mountain,   in  the   south   part  of 
Berkshire,  in  the  east  part  of  Bennington,  Vt.,  and  in  Dutchess,  Putnam,  and  West- 
Chester  Counties,  New  York. 

2.  Stockbridge  limestone,  generally  known  as  Stockbridge  marble,  and  occur- 
ring in  New  York,  Vermont,   Massachusetts,  and   Connecticut.     Commencing  at 
Sing  Sing,  it  runs  a  northerly  course  through  Westchester,  Dutchess,  and  Columbia 
Counties,  and   extends  into  Connecticut.      It  passes  up  the  valley  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  into  the  upper  valleys  of  the  Hoosic,  and  onward  into  Vermont,  and  is  well 
represented  at  Williamstown,  Massachusetts. 

3.  Magnesian    slate,  which  composes  the   highest   mountains  in    the  Taconic 
ranges.     The  range  of  mountains  composed  of  this  slate,  extending  along  the  western 


TACONIC  SYSTEM.  23 

border  of  Massachusetts  and  through  Vermont,  often  rising  to  the  height  of  fifteen 
hundred  feet,  known  as  the  Taconic  range,  furnished  the  name  to  this  System. 
It  crosses  the  Hudson  about  thirty  miles  above  New  York  City,  and  passing  south 
through  New  Jersey,  enters  Pennsylvania. 

4.  Sparry  limestone,  a  name  given  to  it  many  years  before  by  Prof.  Amos 
Eaton.     It  occupies  a  belt  of  country  in  the  eastern  part  of  Dutchess,  Columbia, 
Rensselaer,  and  Washington  Counties,  and  passing  north  strikes  the  west  line  of 
Arlington,  Vermont. 

5.  Taconic  slate,  with  its  subordinate  beds  of  roofing-slate  and  coarse  brecci- 
ated   layers,  occupies  almost  the  whole  of  Columbia,  Rensselaer,  and   Washington 
Counties,  and  extends  to  the  base  of  the  Taconic  range,  which  separates  New  York  from 
Vermont  and  Massachusetts,  and  has  an  immense  thickness.     It  crosses  the  Hudson 
above  Newburg,  and  passes  through  Orange  County  into  New  Jersey.     From  the 
roofing-slate  he  defined  Diplograptus  simplex,  and  from  the  Taconic  slate  in  Washing- 
ton County  Bythotrephisflexuosa,  B.  rigida,  Palceochorda  marina,  Nemapodia  tenuissima, 
Nereites  deweyi,  N,  gracilis,  N.  jacksoni,  N.  lanceolatus,  N.  loomisi,  N.  pugnus,  Myrianitea 
murchisoni,  and  M.  sittimani. 

6.  Black  slate,  forming,  so  far  as  he  knew,  the  highest  member  of  the  Taconic 
System,  and  from  which  he  defined  Elliptocephala  asaphoides  and  Atops  trilineatus. 

§  40.  He  identified  the  Smithfield  limestone  in  Rhode  Island  with  the  Stock- 
bridge  limestone,  and  an  accompanying  slate  with  the  Magnesian  Slate,  and  in  Black- 
stone  Valley  found  the  brown  sandstone  and  fine  granular  quartz.  He  recognized 
in  the  slates  at  Waterville,  Maine,  the  Taconic  Slate  of  New  York,  and  found  the 
Nereites  at  Kennebec.  The  fine  roofing-slates  on  the  Piscataqua  he  found  subor- 
dinate to  the  Taconic  Slate,  in  like  manner  as  they  exist  in  New  York.  And,  jointly 
with  Douglas  Houghton,  the  Taconic  System  was  found  largely  developed  in  the 
Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan ;  the  slates  of  the  formation  with  their  fucoidal  im- 
pressions and  the  granular  quartz  were  both  recognized.  In  1846,  he  reproduced 
his  work  on  the  Taconic  System  in  a  book  on  the  Agriculture  of  New  York,  with 
an  appendix  describing  a  conglomerate  at  the  base,  resting  unconformably  upon 
granite  rocks. 

§  41.  In  this  manner  this  geological  subdivision  was  first  determined,  defined, 
and  established,  and  it  should  have  been  recognized  from  that  time  forward.  But 
others,  much  less  informed,  disputed  the  existence  of  the  rocks,  erroneously  referred 
his  fossils  to  more  recent  genera ;  and  some,  finding  the  same  rocks,  gave  them  differ- 
erent  names,  which  added  to  the  confusion,  and  seriously  retarded  the  progress  of 
knowledge  respecting  them.  It  may  be  later  researches  have  not,  in  every  respect, 
sustained  his  determinations,  but  Ford's  work  near  Albany,  New  York,  where  the 
position  taken  by  Emmons  was  most  violently  assaulted,  has  not  only  corroborated 
him,  but  has  forever  set  the  questions  at  rest  in  that  locality.  Wing,  Dale, 
Marcou,  and  Dwight  have  sustained  his  assertions  respecting  the  want  of  conform- 
ability  of  the  Hudson  River  Slates  with  the  Taconic.  All  the  surveys  of  Michi- 
gan and  Wisconsin  have  sustained  him,  though  the  geologists  apply  the  later 
name,  Huronian,  to  the  Strata.  His  determinations  of  the  rocks  in  North  Carolina 
have  been  most  fully  confirmed  by  later  geologists,  though  some  use  the  word 
Huronian  when  referring  to  them. 

§  42.  In   1849,  Alexander  Murray,  an  assistant  on  the  Geological  Survey  of 


24  TACONIC  SYSTEM. 

Canada^  in  the  Report  of  Progress  for  the  year  1847,  described  the  rocks  on  the 
north  side  of  Lake  Huron,  and  constituting  many  of  the  adjacent  islands,  under  the 
name  of  "quartz  rocks  and  sandstones,  conglomerates,  slates,  and  limestones,"  and 
correctly  identified  them  as  resting  unconformably  upon  the  older  granite  and 
syenitic  gneiss,  and  succeeded  unconformably  by  the  Potsdam,  but  he  did  not  call 
them  by  any  geological  name.  If  he  had  read  Emmons's  "  Taconic  System,"  it  is 
difficult  to  conceive  why  he  should  have  hesitated  in  referring  the  rocks  to  that  System. 
In  the  Report  of  Progress  of  1856,  he  redescribed  the  rocks,  under  the  name  of  the 
"  Huron ian  Series,"  which  was  adopted  by  the  officers  of  the  Canadian  Survey, 
without  once  mentioning  the  Taconic  System.  From  that  time  forward  authors 
have  generally  used  the  name  ^Huronian,  and  have  almost  annihilated  the  name 
Taconic.  The  word  Taconic,  however,  has  priority  over  Huronian.  It  is  equally 
appropriate,  and  the  definition  of  the  fossils  in  the  Upper  Slates  at  once  furnished 
the  means  of  tracing  it  and  determining  it  at  different  and  distant  places.  The 
word  "Huronian"  is,  therefore,  a  synonym  for  Taconic,  and  comprehended,  as  used 
originally  by  the  Canadian  Geologists,  substantially  the  same  series  of  rocks,  though 
not  ascending  quite  so  high. 

§  43.  A  section  of  the  so-called  Huronian,  but  more  properly  called  the  Lower 
Taconic,  between  Missisquoi  and  St.  Mary's  Rivers,  in  ascending  order,  is  as  follows : 

1.  Gray  quartzite, 500  feet. 

2.  Greenish,  red-weathering  chloritic  and  epidotic  slates, 2,000 

3.  White  quartzite,  etc., 1,000 

4.  Slate  conglomerate, 1,280 

5.  Limestone,    ...••• 300 

6.  Slate  conglomerate,  etc., 3,000 

7.  Red  quartzite,  etc., 2,300 

8.  Red  jasper  conglomerates,  etc., 2,150 

9.  White  quartzite,  etc., 2,970 

10.  Yellowish  chert,  etc., 400 

11.  White  quartzite,  etc., 1,500 

12.  Yellowish  chert,  etc. 200 

13.  White  quartzite, 400 

Total 18,000    " 

Another  section  adds  to  this  one  4,000  feet,  and  even  then  the  maximum  thick- 
ness of  the  series  in  that  locality  has  not  been  reached. 

§  44.  Throughout  the  Huronian  region,  the  whole  series  bears  evidence  of  great 
disturbance,  and  is  frequently  cut  with  intrusive  masses  of  greenstone,  granite,  or 
other  igneous  rocks.  The  more  recent  disturbances  frequently  bear  metalliferous 
veins,  which  give  to  the  country  its  value  as  a  mineral  region.  Copper  and  iron 
are  the  chief  minerals,  and  abound  in  nearly  every  section.  Gold  and  silver  some- 
times occur.  The  Taconic  of  Michigan  contains  vast  beds  of  iron  ore.  The  ores  are 
magnetic,  red  specular  hematite  and  soft  hematite  resembling  the  brown  hematite 
of  other  States.  The  magnetic  and  specular  ores  are  the  most  prized,  and  usually 
contain  from  60  to  70  per  cent  of  iron,  and  hardly  a  trace  of  phosphorus  or 
sulphur.  (Phosphorus  makes  iron  brittle  when  it  is  cold,  and  is  therefore  called 
cold-short,  though  it  is  malleable  when  hot,  while  sulphur  makes  it  brittle  when 
it  is  hot,  and  it  is  therefore  called  red-short.)  The  Lake  Superior  region  is  the 
chief  locality  of  the  world  for  native  copper.  It  is  so  pure  the  aborigines 
manufactured  it  into  implements.  The  copper-bearing  rocks  extend  eastward 


TACONIC  SYSTEM.  25 

along  the  south  shore  of  the  lake  for  more  than  forty  miles,  then  forming 
a  narrow  belt  stretch  in  a  north-east  direction  for  about  a  hundred  miles  to  the 
extremity  of  Keweenaw  Point.  The  copper  occurs  in  a  rock  called  melaphyre, 
associated  with  beds  of  conglomerate,  and  appears  to  be  interstratified  with  them. 
Sometimes  bands  of  slate  separate  beds  of  melaphyre.  The  native  copper  exists  in 
sheets,  strings,  and  masses,  and  is  sometimes  associated  with  silver.  In  Ashland 
County,  Wisconsin,  the  copper-bearing  series  has  a  thickness  of  more  than  four  miles, 
though  not  very  rich  in  the  ore.  The  Taconic  area  in  Minnesota  is  large.  It 
extends  across  the  northern  border,  and  forming  an  elbow  in  the  north-east  extends 
diagonally  through  the  State  to  the  south-west  corner.  Here  there  is  a  hard,  red- 
dish, metamorphic  sandstone,  called  the  Sioux  quartzite,  interstratified  with  which 
is  a  layer  of  red  indurated  clay  or  pipestone,  one  foot  thick,  called  Catlinite, 
largely  used  for  the  manufacture  of  pipes.  The  quarry  is  thirty  miles  north  of 
the  south-west  corner  of  the  State,  and  four  miles  east  of  the  west  line.  The  Sioux 
quartzite  occurs  in  the  north-west  corner  of  Iowa. 

§  45.  The  geographical  extent  of  these  rocks  in  Canada  is  very  great.  They 
may  be  traced  from  near  Lake  Temiscaming  80  miles  north-west  of  Lake  Nipissing, 
south-westward  to  Lake  Huron,  and  from  thence  westward  on  the  north  shore  of  the 
lake  and  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  on  beyond  Lake  of  the  Woods,  a 
distance  in  all  of  about  800  miles.  They  pass  beneath  the  lakes  and  expose  a  large 
area  in  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  at  Marquette  and  Menominee,  and  a  great 
thickness,  extending  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest  Taconic,  as  first  ascertained  by 
Houghton ;  thence  they  pass  into  Wisconsin,  exposing  a  large  area  and  quite  as 
complete  a  representation  of  the  series,  while  another  arm  extends  from  Duluth  into 
Minnesota.  The  thickness  in  Michigan  is  about  four  miles;  but  in  Wisconsin, 
including  the  copper-bearing  series,  which  is  three-fourths  of  igneous  material,  the 
thickness  is  much  greater;  and  even  excluding  the  igneous  material  the  thickness 
exceeds  four  miles.  The  upper  part  of  the  Taconic  System  in  Wisconsin,  formerly 
called  the  "  Copper-bearing  series,"  has  received  the  unattractive  name  of  the 
Keweenawan  formation,  from  the  Keweenaw  Point;  but  as  it  is  part  of  the  Taconic 
System  the  preferable  name  is  the  older  one  of  the  "  Copper-bearing  series."  The 
rocks  appear  between  Scoresby  Bay  and  Cape  Cresswell,  in  Lat.  82°  40'  N.,  where 
Nares  and  Feilden  called  them  Cape  Rawson  beds. 

§  46.  In  1856  Eramons  divided  the  System  into  Upper  and  Lower  Taconic. 
The  Canadian  Geologists  in  1863  placed  his  Upper  Taconic  in  the  Silurian  System 
and  called  it  "Lower  Potsdam,"  which  name  therefore  became  a  synonym.  The 
only  geographical  names  which  have  been  used  to  subdivide  the  Upper  Taconic  into 
Groups,  which  seem  in  the  present  state  of  learning  to  be  worthy  of  retention,  are, 
in  descending  order,  the  Swanton  Group,  the  Georgia  Group,  and  the  St.  John 
Group — if  in  fact  the  latter  is  below  the  Georgia,  and  therefore  not  a  synonym. 
Emmons  placed  the  Stockbridge  limestone  in  the  Lower  Taconic;  but  it  would  seem 
from  the  examinations  made  by  others,  that  his  division  would  have  been  more 
clearly  marked  if  the  Stockbridge  limestone  had  been  retained  in  the  Upper  Taconic. 
The  Paradoxides  beds  at  Braintree,  Mass.,  in  Newfoundland  and  New  Brunswick, 
and  wherever  found  on  the  continent,  belong  to  the  Upper  Taconic.  The  same  diffi- 
culty exists  in  the  West,  in  separating  the  Upper  Taconic  from  the  overlying  rocks  of 
the  Potsdam,  that  has  led  to  so  much  discussion  in  the  East;  and  the  confusion  is 


26  TACONIC  SYSTEM. 

increased  by  the  addition  of  numerous  synonyms — the  ready  weapon  to  which  igno- 
rance resorts. 

§  47.  In  1863  G.  F.  Matthew  named  the  rocks  exposed  at  St.  John,  New 
Brunswick,  the  "  St.  John  Group."  He  described  them  as  arenaceous,  argillaceous, 
and  carbonaceous  shales,  and  clay  slates ;  often  sandy,  with  sandstone  and  quartzite, 
having  a  thickness  of  4,500  feet,  and  having  an  exposure  about  30  miles  long  and 
4  miles  wide.  .  He  collected  Paradoxides,  Conocoryphe,  Obolella,  Orthis,  Ortfiisina, 
Stenotheca,  Hyolithes,  and  Lingula.  In  1865  he  and  Bailey  and  Hartt  correlated 
these  rocks  with  the  slates  of  Vermont  having  Elliptocephala  asaphoides,  and  the 
schistose  beds  at  Braintree,  Mass.,  holding  Paradoxides  harlani,  and  thus  proved  their 
"St.  John  Group"  to  be  a  synonym  for  Emmons's  "Black  Slate,"  in  the  Upper 
Taconic  System.  Furthermore,  they  identified  the  slates  with  some  found  in  New- 
foundland containing  Paradoxides  and  Conocoryphe.  Later  they  divided  the  Lower 
Taconic  of  New  Brunswick,  which  they  called  Huronian,  into  the  "  Cold  brook 
Group,"  the  "  Coastal  Group,"  and  the  "  Kingston  Group,"  and  estimated  the  thick- 
ness as  exceeding  10,000  feet. 

§  48.  The  Vermont  Geologists  in  1861  called  the  Black  Slate,  Taconic  Slate, 
and  Roofing-slate  of  Emmons  the  "Georgia  Group."  The  name  has  priority  over 
the  "  St.  John  Group,"  and  if  the  Taconic  System  is  to  be  divided  into  Groups  with 
geographical  names,  and  these  three  divisions  of  Emmons  are  to  be  thrown  together 
in  one  Group,  then  they  must  under  the  laws  of  nomenclature  bear  the  name  of  the 
Georgia  Group.  The  Black  Slate  has,  however,  been  called  the  Swariton  Group,  and 
if  this  name  should  become  desirable  then  the  Upper  Taconic  would  be  divided  into 
the  Swanton  Group  and  the  Georgia  Group,  and  their  maximum  thickness  in  Ver- 
mont exceeds  two  miles.  This  division  is  that  adopted  by  Perry,  who  has  shown  the 
Potsdam  sandstone  rests  directly  upon  the  Swanton  Group,  or  Black  Slate,  as 
originally  asserted  by  Emmons,  and  that  both  the  Swanton  Group  and  the  Georgia 
Group  are  fossiliferous. 

§  49.  The  Taconic  rocks  extend  from  Canada  East  and  Maine  to  Georgia  and 
Alabama,  flanking  almost  continuously  the  ranges  of  mountains  upon  both  the 
eastern  and  western  slopes.  Their  thickness  in  New  Hampshire  is  over  four  miles, 
and  in  Vermont  the  maximum  must  exceed  five  miles.  The  slate  belts  of  York 
and  Lancaster  Counties,  Pa.,  and  the  rocks  containing  the  valuable  ores  of  nickel 
and  copper  belong  to  this  System.  There  are  five  extensive  outcrops  in  North  Caro- 
lina, and  three  or  four  subordinate  ones.  They  rest  unconformably  upon  the  belts 
of  the  exposed  Laurentian,  and  very  much  resemble  in  their  character  the  sub- 
divisions in  Vermont  and  New  York.  The  largest  outcrop  is  from  twenty  to  forty 
miles  wide,  and  extends  quite  across  the  State.  The  maximum  thickness  exceeds 
five  miles.  There  are  large  outcrops  in  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and 
Tennessee,  and  limited  outcrops  in  Alabama.  Gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron,  and 
other  valuable  minerals,  occur  in  these  rocks  not  only  in  veins,  fissures,  and  dykes, 
but  in  seams  following  the  stratification  and  as  part  of  the  sedimentary  materials. 
In  Northern  Georgia  gold  exists  in  seams,  with  milky  qunrtz,  following  the  strati- 
fication of  hornblende  schists,  and  constituting  as  truly  sedimentary  rocks  as  the 
schists  themselves  do.  The  seams  are  stratified  within  the  slaty  sediments,  and  are 
of  the  same  age  as  the  Taconic  System.  These  seams  are  so  constant  they  char- 
acterize the  slates  or  schists  in  the  Appalachian  System.  They  are  metalliferous, 


TACONIC  SYSTEM.  27 

and  frequently  auriferous,  or  cupriferous.  The  magnetic  and  specular  iron  ores 
also  occur  with  the  material  of  the  slates  as  a  deposit  of  the  same  age,  and  consti- 
tuting part  of  the  same  system.  This  mineral  wealth  is  so  distributed  it  is  practi- 
cally inexhaustible.  The  Taconic  appears  in  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Texas.  The 
iron  ore  district  about  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob  containing  porphyry  rocks 
is  of  this  age,  but  the  granite  to  the  east  is  Laurentian.  The  ore  is  found  in 
very  thick  veins  in  Iron  and  Shepard  Mountain,  and  Pilot  Knob.  It  is  specular 
ore,  containing  between  sixty  and  seventy-five  per  cent  of  iron,  free  from  sulphur 
and  bearing  no  more  than  a  mere  trace  of  phosphorus.  The  rocks  appear  in 
numerous  places  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  ranges  from  Mexico  to  British  Columbia, 
often  exposing  great  geographical  areas  and  an  immense  thickness,  and  they  are 
usually  metalliferous. 

§  50.  The  genera,  regarded  as  typical  of  the  Taconic  fauna,  and  which  do  not 
pass  up  into  Silurian  rocks,  are  Paradoxides,  Mlcrodiscus,  Atops,  Elliptocephala,  Gono- 
corypJie,  Anopolenus,  Bathynotus,  Solenopleura,  AcrotJiele,  Satteretta,  Scenella,  Iphidea,  Hyo- 
lithettus,  Archceocyatfius,  and  Ethmophyttum.  There  are  some  others  peculiar  to  these 
rocks,  but  they  are  either  obscure  or  limited  in  their  distribution.  Some  genera 
closed  their  existence  in  Silurian  time,  others  reached  the  Devonian  age,  and  some 
from  this  remote  period,  as  Orthis,  Orthisina,  Orthoceras,  and  Leperditia,  continued 
to  live  to  the  Carboniferous,  though  Orthoceras  reached  its  most  remarkable  de- 
velopment in  the  Black  River  Group,  and  Orthis  in  the  Hudson  River.  Not  a 
single  species  belonging  to  the  Upper  Taconic  system  crossed  over  the  line  that 
separates  it  from  the  Potsdam  Group  of  the  Lower  Silurian,  so  far  as  any  reliable 
determination  has  thus  far  been  made.  This,  supported  as  it  is  by  a  want  of  con- 
formability,  indicates  a  vast  lapse  of  time  between  the  deposit  of  the  Upper  Taconic 
and  the  commencement  of  the  Potsdam  period.  The  Taconic  is  composed  in  part 
of  the  disintegrated  materials  of  prior  Laurentian  rocks,  while  the  Potsdam  repre- 
sents the  washings  of  the  Laurentian  and  Taconic.  The  order  Graptolida  appeared 
in  this  system,  and  reached  its  maximum  development  of  genera,  species,  and  num- 
bers (if  the  Point  Levis  beds  referred  by  the  Canadian  Geologists  to  the  Quebec 
Group  belong  to  the  Upper  Taconic,  as  claimed  by  Marcou  and  others,  and  as  the 
author  believes),  and  became  extinct  in  the  Upper  Silurian  System.  This  is  the 
first  order  of  animal  life  to  reach  the  highest  stage  of  its  existence,  and  the  first  to 
become  extinct.  It  is  referred  to  the  class  Hydrozoa,  but  if  more  was  known  of  it, 
very  likely  it  would  form  a  distinct  class. 

§  51.  The  Cupriferous  series  of  the  lake  region,  called  also  the  Keweenaw, 
Keweenian,  Keweenawan,  and  Nipigon  series,  is  supposed  to  underlie  nearly  the 
whole  basin  of  Lake  Superior,  or  an  area  of  about  28,000  square  miles,  and  a  sur- 
face area  upon  the  borders  of  the  lakes  and  their  immediate  vicinity  of  about 
18,000  square  miles.  This  series  has  been  divided  into  an  upper  and  lower  division, 
with  an  estimated  maximum  thickness  of  15,000  feet  for  the  upper  division,  and  35,000 
feet  for  the  lower,  which  rests  upon  the  slates  and  quartzites  of  the  Taconic  System, 
the  last  having  a  variable  thickness  that  reaches  a  maximum  of  at  least  22,000 
feet.  The  Cupriferous  series  consists  of  eruptive  flows  and  detrital  rocks,  with  mas- 
sive dykes.  The  region  was,  in  Taconic  days,  represented  by  a  volcano,  which  has 
sunk  beneath  the  waters  of  the  lake.  The  flows  were  followed  by  detrital  rocks, 
representing  the  intervals  of  time  between  them ;  but  these  detrital  rocks  are  com- 


28  SILURIAN  SYSTEM. 

posed  largely  of  conglomerate  layers  aud  large-sized  pebbles,  indicating  strong  cur- 
rents of  water.  The  flows  visible  upon  the  borders  of  the  lakes  were  forced  through 
fissures  by  volcanic  energies.  The  copper  which  occurs  in  the  conglomerates,  amyg- 
daloids,  epidote  veins,  and  otherwise,  is  supposed  to  have  been  precipitated  from 
water  holding  it  in  solution,  or  leached  from  detrital  rocks  where  it  was  originally 
deposited  in  a  sulphureted  form.  R.  D.  Irving,  who  has  studied  closely  the  cop- 
per-bearing rocks  of  this  region,  says  the  explorer  for  transverse  veins  should  bear 
in  mind  that  epidote,  prehnite,  and  chlorite  are  favorite  associates  of  copper,  while 
laumonitic  veins,  and  those  bearing  a  predominating  quantity  of  calcite,  are  not  so 
rich ;  that  a  wide  vein  in  amygdaloidal  or  other  soft  rock  will  pinch  to  a  mere 
seam  within  the  massive  and  compact  layers;  and  in  sandstone  and  conglomerate 
deposits  the  valuable  belts  have  been  found  where  the  conglomerate  is  overlaid 
•with  trap,  or  in  sandstone  very  rich  in  basic  detritus.  Any  of  the  conglomerate 
seams  from  Keweenaw  Point  to  Minnesota  may  be  cupriferous.  All  of  the  upper 
division  of  the  series  is  noncupriferous,  except  the  Nonesuch  sandstone  belt  in  the 
Porcupine  Mountains ;  and  all  the  belts  and  areas  of  acid  rocks,  such  as  the  central 
area  of  the  Porcupine  Mountains,  and  the  great  spread  of  red  rock  in  the  Brule" 
Lake  country  in  Minnesota,  and  all  belts  and  areas  of  coarse-grained  basic  rocks, 
such  as  the  great  area  of  coarse  gabbro  in  the  Bad  River  region  in  Wisconsin,  and 
the  similar  area  which  occupies  the  belt  of  country  from  Duluth  to  Brule  Lake, 
are  also  noncupriferous.  The  slates  and  quartzites  of  the  Taconic  System  which 
lie  below  the  Cupriferous  series  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  have  been 
called  the  Animikie  Group.  About  three-fourths  of  the  great  thickness  of  the 
rocks  is  referred  to  volcanic  overflows,  and  does  not,  therefore,  belong  to  the  geolog- 
ical column,  the  whole  of  which  is  the  result  of  sedimentary  deposition. 


CHAPTER  IV. 
SILURIAN  SYSTEM:. 

§  52.  IN  1833,  Sir  R.  I.  Murchison,  in  a  memoir  read  before  the  Geological 
Society  of  London,  divided  the  fossiliferous  rocks  below  the  Devonian  into  six 
Groups.  He  founded  this  subdivision  upon  the  fossils,  and  mentioned  such  species 
as  were  then  defined.  This  was  followed  in  the  succeeding  year  by  other  memoirs, 
and  in  1835  he  concluded  all  these  Groups  might  be  placed  in  one  System,  and  in 
honor  of  the  ancient  tribe  of  Silures,  who  inhabited  Wales,  he  named  it  the  Silu- 
rian. He  placed  three  Groups  in  the  Upper  Silurian,  and  three  in  the  Lower 
Silurian.  Before  this  time  no  knowledge  of  the  order  of  the  strata  had  been  ascer- 
tained, and  hence  he  is  entitled  to  the  credit  of  the  name.  Subsequently  palaeontol- 
ogists found  his  discoveries  were  world-wide  in  their  application,  and  it  was  not 
long  until  the  distinction  between  the  Upper  and  the  Lower  Silurian  had  been 
observed  in  North  America,  and  the  base  of  the  Lower  Silurian  had  been  recognized 
in  the  Potsdam  sandstone,  and  the  base  of  the  Upper  Silurian  in  the  Medina 
sandstone. 

§  53.  Some  years  later,  the  word  Cambrian  was  applied  in  England  to  the  rocks 
which  belong  to  the  Lower  Silurian,  and  to  inferior  strata  which  are  the  equiva- 


POTSDAM  GROUP.  29 

lent  in  part  of  the  Taconic  System.  It  was  not  used  in  the  sense  of  a  "Group," 
but  in  the  higher  sense  of  a  "  System,"  as  these  words  were  then  understood.  It 
was  never  well  defined,  and  it  crossed  one  of  the  grandest  and  most  important 
breaks  in  geological  time — that  which  separates  the  Taconic  and  Silurian  Systems. 
No  careful  geologist  or  palaeontologist  uses  the  word  in  the  nomenclature  of  American 
strata,  though  it  occasionally  occurs  in  incoherent  geological  papers,  and  some- 
times we  see  such  monsters  in  nomenclature  as  Cambro-Silurian  and  Siluro-  Cambrian. 
§  54.  The  Lower  Silurian  in  North  America  is  divided,  in  ascending  order,  into 
the  following  Groups:  viz.,  Potsdam,  Calciferous,  Quebec,  Chazy,  Black  River, 
Trenton,  Utica  Slate,  and  Hudson  River.  The  Upper  Silurian  is  divided,  in  ascend- 
ing order,  into  the  Medina,  Clinton,  Niagara,  Onondaga,  Guelph,  and  Lower 
Helderberg. 

POTSDAM:  QROTJF*. 

§  55.  Prof.  Ebenezer  Emmons,  in  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  New  York  for  1838,  described  the  sandstone  at  Potsdam  in  St.  Lawrence  County, 
and  proposed  for  it  the  designation  "Potsdam  Sandstone."  It  was  subsequently 
described  quite  fully  in  the  New  York  Reports,  and  finally  the  Canadian  Geolo- 
gists in  1863  called  the  rocks  the  Potsdam  Group.  The  lowest  portion  at  Potsdam 
is  a  granitic  conglomerate,  in  which  large  masses  of  quartz,  the  size  of  a  peck  meas- 
ure, are  sometimes  inclosed.  These  were  water-worn  and  rounded  before  being  en- 
veloped in  the  deposit.  The  sandstone  is  quite  variable  in  texture  and  color,  but  its 
composition  is  uniformly  silicious.  At  some  places  it  is  an  even-grained  mass  in 
compact  layers,  and  at  others  it  is  traversed  by  joints.  In  some  localities  a  dark, 
slaty  sandstone,  about  ten  feet  in  thickness,  intervenes  between  the  Potsdam  and 
Calciferous,  at  others  a  coarse  brecciated  rock,  and  at  others  the  passage  is  very 
gradual  into  the  Calciferous  sand-rock.  The  thickness  in  New  York  is  from  100  to 
200  feet.  The  exposure  is  narrow,  but  extends  from  near  the  Thousand  Islands 
to  Lake  Champlain,  and  enters  Vermont  with  a  thickness  of  about  fifty  feet. 

§  56.  It  extends  from  New  York  into  Canada,  where  it  attains  a  thickness 
ranging  from  300  to  700  feet,  and  at  the  summit  the  sandstone  is  interstratified 
with  magnesian  limestone  that  constitutes  a  passage  to  the  Calciferous.  There  is 
more  diversity  in  the  rocks  in  Canada  than  in  New  York,  and  limestones  and  slate 
sometimes  occur  with  the  sandstone.  It  rests  unconformably  upon  the  Laurentian, 
and  fills  up  inequalities  where  the  Taconic  System  does  not  intervene,  and  it  also 
rests  unconformably  upon  the  Taconic  when  it  is  present.  The  sandstone  appears 
to  have  been  deposited  in  shallow  water  along  the  margin  of  a  sea.  The  tracks 
and  wind  marks  support  that  view.  In  its  extension  westerly,  by  the  way  of 
Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Superior,  across  Wisconsin  and  into  Minnesota,  the  same 
variations  in  thickness  occur.  Sometimes  it  attains  a  thickness  of  3,000  feet,  and 
again  thins  out  to  40  or  50  feet.  For  several  miles  in  distance  near  Beauharnois, 
Canada,  the  strata  are  marked  by  the  tracks  of  Protichnites.  The  surfaces  on 
which  the  tracks  are  impressed  are  sometimes  smooth,  and  sometimes  beautifully 
ripple-marked.  On  the  latter  the  tracks  have  often  beaten  down  the  ripple- 
marks,  and  the  sand  of  the  ridge  has  been  dragged  into  the  furrow,  in  such  a  way 
as  to  show  the  direction  in  which  the  animal  was  progressing.  Fucoids  are  abun- 
dant in  the  upper  part  of  the  Group,  and  Scolithus  so  common  as  to  be  quite 


30  POTSDAM  GROUP. 

characteristic,  and  near  St.  Genevieve  the  rock  is  completely  honey-combed  with  it 
to  the  depth  of  three  feet. 

§  57.  It  is  largely  distributed  in  Northern  Michigan,  and  striking  into  Wiscon- 
sin north  of  Green  Bay  gradually  widens  southerly  as  a  surface  rock,  until  it 
reaches  the  central  part  of  the  State,  where  it  has  a  width  of  100  miles.  It  then 
curves  northwardly  and  enters  Minnesota,  forming  the  high  hills  on  the  Mississippi 
River.  It  is  unconformable  with  the  rocks  below,  and  rests  upon  an  exceedingly 
irregular  surface,  sometimes  filling  depressions  in  the  quartzite  or  metamorphic  rocks 
of  several  hundred  feet.  Its  upper  surface  is  uniform,  and  graduates  into  the 
Calciferous  Group  or  the  Lower  Magnesian  limestone,  as  the  rocks  in  these  States 
are  called.  The  exposed  area  in  Wisconsin  is  about  12,000  square  miles,  the  thickness 
very  irregular  by  reason  of  the  great  depressions  and  elevations  at  the  base,  and  the 
maximum  thickness  is  fully  1,000  feet.  The  rock  is  chiefly  composed  of  cemented 
grains  of  silicious  sand,  but  presents  several  varieties,  as  the  calcareous,  argillaceous, 
ferruginous,  and  green  sand,  and  the  waters  issuing  from  it  in  places  contain  a 
small  percentage  of  lime  salts.  In  the  argillaceous  class  the  clayey  material  be- 
comes so  abundant  as  to  render  the  rock  shaly,  and  so  impervious  to  water  that 
valuable  springs  occur  at  its  upper  exposed  surface.  In  the  calcareous  class  the 
lime  becomes  so  great  in  some  layers  that  they  are  more  properly  limestones  than 
sandstones,  and  so  associated  with  magnesia  that  they  become  arenaceous  dolomites. 
In  the  ferruginous  class,  at  one  extreme,  the  amount  of  iron  oxide  is  barely  suffi- 
cient to  color  or  cement  the  mass,  and  at  the  other  so  great  as  to  make  an  iron  ore. 
In  the  green  sand  there  are  two  classes,  one  in  which  the  grains  are  colored  by  iron, 
and  the  other  consisting  of  deep  green  grains  of  glauconite.  The  green  sand  is  not 
restricted  to  the  Potsdam  in  Wisconsin,  for  it  also  occurs  in  the  Calciferous  and  St. 
Peter's  Sandstone.  It  is  almost  identical  with  the  Cretaceous  green  sand  of  New 
Jersey,  and  similar  deposits  in  existing  seas.  The  surface  area  in  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin, Iowa,  and  Minnesota  is  estimated  at  25,000  square  miles,  which  is  about  half 
the  surface  area  on  the  continent ;  but  it  is  generally  believed  to  exist  under  many 
of  the  more  recent  deposits,  and,  therefore,  to  cover  several  hundred  thousand  square 
miles.  Springs  and  streams  of  soft  water  are  abundant  where  it  forms  the  surface 
rock,  and  a  good  supply  of  soft  water  has  been  found  wherever  it  has  been  penetrated 
with  the  drill ;  its  existence,  therefore,  becomes  a  question  of  much  economical  interest 
where  a  supply  of  good  water  is  desired  from  artesian  boring.  The  drill  has  never 
reached  it  in  Ohio,  though  a  supply  of  good  water  is  imperatively  demanded  in 
some  parts  of  the  State ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  an  effort  will  be  made  to  determine 
whether  it  exists  below  the  Calciferous,  which  has  been  reached  with  the  drill 
many  times. 

§  58.  It  is  exposed  at  numerous  places  in  the  Appalachian  System  from  New  York 
to  Tennessee.  In  New  Jersey  it  reaches  a  thickness  of  3,000  feet,  and  if  both  the 
Chilhowee  sandstone  and  Knox  Group  in  Tennessee  belong  to  it,  it  has  a  thickness 
of  9,000  feet,  but  probably  5,000  feet  of  this  belongs  to  the  Taconic.  In  the  south- 
ern and  south-eastern  counties  of  Missouri  it  has  a  thickness  of  700  feet.  It  appears 
in  several  counties  in  Northern  Texas,  along  the  margins  of  the  Big  Horn,  Laramie, 
and  Wind  River  ranges,  at  the  Black  Hills,  and  in  other  regions  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  System  from  Mexico  to  British  America.  The  erosion  by  water  and 
weathering  has  left  picturesque  scenery  in  the  sandstone  at  many  places.  The 


CALCIFEROUS  GROUP.  31 

"Pictured   Rocks"  of  Lake   Superior,  the   "Dalles"   of    the  Wisconsin,  and   the 
"  Chasm  of  the  Au  Sable"  in  New  York  are  examples. 

§  59.  Everywhere  it  is  essentially  an  accumulation  of  sandstone  and  pebbles 
from  the  adjacent  Laurentian  gneisses,  granites  and  syenites,  and  Taconic  quartzites 
and  schists,  resulting  from  the  disintegrating  influences  of  air  and  water.  It  con- 
tains ripple-marks,  wave-lines,  mud  cracks,  animal  tracks,  and  worm  burrows,  which 
evidence  shallow  seas  and  shore  lines.  The  continent  at  the  time  of  its  deposit  did 
not  have  one  twentieth  its  present  area.  There  is  nothing  known  to  indicate  the 
climate  was  different  then  from  what  it  is  now,  except  so  far  as  the  relative  differ- 
ence of  land  and  water  surface  would  necessarily  change  it.  Some  species  of  fossils 
prevailed  over  great  areas,  as  Eyolithes  primordialis,  I/ingulepis  pinniformis,  L.  prima, 
Dicellocephcdus  minnesotensis,  D.  osceola,  and  Ptychaspis  minvda,  and  therefore  become 
somewhat  characteristic  of  the  Group.  Though  composed  almost  wholly  of  sand  it  was 
slowly  deposited.  The  sandstone  is  frequently  charged  with  fossils  to  its  full  capac- 
ity, indicating  a  formation  almost  as  slow  as  marine  limestone  is  now  made.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  Calcareous  mud  was  forming  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean  at  the  same 
time  the  sand  was  deposited  nearer  the  shore,  but  no  limestone  group  of  the  Pots- 
dam age  has  been  found,  unless  it  exists  in  the  Eureka  district  of  Nevada. 


CHAPTER  V. 

CALCIKEROUS   GROUP*. 

§  60.  THIS  name  was  first  applied  by  Prof.  Eaton  to  a  gray  rock  consisting  of 
lime  and  fine  grains  of  sand,  so  intimately  blended  as  to  appear  homogeneous.  It 
contains  calcite  and  a  sparkling  surface,  but  passes  into  a  carbonate  of  lime,  con- 
taining beds  of  magnesian  limestone  and  a  small  amount  of  iron.  The  Group  was 
defined  by  Vanuxem  in  1842,  in  the  Geology  of  the  Third  District  of  New  York. 
He  united  the  silicious  layers  above  the  Potsdam,  the  calciferous  sand-rock,  and  the 
fucoidal  layers  in  one  Group.  The  rocks  consist  in  general  of  three  varieties — sili- 
cious, magnesian,  and  carbonate  of  lime,  with  intermediate  grades  of  composition. 
They  pass  from  compact  to  granular,  and  granular  to  porous,  the  latter  having  cavi- 
ties lined  with  crystals  of  quartz,  calcareous  spar;  or,  instead  of  being  lined,  pos- 
sessed of  a  single  beautiful  perfect  crystal  of  limpid  quartz,  nearly  filling  the  space. 
Middleville  and  Little  Falls  are  noted  localities  for  these  crystals,  some  of  which 
contain  a  fluid  or  anthracite,  which  enhances  their  value  as  cabinet  specimens.  The 
structure  of  the  rock  is  often  oolitic,  passing  into  thick  layers  having  a  concretionary 
structure,  as  in  agate.  The  typical  localities  are  in  Montgomery  and  Herkimer 
Counties. 

At  Chazy  the  following  ascending  section  occurs: 

1.  Silico-calcareous  beds,  more  or  less  interspersed  with  sparry  masses,  30  to  35 
feet;  fossils  rare  and  cherty. 

2.  Limestone,  in  which  the  plates  of  Cystideans  abound,  20  feet. 

3.  Dull,  gray,  earthy  mass,  without  fossils,  and  passing  into  oolitic  beds,  10  feet. 

4.  Cystidean  limestone,  similar  to  the  first  though  of  a  brighter  red  color, 
15  feet. 


32  CALCIFEROUS  GROUP. 

5.  Massive  earthy  and  silicious  limestone  containing  trilobites,  20  feet,  followed 
by  beds  of  similar  character  of  greater  thickness  containing  brachiopods. 

6.  Red  Cystidean  limestone,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  15  feet. 

7.  Drab-colored,    thin-bedded,  earthy   magnesian    beds,  suitable  for  hydraulic 
lime,  of  considerable  thickness ;  fossils  rare,  except  fucoids.     Toward  the  top  of  the 
rock  it  is  blue  and  frequently  cherty,  oolitic,  and  concretionary,  the   upper  masses 
from  20  to  30  feet  thick. 

§  61.  The  Group  is  persistent,  and  surrounds  the  irregular  dome  of  Laurentian 
rocks,  which  form  the  northern  highlands  of  New  York,  in  a  belt,  overlying  the 
Potsdam.  It  is  chiefly  a  hard  calcareous  sandstone  or  arenaceous  limestone,  resting 
upon  the  margin  of  the  Potsdam  sandstone,  from  Lake  Ontario  eastwardly  to  Ver- 
mont, and  from  New  Jersey  north,  near  the  line  of  New  York  and  Vermont,  into 
Canada.  It  forms  a  narrow  belt  of  surface  exposure,  with  a  variable  thickness 
from  50  to  350  feet.  Lake  Champlain  has  cut  a  channel  through  it  for  twenty 
miles.  In  Canada,  adjacent  to  New  .York  and  Vermont,  it  is,  in  the  lower  part,  a 
dark,  bluish-gray,  crystalline,  strongly  coherent  dolomite  or  magnesian  limestone, 
and  in  the  upper  part  a  bluish-gray,  calcareous  argillite,  but  its  characters  are  dif- 
ferent in  different  localities.  It  is  usually  found  as  a  narrow  belt  following  the 
sinuosities  of  the  Potsdam  Sandstone,  from  west  of  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  At- 
lantic sea-board ;  but  where  the  rocks  have  been  disturbed  by  volcanic  energies  it 
may  be  absent  or  difficult  of  detection.  The  surface  area  of  its  distribution  in 
Canada  is  several  thousand  square  miles,  and  in- its  undisturbed  condition  the  maxi- 
mum thickness  rarely  exceeds  450  feet,  though  in  Newfoundland,  where  it  is  a 
definitely  stratified  limestone,  it  has  a  thickness  of  more  than  2,000  feet.  In  the 
region  of  the  Mingan  Islands,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  fossil  casts  and 
shells  are  in  a  good  state  of  preservation. 

§  62.  In  Northern  Michigan  and  on  the  Menominee  and  Escanaba  it  preserves 
its  New  York  characters  in  a  remarkable  degree,  although  its  thickness  may  not 
exceed  50  feet.  The  upper  portions  are  highly  calcareous,  and  on  fresh  fracture 
show  the  peculiar  granular  structure  so  characteristic  in  New  York.  It  is  thin- 
bedded,  and  contains  small  cavities  lined  with  crystals  of  calc-spar,  quartz,  or  horn- 
blende. The  surfaces  of  the  layers  are  often  covered  with  fucoidal  impressions. 
From  St.  Mary's  River  westerly  to  the  Wisconsin  and  the  Mississippi  there  is  a 
gradual  augmentation  in  the  thickness  of  the  rocks  and  a  material  change  in  their 
composition.  The  Group  enters  Wisconsin  from  Michigan  a  few  miles  from  Green 
Bay,  and  striking  south-west  upon  the  border  of  the  Potsdam  it  forms  a  serrated 
margin  from  five  to  fifteen  miles  in  width,  until  it  reaches  the  streams  that  flow  into  the 
Mississippi  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  State,  where  it  is  exposed  upon  some  of 
the  streams  for  a  distance  of  75  or  100  miles.  It  crosses  the  Mississippi  and  the 
north-eastern  corner  of  Iowa,  appearing  in  the  bluffs  and  hills  more  conspicuous 
than  the  Potsdam,  though  not  so  thick,  because  it  is  a  much  firmer  rock.  It  is  a 
buff-colored  dolomite,  without  uniformity  of  texture  or  stratification,  and  weathers 
into  rough,  bold,  and  often  picturesque  fronts  along  the  valleys,  and  has  a  thickness 
of  about  250  feet. 

§  63.  From  Iowa  the  area  of  exposure  is  a  little  west  of  north  through  Min- 
nesota, reaching  as  far  west  as  the  second  tier  of  counties  from  the  Mississippi  and 
following  the  bluffs  with  limited  outcrops  in  Wisconsin  to  Lake  Pepin,  north  of 


CALCIFEROUS  GROUP.  33 

which  and  east  of  the  St.  Croix  it  forms  the  surface  of  nearly  two  large  counties  of 
Wisconsin.  It  follows  the  Mississippi  north  of  Minneapolis  for  several  miles  before 
it  is  covered  with  later  formations.  The  conspicuous  perpendicular  walls  of  rock, 
cropping  out  from  the  hills  and  bluffs  along  the  Mississippi  from  the  St.  Croix  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  belong  to  this  Group.  Throughout  the  exposures  in  Wis- 
consin, Iowa,  and  Minnesota,  it  is  conformable  with  the  underlying  Potsdam,  and  un- 
conformable  with  the  overlying  rocks.  The  lower  surface  is  plane,  while  the  upper 
surface  is  undulating,  and  in  some  instances-  the  undulations  are  said  to  swell  in  short 
distances  into  elliptical  domes,  rising  100  feet  above  their  bases,  like  billows  on  the 
sea.  These  undulations  are  the  work  of  denudation  during  the  interval  that 
elapsed  before  the  deposition  of  superimposed  strata.  The  Group  in  Wisconsin  is 
frequently  called  the  Lower  Magnesian  limestone,  and  some  one  in  Minnesota  has 
called  it  the  Shakopee  Group,  because  the  stone  has  been  quarried  at  a  village  bear- 
ing that  Indian  name.  The  Magnesian  limestone  is  usually  sufficiently  pure  to  burn 
to  a  serviceable  quicklime.  The  chief  impurities  are  quartz,  clay,  iron,  and  green 
sand.  The  dolomite  occurs  in  the  earthy,  granular,  crystalline,  and  crypto-crys- 
talline  forms,  and  chert  is  irregularly  distributed.  Argillaceous  material  is  not 
abundant,  except  in  shaly  bands,  where  it  may  constitute  20  per  cent  of  the  whole ; 
and  the  amount  of  silica  disseminated  through  the  rock  varies  from  1  to  10  per 
cent.  The  difference  in  the  composition  and  hardness  of  the  layers  causes  the  sur- 
face rocks  to  present  great  irregularities,  which  are  much  enhanced  and  exaggerated 
by  weathering,  and  hence  outliers  have  a  rough  and  often  grotesque  exterior. 

§  64.  The  Group  is  displayed  in  grand  proportions  in  the  southern  counties  of 
Missouri,  where  it  consists  of  an  upper  and  lower  division  of  magnesian  limestone 
with  an  intermediate  division  of  sandstone.  These  received  the  names,  in  descending 
order,  of  the  "Second  Magnesian  limestone,"  the  "Second  Sandstone,"  and  the 
"Third  Magnesian  limestone."  The  upper  division  is  generally  composed  of  beds  of 
earthy  magnesian  limestone,  interstratified  with  shale-beds  and  layers  of  white  chert, 
with  occasionally  thin  beds  of  white  sandstone,  and  near  the  lower  part  thick, 
cellular,  silico-magnesian  limestone-beds.  It  constitutes  many  of  the  bluffs  of  the 
Osage  and  its  tributaries,  and  also  of  the  Missouri  from  Osage  to  Jefferson  City. 
It  is  often  a  lead-bearing  rock,  as  in  Cole  County.  The  thickness  rarely  exceeds  200 
feet,  though  on  the  Meramec  it  is  300  feet.  The  middle  division  is  usually  a 
brownish  sandstone,  stratified  in  firm,  regular  beds  from  2  inches  to  3  feet  in  thick- 
ness, though  sometimes  friable.  The  surfaces  are  often  ripple-marked.  The  thick- 
ness rarely  exceeds  150  feet.  The  upper  part  often  occurs  in  thin  strata  with  beds 
of  intercalated  chert  abounding  in  fossils.  The  third  division  is  generally  a  thick- 
bedded,  coarsely  crystalline,  bluish-gray  magnesian  limestone,  with  occasional  thick 
chert-beds.  It  is  the  chief  lead-bearing  rock  of  South-east  and  Southern  Missouri,, 
and  is  frequently  exposed  along  the  streams  in  bold  escarpments  from  200  to  300 
feet  high.  The  ores  of  lead,  zinc,  copper,  nickel,  and  cobalt,  occur  in  fissures  and 
caves,  or  disseminated  in  small  masses  in  the  limestone  itself.  The  lead  occurs  some- 
times in  masses  of  galena  accompanied  with  copper  pyrites  disseminated  through 
layers  of  limestone,  while  the  ores  of  nickel  and  cobalt  occur  in  clay  slate.  At 
other  places  bands  of  red  clay  inclose  calamine  (silicate  of  zinc),  galena,  and 
heavy  spar  (sulphate  of  baryta).  The  maximum  thickness  is  about  600  feet,  though 
it  seldom  exceeds  300  feet.  The  maximum  thickness  of  the  three  divisions  is  more 


34  QUEBEC  GROUP. 

than  1,000  feet,  but  the  Group  at  no  single  locality  displays  so  great  a  thickness. 
From  Missouri  the  Group  extends  southerly  across  Arkansas  into  San  Saba,  Llano, 
McCulloch,  Menard,  Mason,  and  Lampasas  Counties,  in  Texas,  where  the  maximum 
thickness  is  more  than  400  feet.  It  is  exposed  in  narrow  belts  in  the  Appalachian 
chain  from  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  but  has  not  been 
very  clearly  distinguished  in  the  mountain  regions  of  the  West. 

§  65.  It  is  said  this  Group  in  some  localities  graduates  into  the  Quebec ;  but  on 
the  other  hand  it  is  claimed  the  Quebec  belongs  to  the  Taconic  System,  and  is  below 
the  Potsdam.  It  is  certain  many  of  the  rocks  referred  to  the  Quebec  Group 
belong  to  the  Taconic,  and  some  of  them  may  belong  to  the  Calciferous  or  the 
Chazy,  or  may  form  passage  beds  from  one  to  the  other.  The  oldest  known 
Lamellibranchiata  are  found  in  this  Group.  Among  the  fossils  having  the  greatest 
distribution,  and  which  are  most  characteristic,  we  may  mention  Ophileta  complanata, 
0.  uniangidaris,  Holopea  turgida,  H.  dttwula,  and  Orthoceras  primigenium.  Pleuroto- 
maria  canadensis  and  Leptena  barabuensis  occur  in  this  Group  and  in  the  Potsdam- 
Pleurotomaria  calcifera,  P.  postwnia,  Holopea  dtticida,  Helicotoma  perstriata,  Maclurea 
matutina,  M.  sordida,  Eccyliomphalus  canadensis,  Gamardla  caleifera,  LingvMla 
manielli,  L.  irene,  Amphion  salteri,  Bathyurus  cordai,  B.  conicus,  and  Asaphus  canalis 
have  been  described  from  this  Group  and  from  the  Quebec.  These  identifications 
may  well  be  doubted,  unless  the  rocks  containing  all  these  species  really  belong  to 
the  Calciferous. 


CHAPTER  VI. 
QUEBEC  OROUP. 

§  66.  THE  Quebec  Group  was  first  characterized  and  its  position  between  the 
Calciferous  and  Chazy  asserted,  upon  palseontological  evidence,  in  1862,  by  Prof. 
Billings.  His  position  was  supported  by  the  Canadian  Geology  in  1863,  and  in 
Decade  2  of  a  later  date.  The  limits  of  the  Group  are  still  a  subject  of  discussion, 
and  part  of  the  rocks  originally  referred  to  it  belong  to  the  Upper  Taconic ;  but 
another  part  of  them  may  form  passage  beds  from  the  Calciferous  to  the  Chazy, 
and  occupy  a  position  which  warrants  the  name  of  an  independent  Group.  The 
name  was  derived  from  the  city  of  Quebec,  where  it  was  subdivided  into  the  Levis, 
Lauzon,  and  Sillery  divisions.  The  Levis  was  named  from  Point  Levis,  where  it 
is  fossiliferous,  and  has  a  thickness  of  6,145  feet;  the  Lauzon  from  Lauzon,  where 
its  thickness  is  4,000  feet,  and  it  is  non-fossiliferous ;  and  the  Sillery  from  Sillery 
Cove,  where  it  is  2,000  feet  thick  and  almost  barren  of  fossils.  The  Lauzon 
division  is  below  the  Levis,  and,  from  fragments  of  fossils  found  in  pebbles,  it  has 
been  since  ascertained  that  it  belongs  to  the  Upper  Taconic.  A  great  fault  at  the 
Island  of  New  Orleans  and  another  near  the  Falls  of  Montmorency,  with  lesser  faults, 
are  said  to  account  for  the  erroneous  reference  of  this  division  to  the  "Quebec.  It 
was  supposed  at  one  time  that  the  Sillery  and  Lauzon  were  upper  members  of  the 
Quebec  Group ;  but  both  of  them  belong  to  the  Upper  Taconic. 

§  67.  The  Group  has  been  traced  from  Vermont  to  Newfoundland,  a  distance 
of  1,000  miles,  and  the  Levis  division  noted  at  several  localities,  where  it  consists 
of  a  variety  of  shales,  with  some  sandstones  and  conglomerates,  distinguished  by 


QUEBEC  GROUP.  35 

the  general  black  or  dark  color.  In  Newfoundland  the  Levis  division  consists  of 
graptolitic  shales,  having  a  thickness  of  4,000  feet,  which  are  followed  by  about 
1,000  feet  of  serpentines  and  diorites  referred  to  the  Lauzon  division  ;  and  these  by 
black  slates  and  limestones,  having  a  thickness  of  4,000  feet,  referred  to  the  Sillery 
division.  Serpentines,  diorites,  and  slates  sound  like  Upper  Taconic,  and  it  may 
be  undiscovered  faults  have  given  rise  to  an  erroneous  determination  of  the  order, 
and  therefore  the  so-called  Lauzon  and  Sillery  may  be  below  the  Levis;  or  it  mav 
be  an  erroneous  identification  of  the  Lauzon  and  Sillery ;  and  yet  the  true  solution 
may  be  found  in  the  fact  that  all  three  divisions  belong  to  the  Upper  Taconic,  for 
the  trilobites  described  by  Billings,  from  these  rocks  in  Newfoundland,  have  a 
primordial  or  Taconic  aspect.  The  author  has  never  had  an  opportunity  to 
examine  the  rocks  of  the  Quebec  Group,  but  an  examination  of  the  present  state 
of  the  learning  respecting  it,  makes  it  very  doubtful  whether  or  not  the  name 
should  be  retained.  If  the  Group  belongs  to  the  Taconic  System,  as  most  of  it 
undoubtedly  does,  possibly  the  name  should  be  retained.  If  that  part  of  it  in  the 
East  from  which  Calciferous  fossils  have  been  obtained,  constitutes  all  of  it  except 
that  which  belongs  to  the  Taconic,  then  probably  the  name  should  be  stricken  from 
Lower  Silurian  nomenclature,  and  the  part  containing  such  fossils  should  be  included 
in  the  Calciferous  Group,  in  which  event  the  Chazy  Group  would  include  some  of 
the  rocks  referred  to  the  Quebec  in  the  Western  mountains,  and  the  rest  would 
belong  to  the  Upper  Taconic. 

§  68.  The  Quebec  Group  has  been  recognized  in  the  Wahsatch  Range,  in  Utah, 
at  Pogonip  Mountain,  Nevada,  and  other  places  in  the  Western  mountain  chains, 
where  the  Calciferous  and  Chazy  have  not  been  distinguished  from  it.  In  the  Pog- 
onip mountain-beds  the  following  species  are  said  to  pass  from  clearly  distinguished 
beds  of  the  Potsdam  Group  up  three  or  four  thousand  feet  into  as  certainly  de- 
termined beds  of  the  Quebec  Group,  viz. :  Lingulepis  maera,  L.  minuta,  L.  manticula, 
Acrotreta  gemma,  Agnostus  communis,  A.  bidens,  A.  neon,  Orepicephalus  haguei,  and 
C.  unisulcatus. 

§  69.  In  this  Group  we  find  the  first  illustration  of  an  important  branch  of  the 
animal  kingdom  reaching  its  highest  stage  of  development,  and  subsequently  de- 
clining, and  finally  becoming  extinct.  The  first  known  Graptolites  appear  in  slates 
of  the  Upper  Taconic  System,  and  reach  the  climax  of  evolution  in  the  Quebec 
Group,  and  become  extinct  in  the  Upper  Silurian  era.  The  development 
of  these  forms  seems  to  have  been  wonderful.  About  thirty  genera  have  been 
distinguished  in  America,  and  to  these  have  been  referred  about  170  species.  The 
Group  is  said  to  be  connected  specifically  with  higher  Groups  by  Maclurea  atlantica 
and  Asaphus  canalis,  that  occur  in  the  Chazy,  and  by  Leptcena  sericea,  which  is  com- 
mon to  all  the  Groups  in  some  of  its  varietal  forms  as  high  as  the  Clinton. 

§  70.  This  Group  is  said  to  graduate  up  into  the  Chazy  without  lithological 
lines  of  separation,  and  without  an  abrupt  break  in  the  chain  of  fossils.  Clear  pas- 
sage-beds occur  where  the  Groups  are  well  developed,  and  even  where  there  is  non- 
conformability  some  fossil  species  are  said  to  be  common  to  the  two  Groups.  The 
geographical  surface  distribution  is  confined  to  limited  areas  east  of  the  Appalachian 
System,  and  to  small  exposures  among  the  Western  chains ;  but  it  must  represent  a 
vast  period  of  time,  as  evidenced  by  the  great  development  and  evolution  of  its 
animals,  and  by  the  erosion  of  the  Calciferous  where  it  does  not  exist. 


36  CHAZY  GROUP. 

§  71.  Bitumen,  or  mineral  pitch,  is  a  product  resulting  from  the  distillation  of 
vegetable  and  animal  matter  within  the  earth.  It  has  a  pitch-like  odor,  and  burns 
with  a  bright  flame  without  any  ash,  and  varies  from  liquid  naphtha  to  solid  as- 
phaltum.  Naphtha  is  a  nearly  colorless  fluid,  having  a  pungent  smell,  that  issues 
from  the  rocks  in  Persia.  Its  specific  gravity  is  about  7-10,  and  by  exposure  it 
loses  its  transparency  and  odor,  and  acquires  a  yellowish  or  brown  color,  becomes 
thicker  and  heavier,  and  approaches  petroleum.  Petroleum  is  so  called  from  exud- 
ing as  an  oil  from  the  rocks.  Its  specific  gravity  is  87-100,  and  by  exposure  to 
the  air  and  the  application  of  heat  it  may  be  converted  into  asphaltum.  Asphal- 
tum  was  so  named  from  a  lake  in  Judea,  where  it  rises  in  a  liquid  form  to  the 
surface  of  the  water  and  then  hardens.  Its  specific  gravity  varies  from  1.07  to 
1.65.  It  is  quite  brittle  and  electric,  though  coal  is  not.  Bituminous  matter  occurs 
in  the  limestones  and  dolomites  of  the  Quebec  Group,  and  the  odor  may  be  de- 
tected in  many  places  by  striking  or  heating  the  rocks.  A  black,  combustible, 
coal-like  matter  is  found  with  crystals  of  bitter  spar  and  quartz,  sometimes  coating 
the  crystals  or  the  walls  of  cavities,  and  at  other  times  in  the  form  of  buttons  or 
drops,  evidently  having  been  introduced  in  a  liquid  state  and  subsequently  hard- 
ened. It  fills  veins  and  fissures  in  limestones,  shales,  and  sandstones,  and  even  in 
the  trap-rocks  which  traverse  these.  It  is  very  pulverulent,  brittle,  of  a  shining 
black  color,  and  yields  from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent  of  volatile  matter.  It  approaches 
anthracite  in  its  characters.  The  volatile  matter  is  a  hydrocarbon  gas.  It  has  re- 
sulted from  the  slow  alteration  of  liquid  bitumen  in  the  fissures  of  the  strata.  The 
bitumen  was  derived  from  marine  vegetation  or  marine  animals,  which  underwent 
a  special  mineralization,  producing  the  bituminous  matter  instead  of  coal.  It  is  due 
to  chemical  reactions,  by  which  it  retained  a  greater  proportion  of  hydrogen  in  its 
combination  than  would  have  been  retained  if  it  had  been  converted  into  coal. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

QROUF>. 


§  72.  THE  Chazy  Group  was  first  defined  in  the  Report  of  the  Second  District 
of  New  York  in  1842,  by  Prof.  Emmons,  under  the  name  of  the  Chazy  limestone. 
The  name  was  derived  from  the  town  of  Chazy,  where  it  has  a  thickness  of  130 
feet,  reposes  unconformably  upon  the  Calciferous,  and  is  succeeded  by  the  Birds- 
eye  limestone.  It  is  a  dark,  irregular,  thick-bedded  limestone,  containing  many 
rough,  flinty,  or  cherty  masses,  and  extends  as  a  belt  into  Vermont,  where  it  ex- 
poses more  surface  area  than  any  other  Group  of  the  Lower  Silurian,  and  has  a 
maximum  thickness  of  300  feet.  It  was  called  the  "Chazy  Formation"  in  the 
Geology  of  Canada  for  1863,  because  shales  and  sandstones  are  there  associated 
with  the  limestone.  It  occupies  a  narrow  area  about  the  Ottawa  and  Montreal, 
and  extends  to  the  Mingan  Islands  and  Newfoundland,  its  thickness  not  exceeding 
300  feet.  The  western  extension  of  the  belt  appears  in  cliffs  on  the  coast  of  Lake 
Winnipeg,  in  the  region  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
Iowa,  and  Minnesota.  In  the  lake  region  it  consists  of  arenaceous  and  arenaceo- 


CHAZY  GROUP.  37 

calcareous  beds,  sometimes  difficult  to  distinguish  from   the  Calciferous  layers,  fol- 
lowed by  beds  of  argillo-calcareous  composition. 

§  73.  In  1852  David  Dale  Owen  called  it  the  "  St.  Peter's  Sandstone,"  after 
the  river  of  that  name,  now  sometimes  called  the  Minnesota  River,  where  it  is  usu- 
ally made  up  of  grains  of  limpid  and  colorless  quartz,  remarkable  for  whiteness.  It 
occupies  part  of  the  slope  between  the  first  and  second  terrace  at  Prairie  du  Chien, 
forms  the  base  of  the  bluffs  at  the  St.  Peter's,  and  the  lower  nineteen  feet 
at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  It  rests  upon  the  billowy  surface  of  the  Calcif- 
erous, fills  up  the  depressions,  and  is  followed  conformably  by  the  Trenton:  In 
the  lower  part  there  is  some  shaly  material  and  conglomerate  matter  washed  from 
the  Calciferous  and  older  rocks,  but  above  this  it  is  a  remarkably  uniform,  white  or 
yellow,  friable  quartzose  sandstone,  substantially  free  from  silt  and  calcareous  or 
ferruginous  cement.  There  are  oblique  and  discordant  lines  of  stratification,  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  the  shifting  of  the  waves  during  deposition,  and  near  the  upper 
surface  there  is  more  or  less  argillaceous  material.  In  some  localities  it  is  tinged 
yellow  or  red  by  the  oxides  of  iron,  and  cemented  in  streaks,  and  weathers  irregu- 
larly. The  outliers  and  standing  rocks  are  brightly  colored,  and  are  called  pictured 
or  painted  rocks.  The  thickness  will  exceed  200  feet  where  filling  a  depression  in 
the  Calciferous ;  but  the  average  thickness  does  not  exceed  100  feet.  Occasion- 
ally ripple-marks,  fucoidal  impressions,  and  tubes  of  Scolithus  occur  in  the  harder 
layers,  but  the  only  fossil  yet  described  from  this  region  is  Lingulepis  morsel.  The 
absence  of  fossils  is  due  to  want  of  preservation. 

§  74.  Prof.  T.  C.  Chamberlin  says  the  constituent  grains  of  sand  in  this  Group 
are  derived  in  the  main  from  granitoid  and  schistose  rocks,  which  are  composed  of 
particles  of  quartz  intermixed  with  a  variety  of  softer  and  more  decomposable  crys- 
talline minerals.  In  the  metamorphism  the  quartz  was  usually  last  in  crystalliza- 
tion, and  occupied  the  angular  interstitial  spaces  between  the  crystals  that  had  al- 
ready taken  shape,  and  hence  while  crystalline  in  internal  structure  it  molded  itself 
about  the  crystals  of  the  previously  formed  minerals.  It  was  thus  angular,  but  not 
in  its  own  crystalline  form.  Upon  decomposition  the  associated  minerals  were  mainly 
reduced  to  earths  and  clays,  while  the  undecomposable  quartz  remained  in  angular 
grains.  By  the  action  of  streams  in  carrying  these  down  to  the  sea,  and  by  the  agency 
of  the  waves  in  distributing  them,  the  grains  were  sifted,  assorted,  rolled,  rounded, 
and  finally  deposited  in  the  forms  in  which  we  now  find  them.  The  majority  are 
worn  into  somewhat  spherical  grains ;  others  less  acted  upon  remain  quite  angular. 
The  angularity,  however,  is  not  what  is  characteristic  of  freely  forming  quartz 
crystals,  but  is  due  to  the  circumstances  under  which  it  was  formed.  In  the  orig- 
inal crystalline  rock  occasional  cracks  and  cavities  occurred  filled  with  secondary 
quartz,  which  in  such  a  situation  assumed  its  own  crystalline  form ;  and  in  the 
sandstone  itself  secondary  crystals  might  have  been  formed  after  deposition,  just  as 
they  have  been  in  adjacent  limestone-beds  where  their  secondary  origin  is  un- 
questionable, and  the  degradation  of  the  rock  inclosing  these  would  furnish  points 
and  fragments  of  true  crystals  of  quartz,  which  might  not  be  so  far  worn  as  to  lose 
their  characteristic  form. 

§  75.  It  occupies  a  narrow  area  fringing  the  Calciferous,  or  exposed  in  river 
banks,  stretching  in  an  irregular  course  from  the  Lower  Menominee  River  on  the 
north-eastern  border  of  Wisconsin  to  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  River.  It  occurs 


38  CHAZY  GROUP. 

in  North-eastern  Iowa  and  the  eastern  part  of  Minnesota,  where  its  dip  is  westerly. 
It  occurs  in  Illinois,  at  Oregon,  on  Rock  River,  and  at  La  Salle,  on  the  Illinois, 
caused  by  a  local  uplift.  The  unevenness  of  the  Calciferous  bed,  as  proven  by 
artesian  boring,  is  greater  near  the  margin  or  shore-line  of  the  oceanic  deposit  than 
elsewhere.  It  is  known,  by  artesian  boring,  in  Minnesota  more  than  100  miles 
from  the  Mississippi,  and  in  Illinois  more  than  100  miles  from  its  exposure  in  Wis- 
consin. In  some  places  the  sand  mingles  with  the  calcareous  materials  and  forms 
passage  beds  to  the  Trenton,  and  at  other  places  the  transition,  while  conformable, 
is  abrupt.  In  Missouri  the  upper  part  of  the  Group  received  the  name  of  the 
"First  Magnesian  Limestone,"  and  the  lower  part  the  "First  Sandstone"  and  the 
"  Saccharoidal  Sandstone."  The  latter  presents  very  few  characters  not  found  in 
the  exposures  in  Illinois  and  Wisconsin ;  while  the  former  is  limited  in  its  distribu- 
tion, and  indicates  local  changes  in  the  deposition  of  the  upper  part  of  the  Group. 
It  is  usually  a  gray  or  buff  crystalline,  cherty,  magnesian  limestone,  filled  with 
silicious  patches,  breaking  readily  with  the  hammer,  and  extremely  variable  in 
thickness.  In  New  Jersey  it  consists  of  a  fine,  even-grained  limestone,  sometimes  a 
pure  dolomite,  except  near  the  base,  where  there  are  sandy  and  calcareous  layers. 
It  occurs  in  long,  narrow  belts,  in  a  north-east  and  south-west  direction,  correspond- 
ing to  synclinal  and  anticlinal  axes.  From  this  State  and  from  Pennsylvania  it  is 
exposed  in  numerous  places  within  the  Appalachian  System  as  far  south  as  Ala- 
bama, and  may  generally  be  detected  by  the  presence  of  Maclurea  magna.  In  Ten- 
nessee the  lower  part  is  an  argillaceous  limestone,  varying  in  thickness  from  50  to 
600  feet;  and  if  the  marble  of  Knox  County  is  referred  to  it,  its  upper  part 
will  have  a  thickness  of  more  than  400  feet.  It  occurs  in  the  Wahsatch  Range  in 
Utah,  in  the  White  Pine  district  of  Nevada,  in  the  Wind  River  Mountains  of 
Wyoming,  and  in  numerous  other  localities  in  the  great  system  of  mountain  ranges 
of  the  West,  where  it  also  bears  the  name  of  the  Quebec  Group.  It  has  been 
identified  in  the  Arctic  regions,  on  King  William's  Island,  North  Devon,  and  Depot 
Bay,  in  Bellotis  Strait,  where  it  is  a  dolomitic  limestone.  It  graduates  into  the 
Black  River  wherever  the  latter  is  separable  from  the  Trenton,  and  especially 
where  the  Birdseye  limestone  is  present.  Numerous  fossil  species  connect  it  inti- 
mately with  the  overlying  rocks,  many  of  which  occur  as  high  as  the  Hudson 
River,  viz. :  Strophomena  altemata,  S.  incrassata,  Orthis  perveta,  Leperditia  canadensis, 
L.  kwckana,  L.  amygdcdina,  Orthoceras  multicameratum,  0.  bilineatum,  and  Modiolopsis 
nasuta.  The  most  characteristic  fossil  is  Madurea  magna. 


BLACK  RIVER  GROUP.  39 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
BLACK:  RIVER.  OROUP. 

§  76.  THE  Black  River  Group  was  defined  by  Lardner  Vanuxem,  in  the  Geo- 
logical Report  for  the  Third  District  of  New  York  in  1842,  and  named  from  its  ex- 
posures on  Black  River.  The  name  "Black  River  limestone"  was  applied  to  the 
cliff  extending  from  Boonville  through  Lewis  into  Jefferson  County,  the  cliff  being 
composed  of  the  Birdseye  limestone  of  the  Mohawk  and  the  rocks  upon  which  the 
well-characterized  Trenton  limestone  is  placed.  We  find  the  name  Birdseye  lime- 
stone applied  to  rocks  in  the  report  of  1838,  but  not  in  the  sense  of  the  name  of  a 
Group  of  rocks,  as  the  term  Black  River  was  used  in  1842,  and  if  the  name  had 
been  so  used  it  would  necessarily  give  way  'to  the  geographical  name.  The  Birds- 
eye  limestone  was  distinguished  on  the  Mohawk  by  its  light  dove-color,  thick  lay- 
ers, and  the  presence  of  crystalline  particles  representing  Phytopsis  tubidosa  or  other 
organisms,  which  caused  the  rock  to  break  readily  or  possess  a  kind  of  brittleness, 
and  when  broken  to  clearly  show  the  crystalline  spots.  This  character  is  not  per- 
sistent in  geographical  distribution,  and  the  greatest  thickness  of  the  rocks  is  only 
about  30  feet.  The  Black  River  limestone  is  distinguished  by  the  abundance  of 
Cephalopoda,  and  especially  by  remarkably  large  Orthoceras,  some  of  which  are  10 
feet  in  length  and  a  foot  in  diameter;,  beside,  it  has  quite  an  extensive  distribution. 
The  thickness  on  Black  River  is  about  50  feet. 

§  77.  From  New  York  it  extends  into  Vermont,  where  about  12  or  14  feet  in 
thickness  becomes  a  black,  finely  granular  mass,  susceptible  of  a  high  polish,  and  has 
received  the  name  of  the  Black  Marble  of  Isle  La  Motte.  In  Vermont  it  rarely 
exceeds  20  feet  in  thickness ;  but  it  outcrops  in  Pennis  Valley,  Pennsylvania,  with 
greater  thickness  than  it  possesses  in  New  York.  It  crosses  into  Canada,  and  forms 
a  belt  upon  the  margin  of  the  Chazy,  but  rarely  attains  any  great  thickness,  though 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  90  miles  below  Quebec,  it  has  a  thickness  of  130  feet.  It  has 
been  identified  by  the  presence  of  gigantic  Orthoceras  on  the  north-west  side  of 
Lake  Winnipeg ;  and  its  existence  has  been  noted  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  on 
St.  Mary's,  Escanaba,  and  Menominee  Rivers,  and  on  St.  Joseph  and  Sugar  Islands. 
It  has  been  identified  at  various  places  in  the  Appalachian  System,  but  it  thins  out 
westwardly  and  has  a  limited  area  of  surface  distribution.  By  some  it  is  regarded 
as  a  local  and  peculiar  phase  of  the  lower  part  of  the  Trenton,  or  as  constituting 
merely  beds  of  passage  from  the  Chazy  to  the  Trenton,  but  there  are  palseonto- 
logical  reasons  for  retaining  the  name  as  a  geological  subdivision.  It  contains 
many  species  unknown  in  the  Trenton,  though  others  pass  up,  as  the  two  Groups 
are  conformable,  and  both  represent  the  deeper  oceanic  deposits  of  limestone. 
But  the  strongest  reason  for  holding  to  the  geological  separation-  of  so  small  a  thick- 
ness of  limestone  from  other  Groups  is  that  the  family  Orthoceratidce,  which  com- 
menced its  existence  in  the  Upper  Taconic,  increased  in  genera  and  species  in 
succeeding  ages  until  it  reached  its  maximum  development  in  this  Group.  Subse- 
quently, it  diminished  in  number  of  species  and  size  of  specimens,  though  it  found 
a  home  in  every  Group,  until  it  became  extinct  in  the  latest  Carboniferous  epoch. 
The  Oyrtoceratidce  and  Endoceratidce  were  highly  developed,  and  the  Gomphoceratida, 


40  TRENTON  GROUP. 

Phragmoceratidce,  and  Gyroceratidce  here  first  developed  their  essential  characters. 
In  the  Birdseye  limestone  at  Montmorency,  Canada,  petroleum  exudes  in  drops 
from  fossil  corals,  supposed  to  have  its  origin  either  in  the  marine  animals  or  fu- 
coidal  vegetation. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

TRENTON    QROUP. 

§  78.  THE  Trenton  Group  was  named  from  Trenton,  Oneida  County,  New 
York.  The  limestone  at  the  Falls,  where  it  is  more  than  100  feet  thick,  was  called 
the  Trenton  limestone  long  prior  to  the  use  of  the  words  in  a  geological  sense.  In 
1838  Vauuxem  referred  to  the  Trenton  limestone,  but  it  was  not  until  1842  that 
he  and  Prof.  Emmons  so  described  the  Group  as  to  establish  it.  At  Trenton  Falls 
there  are  two  kinds  of  stone — one  a  dark,  fine-grained  limestone,  in  thin  layers, 
separated  by  black  shale,  and  abounding  in  fossils ;  the  other  a  gray,  coarse-grained 
limestone,  in  thick  layers,  forming  the  top  of  the  mass,  and  much  less  fossiliferous. 
The  Group  has  quite  an  extensive  surface  distribution  in  belts  upon  the  margin  of 
the  older  rocks  in  New  York,  and  varies  somewhat  in  its  characters,  but  seems  at 
all  times  to  be  a  limestone,  with  the  exception  of  shaly  partings.  It  is  400  feet 
thick  at  Chazy,  the  greatest  exposed  thickness,  and  from  here  it  thins  toward 
the  east. 

§  79.  It  enters  Vermont  from  New  York  in  three  narrow  outcrops,  consisting 
of  black  layers  and  seams  of  limestone  and  occasional  argillaceous  matter,  with  a 
maximum  thickness  of  about  400  feet.  It  enters  New  Jersey,  and  crosses  the 
counties  of  Warren  and  Sussex,  with  a  maximum  thickness  of  about  200  feet.  It 
is  frequently  exposed  in  the  broken-up  hills  and  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  show- 
ing a  thickness  from  300  to  700  feet.  The  exposures  continue  to  occur  southerly 
in  the  Appalachian  Mountains  in  crossing  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee, 
where,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  latter  State,  there  is  a  thickness  of  1,100  feet,  and 
in  the  middle  part  of  about  500  feet.  It  is  exposed  by  an  ancient  uplift  in  the 
central  part  of  Kentucky  over  several  counties,  forming  a  large  part  of  what  is 
called  the  Blue-grass  Region,  and  reaches  as  far  north  as  the  Ohio  River.  The  thick- 
ness is  about  700  feet. 

§  80.  It  has  an  extensive  geographical  distribution  in  Canada.  The  Montreal 
and  Ottawa  sections  have  each  a  thickness  of  600  feet.  The  sections  in  Western 
Canada,  on  the  Trent  River  and  at  Collingwood,  have  a  thickness  of  750  feet,  but 
it  thins  westerly,  and  in  following  the  outcrops  around  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan 
the  exposures  rarely  exceed  50  feet  in  thickness.  In  passing  south  of  Lake  Su- 
perior it  crosses  Sulphur,  St.  Joseph's,  and  Great  Encampment  Islands,  and  thence 
stretches  west  and  south-west  near  Little  Bay  de  Noquet  and  Green  Bay,  and  en- 
ters Wisconsin  near  the  mouth  of  the  Menominee  River.  From  here  the  exposure 
extends  south-west  across  the  State,  displaying  a  large  area  in  the  south-western 
part,  and,  entering  the  State  of  Illinois,  occupies  more  or  less  of  the  surface  in  four 
or  five  of  the  north-western  counties.  From  here  the  exposures  bear  north-west  and 
north,  occupying  several  counties  in  North-eastern  Iowa,  with  a  continuing  belt  across 


TRENTON  GROUP.  41 

Minnesota  to  St.  Paul  and  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  In  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and 
Iowa,  the  Group  is  separable  into  two  divisions,  the  lower  one  being  a  blue  limestone 
called  the  Trenton  limestone,  and  the  upper  a  dolomite  called  the  Galena  limestone, 
which  is  the  lead  and  zinc  bearing  rock  of  that  region.  The  thickness  of  these 
divisions  is  variable,  but  where  most  persistent,  as  in  South-western  Wisconsin,  the 
upper  or  Galena  has  a  thickness  of  250  feet,  and  the  lower  or  blue  limestone  120 
feet.  It  thins  northward  through  Minnesota,  and  the  Galena  division  gradually 
disappears.  The  layers  of  limestone  become  thin  and  shaly,  with  sometimes  ferru- 
ginous oolitic  layers.  The  Galena  appears  as  a  lenticular  mass  or  as  thinning  toward 
the  east  and  north,  and  was  apparently  derived,  so  far  as  detrital  matter  occurs, 
from  western  sources,  though  a  great  part,  like  that  of  other  limestones,  was  a  de- 
posit from  the  harder  parts  of  animal  organisms.  Erratics  and  bowlders  found  in 
Northern  Dakota  indicate  the  existence  of  Galena  limestone  in  the  mountains  of 
British  America.  The  Galena  contains  about  86.6  lead  and  13.4  sulphur,  and  oc- 
curs in  fissures  and  crevices  in  the  limestone,  and  not  in  true  veins.  The  ore  is 
supposed  to  have  been  precipitated  from  an  aqueous  solution.  It  was  called  the 
Galena  limestone  from  the  lead  or  galena,  and  from  its  typical  exposure  at  Galena, 
Illinois.  The  lead  area  is  about  4,000  square  miles,  two-thirds  of  which  is  in  Wis- 
consin and  the  rest  about  equally  divided  between  Illinois  and  Iowa. 

§  81.  It  forms  some  large  surface  exposures  in  Southern  Missouri,  where  out- 
crops occur  400  feet  in  thickness.  Numerous  outcrops  occur  among  the  Western 
mountain  ranges  and  in  the  Arctic  regions,  on  King  William's  Island,  at  North 
Somerset,  Boothia,  and  other  places.  It  was  found  by  the  artesian  boring  at  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  it  is  expected  it  will  be  found  by  boring  at  al- 
most any  place  upon  the  continent,  save  where  the  rocks  of  older  date  are  exposed 
upon  the  surface.  It  was  not  formed  upon  the  margin  of  an  island  or  continent,  but 
is  a  regular  sea  deposit  of  general  distribution  where  the  depth  did  not  exceed  2,000 
fathoms.  The  materials  are  marine,  the  mass  being  remains  of  organic  secretions, 
with  little  detrital  matter.  The  fauna  was  abundant,  and  embraced  representatives 
of  nearly  all  the  great  subdivisions  of  invertebrate  life  that  now  have  an  existence 
in  the  ocean,  and  several  orders  and  classes,  as  the  Graptolites,  Cystideans,  and 
Trilobites,  which  have  become  extinct.  The  Graptolites  and  Trilobites  were  then 
on  the  decline,  while  Crinoids,  Cystideans,  Brachiopods,  Corals,  Gasteropods,  and 
Lamellibranchs  were  on  the  increase. 

§  82.  Receptaculites  oweni  is  peculiar  to  and  characteristic  of  the  Galena  di- 
vision of  this  Group,  and  it  is  usually  accompanied  with  Lingida  quadrata,  Mur- 
chisonia  major,  Fmispira  elongata,  and  other  characteristic  species.  The  species  most 
characteristic  of  the  Trenton  Group,  and  which  may  be  relied  upon  as  determin- 
ing its  age  wherever  they  occur,  are  Orthis  tricenaria,  found  in  New  York,  Canada, 
Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Nevada ;  Orthis  pectinella,  found  in  New  York,  Canada, 
and  Kentucky ;  Cyrtolites  compressus,  found  in  New  York,  Canada,  Wisconsin,  and 
Minnesota ;  Hybocrinus  tumidus,  H.  conicus,  Amygdalocystites  florealis,  A.  radiatus, 
Blastoidocrinm  carcliaridem,  found  at  Ottawa,  Canada,  and  High  Bridge,  Kentucky ; 
Leperditia  fabulites  and  Conularia  quadrata,  found  in  New  York,  Canada,  and  Ken- 
tuckv ;  and  OrtJiis  borealis,  found  in  Canada,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  Kentucky. 
The  genus  Amygdalocystites  has  a  wide  geographical  distribution,  though  a  rare  fos- 
sil in  every  locality,  and,  so  far  as  known,  is  confined  to  this  Group.  Other  char- 


42  TRENTON  GROUP. 

acteristic  species  are  Bythotrephis  succulens,  Monticulipora  lycoperdon,  Schizocrinus 
nodosus,  Stictopora  elegantula,  Orthis  beUarugosa,  0.  cequivalvis,  Trochonema  umbili- 
catum,  Subulites  elongatus,  and  Helicotoma  planulata. 

§  83.  There  are  numerous  species  which  continued  to  live  until  the  Hudson 
River  age,  and  are  therefore  common  to  three  Groups,  as  Strophomena  alternata, 
S.  rhomboidalis,  Leptena  sericea,  Zygospira  modesta,  Rhynchonella  capax,  Calymene 
catticephala,  Asaphus  gigas,  and  Ceraurus  pleurexanihemus.  Such  species  are  usually 
quite  variable  in  form  and  size,  and  seem  to  have  changed  to  suit  the  conditions  of 
their  habitat,  and  also,  in  accordance  with  the  theory  of  evolution,  to  have  reached 
the  climax  of  development,  and  subsequently  gradually  declined.  Strophomena 
rhomboidalis  occurs  in  Trenton,  Utica  Slate,  Hudson  River,  Clinton,  Niagara,  Lower 
Helderberg,  Upper  Helderberg,  Hamilton,  Chemung,  Waverly,  Burlington,  and 
Keokuk  Groups.  Its  vertical  range  exceeds  that  of  any  other  species  in  any  of  the 
rocks  of  the  known  world,  and  its  geographical  distribution  is  common  to  every  con- 
tinent where  strata  of  these  ages  have  been  studied  and  described.  The  varietal  forms 
have  been  called  S.  tenuistriata  from  the  Lower  Silurian,  S.  depressa  from  the  Upper 
Silurian,  and  S.  rhomboidalis  from  the  Devonian  and  Subcarboniferous.  The  Lower 
Silurian  specimens  are  usually  smaller,  and  have  fewer  concentric  wrinkles  over 
the  visceral  region,  than  those  from  the  Upper  Silurian  and  Devonian,  while  the 
length  of  the  front  and  lateral  margins  from  the  geniculation  is  usually  greater  in 
the  Upper  Silurian  than  it  is  in  the  Lower  Silurian,  Devonian,  or  Subcarbon- 
iferous specimens;  but  these  differences  are  not  so  constant  as  to  form  inflexible 
characters,  and  hence  it  is  that  many  of  the  learned  and  better  palaeontologists 
have  classed  them  all  together  under  the  first  and  oldest  specific  name.  The  vari- 
ous forms  which  Strophomena  alternata  assume  in  the  same  Group  of  rocks  are  wonder- 
ful ;  the  radiating  striae  differ  in  size  and  number  ;  the  hinge  line  is  sometimes  longer 
and  at  other  times  shorter  than  the  greatest  width  of  the  shell.  The  shells  are 
sometimes  much  longer  than  wide,  and  at  other  times  as  much  shorter.  The 
lateral  sides  are  sometimes  straight,  and  at  other  times  rounded.  Some  shells  are 
nearly  flat,  others  are  deeply  concave  on  the  dorsal  side  and  highly  convex  on 
the  ventral.  Age  in  some  specimens  appears  to  have  materially  thickened  the 
shells,  and  preserved  strong  imbricating  lines  of  growth,  while  in  other  cases  we 
have  much  larger  shells  that  are  very  thin  and  destitute  of  imbrications.  Like 
differences  may  be  distinguished  in  other  species  having  great  vertical  distribution, 
as  in  Rhynchondla  capax  and  Zygospira  modesta. 

§  84.  The  rocks  of  this  Group  are  composed  almost  entirely  of  remains  of  the 
hard  parts  of  animals  that  swarmed  in  the  seas  of  that  age.  Some  shells  are  pre- 
served in  good  condition,  but  generally  the  comminuted  fragments  are  held  to- 
gether by  lime  cement,  forming  the  limestone  strata,  leaving  well-preserved  specimens 
to  be  found  only  in  the  shaly  partings.  It  is  common  to  find  that  one  animal  has 
grown  upon  another,  as  a  Lichenocrinus  upon  a  brachiopod,  and  a  bryozoan  upon 
the  former,  under  such  circumstances  as  to  show  the  shell  was  at  the  bottom  of  the 
ocean  during  the  growth  of  the  Lichenocrinus,  and  that  the  latter  must  have  ceased 
to  grow  before  the  bryozoan  attached.  From  this  we  infer  the  clearness  of  the 
water,  for  otherwise  mud  would  have  intervened ;  and  we  also  infer  a  slow  depo- 
sition of  materials,  for  the  lives  of  two  animals  transpired  before  the  deposit  was 


TRENTON  GROUP.  43 

sufficient  to  cover  a  thin  shell.  There  is  no  evidence  of  any  difference  between  the 
temperature  of  the  water  then  and  now,  nor  between  the  climate  then  and  now. 

§  85.  Wherever  the  Black  River  limestone  exists,  the  Trenton  is  conformable 
with  it ;  and  where  the  Black  River  is  not  distinguished,  the  Trenton  is  usually  con- 
formable with  the  Chazy.  The  Trenton  is  conformable  with  the  Utica  Slate  above, 
in  New  York  and  Canada ;  but  there  is  an  abrupt  change  in  the  character  of  the 
rocks,  and  a  marked  difference  in  the  fauna,  while  in  Kentucky  it  graduates 
up  into  calcareous  shales  of  the  age  of  the  Utica  Slate  by  imperceptible  grades,  so 
the  line  of  separation  can  not  be  determined,  except  as  based  upon  a  slowly 
changing  fauna. 

§  86.  Light  carbureted  hydrogen  gas  is  often  the  product  of  the  transforma- 
tion of  organic  matter  at  ordinary  temperatures,  and  is  abundant  in  the  palaeozoic 
rocks  from  the  Chazy  to  the  Permian.  A  spring  at  Caledonia,  Canada,  issuing 
from  the  Trenton  Group,  evolves  300  cubic  inches  of  carbureted  hydrogen  gas 
per  minute.  It  is  saline  water.  Another  discharges  somewhat  less,  and  another 
discharges  large  quantities  of  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas.  This  is  not  considered 
surprising  when  it  is  remembered  the  Chazy  Group  in  the  Ottawa  Valley  includes 
a  considerable  thickness  of  shales  and  argillaceous  limestones,  and  the  Quebec  Group 
offers  successions  of  limestones  and  shales,  whose  slow  decomposition  from  infil- 
trating waters  will  furnish  such  gases.  In  higher  strata,  however,  the  carbureted 
hydrogen  gas  escapes  in  much  greater  quantities,  as  at  the  burning  spring  near 
Niagara  Falls,  and  in  the  region  of  the  oil-wells.  Carbureted  hydrogen  gas  is  the 
well-known  "fire-damp  "of  the  coal-mines.  It  collects  in  ill- ventilated  galleries  of 
collieries,  and  when  sufficiently  mixed  with  the  atmosphere,  if  it  comes  in  contact 
with  an  unprotected  flame,  it  explodes  with  great  violence.  It  exudes  from  all 
rocks  charged  with  petroleum  or  naphtha,  and  was  known  and  used  for  fuel  before 
the  Christian  era  on  the  Caspian  Sea,  where  it  is  evidently  inexhaustible.  Petroleum 
occurs  in  the  cavities  of  fossils,  Orthoceras  sometimes  holding  serveral  ounces  of  it, 
at  Pakenham  and  Lancaster,  Canada.  "While  both  carbureted  hydrogen  and 
petroleum  occur  in  the  rocks  of  the  Quebec  and  all  succeeding  Groups,  yet  none 
has  been  found  of  commercial  value  as  low  as  the  Trenton.  The  reasons  are, 
absence  of  porous  strata  and  cavities  for  its  collection,  and  because  the  animal 
and  vegetable  matter  was  not  collected  in  sufficient  quantity  at  any  single  locality. 
It  has  been  asserted  the  gas  in  Western  Ohio  and  Northern  Indiana  is  from  this 
Group,  but  the  author  thinks  all  the  evidence  is  against  such  conclusion. 


44  UTICA  SLATE  GROUP. 

CHAPTER  X. 

UXICA.   SLATE   GROUP. 

§  87.  THIS  Group  was  named  the  Utica  Slate  from  Utica,  New  York,  and 
quite  fully  defined  as  a  geological  subdivision  in  1842  by  both  Vanuxem  and 
Emmons  in  their  respective  reports.  It  is  in  typical  localities  a  dark-colored  slate 
or  shaly  mass,  highly  charged  with  carbon,  and  agreeing  in  its  composition  with 
the  dark  layers  that  separate  the  limestone  strata  in  the  Trenton  Group.  The  surface 
exposure  forms  a  belt  resting  upon  the  Trenton,  extending  from  New  Jersey  across 
New  York  into  Vermont,  passing  under  Lake  Champlain  and  entering  Canada. 
The  greatest  thickness  in  New  York  is  about  600  feet,  and  in  Vermont  about  100 
feet.  It  exposes  considerable  surface  in  Canada,  never  exceeding  500  feet  in 
thickness,  and  extends  from  Lake  Huron,  where  it  thins  out,  to  the  eastern  shores 
of  the  continent,  appearing  on  the  Saguenay,  in  Newfoundland,  and  the  Island  of 
Anticosti.  It  is  very  fossiliferous,  and  everywhere  characterized  by  the  presence 
of  Triarthrus  becki ;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Ottawa  Triarthus  spinosus  is  abundant,  and 
the  Scotch  fossil,  Siphonotreta  scotica,  occurs.  It  is  often  interstratified  with  thin 
bands  of  limestone. 

§  88.  It  is  exposed  in  numerous  places  in  the  Appalachian  System,  and  at- 
tains a  thickness  in  Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania,  of  more  than  1,000  feet. 
It  thins  out  westerly,  and  loses  its  character  as  a  black  slate  before  reaching  the 
Ohio  River,  where  it  is  composed  of  blue  calcareous  shales  and  marls  with  inter- 
stratified  thin  limestones,  apparently  forming  beds  of  passage  from  the  Trenton  to 
the  Hudson  River  without  any  want  of  conformability.  The  change  in  its  litho- 
logical  characters  would  have  prevented  forever  its  identification  in  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio,  had  it  not  been  for  the  tell-tale  fossils.  The  abundance  of  Triarthrus  becki 
and  Leptobolus  lepis  and  associate  fossils  settled  the  question  of  its  identity.  It  is 
unknown  farther  west,  but  exists  in  the  Arctic  regions  as  a  more  or  less  calcareous 
slate.  The  fossils  of  the  greatest  geographical  distribution,  and  by  .which  it  may 
generally  be  recognized,  are  Triarthrus  becki,  Leptobolus  lepis,  Asaphus  canadensis, 
Lingula  progne,  and  Graptolithus  quadrimucronatus.  The  rocks  are  composed  in  part 
of  mechanical  sediment,  derived  from  sources  east  of  the  Appalachian  System,  and 
not  almost  wholly  of  shells  and  the  harder  parts  of  animals,  as  the  Trenton  is  below 
and  the  Hudson  River  above.  It  thins  westerly,  and  as  the  mechanical  sediment 
disappears  the  marine  deposits  form  continuous  passage  beds  from  the  Trenton  to 
the  Hudson  River.  The  strongest  reason  for  its  retention  as  a  geological  sub- 
division is  found  in  the  fauna  with  which  it  abounds;  for  at  many  localities,  e.  g., 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  Jefferson  County,  New  York,  it  can  only  be  separated  from 
the  Hudson  River  Group  by  an  arbitrary  line;  and  at  other  localities,  e.g.,  Deer- 
field,  New  York,  and  in  Kentucky,  the  Trenton  Group  is  so  blended  with  it  that 
the  line  of  demarcation  is  wholly  obscured.  The  Galena  limestone  of  Northern 
Illinois,  Eastern  Iowa,  and  South-western  Wisconsin  occupies  substantially  the 
same  geological  position,  though  its  affinities  are  more  closely  allied  with  the  Tren- 
ton, while  the  relations  of  this  Group  are  nearer  the  Hudson  River ;  beside,  none 
of  the  characteristic  fossils  of  this  Group  are  found  in  the  Galena,  and  none  of  the 


HUDSON  RIVER  GROUP.  45 

characteristic  fossils  of  the  Galena  occur  in  this  Group.  A  petroleum  spring  rises 
from  this  Group  on  the  Grand  Manitoulin  Island,  and  saline  springs  at  Varennes 
evolve  large  volumes  of  carbureted  hydrogen  gas.  At  one  of  these  springs  the 
gas  has  been  collected  in  a  holder,  and  employed  in  lighting  a  house.  The  black 
shales  of  this  Group  contain  variable  amounts  of  combustible  matter,  and  when 
distilled  they  give,  beside  inflammable  gases,  portions  of  oily  matter,  which  in  the 
shales  of  Colliugwood  are  equal  to  four  or  five  per  cent. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

HUDSON    RIVER    QROUP. 

§  89.  THE  Hudson  River  Group  was  named  from  an  exposure  near  Hudson 
River  in  New  York,  and  first  defined  in  the  geological  report  by  Vanuxem  in 
1842.  At  the  typical  locality  it  consists  of  shales,  shaly  sandstones,  slates,  and 
thick-bedded  grits,  stratified  and  conformable,  alternating  many  times  without  any 
regular  order  of  alternation.  It  was  called  the  Lorraine  Shales  by  Emmons,  who 
mentions,  as  occurring  at  one  place  in  New  York,  that  structure  called  "  Cone  within 
Cone,"  which  is  so  common  in  the  Devonian  and  later  formations.  Its  maximum 
thickness  in  New  York  is  about  800  feet. 

§  90.  The  Group  is  largely  exposed  in  Pennsylvania  and  other  States  in  the 
Appalachian  System,  as  far  south  as  Tennessee,  and  has  a  thickness  in  some  places 
of  1,200  feet.  In  the  latter  State  it  has  been  called  the  Nashville  Group.  It  is  the 
surface  rock  of  many  counties  in  Kentucky,  extending  from  above  Maysville  on  the 
Ohio,  to  near  Louisville.  In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Indiana  and  the  south- 
western part  of  Ohio,  it  consists  of  alternating  layers  of  blue  calcareous  clay  and 
limestone,  and  has  a  thickness  of  about  800  feet.  It  has  been  called  in  this  section  the 
Blue  limestone.  It  occurs  in  the  northern  part  of  Illinois,  southern  part  of  Wis- 
consin, and  north-eastern  part  of  Iowa.  Its  thickness  in  these  States  does  not  exceed 
240  feet.  In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Missouri  its  thickness  is  about  250  feet,  and 
it  appears  in  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  It  has  a  wide  geographical  range  in  Can- 
ada, extending  from  the  Island  of  Anticosti  and  the  eastern  border  west,  by  way  of 
the  Great  Lakes,  to  the  Red  River  of  the  north,  and  again  appearing  in  the  mount- 
ain ranges  bordering  the  Pacific.  In  the  vicinity  of  Toronto  its  thickness  is  about 
1,100  feet,  but  it  is  much  thinner  in  its  western  extension,  and  in  the  region  of  the 
Great  Lakes  rarely  exceeds  100  feet.  Its  greatest  thickness  in  Eastern  Canada  is 
about  2,000  feet. 

§  91.  This  Group  is  persistent  and  of  almost  universal  distribution,  except 
upon  the  older  rocks  that  were  dry  land  before  its  deposition.  We  would  expect 
to  find  it  almost  anywhere  on  the  continent  by  boring  through  more  recent  deposits. 
It  is  the  equivalent,  to  some  extent,  of  the  Caradoc  sandstone,  or  Bala  Group,  of 
England  and  Wales,  and  is  represented  in  different  European  exposures.  Like  the 
Trenton  and  all  earlier  Groups,  it  is  a  marine  deposit  made  in  water  of  consider- 
able depth,  not  a  littoral  or  shore-line  deposit  as  the  Potsdam  Group  was,  though 
the  sandstone  occurring  in  many  of  the  northern  exposures  was  evidently  mechanical 
and  derived  from  land  at  no  great  distance  to  the  north. 


46  HUDSON  RIVER  GROUP. 

§  92.  The  seas  swarmed  with  animal  life  and  fucoidal  organisms,  and  the  rocks 
are  composed  almost  wholly  of  their  remains.  It  is  literally  a  graveyard  of  inver- 
tebrate life.  The  Brachiopoda  and  Bryozoa  reached  in  this  age  the  stage  of  their 
greatest  varietal  development,  and  possibly  the  highest  state  of  their  existence. 

§  93.  As  the  exposure  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky  is  very  large  and  quite 
characteristic  of  it  in  other  places,  it  may  be  fit  and  proper  to  further  define  it. 
To  go  from  the  Ohio  River,  at  Cincinnati,  west  51  miles  to  Osgood,  Indiana,  or 
north  to  Dayton,  or  north-east  to  Xenia,  Ohio,  one  will  pass  across  the  upturned 
edges  of  this  Group,  and  reach  the  Niagara.  The  rocks  dip  westerly  and  northerly 
at  the  rate  of  about  ten  feet  in  a  mile.  The  hills  at  Cincinnati  expose  about 
400  feet  in  thickness,  constituting  the  lower  half  of  the  Group ;  and  the  upper 
half,  or  about  400  feet,  occurs  between  the  top  of  these  hills  and  the  bordering 
Niagara  Group,  about  50  miles  distant  to  the  north  and  west.  The  area  of  its 
exposure  in  Ohio  is  all  of  Hamilton,  Butler,  Warren,  Clermont,  and  Brown 
Counties,  and  part  of  eight  counties  that  border  upon  these.  The  exposure 
in  Indiana  is  about  half  as  great,  reaching  as  far  north  as  Richmond,  and  border- 
ing the  Ohio  nearly  half-way  from  Madison  to  Jeffersonville.  The  exposure  in 
Kentucky  is  greater  than  in  Ohio,  for  it  surrounds  the  Trenton  Group  in  that 
State.  Throughout  the  whole  area  it  is  composed  of  alternate  layers  of  calcareous 
clay  and  limestone  of  varying  thickness.  In  some  places  calcareous  clay  is  6  or  8 
feet  thick,  without  a  layer  of  stone.  At  other  places  one  layer  of  stone,  4,  6,  8, 
or  10  inches  in  thickness,  follows  another,  with  intervening  layers  of  calcareous 
clay  of  much  less  thickness,  for  40  or  50  feet.  It  is  rare  to  find  a  layer  of  lime- 
stone more  than  a  foot  in  thickness.  All  the  layers  are  broken  into  small,  irregu- 
lar pieces  of  suitable  size  for  cellar  and  other  light  stone-work,  for  which  they  are 
used.  The  blue  calcareous  clay  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  weather  for  a  few  years 
loses  its  color  and  becomes  of  a  dull  gray  hue.  The  sulphuret  of  iron  occurs  in 
the  blue  rocks,  but  instead  of  this  we  find  iron  oxide  and  sulphate  of  lime  in  the 
gray.  The  silicious  matter  prevails  over  the  carbonate  of  lime  in  the  layers  of 
calcareous  clay,  while  the  carbonate  of  lime  is  much  in  excess  of  the  silicious  matter 
in  the  stone,  due,  in  part  at  least,  to  the  fact  that  the  stones  are  a  mass  of  more  or 
less  comminuted  shells,  corals,  and  crinoids.  There  is  nothing  in  the  general 
character  and  appearance  of  the  rocks  and  calcareous  clays  to  indicate  the  changes 
which  the  fossils  undergo ;  that  is,  the  changes  are  not  to  be  attributed  to  sur- 
rounding conditions  without  the  aid  of  that  law  of  animal  evolution  which  the 
science  of  palaeontology  teaches  us  has  taken  place  in  all  past  geological  ages. 

§  94.  Some  fossils,  as  Cedymene  ccdlicephcda,  Asaphus  megistus,  A.  gigas,  Beyridiia 
chambersi,  Leptcena  sericea,  Bellerophon  bilobatus,  Zygospira  modesta,  Strophomena  alter- 
nata,  and  Orthis  testudinaria,  pass  from  the  extreme  lower  part  to  the  extreme  upper 
part  of  the  Group ;  and  all  of  them  save  Beyrichia  chambersi  are  known  from  lower 
rocks,  and  Leptcena  sericea  occurs  in  higher  ones.  Streptorhynchus  haUianum  has 
a  limited  range  in  the  lower  part,  S.  planoconvexum  and  S.  sinuatum  a  limited  range 
below  the  middle  of  the  Group,  S.  mdans  and  S.  sulcatum  in  the  middle  of  the  upper 
half  of  the  Group,  and  S.  subtentum  and  S.  flitexlum  in  the  upper  part.  LicJienocri- 
nus  crateriformis,  L.  dyeri,  and  L.  pattersoni  are  confined  to  the  lower  half,  and  L.  tuber- 
culatiis  and  L.  affinis  to  the  upper  part.  Acidaspis  crossotus  occurs  in  the  lower  part, 
A.  anchoralis  and  A.  cincinnatiewis  in  the  middle  part,  while  A.  oneaUi  occurs  in  the 


HUDSON  RIVER  GROUP.  47 

upper  part.  Rhynchonella  capax,  R.  dentata,  Streptelasma  corniculum,  Favistdla  std- 
lata,  Tetradium  fibratum,  Oypricardites  haynesi,  etc.,  are  confined  to  the  upper  part. 
Such  are  a  few  illustrations  of  the  changing  fauna  at  different  elevations.  To 
completely  present  the  subject  would  require  the  enumeration  of  all  the  species. 
Crinoids,  as  a  rule,  are  limited  vertically,  and  hence  each  species  is  sought  in  its 
particular  range.  Species  having  a  wide  geographical  distribution,  and  character- 
istic of  the  Group  are  Aulopora  arachnoidea,  Stomatopora  inflata,  Orthis  occident- 
alis,  0.  subquadrata,  0.  retrorsa,  Pterinea  demissa,  P.  insueta,  Oyclonema  bilix,  and 
Glyptocrinus  decadactylus. 

§  95.  With  this  Group  the  Lower  Silurian  closes,  because  at  its  top  we  "have 
the  greatest  break  stratigraphically  and  palseontologically  that  occurs  from  the  base 
of  the  Potsdam  to  the  top  of  the  Lower  Helderberg,  and  because  it  approaches 
nearer  the  line  of  division  established  by  Murchison,  between  his  Lower  and  Upper 
Silurian,  than  any  other  line,  if,  indeed,  it  is  not  identical  with  it.  Wherever  the 
Hudson  River  has  been  examined  on  the  continent,  the  superimposed  rocks  are 
unconformable  with  it,  no  passage-beds  are  found,  and  the  palseontological  break  is 
almost  complete.  In  the  Western  States  the  Niagara  Group  succeeds  it,  and  rests 
unconformably  upon  it.  In  the  Eastern  States  it  is  succeeded  by  the  Medina  and 
Clinton  Groups  before  the  Niagara  is  reached,  but  the  Medina  rests  unconformably 
upon  it.  On  the  Island  of  Anticosti  it  has  a  thickness  of  950  feet,  and  is  followed 
by  rocks  apparently  conformable  with  it,  although  there  is  an  abrupt  palseontolog- 
ical break.  Of  121  species  known  to  Prof.  Billings  from  Anticosti,  80  disappear 
at  once  below  the  dividing  line,  and  41  only  appear  above  it,  where  they  are  joined 
by  45  species  that  are  not  found  below.  This  palaeontological  break  is  less  than  it 
is  at  any  other  known  place  on  the  continent ;  but  it  is  so  great  as  to  show  that 
probably  the  strata  are  not  strictly  conformable. 

§  96.  There  is  an  important  period  of  time  indicated  by  this  want  of  conform- 
ability  and  palseontological  change.  Vast  ages  must  have  intervened,  which  are  not 
represented  by  any  known  rocks  on  the  continent.  More  than  400  genera  have 
been  described  as  existing  previous  to  this  time,  more  than  three-fourths  of 
which  had  become  extinct.  Or,  in  other  words,  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  genera 
which  had  come  into  existence  prior  to  the  close  of  the  Lower  Silurian  Age  continued 
to  have  an  existence  afterward.  No  evidence  of  the  existence  of  land-plants  has 
ever  been  discovered  in  Lower  Silurian  rocks.  We  are  convinced,  however,  that 
land  had  existed  above  water  for  ages ;  that  it  was  necessarily  refreshed  by  sun  and 
rain,  by  warmth  and  air,  and  that  it  may  have  sustained  some  kind  of  land  vegeta- 
tion. If  the  land  vegetation  did  not  possess  hard  parts  capable  of  preservation,  of 
course  none  will  ever  be  found.  Neither  has  any  evidence  of  the  existence  of  land 
or  fresh-water  animals  ofthis  era  ever  been  discovered. 


48  UPPER  SILURIAN— MEDINA  GROUP. 

CHAPTER  XII. 

UPPER    SILURIAN. 

§  97.  ALL  the  rocks  of  the  Upper  Silurian  System  are  marine ;  but  land- 
plants,  or  such  as  may  have  existed  in  marshes,  and  received  support  from  sunlight 
and  air,  have  been  found  within  them.  No  remains  of  land  or  fresh-water  animals, 
or  marine  vertebrates,  have  been  discovered  in  North  America.  There  is  no  radical 
difference  in  the  general  character  of  the  Lower  Silurian  and  Upper  Silurian  fossils, 
because  vertebrates  had  not  made  their  appearance,  and  the  same  orders  of  inver- 
tebrates were  represented  in  each  era;  but  the  separation  into  two  Systems  is  very 
convenient,  because  both  are  introduced  with  sandstone  Groups,  and  the  Trenton 
in  the  Lower  Silurian,  and  Niagara  in  the  Upper  Silurian,  are  alike  extensive  in 
geographical  distribution,  and  some  analogy  may  be  traced  between  the  upper 
Groups  in  each  System.  On  the  whole,  the  calling  of  one  System  Lower  Silurian, 
and  the  other  Upper  Silurian,  was  a  happy  hit  in  nomenclature  as  well  as  correct 
in  science. 

MEDINA    QROUP. 

§  98.  THIS  Group  took  its  name  from  Medina,  New  York.  The  rocks  were 
described  by  Vanuxem  in  1842,  under  the  names  Oneida  Conglomerate,  Gray 
Sandstone  of  Oswego,  and  Medina  Sandstone.  At  the  typical  localities  they  are 
conglomerate,  and  gray  and  red  sandstone.  The  conglomerate  is  hard  and  gritty, 
and  composed  of  quartz  pebbles  and  sand  so  firmly  cemented  as  to  be  used  for 
millstones.  The  sandstone  is  argillaceous,  thinly  laminated,  and  of  red,  gray,  and 
mottled  colors.  Where  it  is  not  fragile,  but  firmly  cemented,  it^makes  a  good  building 
stone,  and  has  been  largely  used  for  paving  streets,  as  it  readily  breaks  into  stones 
of  regulation  size.  The  Group  borders  Lake  Ontario  on  the  south,  and  extends  in 
an  east  and  west  line  of  exposure  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  State,  and, 
entering  Canada  at  the  Niagara  River,  continues  to  Lake  Huron.  In  Oneida 
and  Oswego  Counties  the  thickness  is  from  500  to  600  feet;  at  the  west  end  of 
Lake  Ontario  614  feet,  and  at  Lake  Huron  100  feet.  It  thins  so  rapidly  that  few, 
if  any,  traces  have  been  discovered  west  of  this  lake.  A  small  surface  area  in  New 
Jersey  has  a  thickness  of  900  feet,  and  a  larger  one  in  Pennsylvania  has  a  thickness 
of  2,500  feet.  It  occurs  in  patches  among  the  broken  ranges  of  the  Appalachian 
System  in  Maryland  and  other  States,  as  far  south  as  Tennessee ;  but  is  unknown 
in  the  Western  States. 

§  99.  The  conglomerate  is  500  feet  thick  in  the  Shawangunk  Mountains,  and 
700  feet  in  the  Kittatinny  Valley  in  Pennsylvania.  It  graduates  into  the  gray  sand- 
stone, and  then  into  the  red  sandstone,  so  they  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  except 
by  color;  and  the  gray  sandstone  in  like  manner  graduates  into  the  conglomerate 
by  enlarging  and  increasing  the  number  of  its  pebbles;  so  there  is  no  reason,  strati- 
graphical  or  palseontological,  for  subdividing  the  Group,  as  was  done  in  early  work 
on  the  New  York  Survey.  It  always  rests  unconformably  upon  the  Hudson  River 
Group,  and  bears  the  internal  evidence  of  having  been  derived  from  land  immedi- 
ately north  and  east,  and  of  having  been  deposited  in  shallow  water,  subject 


CLINTON  GROUP.  49 

to  waves  and  currents  which  transported  the  materials  only  short  distances.  The 
conglomerate  indicates  a  shore-line  and  rapid  deposition,  and  is  almost  non-fossilifer- 
ous,  though  a  few  fragments  of  fucoids  and  shells,  generally  too  imperfect  for 
definition,  have  been  found  in  it.  The  sandstone,  too,  bears  the  evidence  of  having 
been  deposited  near  the  land  in  shallow  water,  not  only  in  wave-lines,  rill-marks 
about  shells,  and  ripple-marked  slabs,  but  in  mud-cracks  produced  by  sun-drying. 
In  all  these  respects  it  compares  with  the  Potsdam,  which  separates  the  Taconic 
from  the  Lower  Silurian. 

§  100.  In  the  more  argillaceous  part  of  the  sandstone,  fossils  are  sometimes 
fairly  well  preserved.  The  characteristic  fossils  are  Arthrophyeus  harlani,  both  genus 
and  species  being  confined  to  this  Group,  and  having  a  -wide  distribution,  and 
Lingulella  cuneata,  a  strongly  marked  species.  Saline  springs  are  common  throughout 
the  whole  extent  of  these  rocks,  and  brine  is  universally  found  by  boring.  The 
brine  is  frequently  impure  from  the  presence  of  muriate  of  lime  and  iron.  Carbu- 
reted hydrogen  gas  rises  in  many  places  on  the  Erie  Canal  east  of  Lockport,  and 
at  Gas  port  it  was  collected  and  used  for  illuminating  purposes  a  half  century  ago. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

CLINTON    OROUP. 

§  101.  THIS  Group  was  named  from  the  town  of  Clinton,  in  New  York,  and 
defined  by  Vanuxem  in  1842 ;  and  re-defined  by  Hall  in  1843  in  the  Geological 
Survey  of  that  State.  The  rocks  have  no  uniformity  in  color  or  composition.  At 
the  typical  locality  there  is  green  and  black-blue  shale;  green,  gray,  and  red 
sandstone,  often  laminated ;  calcareous  sandstone  and  red  fossiliferous  iron  ore  beds ; 
at  other  places,  it  consists  of  shaly  sandstones  and  shales  of  various  colors,  impure 
limestones,  conglomerates,  and  oolitic  iron  ore,  with  concretions.  It  occupies  a 
narrow  belt  of  country  in  New  York,  commencing  near  Canajoharie,  and  stretching 
westward  south  of  Lake  Ontario,  resting  on  the  Medina  Group,  with  the  greatest 
width  in  Wayne  County,  and,  entering  Canada  at  Hamilton, extends  west  to  Lake 
Huron,  appearing  on  Drummond,  Manitouliu,  Cockburn,  and  other  islands,  and 
probably  enters  the  Peninsula  of  Michigan  with  a  thickness  of  less  than  50  feet, 
and  rapidly  thins  out.  The  maximum  thickness  in  New  York  is  about  400  feet. 
The  two  upper  bands  of  limestone  included  by  the  New  York  geologists  in  the 
Clinton  Group,  are  now  generally  classed  with  the  Niagara,  as  they  possess  no 
fossils  peculiar  to  the  Clinton,  and  the  shales  which  separate  them  thin  out  in  their 
extension  into  Canada.  In  its  easterly  extension  from  New  York,  outcrops  occur 
as  far  as  Anticosti  Island  and  Newfoundland.  On  Anticosti  it  is  described  as  one 
of  the  divisions  of  the  Anticosti  Group,  which  there  includes  the  rocks  from  the 
Hudson  River  to  the  Niagara,  and  has  a  maximum  thickness  of  about  500  feet. 
It  occurs  in  the  Appalachian  chain  as  far  south  as  Georgia  and  Tennessee,  and  in 
crossing  Pennsylvania  develops  a  thickness  of  more  than  2,000  feet.  The  Group 
thins  out  before  reaching  the  Western  States,  and  is  unknown  except  upon  the 
borders  of  the  Appalachian  and  Laurentian  elevations.  It  appears  to  have  resulted 
from  the  mechanical  deposition  of  materials  derived  from  land  lying  north  and  east 


50  NIAGARA  GROUP. 

of  it,  and   to  represent  a  border-laud   and  shallow  water  deposit,   that  extended 
only  a  short  distance  from  the  primitive  source  of  its  materials. 

§  102.  In  Western  New  York  the  dividing  line  between  the  Medina  and 
Clinton  is  sharply  defined,  and  the  materials  of  which  each  are  composed  are  quite 
distinct ;  but  in  the  central  part  they  graduate  into  each  other,  the  Clinton  being 
largely  composed  of  sandstone.  There  is  strong  resemblance  between  the  marine 
vegetation  which  abounds  in  the  two  periods.  Westerly  the  Clinton  is  more 
calcareous  and  more  fossiliferous,  and  graduates  up  into  the  Niagara  in  its  litho- 
logical  and  fossil  characteristics.  The  Medina,  Clinton,  and  Niagara  are  clearly 
defined  in  some  localities;  but  in  others  the  Medina  graduates  into  the  Clinton,  and 
in  others  the  Clinton  blends  with  the  Niagara.  There  is  no  want  of  conformability 
between  them  where  best  developed,  and  the  lines  of  separation  show  only  a 
changed  condition  or  altered  circumstances  under  which  the  deposition  was 
continued  from  one  Group  to  the  other.  Peiitamerus  oblongus,  Spirifera  radiata, 
Meristetta  cylindrica,  and  Linguletta  lameUata  are  among  the  species  accredited  both  to 
the  Clinton  and  Niagara,  and  which  show  the  intimate  relation  between  the  Groups. 
The  Clinton  abounds  in  fucoids,  tracks,  and  trails,  the  former  being  more  abundant 
than  in  any  earlier  Group.  The  fossils  having  the  greater  distribution  and  being 
most  characteristic  are  Ichnophycus  tridactylus,  Graptolitfius  dintonensis,  Helopora 
fragilis,  Athyris  naviformis,  Leptoccelia  hemispherica,  Tripleda  congesta,  Oydon&ma 
cancettatum,  and  Comulites  distans.  The  iron  ore  beds  are  frequently  thick  enough 
to  be  valuable,  and  are  worked  successfully.  They  are  sometimes  very  fossiliferous, 
and  the  quantity  of  iron  is  decisive  proof  of  the  vegetable  character  of  the 
fucoids  of  that  age,  and  the  absence  of  land-plants  among  the  fossils  is  almost 
conclusive  against  their  existence  at  that  period. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

NIAQAR.A   OROUF1. 

§  103.  THIS  Group  was  named  from  its  development  at  Niagara  Falls,  where 
the  rock  over  which  the  water  is  precipitated  belongs  to  it.  It  was  defined  by 
Vanuxem  in  1842,  and  by  Hall  in  1843.  It  is  the  most  persistent  in  its  geographical 
distribution  of  any  Upper  Silurian  Group ;  indeed,  wherever  the  Upper  Silurian  is 
found  it  is  present,  except  with  the  exposed  belts  of  the  lower  Groups,  and  not 
unfrequently  it  constitutes  the  whole  formation.  It  generally  consists  of  limestone 
and  shales,  but  sometimes  becomes  arenaceous,  argillaceous,  or  highly  ferruginous. 
In  New  York  it  exposes  an  east  and  west  belt  almost  the  entire  length  of  the 
State,  a  short  distance  south  of  Lake  Ontario,  with  a  maximum  thickness  of  300 
feet.  Near  Niagara  Falls  there  are  165  feet  of  limestone  (directly  at  the  falls  85 
feet)  overlying  80  feet  of  shale.  In  its  western  extension  it  crosses  the  Niagara  Eiver 
into  Canada,  appears  at  Lake  Huron,  on  Manitoulin  and  Drummond  Islands,  oc- 
cupies the  southern  part  of  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  spreads  over  the 
south-eastern  part  of  Wisconsin  and  the  northern  part  of  Illinois.  Keeping  south 
of  the  Lower  Silurian  area  in  the  north-western  part  of  Illinois,  it  enters  Iowa  be- 
low Dubuque,  and  presents  a  surface  exposure  160  miles  in  length  by  40  or  50  in 


NIAGARA  GROUP.  51 

breadth.  In  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  Iowa  it  is  principally  a  magnesian  limestone, 
sometimes  too  porous  or  friable  for  building  purposes,  but  suitable  for  lime,  as  at 
Chicago  and  Racine;  at  other  places  having  a  good  reputation  for  buildings,  as  at 
Joliet.  It  sometimes  occurs  more  or  less  saturated  with  petroleum,  as  at  Chicago, 
where  it  indicates  the  presence  of  shales  immediately  below  it,  and  in  some  locali- 
ties near  its  base  it  contains  beds  of  hematite  in  small  lenticular  concretions,  as  at 
Iron  Ridge,  in  Dodge  County,  Wisconsin.  The  maximum  thickness  in  Illinois  is 
640  feet,  in  Wisconsin  800  feet,  and  in  Illinois  and  Iowa  600  feet.  It  occurs  in  south- 
eastern Canada,  in  New  Brunswick,  Newfoundland,  and  Anticosti,  where  its  maxi- 
mum thickness  is  800  feet.  It  occurs  in  nearly  all  the  States  to  which  the  Appa- 
lachian System  extends.  In  crossing  Pennsylvania,  where  it  consists  mostly  of 
shales,  it  has  a  maximum  thickness  of  1,600  feet.  It  occupies  extensive  areas  in 
Tennessee  and  Alabama ;  and  in  the  latter  State  that  part  of  it  which  was  originally 
a  porous  magnesian  limestone,  subsequently  became  infiltrated  with  iron  in  solu- 
tion, and  now  constitutes  the  celebrated  fossiliferous  iron  ore  of  Alabama.  It 
forms  a  sub-circular  belt  of  exposures  from  5  to  60  miles  in  width  surrounding  the 
great  Lower  Silurian  area  in  the  middle  part  of  Kentucky,  South-western  Ohio,  and 
South-eastern  Indiana,  where  it  consists  of  hard,  blue  and  gray  limestone,  yellowish 
and  whitish-yellow  magnesiau  limestone,  and  shales,  variously  alternating  and  combin- 
ing, with  a  maximum  thickness  of  about  600  feet.  In  some  places  near  the  base 
there  is  iron-stained  chert.  At  Cedarville,  near  the  top,  the  porous  magnesian  lime- 
stone is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  lime,  and  the  harder  limestone  at  Dayton,  St. 
Paul,  and  other  places  is  used  for  building  and  other  economic  purposes.  It  sur- 
rounds the  Lower  Silurian  and  Taconic  uplift  in  the  southern  part  of  Missouri, 
and  frequently  occurs  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  ranges.  It  outcrops  far  to  the  north, 
in  the  Arctic  regions  north  of  British  America.  Fossils  have  been  described  from 
its  exposures  on  Beechy,  Cornwallis,  Griffiths,  Seal,  Napoleon,  and  Offley  Islands, 
from  Capes  Hilgard,  Hotham,  Louis,  and  other  points.  It  is  substantially  the 
equivalent  of  the  Wenlock  in  England,  and  has  its  representative  in  Scandinavia, 
Russia,  Germany,  and  other  European  countries.  Several  species  of  fossils  occur- 
ring in  the  upper  part  of  the  Group  at  Waldron,  Indiana,  are  identical  with  those 
occurring  at  the  equally  celebrated  locality  on  the  Island  of  Gottland,  in  the 
Baltic  Sea.  It  is  so  constantly  present  where  the  rocks  from  the  Lower  Silurian 
to  the  Devonian  are  exposed,  that  it  is  regarded  as  a  universal  Group  underlying 
nearly  all  the  more  recent  rocks  on  this  continent. 

§  104.  It  is  a  deep-sea  deposit,  as  distinguished  from  all  mechanical,  littoral, 
shore-line,  and  marsh  deposits,  and,  like  most  other  undisturbed  marine  sediments, 
is  generally  limestone.  The  ocean  must  have  swarmed  with  invertebrate  life  dur- 
ing the  entire  age,  as  the  rocks  are  almost  wholly  constituted  of  their  harder  parts. 
It  is  so  thoroughly  characterized  by  its  fossils  that  a  palaeontologist  has  little  diffi- 
culty in  recognizing  it  wherever  it  exists.  It  is  in  this  Group  the  earliest  land- 
plants  occur — Psilophyton  and  Glyptodendron.  The  latter  was  founded  upon  an  im- 
pression of  uncertain  value  in  a  magnesian  limestone.  Psilophyton  is  supposed  to 
have  been  a  marsh-plant  that  drifted  in  the  ocean  and  became  imbedded  in  the 
mud,  which  preserved  its  characters.  Psilophyton  princeps  is  the  oldest  fossil  land- 
plant  in  America.  Fucoids  are  scarce;  in  striking  contrast  with  their  abundance 
in  the  Clinton.  Sponges  were  more  numerous  than  in  any  preceding  age.  Coral- 


52  NIAGARA  GROUP. 

reefs  were  formed,  which  may  now  be  traced  for  many  miles;  single  masses  were 
several  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  beauty  of  their  structure  is  not  surpassed  by  any 
of  the  corals  which  now  abound  in  the  ocean.  Some  of  the  species,  too,  were  almost 
world-wide  in  their  distribution,  as  Halysites  catenulatus,  Seliolites  pyriformis,  and 
Favosites  forbesi.  It  is  famous,  too,  for  its  Echinoderms.  The  Cystideans  commenced 
their  existence  in  Taconic  times,  as  evidenced  by  the  plate  called  Eocystites,  and 
reached  the  climax  of  their  evolution  and  development  in  this  Group,  and  almost 
suddenly  disappeared  from  the  face  of  the  earth,  a  few  small  species  only  being 
found  in  the  Lower  Helderberg  and  Lower  Devonian,  where  the  entire  order  be- 
came extinct.  Cystideaus  were  marine  animals,  related  to  the  Crinoidea.  Some 
were  sessile ;  others  possessed  a  column  and  roots,  by  which  they  attached  to  other 
objects ;  and  others  were  free,  and  possessed  a  flexible  column  tapering  to  a  point, 
which  could  be  used  for  attaching  purposes.  The  head  was  globular,  oval,  pyri- 
form,  conical,  cylindrical,  or  of  any  other  shape,  but  always  covered  with  an  exter- 
nal skeleton  composed  of  polygonal  calcareous  plates,  which  are  sometimes  very 
richly  ornamented.  The  fracture  of  the  plates  presents  the  same  crystalline  struc- 
ture as  crinoidal  plates  do.  In  some  species  the  number  of  plates  and  order  of 
arrangement  remained  constant  throughout  the  life  of  the  animal,  the  size  of  the 
animal  increasing  by  the  growth  of  the  original  plates,  which  enlarged  throughout, 
instead  of  by  addition  to  the  edges.  In  other  species  the  plates  are  not  limited  in 
number,  and  have  no  order  of  arrangement;  they  increase  in  size,  or  new  plates 
are  introduced,  so  as  to  destroy  uniformity  in  different  specimens  in  the  same 
species.  In  other  species  the  dorsal  side  has  a  definite  number  of  plates  and  regu- 
lar order  of  arrangement  without  any  increase,  while  the  ventral  side  has  no  order 
of  arrangement  of  the  plates,  and  they  increase  in  number  to  cover  the  increased 
growth  of  the  animal.  There  are  usually  two  principal  apertures,  and  often  many 
smaller  ones  through  which  the  most  important  functions  of  the  animal  economy 
were  exercised.  One  of  these  is  called  the  mouth,  and  is  found  on  the  side  near 
the  base  or  near  the  apex.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  so  important  an  organ  as  the 
mouth  occurs  almost  anywhere  on  the  body  of  a  Cystidean,  but,  of  course,  always 
occupying  the  same  position  in  each  species.  Another  aperture,  called  the  am- 
bulacral  orifice,  occurs  near  the  center  of  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  and.  between 
the  bases  of  the  arms,  when  the  species  possessed  such  organs.  The  other  apertures 
are  called  calycine  pores  and  pectinated  rhombs.  The  calycine  pores  served  in 
some  manner  to  introduce  water  into  the  interior  of  the  animal,  but  they  bear  little 
resemblance  to  each  otKer  in  different  species,  and  one  can  form  no  adequate  idea 
of  the  system  of  circulation.  Pectinated  rhombs  differ  in  number  and  position  in 
different  species,  and  sometimes  do  not  occur  at  all.  Their  function,  too,  is  an  abso- 
lute mystery,  except  they  furnished  another  medium  of  communication  from  the 
exterior  to  the  interior  of  the  body.  The  Blastoidea  commenced  existence  in  this 
Group  by  the  appearance  of  StepJianocrinm,  and  became  extinct  in  Carboniferous 
times.  The  order  Myelodactyloidea,  another  Echinoderm  of  very  uncertain  affinity, 
seems  to  have  been  confined  to  this  age.  The  development  of  the  Criuoidea  was 
wonderful,  no  less  than  15  genera  making  their  first  appearance,  eight  of  which  are 
unknown  in  later  rocks.  The  Graptolitidae  here  became  extinct. 

§  105.  Holocystites  occurs  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,   New   York,  and   other 
States.     Twenty-five  species  have  been  defined,  and  none  are   known  from  higher 


GUELPH  GROUP.  53 

or  lower  rocks,  and  it  may  therefore  be  considered  a  characteristic  genus.  Euca- 
lyptocrinus  has  a  wider  geographical  distribution,  and  is  more  abundant,  and 
for  the  same  reason  may  be  called  characteristic.  Orthis  elegantula,  0.  flabellum, 
0.  hybrida,  Calymene  blumenbachi,  and  lllcenus  barriensis  have  almost  world-wide 
distribution,  and  are  characteristic  of  rocks  of  this  age. 

§  106.  The  dolomites  of  this  Group  in  Canada  are  more  or  less  bituminous. 
In  some  parts  of  Western  New  York  they  contain  so  much  solid  bitumen  that  it 
exudes  from  the  rocks  when  heated.  The  escape  of  carbureted  hydrogen  from 
these  rocks  is  of  common  occurrence.  Lyell  described  in  1841  a  "  burning 
spring  "  on  the  river  just  above  Niagara  Falls,  where  the  light  hydro-carbon  gas 
rose  from  beneath  the  water  out  of  the  limestone  rock.  The  invisible  gas  makes 
its  way  in  countless  bubbles  through  the  clear,  transparent  water,  and  on  the  ap- 
plication of  a  lighted  candle  it  plays  about  with  a  lambent,  flickering  flame, 
which  seldom  touches  the  water,  the  gas  being  at  first  too  pure  to  be  inflammable, 
and  only  obtaining  sufficient  oxygen  after  mingling  with  the  atmosphere  at  the 
height  of  several  inches  above  the  surface  of  the  river.  This  gas  had  its  origin  in 
the  shale,  which  forms  the  lower  part  of  the  Falls,  and  has  found  its  way  up 
through  85  feet  or  more  of  quite  compact  limestone.  Petroleum  occurs  in  Niagara 
limestone  at  Chicago,  which  had  its  origin  in  some  shaly  strata  beneath,  but  arte- 
sian boring  failed  to  discover  it  in  commercial  quantities.  Where  gas  or  oil  escapes 
from  surface  limestone  there  is  little  prospect  of  finding  accumulations  of  com- 
mercial importance  by  artesian  boring,  because  so  much  has  escaped  in  the  ages 
which  have  passed  away  since  the  elevation  of  the  limestone  above  the  water  of  the 
sea.  There  must  be  an  impervious  covering  of  clay  or  stone  to  retain  such  volatile 
substances  in  valuable  quantities. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

OROUP. 


§  107.  THIS  Group  was  named  from  the  town  of  Guelph  in  Canada,  and  de- 
fined by  Logan  in  1863.  It  appears  as  a  lenticular  mass,  resting  upon  the  Niagara, 
and  having  a  maximum  thickness  of  160  feet.  It  is  a  limestone  dolomite,  particu- 
larly distinguished  for  having  no  fossil  Echiuoderms,  while  it  is  rich  in  other 
fossils  closely  allied  to  those  in  the  Niagara,  some  of  the  species  being  identical. 
It  may  have  been  a  brackish  water-deposit  in  an  arm  of  the  sea.  It  occurs  in  the 
north-western  part  of  Ohio  with  all  the  fossils  and  characteristics  pertaining  to  it 
in  Canada,  but  is  unknown  elsewhere.  It  is  doubtless  of  the  same  age  as  the  Onon- 
daga  Group,  and  probably  should  not  bear  a  distinct  name,  as  among  the  very 
few  fossils  found  in  the  latter,  Murchisonia  boydi  and  Cyclonema  sukatum  occur  in 
the  Guelph.  Megalomus  canadensis,  the  most  common  species,  and  Trimerdla 
grandis  are  found  in  the  Niagara.  The  characteristic  fossils  are  Pentamerus  occi- 
dentalis,  Murchisonia  bivittata,  M.  longispira,  Subulttes  ventricosus,  Pleurotomaria  solar- 
ioides,  and  Dinobolus  galtensis. 

5 


54  ONONDAGA  GROUP. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

ONONDAGA    GROUP*. 

§  108.  THIS  Group  was  named  the  Onondaga  Salt  Group,  by  the  New  York 
Geologists,  from  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  in  1839,  and  re-defined  by  Vanuxem 
in  1842,  and  by  Hall  in  1843.  The  Canadian  Geologists  very  properly  dropped 
the  word  "salt"  from  the  name.  It  consists,  on  Oneida  Creek  and  Cayuga  Lake, 
in  the  lower  part,  of  clayey  deposits  and  red  shale,  showing  green  spots,  followed 
by  gypseous  shales  and  impure  limestones,  which  at  the  commencement  alternate  with 
the  red  shale,  and  this  is  followed  by  the  gypseous  deposit,  which  embraces  the 
great  lenticular  masses  quarried  for  plaster,  and  this  by  a  magnesian  rock  having 
groups  of  needle-form  cavities  caused  by  the  crystallization  of  sulphate  of  magnesia, 
and  the  upper  member  is  the  Waterlime.  It  rests  upon  the  Niagara  from  the  west- 
ern line  of  New  York,  east  to  the  middle  part  of  Herkimer  County,  where  the 
Niagara  thins  out ;  it  then  rests  upon  the  Clinton  until  it  disappears,  and  then  upon 
older  rocks  until  it  reaches  the  Hudson  River.  It  is  therefore  unconformable  with 
the  underlying  rocks  in  middle  and  Eastern  New  York.  The  red  shale  loses  its 
color  west  of  the  Genesee,  becomes  a  bluish  green,  and  gradually  thins  out,  showing 
the  unconformability  in  Western  New  York.  The  passage  from  the  Niagara  to  the 
Onondaga  is  abrupt,  offering  no  gradation  in  character  of  products  or  in  continua- 
tion of  fossil  species.  The  great  mass  of  gypseous  deposits  consists  of  yellowish  or 
drab,  and  brownish  colored  argillaceous,  and  calcareous  shale  and  slate,  or  of  hard 
and  compact  slate,  which  weathers  as  if  hacked  by  an  instrument.  The  dark  color 
of  the  gypsum,  and  brownish  color  of  other  rocks,  is  due  to  carbonaceous  matter. 
An  important  member  is  called  the  vermicular  limerock,  which  is  gray  or  blue, 
and  perforated  with  holes  and  cells,  once  filled  with  soluble  saline  material,  which 
subsequently  dissolved,  leaving  the  cavities,  some  of  which  are  hopper-shaped,  and 
were  produced  by  common  salt,  as  no  other  common  soluble  mineral  presents 
similar  ones.  The  sulphate  of  magnesia  cavities  are  lined  with  carbon,  showing  the 
liquid  that  held  the  salt  in  solution,  contained  bituminous  matter,  the  salt  ejecting 
its  particles  in  the  act  of  assuming  form,  as  occurs  in  the  purification  of  acetic 
acid  when  obtained  from  the  distillation  of  wood.  This  Group  is  celebrated  for  its 
salines,  and  formerly  furnished  nearly  all  the  salt  consumed  in  New  York;  for  this 
reason  it  has  been  called  the  Salina  and  Saliferous  Group.  Sulphate  of  Stron- 
tian  and  sulphurets  of  lead  and  zinc  occur  in  small  quantities.  Sulphuric  acid 
escapes  with  the  water  from  the  earth  in  many  localities,  giving  rise  to  acid  springs, 
and  sometimes  destroying  the  water  in  wells  for  culinary  purposes,  as  the  sulphuric 
acid  becomes  strong  enough  to  coagulate  milk. 

§  109.  The  Group  attains  its  greatest  thickness  at  about  1,000  feet  in  Wayne 
County,  and  gradually  diminishes  westerly,  so  that  on  Grand  River,  Canada,  it 
does  not  exceed  300  feet,  which  belongs  chiefly  to  the  upper  portions,  from  the 
summit  to  a  little  below  the  gypsum-beds.  The  beds  of  gypsum  are  never  contin- 
uous for  long  distances,  but  appear  as  detached  lenticular  or  dome-like  masses ;  the 
strata  above  them  being  arched  over  and  often  broken,  while  those  below  consti- 
tute an  even,  undisturbed  floor.  The  Group  is  continued  through  Lake  Huron  to 


ONONDAGA  GROUP.  55 

the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  where  it  forms  the  island  and  the  points  of  the  main 
land.  The  thickness  on  the  peninsula  of  Michigan  does  not  exceed  50  feet.  It  is 
broken  up  in  a  ridge  extending  west  from  the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie  near  the 
southern  line  of  Michigan,  where  it  is  much  thicker,  and  again  at  Put-in  Bay 
Island,  and  at  Sandusky  and  other  places  in  Ottawa  County,  Ohio,  and  may 
be  seen  on  the  western  and  south-west  anticlinals,  which  pass  through  Wood 
County,  and  as  far  south  as  Delaware  and  Pike.  The  thickness  in  Ohio  has 
not  been  accurately  ascertained,  but  including  the  Waterlime,  which  is  not  sepa- 
rable, the  thickness  is  several  hundred  feet.  It  has  been  identified  in  Missouri, 
varying  from  10  to  75  feet  in  thickness.  It  does  not  occur  in  Wisconsin  or 
Iowa,  and  is  unknown  south  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  Appalachian  system.  The 
composition  of  the  rocks  indicates  shallow  water;  but  as  there  is  no  conglomerate, 
it  does  not  appear  as  a  shore  deposit. 

§  110.  It  is  not  very  fossiliferous  at  any  locality,  and  generally  fossils  are 
extremely  rare.  In  addition  to  the  two  species  mentioned  as  common  to  the  lower 
part  of  it  and  the  Guelph,  Orthpceras  sublceve,  Euomplwtlus  sulcatus,  and  Avicula  tri- 
quetra  were  early  described  from  Wayne  County ;  but  the  indistinct  forms  of  Spiri- 
fera,  Atrypa,  and  Cornidites  remain  without  specific  names. 

§  111.  The  Waterlime  takes  its  name  from  the  earthy,  drab-colored  limestone 
used  for  making  hydraulic  cement,  and  is  regarded  by  some  as  a  distinct  Group, 
while  the  Canadian  Geologists  regard  it  as  the  lower  member  of  the  -Lower  Helder- 
berg.  It  has  its  characteristic  minerals  and  fossils ;  but,  following  the  New  York 
Geologists,  it  is  here  treated  as  the  upper  member  of  the  Onondaga.  In  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania  its  thickness  is  from  30  to  300  feet,  and  is  well-defined  and  recog- 
nized by  its  mineral  nature,  its  fossils  and  position.  In  Eastern  New  York  a 
brownish  limestone,  often  mottled,  containing  corals,  fragments  of  crinoids,  and 
small  Orthoceras  forms  the  base  of  it.  All  the  species  of  Pterygotus  belong  to  the 
Waterlime,  while  Eurypterus  remipes  and  Pterinea  rugosa  are  characteristic  of  it  in 
New  York.  The  species  which  has  the  greatest  geographical  distribution  in  the 
Onondaga,  is  that  peculiar  form  called  Pleurodictyum  problematicum. 

§  112.  The  whole  Group  contains  more  or  less  carbonaceous  matter,  and  the 
quarries  usually  smell  of  petroleum,  and  the  limestone  generally  gives  up  the 
odor  when  struck  with  a  hammer.  This  Group  is  the  source  of  a  large  part  of  the 
gas  supplied  by  the  gas-wells  of  Ohio  and  Indiana.  It  is  the  chief  source  of  the 
salt  manufactured  in  New  York  and  in  Michigan.  On  the  St.  Clair  River,  at  Marine 
City,  rock-salt  occurs  in  a  mass,  extending  from  1,633  feet  to  1,748  feet  below  the 
surface,  which  is  mined  by  forcing  fresh  water  down  into  it  to  take  up  the  salt,  and 
afterward  pumping  the  brine  and  evaporating  it.  Thick  masses  of  rock-salt  have 
been  formed  at  various  other  places  in  this  Group  within  the  salt  districts  of  New 
York,  Michigan,  and  Ontario. 


56  LOWER  HELDERBERG  GROUP. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

LOWER    HELDERBERG   GROUP5. 

§  113.  THIS  Group  was  named  from  the  Helderberg  Mountains,  and  defined  by 
Hall  in  1859,  in  the  third  volume  of  the  Palaeontology  of  New  York.  The  lower  mem- 
ber is  a  thin-bedded,  often  thinly  laminated,  dark-blue  limestone,  resting  on  the  Water- 
lime-beds  called  Tentaculite  limestone.  The  second  member  is  a  thin  limestone 
full  of  Stromatopora,  followed  by  a  dark-gray  concretionary  limestone,  in  irregular 
layers,  charged  with  Pentamerus  galeatus  and  other  fossils,  which  has  a  maximum 
thickness  in  Otsego  County  of  80  feet,  and  is  called  the  Pentamerus  limestone.  The 
third  is  a  blue,  drab-weathering,  calcareous  shale  and  blue  limestone,  full  of  Spiri- 
fera  macropleura  and  other  fossils,  having  a  maximum  thickness  in  Albany  County 
of  70  feet,  called  the  Delthyris  or  Catskill  Shaly  limestone,  from  Catskill  Creek, 
near  Madison,  Greene  County.  The  fourth  member  is  a  light-gray  limestone,  full 
of  broken  Eocrinites,  having  a  thickness  of  25  feet.  And  above  this  there  is  a 
bluish-gray  limestone,  charged  with  Brachiopoda,  called  the  Upper  Pentamerus 
limestone.  These  local  subdivisons  are  not  recognized  at  any  distance  from  the 
Helderberg  Mountains,  nor  does  the  Group  occur  in  Western  New  York  or  West- 
ern Canada.  Strata  of  this  age  occur  in  two  or  three  small  outliers  in  the  great 
basin  near  Montreal,  at  the  distance  of  200  miles  from  the  nearest  exposure  of  the 
Group  in  New  York.  The  most  important  of  these  is  on  the  Island  of  St.  Helen's, 
opposite  Montreal.  The  Group,  however,  is  quite  largely  developed  in  the  Eastern 
Provinces,  where  it  includes  part  of  the  Gaspe  limestones.  It  is  exposed  on  both 
sides  of  the  Hudson  River,  and  forms  the  outlier  known  as  Becrafts  Mountain,  and 
appears  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire.  Its  maximum  thickness  in  New  York  is 
about  400  feet,  and  nearly  as  much  in  Maine,  while  at  Gaspe  it  is  2,000  feet.  It 
extends  southwardly  to  Tennessee,  having  a  thickness  in  Pennsylvania  of  1,400 
feet,  in  Virginia  1,000  feet,  in  New  Jersey  150  feet,  and  in  Tennessee  100  feet.  It 
has  been  identified  at  Cape  Frazier  in  latitude  80°. 

§  114.  This  is  an  important  Group  on  the  eastern  part  of  the  continent,  but 
does  not  occur  west  of  the  Appalachian  system,  which  is  in  striking  contrast  with 
the  Onondaga,  that  spreads  out  westerly  from  New  York  instead  of  southerly.  It 
abounds  in  limestone  strata,  and  the  evidences  of  marine  life,  the  latter  appar- 
ently succeeding  that  of  the  Niagara  age,  by  gradual  change  and  development. 
Crinoids,  Corals,  Bryozoans,  Brachiopods,  Gasteropods,  Lamellibranchs,  and 
Crustaceans  were  abundant,  but  we  have  no  evidence  that  a  vertebrate  laud  or 
fresh-water  animal  had  yet  made  its  appearance  on  this  continent.  The  evidence 
of  swamp  or  air  vegetation  is  on  the  increase,  and  here  we  discover  the  genus 
Annularia,  which  subsequently  became  so  abundant  in  the  Coal  Measures.  The 
characteristic  fossils  are :  Tentaculites  gyracanthus,  Spirifera  macropleura,  S.  vanuxemi, 
Eatonia  singularis,  E.  medialis,  Pentamerus  galeatus,  P.  pseudogalealus,  Streptoryhn- 
chus  radiatum,  Strophonetta  punctulifera,  Meristella  Icevis,  Shynchmtella  semiplicata, 
R.  ventricosa,  Strophodonta  varigtriata,  Avicula  naviformis,  A.  manticula,  Beyrichia 
granulata,  and  B.  notata. 

§  115.  Petroleum  springs  occur  on  the  St.  John's  River  and  on  Silver  Brook, 


DEVONIAN  SYSTEM.  57 

in  the  Gaspe  series,  and  in  cavities  of  an  amygdaloidal  greenstone  at  Tar  Point, 
which  has  hardened  in  some  instances  to  the  consistency  of  pitch,  and  from  its 
peculiar  odor  the  name  Tar  Point  was  given,  to  the  locality.  The  source  of  this  oil 
is  from  the  fossiliferous  rocks  or  shales  beneath,  and  exudes  from  an  anticlinal.  No 
good  well  has,  however,  been  discovered  by  boring  in  these  rocks. 

§  116.  With  this  Group  the  Upper  Silurian  closes,  because  we  have  another 
stratigraphical  and  palseontological  chasm,  and  have  arrived  at  the  top  of  the 
System  as  established  by  Murchison.  The  absolute  want  of  conformability,  with 
the  overlying  rocks,  is  everywhere  apparent,  and  an  age  of  time  is  therefore  un- 
represented in  the  geological  column. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

DEVONIAN    SYSTEM. 

§  117.  The  Devonian  was  named  in  1837,  by  Murchison,  from  Devonshire,  in 
England.  It  has  greater  thickness,  and  is  capable  of  more  subdivisions  based  upon 
its  fossils  in  this  country  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  It  is  subdivided  in 
ascending  order  as  follows :  Oriskany  Group,  Upper  Helderberg  Group,  Hamilton 
Group,  Portage  Group,  Chemung  Group,  and  Catskill  Group. 

§  118.  It  commences  with  a  sandstone  formation,  after  which  it  consists 
principally  of  limestone  and  shales.  It  is  uuconformable  with  the  Upper  Silurian 
at  all  places,  except  possibly  Gaspe,  Canada,  where  the  sediment  seems  to  have 
been  regularly  deposited  from  one  age  to  the  other.  Its  greatest  development  is 
in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  where  mechanical  detritus  accompanies  the  ma- 
rine deposits.  During  this  era  land-plants  became  abundant,  and  fish  swarmed 
within  the  seas,  while  the  Archipelago,  which  had  existed  in  the  Silurian  era,  be- 
gan to  assume  somewhat  the  outlines  of  a  continent,  though  by  no  means  such  as 
we  now  behold.  Corals,  Criuoids,  Brachiopods,  Gasteropods,  Cephalopods,  Lamel- 
libranchs,  and  Crustaceans  were  abundant,  while  Cystideans  became  extinct.  It 
was  a  long  and  glorious  era,  marked  by  more  progress  in  animal  and  vegetable 
organisms  than  characterized  earlier  ages.  The  plants  increased  in  number  of 
genera  and  species  from  the  Lower  to  the  Upper  Devonian,  until  the  flora  pre- 
sented a  strong  resemblance  to  that  of  the  Subcarboniferous,  especially  in  the  prev- 
alence of  Gymnosperms  and  Cryptogams,  though  very  few  species  are  identical  in 
the  two  Systems.  It  is  everywhere  uncoufonnable  with  the  Subcarboniferous. 
The  masses  and  dykes  of  intrusive  granite  in  Nova  Scotia,  which  penetrate  all  the 
rocks  older  than  the  Subcarboniferous,  belong  to  the  close  of  the  Devonian.  The 
carbonaceous  shales  of  this  System  exceed  in  thickness  those  of  any  other  System 
of  rocks,  and,  as  a  result,  they  are  the  chief  oil  and  gas  producing  rocks  on  the 
continent.  Very  valuable  iron  ores  and  manganese  ores  occur  in  this  System  in 
different  States.  In  Virginia  huge  masses  of  manganese  are  found  imbedded  in 
exposed  sandstone  ledges,  where  the  supply  seems  to  be  practically  inexhaustible. 


58  O  RISK  ANY  GROUP. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

ORISKANY    OROUP. 

§  119.  This  Group  was  defined  as  the  Oriskany  sandstoue  by  Vanuxem,  in 
1839,  and  named  from  the  white  sandstone  occurring  at  the  Falls  of  the  Oriskany, 
in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  where  it  is  about  20  feet  in  thickness.  It  forms  a  narrow 
belt  of  rough  sandstone  from  the  Hudson  to  Cayuga  Lake,  charged  with  peculiar 
fossils,  and  varying  from  a  few  inches  to  30  feet  in  thickness.  It  stretches  south 
in  the  Appalachian  region  through  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  and  has 
a  thickness  in  Pennsylvania  of  300  feet.  It  appears  in  New  Jersey  with  a  thick- 
ness of  130  feet.  In  Maine  there  is  a  large  exposure  between  Parlin  Pond  and 
Aroostook,  and  it  exists  at  Gaspe  and  in  Nova  Scotia.  It  is  known  in  Canada  at 
but  few  places,  one  of  the  principal  exposures  being  at  North  Cayuga,  and  cover- 
ing only  230  acres.  In  Southern  Illinois  it  is  underlaid  with  silicious  limestone, 
called  the  Clear  Creek  limestone,  which  constitutes  incomplete  passage-beds  from 
the  Upper  Silurian.  It  is  also  known  in  Missouri. 

§  120.  It  appears  as  a  belt  deposited  upon  the  shores  of  the  islands  which  then 
existed,  and  to  mark  their  outlines  in  a  greater  or  less  degree.  Like  other  arena- 
ceous deposits,  it  indicates  the  presence  of  land  and  shallow  water.  It  abounds  in 
the  casts  of  Brachiopods  and  Gasteropods  in  New  York,  Maryland,  and  Virginia, 
and  in  some  places  Crinoids  occur.  The  characteristic  species  are  Spirifera  arenosa, 
S.  arrecta,  S.  pyxidata,  Rensselaeria  ovoides,  Orthis  proximw,  0.  musculosa,  Strophodoiila 
magniventra,  S.  magnified,  Gyrtina  rostrata,  Eatonia  peeuliaris,  Leptocceliaflabellites,  and 
Plaiystoma  ventricosum.  In  some  places  in  Virginia  the  shells  are  silicified  and  quite 
free  from  adhering  matter,  and  the  exterior  markings  and  iuternal  structure  are  well 
preserved,  even  the  internal  coils  of  Brachiopoda  are  beautifully  represented.  Near 
Cumberland,  Md.,  a  few  elegant  crinoids  have  been  found,  and  one  Cystideau, 
An0malocy8tite&  disparttw,  which  is  the  latest  known  representative  of  that  order,  ex- 
cept Strobilocyatites  calvini. 

§  121.  The  Brachiopods  are  Devonian  in  their  character  rather  than  Silurian, 
and  there  is  graduation  to  the  succeeding  rocks  through  the  Cauda  galli  grit,  which 
is  a  dark,  gritty  slate,  bearing  few  fossils.  The  rocks  are  not  such  as  to  have  pre- 
served land-plants  very  well ;  but  they  should  have  preserved  fish-teeth  if  any  then 
existed,  but  no  trace  of  them  has  been  discovered. 


UPPER  HELDERBERG  GROUP. 

CHAPTER  XX. 

QROUP. 


§  122.  This  Group  was  named  from  the  Helderberg  Mountains,  where  it  was 
divided  into  the  Cauda-galli  grit,  Schoharie  grit,  Onondaga  limestone,  and  Cornif- 
erous  limestone.  The  Corniferous  limestone  being  the  only  one  which  has  any 
great  geographical  distribution,  the  Canadian  Geologists  in  1863  used  "Cornif- 
erous formation  "  instead  of  Upper  Helderberg  ;  but  as  Corniferous  is  a  mineral- 
ogical  word,  Upper  Helderberg  is  to  be  preferred.  The  Cauda-galli  grit  is  a  dark 
gritty  slate  covered  with  Taonurus  cauda-galli,  and  graduates  into  the  Schoharie 
grit,  which  is  an  arenaceous  limestone  weathering  to  a  brownish  color.  These  occur 
in  the  eastern  counties  of  New  York,  Albany,  Greene,  and  Schoharie,  but  soon 
thin  out  and  are  not  found  west  as  far  as  the  center  of  the  State.  The  scales  and 
bony  plates  of  fish  are  first  found  in  the  Schoharie  grit.  The  Onondaga  is  a  gray 
subcrystalline,  coralline  limestone.  It  is  followed  by  the  Corniferous  limestone, 
which  bears  dark-colored,  cherty  beds,  that  break  with  a  horny  fracture,  which 
suggested  the  name  Corniferous;  but  the  cherty  beds  occur  in  various  places  in 
these  two  divisions,  and  there  is  no  real  line  of  separation  between  them.  The 
chert,  or  hornstone,  is  largely  composed  of  microscopic,  silicious  forms  of  plants 
or  protophytes,  spiculse  of  sponges,  fragments  of  the  dental  apparatus  of  Gastero- 
pods,  and  other  organisms.  The  aggregate  thickness  of  the  Group  in  New  York 
is  about  300  feet. 

§  123.  From  New  York  the  Group  extends  in  a  belt  west  across  the  penin- 
sula of  Canada  to  Mackinac  Island,  where  it  is  250  feet  thick,  and  from  thence 
into  Michigan  where  its  thickness  is  354  feet.  It  appears  at  Sandusky  and  North- 
western Ohio,  at  Columbus,  and  on  the  Ohio  a  few  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Scioto,  resting  upon  the  Waterlime  Group,  which  has  great  thickness  in  this 
State.  It  crosses  into  Northern  Indiana,  and  striking  south-westerly,  crosses  the 
Ohio  River  at  Louisville.  It  appears  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Tennessee, 
resting  on  the  Oriskany,  or  the  Waterlime,  or  the  Niagara,  and  everywhere  pre- 
serving the  character  of  the  great  coral-reef  period  of  the  Devonian,  but  never 
exceeding  a  thickness  of  about  300  feet.  In  New  Jersey,  however,  the  Cauda- 
galli  grit  has  a  thickness  of  400  feet,  and  the  Corniferous  limestone  500  feet,  mak- 
ing a  total  thickness  of  900  feet.  It  occurs  in  the  western  mountain  ranges,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  persistent  and  generally  distributed  Groups. 

§  124.  It  is  a  marine  limestone,  distinguished  for  the  remarkable  abundance  of 
corals,  and  coral  reefs,  the  variety  in  form,  number,  and  size  of  species,  some 
specimens  being  several  feet  in  diameter,  and  larger  than  any  belonging  to  any 
earlier  period.  It  is  distinguished  also  for  its  fish  remains,  which  consist  of  teeth, 
or  the  outer  bony  covering,  sometimes  so  abundant  as  to  constitute  the  major  part 
of  layers,  3  or  4  inches,  or  even  more,  in  thickness.  Some  were  very  large 
and  singularly  constructed.  The  Macropetalichthys  sullivanti  had  a  head  15  inches 
in  length  composed  of  hard,  bony  plates,  covered  with  a  thick  skin  dotted  with 
tubercles.  Cephalopods  are  abundant  and  quite  characteristic,  and  in  a  few  places 
drifted  land-plants  have  been  found,  but  they  are  not  of  general  occurrence.  The 


60  HAMILTON  GROUP. 

most  characteristic  species  among  the  invertebrates,  and  those  by  which  the  rocks 
may  be  readily  identified  are  Oyathophylhim  rugosum,  Fawsites  goldfussi,  Syringopora 
madurii,  Phillipsastrea  veriiSeuili,  Nutkocrinus  verneuili,  Spirifera  acuminate,  S. 
gregaria,  Pentamerus  knighti,  P.  aratus,  StricHandinia  elongate,  Paracyclas  Occident- 
alls,  Conocardium  subtrigonale,  Platyceras  dumosum,  Tenteculites  scalariformis,  and 
Dalmanites  selenurus.  In  the  vicinity  of  Davenport,  Iowa,  it  furnishes  an 
abundance  of  durable  and  massive  building  material  and  contains  cavernous 
openings,  as  if  worn  out  by  the  action  of  water,  and  filled  up  subsequently  with 
material  derived  from  higher  rocks,  and  especially  those  of  the  Hamilton  Group. 
The  quarries  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  North  Vernon,  Indiana,  are  in  this  Group. 
The  strata  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  have  been  eroded  and 
excavated  so  as  to  produce  the  Island  of  Mackinac,  and  large  masses  of  the 
materials  have  been  transported  and  distributed  over  Southern  Michigan  and  Ohio. 
§  125.  The  limestones  of  this  Group  in  Canada  are  usually  bituminous,  and 
petroleum  frequently  fills  the  cells  of  corals  and  other  fossils.  The  corals  often 
prevail  in  distinct  bands,  some  of  which  will  be  saturated  with  the  oil,  while  others 
will  not.  Petroleum  springs  rise  from  this  Group  at  Tilsonburg,  and  other  places 
along  an  anticlinal  which  runs  through  the  Western  Peninsula.  The  oil  being 
lighter  than  water,  and  permeating  the  strata,  naturally  rises  to  the  highest  part  of 
the  anticlinal  between  the  impervious  layers  of  rock,  and  escapes  to  the  surface. 
In  other  localities  the  bitumen  is  solid,  and  takes  the  form  of  asphaltum  or 
mineral  pitch,  as  at  Kincardine,  where  slaty  beds  contain  from  10  to  15  per  cent 
of  bitumen  soluble  in  benzole.  No  good  well,  however,  has  been  discovered  in 
Canada  by  boring  in  these  rocks,  though  it  has  been  contended  the  oil  at 
Enniskillen  and  on  the  Thames  has  its  source  here.  Where  the  oil  has  been  found 
in  this  Group,  it  has  had  its  source  in  the  Waterlime  or  in  the  shales  below. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

HAMILTON    GrROUF*. 

§  126.  THIS  Group  was  named  from  Hamilton,  Madison  County,  New  York, 
and  defined  by  Vanuxem  in  1842,  though  he  did  not  include  within  it  the 
Marcellus  Shale,  Tully  Limestone,  and  Genesee  Slate.  The  divisions  made  for  it 
in  New  York  are  Marcellus  Shale,  Ludlowville  Shale,  Encrinal  Limestone,  Moscow 
Shale,  Tully  Limestone,  and  Genesee  Slate.  The  rocks  are  not  susceptible  of  this 
division,  except  locally,  and  they  all  belong  to  a  single  Group.  The  Marcellus 
Shale  was  named  from  Marcellus,  where  it  is  an  argillaceous  slaty  rock,  bearing 
much  carbonaceous  matter,  and  sometimes  small  pieces  of  coal,  and  has  a  thickness 
of  about  200  feet.  It  contains  layers  of  impure  limestone,  and  abounds  in  fossils. 
In  many  places  it  contains  so  much  bitumen  as  to  give  out  flame  when  thrown 
into  the  fire,  which  led  the  early  settlers  to  explore  it  throughout  its  whole  extent 
for  coal,  only,  of  course,  to  suffer  disappointment.  It  is  not  separable  from  the 
Ludlowville  Shale  by  any  well-defined  characters.  The  Ludlowville  Shales  were 
named  from  the  town  of  that  name,  and  separated  from  the  Moscow  Shale  by  a 
layer  of  limestone  3  or  4  feet  thick,  called  the  Encrinal  limestone;  but  such 


HAMILTON  GROUP.  61 

division  is  scarcely  worthy  of  recognition.  The  three  have  a  thickness  varying 
from  300  to  900  feet,  extend  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson,  and  abound  in 
fossils.  The  Tully  limestone  was  named  from  Tully,  where  it  is  burnt  for  lime,  and 
has  a  thickness  of  14  to  20  feet.  The  Genesee  slate,  named  from  the  opening  of 
the  gorge  of  the  Genesee  River  at  Mount  Morris,  where  it  is  a  black,  argillaceous 
fissile  mass,  attains  a  thickness  of  150  feet  and  closes  the  era  of  the  Hamilton 
Group  in  New  York. 

§  127.  The  Group  extends  from  the  Hudson  to  Lake  Erie,  occupying  a  belt 
of  variable  width  in  the  central  part  of  the  State,  and  attaining  a  maximum 
thickness  in  the  eastern  part  of  1,200  to  1,400  feet,  and  diminishing  to  about  300 
feet  in  the  western  part.  The  valleys  of  Seneca  and  Cayuga  Lakes  are 
excavated  for  more  than  half  their  length  in  these  rocks,  and  the  banks  and  ravines 
afford  the  best  facilities  for  examination.  It  is  an  olive  shale,  with  slates  and  sand- 
stones in  the  eastern,  and  calcareous  shale  and  limestone  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State.  The  bedded  rocks  are  remarkable  for  the  abundance  of  ripple-marks,  and 
wave-lines,  and  the  shales  abound  in  carbonaceous  material,  due  to  vegetation. 
Fucoids  and  marine  plants  are  common,  and  coniferous  trees  and  ferns  grew  to  a 
good  size,  and  drifted  into  the  ocean,  where  they  were  imbedded  and  preserved,  so 
as  to  show  much  of  their  form  and  structure.  The  New  York  subdivisions  are  lost 
in  the  extension  across  the  peninsula  of  Canada  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Huron, 
and  the  Group  becomes  a  limestone  in  Michigan.  It  occurs  at  only  one  place  in 
Wisconsin,  which  consists  of  a  strip  about  10  miles  long  and  5  or  6  wide,  near 
Milwaukee,  where  it  is  an  impure  limestone,  quite  fossiliferous,  and  largely  mined  for 
the  manufacture  of  hydraulic  cement.  It  occurs  in  Ohio,  resting  on  the  Upper 
Helderberg  as  far  south  as  Columbus,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  limestone  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio,  is  referred  to  it.  It  occurs  at  Davenport  and  New  Buffalo,  in 
Iowa,  and  also  in  Illinois  and  Missouri.  It  appears  among  the  western  mountains, 
on  the  Mackenzie  River,  in  Alaska,  and  in  the  Arctic  regions.  It  has  greater 
thickness  in  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  and  other  States  in  the  Appa- 
lachian chain,  than  it  has  in  the  West,  and  contains  much  more  mechanical  sedi- 
ment. In  the  East  it  is  a  mud  rock  supplied  with  drift  materials  and  marine 
remains,  while  more  westerly  it  is  exclusively  a  marine  calcareous  rock. 

§  128.  It  is  of  quite  general  distribution  and  usually  readily  determined  by 
its  invertebrate  fossils,'  which  exceed  in  number  almost  all  earlier  Groups. 
Lepidodendron,  which  became  so  common  in  the  Coal  Measures,  is  found  in  the 
shales.  The  remains  of  fish  are  much  like  those  of  the  Upper  Helderberg,  though 
species  are  distinct.  The  characteristic  fossils,  and  those  by  which  the  Group  may 
usually  be  determined,  are  HeliophyUum  hcdli,  Spirifera  pennata,  S.  granulifera, 
Tropidoleptus  carinatus,  Rhynchonella  venustula,  Aikyris  spiriferoides,  Leiorhynchus 
limitare,  L.  quadricostatam,  Orthonota  undulata,  Cypricarddla  beUittriata,  Cimitaria 
recurva,  Pterineaflabellum,Modiomorphaconcentrica,  Bellerophon  patulus ,  Pleurotomtiria 
sulcomarginata,  Styliola  fissurella,  Homalonotus  dekayi,  and  Phacops  bufo. 

§  129.  The  oil-springs  of  Enniskillen  and  of  the  Thames,  in  Canada,  were 
known  to  the  Indians  and  to  the  settlers  from  an  early  period.  The  oil  floated 
upon  the  surface  of  the  waters,  and  formed  by  its  drying  beds  of  tarry  bitumen.  On 
sinking  through  the  clay  from  40  to  60  feet,  a  bed  of  gravel  is  reached,  from  which 
considerable  supplies  of  petroleum  are  obtained.  Such  are  called  surface-wells, 


62  PORTAGE  GROUP. 

and  are  less  productive  than  the  deeper  ones.  Below  the  gravel  thin  limestones, 
shales,  and  clays  occur  for  a  distance  of  about  230  feet  before  the  Upper  Helderberg 
limestones  are  reached.  One  of  these  wells,  when  sunk  to  a  depth  of  200  feet 
below  the  surface,  yielded,  when  first  opened,  2,000  barrels  of  oil  in  twenty-four 
hours.  In  some  of  the  wells  bored  in  this  vicinity,  both  oil  and  water  flowed  to 
the  surface,  and  in  some  of  the  deeper  ones  the  water  is  saline.  Wells  bored  into 
the  Upper  Helderberg  limestone  sometimes  reached  small  quantities  of  oil,  but  no 
valuable  wells  have  thus  far  been  discovered  in  Canada  by  boring  below  the 
Hamilton  Group.  The  flowing  wells  soon  become  intermittent,  and  within  a  year 
cease  to  flow  altogether ;  they  continue,  however,  to  furnish  oil  by  pumping  for  a 
limited  period,  and  then  appear  to  be  exhausted.  The  petroleum  differs  in 
volatility;  the  less  volatile  contains  paraffine  in  solution,  and  is  suited  for  lubricatiug 
machinery,  while  the  more  volatile  is  best  suited  for  light.  The  alliaceous  odor  of 
some  of  the  unrefined  oil  is  due  to  the  presence  of  a  little  sulphureted  hydrogen. 
Petroleum  is  modified  on  exposure  to  the  air  by  volatilization  and  oxidation,  and 
eventually  assumes  a  solid  form.  Thus  near  Oil  Creek,  in  Enniskillen,  the  thickened 
oil  formed  two  layers,  called  gum-beds,  of  a  viscid,  tarry  consistence,  covering  two 
or  three  acres  with  a  thickness  from  a  few  inches  to  two  feet.  In  sinking  a  well,  a. 
bed  of  this  asphaltum,  from  2  to  4  inches  thick,  was  met  with  at  a  depth  of  10  feet, 
upon  a  layer  of  gravel.  It  contained  the  remains  of  leaves  and  insects,  which  were 
imbedded  in  it  during  its  slow  accumulation  and  solidification.  In  boring  the  oil- 
wells  there  is  always  a  greater  or  less  disengagement  of  inflammable  carbureted 
hydrogen-gas,  and  sometimes  it  is  liberated  with  explosive  violence.  The  strata 
almost  everywhere  in  that  region  hold  in  a  condensed  state  portions  of  light  carbu- 
reted hydrogen,  which  is  discharged  wherever  a  natural  fissure  or  an  artificial  boring 
furnishes  a  vent.  The  shale,  on  Sulphur  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Thunder  Bay  in 
Lake  Huron,  is  so  highly  charged  with  bituminous  matter  that  it  has  been  set  on  fire 
and  burned  for  months.  The  bitumen  burns  out  and  leaves  the  shale  with  a  reddened 
appearance. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

PORTAGE   GROUP.    , 

§  130.  This  Group  was  named  from  Portage,  New  York,  and  defined  by  Hall 
in  1843.  It  consists  of  variable  shales  and  sandstones,  forming  in  New  York  an 
east  and  west  band,  resting  upon  the  Hamilton  Group,  aud  dipping  south  about  25 
feet  in  a  mile.  The  sandstones  produce  falls  in  the  streams,  beautiful  cascades, 
and  grand  and  striking^scenery.  The  highest  perpendicular  fall  of  water  and  deepest 
canons  and 'gorges  in  the  State  exist  in  this  Group.  It  thickens  westerly  and 
thins  easterly,  and  does  not  extend  to  the  extreme  eastern  part  of  the  State. 
Sandstones  greatly  predominate  in  the  eastern  part,  while  shales  increase  westerly, 
until  the  whole  Group  becomes  a  mass  of  black,  bituminous  shale.  The  thickness 
on  the  Genesee  is  1,000  feet,  on  Lake  Erie  1,400  feet.  A  considerable  part  of 
Lake  Erie  is  excavated  out  of  this  Group,  which  shows  a  belt  on  the  south  side  ex- 
tending nearly  to  Sandusky ;  and  from  here  it  bends  southerly  across  Ohio,  leaving 
Columbus  to  the  west,  and,  reaching  the  Ohio  River  below  the  mouth  of  the  Scioto, 


PORTAGE  GROUP.  63 

it  crosses  into  Kentucky,  and  is  soon  broken  up  in  the  spurs  of  the  mountain 
ranges.  It  crosses  Lake  Erie,  and  occupies  a  small  part  of  the  Canadian  penin- 
sula, and  enters  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  where  Winchell  called  it 
the  Huron  Group.  From  Michigan  it  crosses  the  north-western  corner  of  Ohio, 
and  enters  Indiana,  forming  a  belt  across  that  State  by  way  of  Indianapolis,  and, 
reaching  the  Ohio  River  at  New  Albany,  crosses  into  Kentucky,  and  extends  far 
toward  Tennessee.  It  was  called  the  Black  Shales  in  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Ohio  for  1838,  and  in  that  of  Indiana  for  1839,  and  in  later  surveys  of  Kentucky, 
Indiana,  and  Tennessee.  The  thickness  in  Ohio  is  from  200  to  1,000  feet  or  more, 
in  Indiana  from  100  to  200,  and  in  Tennessee  from  10  to  150  feet.  It  has  never 
been  recognized  west  of  these  States,  and  is  therefore  classed  as  a  Group  belonging 
to  the  Appalachian  mountain  system. 

§  131.  Fucoids,  wave-lines,  and  ripple-marks  are  numerous,  and  occur 
throughout  its  distribution.  The  paucity  of  fossils  in  this  Group,  when  compared 
with  those  above  and  below  it,  is  one  of  its  striking  characters.  Whole  days  may 
be  spent  in  some  parts  of  it  without  finding  a  shell,  though  fucoids  are  in  the 
greatest  abundance.  Land-plants  occur  in  profusion  in  New  Brunswick,  some  of 
which  are  of  gigantic  size.  Goniatites  complanatus,  Panenka  spedosa,  and  Spirifera 
Icevis  occur  in  New  York  and  in  Ohio,  and  may  therefore  be  considered  character- 
istic. Fish  of  large  size,  covered  with  thick  heavy  plates,  and  having  jaws  and 
teeth  strong  enough  to  crush  a  body  the  size  of  a  man,  occur  in  it.  Cladodm, 
a  carnivorous  fish,  became  abundant  in  this  period,  and  flourished  until  the  Per- 
mian. It  was  world-wide  in  its  distribution,  and  its  vertical  range  exceeds  that 
of  any  other  genus  of  fishes.  The  Group  seems  to  have  been  deposited  in  internal 
seas  or  arms  of  the  ocean,  and  is  the  last  Group  of  the  Devonian  System,  having  a 
large  geographical  distribution,  for  the  Chemung  and  Catskill  are  comparatively 
local  in  their  extension.  In  Ohio  there  are  large  concretionary  balls  of  impure 
limestone,  some  of  them  several  feet  in  diameter,  and  it  was  in  one  of  these  the 
monster  Dinwhthys  was  discovered. 

§  132.  The  Group  is  distinguished  as  the  great  seat  of  petroleum,  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  source  from  which  the  chief  supply  in  this  country  is  derived.  In 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio  the  wells  are  bored  through  the  overlying 
rocks  until  the  Portage  is  reached,  or  the  saturated  sands  that  overlie  it  furnish  the 
supply.  Ten  per  cent  of  the  shales  is  bituminous  and  carbonaceous  matter.  The 
shale  yields  oil  by  distillation,  and  gas  and  oil  springs  abound  in  its  sandstones, 
and  in  those  which  overlie  it.  The  great  oil-sands  in  the  oil  regions  of  Pennsyl- 
vania belong  to  the  Chemung,  and  have  doubtless  been  fed  as  well  from  the  shales 
of  this  Group  as  from  those  of  the  Chemung,  which  furnish  the  same  products. 
The  gas  at  Fredonia,  New  York,  in  this  Group,  was  used  for  lighting  houses  in 
1820.  Lyell  described  it  in  his  travels  in  1841,  and  it  has  been  in  constant  use, 
with  little  variation  in  the  supply,  ever  since. 


64  CHEMUNG  GROUP. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

CHEMUNQ    QROUF3. 

§  133.  This  Group  was  named  from  the  exposure  at  the  Chemung  Upper 
Narrows,  at  Chemung,  New  York,  and  defined  by  Vanuxem  and  Hall  in  1842  and 
1843.  The  shale  and  sandstone  at  Ithaca,  having  a  thickness  at  Hector's  Falls  of 
400  feet,  was  called  the  Ithaca  Group,  but  it  is  only  part  of  the  Chemung.  The 
Chemung  consists  of  a  highly  fossiliferous  series  of  shales  and  thin-bedded  sandstones 
and  impure  limestones,  and  an  infinite  variety  formed  from  admixture  of  these. 
Except  in  a  few  localities  there  is  no  marked  line  between  it  and  the  Portage  below. 
The  two  are  distinguished  by  their  fossils.  The  shales  vary  in  color  from  a  deep 
black  to  olive-green,  with  every  grade  of  intermixture  ;  the  sandstones  are  gray,  olive, 
or  green,  and  almost  the  whole  series  weathers  to  a  brownish  olive.  The  Group 
forms  an  east  and  west  belt  across  the  southern  part  of  New  York,  having  a  thick- 
ness in  the  eastern  part  of  2,000  feet,  dipping  southerly  at  25  feet  or  more  to  the 
mile,  and  thinning  westwardly,  so  as  not  to  be  determined  a  short  distance  from 
where  it  crosses  the  line  of  Ohio.  It  is  unknown  farther  west.  In  its  extension 
from  Eastern  New  York  into  Pennsylvania  the  thickness  increases  until  it  exceeds 
3,000  feet.  It  occurs  at  New  Brunswick  and  at  Gaspe,  Canada,  but  has  not 
been  satisfactorily  determined  at  many  other  places,  though  it  probably  occurs  in 
many  other  regions  of  the  Appalachian  system.  The  rocks  which  have  been  called 
Chemung  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Michigan  belong  to  the 
Waverly,  except  the  thin,  tapering  belt  in  North-eastern  Ohio,  already  mentioned. 

§  134.  The  alternations  and  interlaminations  of  shales  and  sandstones  show 
deposition  under  similar  circumstances  to  those  under  which  the  Portage  was  de- 
posited. The  source  of  the  materials  was  to  the  east  or  south-east  of  New  York, 
as  evidenced  by  the  thinning  of  the  deposits  and  diminution  of  sandy  strata  toward 
the  west.  The  land-plants  occur  in  Eastern  New  York,  and  disappear  westerly, 
proving  the  land  existed  in  that  direction.  The  marine  and  land  plants  are  abun- 
dant in  the  sandstones,  while  marine  shells  increase  with  the  decline  of  the  sand- 
stones and  augmentation  of  the  shales  westerly,  though  fucoids  continue  in  abundance 
wherever  the  Group  exists.  The  plants  foreshadow  the  approaching  Carboniferous 
System  by  the  presence  of  Archceopteris,  Cydopteris,  Sigittaria,  Lepidodendron,  and 
Trigonocarpon.  The  fauna  has  more  of  a  Carboniferous  aspect  than  any  which  pre- 
ceded it,  and  there  is  a  diminution  of  the  types  which  characterized  the  earlier 
Devonian.  The  species  having  the  greater  distribution  and  most  characteristic 
are  Lepidodendron  cJiemungense,  Archceopteris  laxa,  A.fterophyllites  parvulus,  Orthis  im- 
preftna,  Orthix  tioga,  Streptorhynchu*  chemiingense,  S.  pectinaceum,  Strophodonta  eayuta, 
S.  mucronata,  Chonetex  muricatus,  Productella  hirsida,  Spirifera  disjuncta,  S.  memcos- 
talis,  Atrypa  dumoza,  A.  hystrix,  Aviculopectzn  duplicatus,  A.  nigwtriatus,  Leptodesma 
longinpinum,  L.  xpinigerum,  Leiopteria  chemungensw,  Pterinopecten  dispandw,  P. 
crenicostatus,  P.  suborbieularis,  Pterinea  consimilis,  Grenipecten  crenulatus,  Mytilarca 
chemungemia,  and  Phacops  nupera. 

§  135.  Springs,  evolving  carbureted  hydrogen-gas,  or  gas  accompanied  with 
petroleum,  are  common  throughout  nearly  all  that  part  of  New  York  and  Peunsyl- 


CATSKILL  GROUP.  65 

vania  covered  with  the  Chemung.  The  rocks  in  nearly  all  localities  emit  a  bitu- 
minous odor  on  percussion,  and  petroleum  often  exudes  from  the  crevices.  The  oil 
and  gas  products  are  the  same  in  the  Chemung  as  in  the  Portage.  The  gas  and 
the  oil  had  the  same  origin.  They  are  both  hydrocarbons.  They  were  both  de- 
rived from  vegetable  and  animal  organisms.  Wherever  shales  are  found  con- 
taining carbonaceous  matter,  evidence  of  these  products  may  be  obtained.  It  is 
possible  the  gas  was  first  produced,  and  from  it  the  petroleum  has  been  derived, 
making  the  latter  a  secondary  product;  but  the  evidence  seems  to  prove  they  were 
both  formed  at  the  same  period  of  time,  and  during  the  decomposition  of  the 
organisms,  and  before  the  mud  had  indurated  or  hardened  into  rock.  And  the 
evidence  also  seems  to  prove  they  were  derived  almost  wholly  from  marine  plants, 
for  the  shales  bearing  the  greater  number  of  fucoids  are  those  to  which  we  ascribe 
the  greater  supplies  of  hydrocarbons.  The  sandstones  which  overlie  these  shales 
are  porous  and  capable  of  holding  from  one-eighth  to  one-tenth  their  bulk  of  pe- 
troleum, which  is  sufficient  to  account  for  the  flowing  wells  of  Pennsylvania  which 
are  bored  until  they  penetrate  the  sandstone.  Many  of  the  wells  penetrate  only 
the  Chemung  sandstone,  though  the  oil  is  derived  from  the  shales  of  the  Portage 
as  well  as  from  the  Chemung.  The  supposed  connection  of  petroleum  and  gas 
with  anticlinal  axes,  or  synclinal  ones,  has  not  been  verified  by  observation,  nor 
supported  with  reason,  neither  are  they  dependent  upon  faults  or  crevices,  and 
much  less  has  the  depth  of  the  well  any  connection  with  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Wells  are  as  valuable  when  bored  below  the  sea  level  as  they  are  when  the  proper 
rock  is  struck  above  that  horizon.  '.*  •  • 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

CATSKILL   QROUP. 

§  136.  This  Group  was  named  by  Emmons  from  the  Catskill  Mountains,  and 
quite  fully  defined  by  Vanuxem  in  1842.  It  consists  of  sandstones,  shales,  slates, 
conglomerates,  and  impure  limestones.  The  prevailing  color  of  the  arenaceous 
portion  is  brick-red,  though  all  of  it  is  more  or  less  colored  with  iron,  and  the 
shales  are  gray,  olive-red,  or  green.  It  exists  only  in  a  few  counties  in  South- 
eastern New  York,  in  the  Catskill  Mountains,  where  it  has  a  thickness  of  3,000 
feet,  and  dips  rapidly  toward  Pennsylvania,  where  it  reaches  a  thickness  of  7,500 
feet,  and  soon  disappears.  It  does  not  extend  west  of  the[Genesee  Valley  in 
New  York,  and  is  wholly  unknown  on  any  part  of  the  continent  west  of  that  State. 
It  is  conformable  with  the  Chemung,  and  is  distinguished  only  by  the  change  in 
lithology,  and  by  the  fossils.  No  Corals,  Crinoids,  Brachiopods,  or  Trilobites  have 
been  described  from  it,  and  only  a  few  Lamellibranchs.  The  land-plants  are  gen- 
erally very  poorly  preserved.  The  fish  remains  are  relied  upon  to  really  prove 
the  rocks  belong  to  the  Devonian  rather  than  to  the  Subcarboniferous  age,  and 
though  these  are  rare  and  poorly  preserved,  they  show  it  is  the  equivalent  of  the 
Old  Red  Sandstone  of  England,  and  therefore  Devonian.  In  some  places  the  sand 
is  cemented  and  forms  a  grindstone  grit,  and  there  are  hard  concretionary  masses, 
and  strata  unequally  hardened,  that  weather  into  picturesque  rocks.  The  Group  is 


66  SUBCARBONIFEROUS  SYSTEM. 

almost  wholly  a  mechanical  deposit  of  very  limited  distribution  and  enormous  thick- 
ness. There  are  ripple-marks  and  other  evidences  of  shallow  water  in  different 
strata.  The  fossils  characteristic  of  it  are  Aneimites  obtusus,  Amnigenia  ca*tskitten#is, 
ffoloptychim  americanus,  H.  tayfori,  and  Dipterus  sherwoodi. 

§  137.  The  total  maximum  .thickness  of  the  several  Groups  belonging  to  the 
Devonian  as  given  above  is  14,500  feet,  though  no  single  section  would  furnish 
such  a  depth.  The  greatest  thickness  is  in  Pennsylvania,  and  next  in  New  York. 
The  thickness  at  Gaspe,  Canada,  is  7,036  feet,  and  the  divisions  into  Groups  are 
not  well  defined.  In  the  Western  States  several  Groups  are  missing,  and  the  thick- 
ness of  the  rest  is  only  a  few  hundred  feet.  All  tbe  strata  are  marine ;  no  land 
or  fresh-water  shells  have  been  found  within  them,  and  the  laud-plants  are  fairly 
supposed  to  have  drifted  to  the  places  where  they  occur.  The  Devonian  is  every- 
where unconformable  with  the  superimposed  Subcarboniferous,  which  always  begins 
with  a  conglomerate  or  sandstone.  The  great  reef-forming  Corals  so  conspicuous  in 
the  Upper  Helderberg  and  Hamilton,  did  not  survive  the  era.  Cystideans  became  ex- 
tinct. The  family  Spiriferidce,  which  commenced  in  the  Upper  Silurian,  became 
most  prosperous  in  this  age,  and  lived  until  the  Jurassic.  The  three  most  notable 
steps  in  the  progress  of  development  are  found  in  the  growth  and  abundance  of 
land-plants,  the  appearance  of  insects,  and  in  the  introduction  and  diversity  of 
fish.  The  Devonian  fish  belong  to  the  Selachians  or  cartilaginous  fishes,  the 
Ganoids,  or  fishes  covered  with  plates  or  bony  scales,  and  the  Placoderms. 
There  is  nothing  known  in  connection  with  plants  or  animals  indicating  the  tem- 
perature of  the  sea,  or  climate  on  land,  was  different  then  from  what  it  is  now. 


CHAPTER    XXV. 

SUBCARBONIREROUS    SYSTEM. 

§  138.  THIS  System  was  named  and  defined  by  David  Dale  Owen  in  1838, 
in  the  Geological  Survey  of  Indiana.  He  found  it  to  consist  of  massive  sandstones, 
limestones,  and  shales,  lying  between  the  Devonian  and  the  Coal  Measures,  to  be 
characterized  by  Pentremites  and  other  peculiar  fossils,  and  to  be  capable  of  sub- 
division into  Groups.  The  name  Subcarboniferous  indicates  its  position  is  below 
the  Coal  Measures.  In  the  great  valley  of  the  Mississippi  it  is  divided,  in  ascending 
order,  into  Waverly,  Burlington,  Keokuk,  Warsaw,  St.  Louis,  and  Kaskaskia 
Groups.  These  Groups  have  been  fully  defined  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Ar- 
kansas, Indiana,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  and  can  be  determined  with  more 
or  less  satisfaction  beneath  the  Coal  Measures  in  the  four  larger  coal-basins,  though 
not  throughout  their  whole  extent.  For  example,  while  the  Groups  are  not  dis- 
tinctly marked  in  Pennsylvania,  they  can  be  readily  determined  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  basin  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  This  is  because  the  rocks  con- 
sist largely  of  sandstones  and  shales  in  the  east,  which  did  not  preserve  well  the 
fossils,  while  in  the  west  they  are  principally  limestones,  containing  fossils  in  great 
profusion  and  perfection.  In  Pennsylvania  the  sandstones  and  shales  have  a  thick- 
ness of  5,000  feet,  which  thin  westerly  and  southerly,  and  gradually  give  way  to 
limestones  and  deep  marine  deposits. 


SUBCARBONIFEROUS  SYSTEM.  67 

§  139.  In  Nova  Scotia  the  lower  part  is  called  Lower  Coal  Measures,  and  the 
upper  part  Lower  Carboniferous  Marine  Formation,  or  more  generally  the  whole 
is  called  Lower  Carboniferous,  even  where  its  thickness  is  6,000  feet.  It  consists 
of  sandstones,  shales,  conglomerates,  and  limestones,  with  beds  of  gypsum.  The 
limestones  bear  Brachiopods  specifically  identical  with  those  of  corresponding  age 
in  the  Illinois  basin.  In  Pennsylvania  and  in  Nova  Scotia  thin  seams  of  coal 
occur  in  the  strata,  which  is  not  the  case  farther  west.  On  Cape  Breton  the  thick- 
ness is  4,600  feet.  In  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  there  is  a  thickness  of  4,000  to 
7,000  feet  or  more,  and  the  several  Groups  may  be  determined  at  different  places. 
The  System  has  been  divided  in  the  west  into  the  Lodore  Group,  Tonto  Group, 
Red  Wall  Group,  Lower  Aubrey  Group,  and  Upper  Aubrey  Group.  Prof.  Daw- 
son  found  no  palseontological  or  stratigraphical  reason  for  regarding  the  Subcar- 
boniferous  as  a  System  distinct  from  the  Carboniferous,  but  as  it  is  generally  capable 
of  subdivision  into  Groups,  is  always  unconformable  with  the  Devonian,  begins 
with  a  sandstone,  and  is  followed  by  a  conglomerate  or  sandstone  unconformable 
with  it,  there  is  good  reason  for  retaining  the  name,  though  if  the  lines  were  not 
better  defined  elsewhere  than  in  Nova  Scotia,  we  might  join  Prof.  Dawsou  in  dis- 
carding it. 

§  140.  There  are'some  fossils  in  this  System  almost  world-wide  in  distribution, 
and  belonging  alike  to  all  the  Groups  into  which  it  has  been  subdivided  ;  viz. , 
Spirifera  striata,  Aihyris  lamettosa,  A.  planosulcata,  Orthis  michelini,  0.  resupinata,  and 
Produchis  semireticulatm.  There  are  some  that  occur  in  the  rocks  of  this  age  in 
each  of  the  Coal-basins  on  this  continent ;  as,  Athyris  siibtilita  and  Producing  cora. 
It  is  in  this  Sytem  at  Hillsborough,  New  Brunswick,  the  bituminous  mineral  Al- 
bertite  is  so  abundant.  The  rocks  are  thin-bedded  shales,  composed  of  fine,  indurated 
clay,  with  much  bituminous  matter,  and  are  full  of  fossil  fishes  in  a  good  state  of  pres- 
ervation. The  shales  have  been  disturbed  and  contorted,  and  contain  the  vein 
of  asphaltic  mineral  called  Albertite.  The  theory  of  its  creation  is  as  follows: 
The  argillaceous  mud  which  formed  the  indurated  shales,  was  charged  with  finely  com- 
minuted vegetable  matter,  which  in  its  decomposition  furnished  the  petroleum  that  at 
some  later  age  escaped  into  a  vein  or  fissure  in  the  rocks,  and  by  losing  its  more  volatile 
parts  and'partial  oxidation ,  it  hardened  into  the  coaly  or  asphaltic  substance.  No  extra 
heat  for  such  transformation  was  necessarily  required.  Springs  yielding  petroleum 
flow  from  these  rocks  in  various  places.  Peroxide  of  manganese,  used  in  bleaching 
and  in  gas  manufacture,  occurs  in  limestone  near  the  base  of  the  System,  and  wad 
or  black  manganese  ore  is  abundant  at  different  places.  Alum  frequently  occurs 
from  the  spontaneous  weathering  of  pyritous  shales,  and  is  sometimes  manufactured 
from  them.  Saline  springs  are  not  uncommon  ;  indeed,  they  are  numerous  from 
the  commencement  of  the  Upper  Silurian  rocks  to  the  close  of  this  System,  and 
occur  occasionally  both  above  and  below  such  range.  The  conglomerate  on  the 
Stewiacke,  Musquodoboit,  and  St.  Mary's  Rivers,  is  auriferous.  It  was  formed  from 
auriferous  quartz-veius,  derived  from  the  Taconic  System,  and  gold  occurs  in  it 
exactly  as  in  modern  auriferous  gravels,  being  found  in  the  lower  part  of  the  con- 
glomerate^ and  in  the  hollows  and  crevices  of  the  underlying  unconformable  rocks. 
The  rocks  of  the  age  of  this  System  in  Europe  are  commonly  known  as  the  Mount- 
ain Limestone. 


68  WA  VERL  Y  GRO  UP. 

CHAPTER    XXVI. 

\VAVERLY    GROUP 

§  141.  THIS  Group  was  named  in  1838,  by  Mr.  C.  Briggs,  an  assistant  geolo- 
gist on  the  Ohio  Survey,  from  Waverly,  Ohio,  where  it  consists  of  a  fine-grained 
sandstone,  about  300  feet  in  thickness,  superimposed  upon  a  black  argillaceous  slate 
200  or  300  feet  thick,  and  is  followed  by  from  40  to  80  feet  of  conglomerate.  He  iden- 
tified the  rocks  at  Portsmouth,  Piketown,  and  Chillicothe.  Mr.  J.  W.  Foster,  an- 
other assistant,  followed  them  through  Licking  and  Fairfield  Counties.  In  1839 
David  Dale  Owen,  after  having  examined  the  rocks  in  Ohio,  found  them  in  Indi- 
ana, Illinois,  and  Kentucky,  and  described  the  freestone  knobs  displayed  back  of 
New  Albany  as  the  Waverly  Sandstone  series,  and  referred  them  to  the  base  of 
his  Subcarboniferous  System.  Owen  established  this  Group  as  a  geological  sub- 
division by  a  fair  definition.  Owen,  Norwood,  Pratten,  and  other  Western  geolo- 
gists recognized  the  Group  from  that  time  forward.  In  1841  Hubbard  recognized 
the  Group  in  the  geological  survey  of  Michigan.  Hall  and  some  Eastern  geologists 
erroneously  asserted  the  rocks  were  of  Devonian  age.  In  1861,  Meek  and  Wortheu, 
having  ascertained,  upon  palseontological  evidence,  the  limestones  at  Rockford, 
Indiana,  at  Choteau,  Missouri,  and  at  Kinderhook,  in  Pike  County,  Illinois,  be- 
long to  the  base  of  the  Subcarboniferous  rocks,  proposed  to  call  them  the  Kinder- 
hook  Group.  They  understood  they  were  making  a  synonym,  but  supposed  they 
were  including  less  in  their  Group  than  is  included  in  the  Waverly.  In  the  same 
year  Alexander  Winchell  described  the  Marshall  Group  of  Michigan,  and  afterward 
thoroughly  defined  it,  and  proved  its  identity  with  the  Waverly  Group,  the  Kin- 
derhook, the  Yellow  sandstone  series  of  Iowa,  and  Choteau  limestone,  Vermicular 
sandstone  and  shale,  and  Lithographic  limestone  of  Missouri. 

§  142.  The  Group  in  Ohio  forms  a  belt  from  10  to  20  miles  in  width,  com- 
mencing near  the  mouth  of  the  Scioto,  and  bearing  north  and  north-east  toward 
Cleveland,  but  widening  as  it  approaches  Lake  Erie,  until  its  width  exceeds  40 
miles.  It  rests  upon  the  Portage  Group,  and  has  been  called  in  its  northern  ex- 
tension the  Cuyahoga  shale,  Berea  Grit,  Bedford  and  Cleveland  Shales.  It  crosses 
the  Ohio  from  the  Scioto,  and  entering  Kentucky  is  soon  broken  up  among  the 
mountain  ranges.  In  Indiana  it  forms  a  belt  extending  from  New  Albany  north, 
by  way  of  Rockford,  and  south  across  the  Ohio  River,  by  way  of  Danville  and 
Knob  Lick,  Kentucky.  The  fossiliferous,  greenish,  mottled  limestone  at  Rockford, 
so  famous  for  its  Goniatites  is  at  the  base  of  the  Group.  The  maximum  thickness 
in  Indiana  is  500  feet,  in  Kentucky  200  feet.  In  Michigan,  at  Marshall,  Hills- 
dale,  and  other  places,  it  consists  of  reddish,  yellowish,  and  greenish  sandstones, 
having  a  thickness  of  160  feet,  and  the  Napoleon  sandstone,  123  feet  in  thickness. 
It  furnishes  large  quantities  of  salt  and  gypsum.  The  brine  is  obtained  by  boring 
and  pumping,  and  very  large  salt-works  are  established  on  the  Lower  Saginaw  River. 
Salt  has  been  largely  manufactured  from  brine  obtained  from  the  rocks  in  Ohio.  The 
celebrated  Ohio  freestone,  so  much  used  for  building  purposes,  is  from  this  Group. 

§  143.  In  Missouri,  the  Lithographic  limestone  has  a  thickness  of  55  feet;  is 
a  fine-grained,  compact  limestone,  breaking  with  a  free,  conchoidal  fracture,  and  is 


BURLINGTON  GROUP.  69 

especially  characterized  by  Pentremites  roemeri.  The  Vermicular  sandstone  has  a 
thickness  of  75  feet,  and  is  ramified  with  irregular  perforations  resembling  worm- 
burrows.  The  Choteau  limestone  has  a  thickness  of  100  feet,  and  was  named  from 
Choteau  Springs,  in  Cooper  County.  It  has  an  extensive  geographical  distribution. 
At  Burlington,  Iowa,  the  Group  has  a  thickness  of  77  feet,  and  consists  of  shales 
and  sandstones,  capped  by  a  four-feet  bed  of  oolitic  rock.  It  thins  northerly  until 
it  disappears.  It  has  a  thickness  in  Illinois  of  200  feet,  and  at  Kinderhook  it  con- 
sists of  grit-stones,  sandy  and  argillaceous  shales,  with  thin  beds  of  fine-grained  and 
oolitic  limestone.  It  has  been  identified  in  the  Wahsatch  Range,  in  Utah,  and  at 
other  places  in  the  great  West. 

$  144.  The  fauna,  on  the  whole,  has  assumed  a  Carboniferous  aspect,  notice- 
able in  the  species  which  pass  to  higher  Groups,  and  more  strongly  in  the  genera  of 
fish  remains.  Fossils  having  a  wide  distribution  and  characteristic  species  are  Pro- 
ductella  concentrica,  Producing  cooperensis,  Spirifera  carteri,  S.  extenuata,  S.  pecu- 
liaris,  Syringothyris  halli,  Athyris  hannibalensis,  Rynchonella  hubbardi,  R.  missouriensis, 
Centronella  allii,  Bellerophon  cyrtolites,  Grammysia  hannibalensis,  Orthoceras  in- 
diamme,  Goniatites  oweni,  G.  marshallensis,  and  Phillipsia  doris. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

BURLINGTON    GROUP*. 

§  145.  THIS  Group  was  named  from  Burlington, .Iowa,  where  it  was  called  the 
Burlington  limestone  before  it  was  described  as  a  geological  subdivision.  No  single 
geologist  seems  to  have  established  the  Group,  or  to  have  introduced  the  name  to 
science,  though  the  first  full  definition  is  in  the  geological  survey  of  Iowa  for  1858. 
The  limestone  at  Burlington  is  subcrystalline,  often  friable,  and  largely  composed 
of  crinoidal  remains,  has  a  thickness  of  100  feet,  and  thins  out  northwardly.  It 
increases  in  silicious  matter  toward  the  top,  until  the  limestone  merges  into  silicious 
beds,  which,  without  evidence  of  unconformability,  separate  it  from  the  Keokuk 
Group.  Hall  referred  these  cherty  layers  to  the  Keokuk,  but  White,  Wachsmuth, 
and  others  refer  them  to  the  Burlington.  In  its  southern  extension,  the  Group 
dips  below  the  bed  of  the  Mississippi,  and  rises  again  at  Quincy,  and  furnishes  a 
fine  exposure  at  Hannibal,  Missouri.  It  exists  in  nearly  every  county  on  the 
Mississippi,  from  St.  Louis  to  Iowa,  and  west  from  St.  Charles  to  Howard  County, 
and  at  Sedalia.  The  thickness  varies  from  100  to  500  feet.  From  a  collection  of 
fossils  received  from  Prof.  Cope,  the  author  identified  the  Group  in  the  Lake 
Valley  Mining  District  of  New  Mexico;  and  it  doubtless  exists  at  other  places  in 
the  great  West. 

§  146.  The  separation  of  the  Burlington  from  the  Keokuk  could  not  be  main- 
tained were  it  not  for  the  great  change  in  the  specific  characters,  of  the  Crinoids, 
and  this  resulted  probably  from  the  deeper,  or  clearer,  or  less  disturbed  water  in  the 
western  localities  during  the  Burlington  period,  than  existed  in  the  eastern  locali- 
ties. The  detrital  material  may  have  prevented  the  recognition  of  the  Group  in 
the  Appalachian  system,  and  rocks  of  the  same  age  in  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana, 
and  other  States  may  be  referred  to  the  Waverly  or  the  Keokuk.  In  no  other 


70  KEOKUK  GROUP. 

period  did  the  harder  parts  of  Crinoids  so  completely  form  the  limestone,  and 
hence  it  is  pre-eminently  the  age  of  Crinoids.  As  the  Graptolida  reached  the 
height  of  development  in  the  Quebec  or  Upper  Taconic,  the  Orthoceratidce  in  the 
Black  River,  and  the  Cystidea  in  the  Niagara ;  so  did  the  Crinoidea  in  the  Burling- 
ton. The  bed  of  the  ocean  was  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  Crinoids,  one  gen- 
eration after  another,  while  the  superincumbent  water  swarmed  with  fish  and  in- 
vertebrate life.  About  400  species  of  Crinoids,  or  one-fourth  of  all  known,  are 
from  this  Group.  Among  those  having  the  greater  distribution  and  being  most 
characteristic  are  Dorycrinus  missouriensis,  D.  parvus,  D.  unicornis,  Batocrinus 
christyi,  B.  pyriformis,  B.  rotundiis,  Actinocrinus  proboscidialis,  Platycriniis  plamis, 
Amphoracrinus  divergent,  Belemnocrinus  typus,  Strotocrinus  regalis,  Steganocrimis  con- 
rinnus,  and  Physetocrinus  ventricosus. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

KEOKUK    GROUP. 

§  147.  THIS  Group  was  named  from  Keokuk,  Iowa,  where  it  was  extensively 
quarried,  and  known  as  the  Keokuk  limestone,  before  it  was  known  as  a  geological 
subdivision.  It  was  first  defined  by  Owen  in  1852,  and  afterward  by  Hall  in  1858. 
As  defined  by  Hall,  it  consisted  of  fifty  feet  of  fossiliferous  limestone  capped  by  40 
feet  of  shale,  abounding  in  geodes  of  quartz,  called  the  geode  bed.  Others  refer 
the  chert  layers,  which  separate  it  from  the  Burlington,  to  this  Group.  It  rapidly 
thins  out  to  the  north,  but  maintains  its  thickness  southerly  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Illinois  River,  and  appears  in  the  south-western  part  of  Missouri,  with  a  thickness 
of  200  feet,  where  it  is  a  lead-bearing  rock.  It  crops  out  in  Indiana,  40  or  50 
miles  north-west  of  Crawfordsville,  and  extends  southerly,  crossing  into  Kentucky 
a  short  distance  below  New  Albany.  The  thickness  does  not  much  exceed  100 
feet.  It  is  celebrated  at  Crawfordsville  for  the  abundance  and  perfection  of  the 
Crinoids;  entire  specimens — roots,  column,  head,  arms,  and  pinnules — have  been  col- 
lected. It  is  well  displayed  in  Southern  Kentucky,  at  King's  Mountain  tunnel, 
and  in  Tennessee,  where  the  thickness  is  200  feet.  It  occurs  in  Richland  County, 
Ohio,  and  at  other  places  on  the  western  border  of  the  Appalachian  coal  basin,  but 
has  not  been  described  on  the  eastern  border.  It  has  been  identified  at  numerous 
places  in  the  western  mountain  ranges. 

§  148.  Ores  of  lead  and  zinc  occur  in  South-western  Missouri  in  pockets  and 
fissures  associated  with  limestone  and  chert,  and  some  of  the  mines  are  very  rich 
and  have  been  largely  worked.  In  New  Mexico  and  south  of  there,  in  Mexico, 
silver  and  lead  occur  in  veins  and  fissures,  some  of  the  mines  being  very  valuable. 
Some  of  the  fossils  having  an  extensive  distribution,  and  being  characteristic,  are 
Dvrycrinus  misxissippierms,  Cyathocrinus  multibrachiatus,  Barycrinus  hoveyi,  For- 
besiocrinw*  wortheni,  Platyerinus  hemispheriew,  Agaricocrinus  americanus,  A.  wortheni, 
Actinocrimis  lowei,  A.  pernodosus,  Batocrinm  biturbinatus,  B.  indianenzis,  Gonias- 
teroidocrinw  tuberotu*,  Cyathocrinw  subtumidus,  Palceatis  compressits,  Amplexus  fragi- 
lis,  Productvs  vittatiix,  Orthis  keokuk,  Spirif&ra  keokuk,  S.  wborbicularis,  Platycera* 
fissurellum,  P.  equilaterak,  and  Lithophaga  ittinoisensis. 


WARSAW  GROUP— ST.  LOUIS  GROUP.  71 

CHAPTER   XXIX. 

\VARSAW    QROUP. 

§  149.  THIS  Group  was  named  from  Warsaw,  Illinois,  by  Hall,  in  1856,  and 
more  fully  defined  in  1858.  At  the  typical  locality,  near  Warsaw,  it  consists  of 
magnesian,  arenaceous,  and  shaly  limestones,  abounding  in  Bryozoa.  It  is  conform- 
able with  the  Keokuk,  only  a  few  feet  in  thickness,  and  generally  considered  as 
a  member  of  the  Keokuk.  I  have  retained  it,  because  so  many  small  fossils  have 
been  described  from  it,  which  have  been  the  means  of  identifying  it,  at  great  dis- 
tances from  the  typical  locality.  It  occurs  below  the  limestone  of  the  cliffs  at 
Alton,  Illinois;  at  Bloomington  and  Spergen  Hill,  Indiana;  and  in  St.  Genevieve 
County,  Missouri,  where  it  attains  its  maximum  thickness  of  100  feet.  It  should 
probably  be  regarded  as  a  mere  member  of  the  Keokuk  Group.  Some  of  the  fossils 
having  great  distribution,  and  therefore  characteristic,  are  Endothyra  baileyi,  Dicho- 
crinus  simplex,  Alloprosalloerinus  conicm,  Batocrinus  icosidactylus,  Pentremites  konincka- 
nus,  Productus  biseriatus,  Spiriferina  norwoodana,  Aihyris  hirsute,  Rhynchvnetta  grosve- 
nori,  R.  mutata,  Terebratula  turgida,  T.  formosa,  Cypricardinia  indianensis,  Betterophon 
sublcevis,  Naticopsis  carleyana,  Holopea  proutana,  Cyclonema  leavenworthanum,  Pleur- 
tomaria  subglobusa,  and  Spirorbvs  annulatus. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

ST.    LOUIS    OROUP. 

§  150.  THIS  Group  was  named  and  described  by  Dr.  Shumard  in  the  Geolog- 
ical Survey  of  Missouri,  in  1855.  In  St.  Louis  County  it  is  celebrated  for  its 
splendid  quarries,  and  consists  of  hard  crystalline  limestone,  sometimes  cherty,  with 
thin  layers  of  argillaceous  shales,  and  has  a  maximum  thickness  of  250  feet.  It 
forms  bluffs  below  St.  Louis  as  far  as  Carondelet,  where  it  dips  beneath  the  Missis- 
sippi, but  soon  rises  again,  and  forms  bluffs  as  far  as  the  Meramec,  some  of  which 
are  175  feet  high.  It  is  exposed  in  the  western  part  of  Illinois  and  eastern  part  of 
Missouri  and  Iowa,  thinning  out  a  short  distance  north  of  Keokuk.  It  forms  a 
band  of  red  clay,  chert,  and  limestone  bordering  the  Indiana  coal-fields,  and 
crosses  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  south,  by  way  of  Clarksville.  It  borders  the  Ap- 
palachian coal-field  in  Southern  Kentucky,  and  may  be  seen  at  Burnside,  on  the 
Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad  and  in  Eastern  Kentucky.  In  Indiana  it  consists  of 
limestones,  more  or  less  argillaceous,  with  beds  of  red  clay,  sometimes  containing 
geodes,  and  having  a  thickness  of  200  to  300  feet.  It  does  not  lose  its  thickness 
in  Kentucky  or  Tennessee,  but  becomes  more  cherty  and  silicious.  It  is  everywhere 
cavernous,  and  abounds  in  sunken  rivers,  lost  or  subterranean  streams,  and  in  sur- 
face, funnel-shaped  sink-holes.  The  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  and  the 
Wyandotte  Cave  of  Indiana,  which  has  been  explored  23  miles,  and  has  a  room 
240  feet  high,  are  in  this  Group. 


72  ST.  LOUIS  GROUP. 

§  151.  These  underground  avenues  have  resulted  from  percolating  water, 
without  the  intervention  of  earthquakes  or  other  extraordinary  agency.  Surface 
water  from  ordinary  rain-storms,  finding  its  way  through  the  ground  as  it  does,  to 
supply  common  springs,  will  take  up  carbonate  of  lime  in  chemical  solution  in 
limestone  countries,  and  by  so  doing  the  fissures  through  which  it  passes  will  be 
enlarged.  In  massive  limestones  with  thin,  shaly  partings,  the  constant  action  for  ages 
of  percolating  water,  aided  by  disengaged  carbonic-acid  gas,  will  enlarge  the  fissures 
into  rivulets,  which  will  culminate  in  a  subterranean  river,  finding  an  outlet  in  some 
open  stream  at  a  lower  level.  Such  is  the  process  by  which  the  sink-holes, 
caverns,  and  subterranean  streams  in  this  Group  of  rocks  have  been  formed. 
Slight  projections  on  the  walls  record  the  different  stages  of  the  streams  as  they 
were  slowly  cutting  their  way  to  greater  depths  in  the  limestone.  At  the  bottom 
of  caverns  where  little  or  no  water  is  now  flowing,  rounded  pebbles  that  have 
played  their  part  in  grinding  out  the  channels  occur,  as  well  as  sand  and  clay. 

§  152.  When  water,  holding  bicarbonate  of  lime  in  solution,  slowly  drops  from 
the  ceiling  of  a  cavern,  exposed  to  the  air  long  enough  to  allow  one  equivalent  of 
carbonic-acid  gas  to  escape,  the  lime  is  crystallized.  If  the  deposit  takes  place 
from  above  downward,  in  the  form  of  an  icicle,  it  constitutes  stalactite ;  but  if  it  forms 
on  the  floor,  from  below  upward,  it  is  stalagmite.  These  two  sometimes  meet  and 
form  columns.  If  the  solution  which  forms  the  stalactites  is  free  from  oxide  of 
iron  and  other  impurities,  they  will  be  translucent  or  milk-white.  The  presence 
of  iron  gives  them  a  dirty  yellow,  red,  or  brown  color.  The  chambers  in  which 
gypsum  occurs  are  dry,  and  when  rosettes  of  alabaster  or  translucent  lime  are 
formed  the  caverns  must  be  dry,  as  they  will  not  form  in  a  damp  atmosphere. 

§  153.  The  fossils  having  the  greatest  distribution,  and  which  are  most  char- 
acteristic of  this  Group  are  Lithostrotion  canadense,  L.  proliferum,  Productus  ovatus, 
P.  marginicinctus,  Melonites  mtdtiporus,  Myalina  st  ludovici,  Tenmocheilm  coxanum,  and 
Solenocheilus  collectum.  Ores  of  lead  and  zinc  occur  in  pockets  and  fissures  in 
Livingston,  Crittenden,  and  Caldwell  Counties,  Kentucky,  and  at  Rosiclare,  Illinois. 
The  ores  are  associated  with  fluor  spar  and  calc  spar.  The  principal  gaugue  with 
which  the  lead  is  associated  in  Hardiu  County,  Illinois,  is  fluor  spar,  and  it  is 
thoroughly  disseminated  through  it.  The  fluor  spar  is  used  for  the  manufacture 
of  hydro-fluoric  acid,  and  as  a  flux  for  smelting  ores,  where  sulphuret  of  zinc  is 
associated  with  galena.  Lead  occurs  associated  with  different  minerals  and  in 
many  Groups  of  rocks,  but  never  appears  to  have  had  an  igneous  origin. 


KASKASKIA  GROUP—  CARBONIFEROUS  SYSTEM.  73 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

GROUP. 


§  154.  DR.  GEO.  G.  AND  B.  F.  SHUMARD  were  acquainted  with  this  Group,  in 
Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Arkansas,  in  1852,  but  did  not  name  it. 
In  1856  Hall  named  it,  from  Kaskaskia,  Illinois,  and  more  fully  defined  it  in  1858. 
In  1866  Prof.  Worthen  called  it  the  Chester  Group,  because  he  had  proposed 
the  name  in  1853,  and  had  so  informed  Prof.  Hall  while  acting  as  his  assistant  in 
1855  ;  but  the  latter  published  the  information,  and  instead  of  using  the  name 
Chester  used  Kaskaskia.  Chester  is  the  shortest  and  best  name,  but  Kaskaskia 
has  priority  of  publication.  At  the  typical  locality  it  consists  of  a  compact,  arena- 
ceous, and  coarse-textured  limestone,  with  shaly  partings,  in  the  lower  part,  heavy- 
bedded  sandstone  and  limestone,  with  shaly  partings,  in  the  central  part,  followed 
by  a  mass  of  green  shale,  succeeded  by  heavy-bedded  limestone.  The  thickness  at 
Chester  is  198  feet,  at  Huntsville,  Alabama,  635  feet,  on  the  southern  line  of 
Tennessee  720  feet,  at  the  northern  line  400  feet,  and  in  Indiana  300  feet.  It 
forms  a  belt  surrounding  the  Illinois  and  Indiana  Coal-basin,  exists  upon  the  western 
and  south-western  border  of  the  Appalachian  .Coal-basin,  and  upon  the  eastern  bor- 
der of  the  Missouri  and  Arkansas  Coal-basin.  It  consists  everywhere  of  fossiliferous 
limestones  and  sandstones,  and  is  followed  by  rocks  unconformable  with  it. 

§  155.  The  fossils  having  the  greatest  distribution  and  most  characteristic  are 
Acrocrinus  shumardi,  Agassizocrinus  conicus,  Hydreionocrinus  depressus,  Pentremites 
godoni,  P.  sulcatus,  P.  cervinus,  P.  obesus,  P.  pyriformis,  Pterotocrinus  capitalis, 
Tcdarocrirms  cwnigerus,  Zeacrinus  maniformis,  Athyris  sublamettosa,  A.  subquadrata, 
Spirifera  increbescens,  Spiriferina  spinosa,  Eiiomphalus  planidorsatus,  and  Temnochettw 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

• 

CARBONIFEROUS    SYSTEM. 

§  156.  THIS  system  is  divided  into  the  Carboniferous  Conglomerate,  Coal 
Measures,  and  Permian  Group.  The  Carboniferous  Conglomerate  rests  uncoii- 
formably  upon  the  Subcarboniferous  rocks,  and  forms  a  belt  around  all  the  coal- 
basins.  It  is  a  massive  sandstone  or  conglomerate,  almost  nonfossiliferous,  except 
the  occasional  presence  of  Stigmaria,  Catamites,  and  Lepidodendron.  In  Indiana  the 
thickness  is  about  200  feet,  in  Illinois  about  300  feet,  in  Kentucky  500  feet,  in 
Ohio  200  feet,  in  Michigan  100  feet,  in  Pennsylvania  1,500  feet,  in  Virginia  1,000 
feet,  and  in  Nova  Scotia,  where  it  is  called  the  Millstone  grit,  6,000  feet.  The 
pebbles  are  well  rounded,  showing  the  fragments  of  rock  were  rolled  for  a  long 
time  on  the  beaches  by  the  action  of  the  winds  and  waves,  before  they  were 
cemented  into  rock.  A  similar  conglomerate  separates  the  Subcarboniferous  and 
Coal  Measures  in  Europe,  where  it  is  called  the  Millstone  Grit.  It  bears  the  marks 
everywhere  of  a  shore-line  deposit  that  surrounded  the  basins  of  internal  seas.  It 
does  not  underlie  the  whole  of  the  Coal  Measures — the  central  parts  of  the  basins 
are  free  from  it,  as  is  shown  by  artesian  boring. 


74  COAL  MEASURES. 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

COAL    MEASURES. 

§  157.  THE  name  "Coal  Measures"  originated  among  the  miners  of  England 
before  Geology  became  a  science.  It  is  familiarly  used  in  the  earliest  text-books 
on  Geology,  as  a  scientific  term,  which  was  understood  without  a  definition.  It  is 
applied  to  part  of  the  Carboniferous  System,  and  not  to  Cretaceous  or  Tertiary 
Coal  regions.  The  Coal  Measures  consist  of  beds  of  sandstone,  shale,  slate,  lime- 
stone, clay,  and  coal,  which  are  variable  in  their  geographical  distribution.  The 
area  covered  in  North  America  is  estimated  at  about  210,000  square  miles,  nearly 
all  of  which  is  included  in  five  fields,  four  of  which  are  in  the  United  States  and  one 
in  Nova  Scotia.  Canada  and  British  America  are  destitute  of  this  important  deposit, 
as  well  as  many  States  in  the  Union,  among  which  are  Maine,  New  Hampshire. 
Vermont,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  South  Carolina,  Florida, 
Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin. 

§  158.  The  Coal  Measures  of  Novia  Scotia  rest  upon  Subcarboniferous  rocks, 
and  are  divided  into  the  Millstone  Grit,  Middle  Coal  Formation,  and  Upper  Coal 
Formation.  A  section  of  the  Millstone  Grit  is  as  follows:  1.  Reddish  shales  and 
red  and  gray  sandstones,  having  a  thickness  of  2,082  feet,  containing  no  coal,  and 
poor  in  fossils,  except  a  few  drifted  trunks  of  trees.  2.  Sandstones,  red  shales,  and 
a  few  dark-colored  shales,  with  nine  small  or  rudimentary  coal-beds,  with  a  total 
thickness  of  3,240  feet.  The  underclays  abound  in  Sigttlaria,  and  some  strata  are 
quite  fossiliferous,  containing  plants,  crustaceans,  and  fish.  3.  Red  and  gray  sand- 
stones, red  and  chocolate  shales,  arenaceous  conglomerates,  and  thin  beds  of  con- 
cretionary limestones,  having  a  thickness  of  700  feet,  making  a  total  thickness  of 
6,000  feet.  The  Middle  Coal  Formation  includes  the  productive  coal-beds,  and 
contains  no  marine  limestones  or  conglomerates.  It  consists  of  shales  and  sand- 
stones, and  has  a  thickness  of  4,000  feet.  The  Upper  Coal  Formation  consists  of 
shales,  sanflstones,  conglomerates,  limestone,  and  coal,  and  has  a  thickness  of  3,000 
feet.  On  Cape  Breton,  the  last  two  divisions  have  a  thickness  of  10,000  feet, 
making  the  maximum  thickness  of  the  Measures,  16,000  feet.  From  Nova  Scotia 
the  Measures  dip  south-west,  and  reappear  in  the  form  of  a  subtriangular  basin  in 
New  Brunswick.  The  area  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  is  18,000  square 
miles.  The  coal  is  all  bituminous.  There  are  72  seams  and  numerous  dark  bauds 
containing  more  or  less  carbonaceous  material.  A  coal-bed  at  Pictou  is  37£ 
feet  thick,  and  another  22J  feet.  A  large  part  of  the  coal-basin  is  beneath  the 
waters  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

§  159.  The  first  coal-field  in  the  United  States  is  the  Appalachian,  which  extends 
over  important  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Maryland,  Ohio, 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Alabama.  Its  length  is  875  miles,  and  width  from  30 
to  200  miles.  The  anthracite  region  is  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  does  not  cover  500  square  miles.  The  coal-beds  form  synclinals,  auticlinals, 
or  stand  highly  tilted  on  their  edges,  but  are  never  horizontal.  All  the  other  parts 
of  this  great  area,  estimated  at  60,000  square  miles,  produce  only  bituminous  coal, 
and  the  beds  may  be  horizontal  or  possessed  of  a  slight  dip,  to  which  all  the  strata 


COAL  MEASURES.  75 

are  subjected.  The  aggregate  thickness  of  the  coal-beds  in  the  Pottsville  district 
is  120  feet,  in  the  Wilkesbarre  district  62  feet,  and  in  the  Pittsburg  district  25J 
feet.  The  thickest  vein  at  Wilkesbarre  is  29£  feet,  and  at  Pittsburg  8  feet. 
The  best  seam  in  Ohio  is  from  6  to  12  feet  in  thickness,  and  is  called  the  Hocking 
River  Coal-bed. 

§  160.  The  second  coal-field  in  importance  covers  nearly  two-thirds  of  Illinois, 
the  western  part  of  Indiana,  and  the  western  part  of  Kentucky,  and  has  an  area 
of  47,000  square  miles.  The  coal  is  bituminous,  and  the  aggregate  thickness  of 
the  coal-beds  is  about  40  feet.  Indiana  is  celebrated  for  her  block  coal.  There 
are  ten  seams  of  coal  in  a  vertical  thickness  of  600  feet  in  Illinois,  and  six  of  them 
are  from  2  and  one-half  to  6  feet  each  in  thickness. 

§  161.  The  third  coal-field  in  importance  is  the  larger  one,  and  occupies  parts 
of  Iowa,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Arkansas,  and  Texas,  and  has  an  area  of 
80,000  square  miles.  The  coal  is  all  bituminous.  The  western  part  of  Missouri 
and  eastern  part  of  Kansas  bear  coal  in  abundance.  The  Coal  Measures  are  the 
lowest  Group  of  rocks  exposed  in  Kansas,  and  have  a  thickness  of  2,000  feet. 
There  are  22  seams  of  coal,  varying  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches  to  seven  feet. 
Ten  of  them  are  more  than  a  foot  each  in  thickness.  The  coal  in  Arkansas  is 
excellent. 

§  162.  The  fourth  coal-field  is  in  Michigan,  and  occupies  about  6,700  square 
miles,  with  a  thickness  of  about  125  feet.  The  coal  is  bituminous,  and  consists  of 
one  bed  from  3  to  5  feet  in  thickness  throughout  the  whole  shallow  basin,  being 
thinnest  near  the  border.  Toward  the  central  axis  of  the  basin  there  are  2  or  3  thin 
seams  in  close  proximity  to  the  main  seam.  The  shales  are  well  stocked  with 
fern-leaves  and  other  terrestrial  vegetation.  There  is  a  small  area  in  Rhode  Island 
and  Massachusetts  of  about  1,000  square  miles,  having  a  thickness  of  6,500  feet, 
but  possessing  no  valuable  coal-seam.  The  basin  has  suffered  by  the  metamorphism 
of  the  rocks  and  plication  of  the  strata.  The  coal-seams  have  been  changed  to 
anthracite,  and  are  often  somewhat  wedge-shaped  or  of  irregular  thickness. 

§  163.  The  Coal  Measures  were  deposited  in  basins,  and  must  necessarily  vary 
much  in  thickness,  the  Group  in  Nova  Scotia  being  thicker  than  elsewhere,  and 
the  Group  in  Michigan  thinner.  The  maximum  thickness  in  Pennsylvania  is  8,000 
feet ;  Ohio,  2,500  feet ;  Tennessee,  2,500  feet ;  Western  Kentucky,  3,500  feet ; 
Indiana,  1,000  feet,  and  Missouri,  2,000  feet.  The  Group  is  frequently  separated  into 
an  upper  and  lower  series  by  the  intervention  of  a  conglomerate,  and  sometimes  more 
than  one  conglomerate  exists  in  the  Group.  Marine  vegetation  abounds  at  some 
localities,  and  land  or  marsh  plants  are  distributed  throughout  the  shales,  sand- 
stones, and  coal.  Coal  was  formed  from  plants  which  grew  in  swamps,  marshes, 
and  open  seas,  and,  where  valuable,  it  is  quite  free  from  sediment,  such  as  would 
have  accompanied  much  disturbance  of  the  water.  The  beds  usually  rest  on  clay, 
bearing  Stigmaria  and  stumps  of  trees,  and  are  followed  by  rocks  bearing  the  leaves 
of  the  vegetation  of  that  era.  The  clay  beneath  the  coal-beds  is  usually  an  argil- 
laceous sediment,  almost  devoid  of  alkalies,  and  represents  the  ancient  soil  in  which 
the  coal  vegetation  flourished,  and  apparently  deprived  it  of  the  greater  part  of  its 
potash.  This  clay  is  usually  excellent  fire-clay.  From  the  coal,  as  from  modern 
peat,  the  alkalies  were  almost  entirely  removed  by  the  action  of  water.  The 
waters  were  fresh,  brackish,  and  salt  at  different  times  and  at  different  places.  The 


76  COAL  MEASURES. 

marshes  were  subject  to  overflows,  as  shown  by  the  remains  of  fish  and  beds  of 
sand  and  shale,  while  land-shells,  air-breathing  reptiles,  and  trees  show  t;he  presence 
of  laud.  The  bark  of  the  trees  was  the  [most  durable  part,  and  it  is  not  un- 
usual in  sandstone  to  find  only  a  cast  of  the  tree,  covered  with  a  thin  film  of  coal, 
retaining  the  original  markings  of  the  bark.  Some  blocks  of  coal  are  composed  of 
thin  layers  formed  from  the  bark  of  trees  and  nothing  else.  Beds  vary  in  purity, 
from  coal  with  less  than  one  per  cent  of  earthy  matter  to  dark-colored  shales,  with 
only  a  trace  of  coal. 

§  164.  When  bituminous  coal  has  lost  part  of  its  hydrocarbon  gas,  it  is  semi- 
bituminous,  as  at  Blossburg  and  Broad  Top  Mountain  coal-fields  in  Pennsylvania ; 
but  if  the  bitumen  is  all  driven  off,  it  is  converted  into  anthracite.  At  gas- 
works bituminous  coal  is  put  in  a  retort,  and  by  the  application  of  heat  the  gas 
is  driven  off,  leaving  a  residue  of  coke ;  but  if  the  gas  is  driven  off  under  great 
pressure,  the  residuum  is  anthracite.  When  coal  melts  and  runs  together  in  the 
fire,  forming  a  crust  which  must  be  broken  to  give  vent  to  the  draft,  it  is  cok- 
ing coal.  Splint-coal  or  block-coal  does  not  melt  and  run  together,  and  is  there- 
fore dry-burning  coal.  Cannel-coal  burns  with  a  bright  flame  like  that  of  a 
candle,  from  which  circumstance  it  derived  its  name.  Cannel  was  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  caudle  in  Scotland  and  England,  where  this  coal  received  its  name.  Coal 
containing  sulphur  is  unfit  for  smelting  iron  ores  in  a  blast-furnace,  and  is  not 
suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  illuminating  gas. 

§  165.  Bituminous  shales  frequently  contain  iron  ore  disseminated  through 
them,  either  as  a  carbonate  or  sesquioxide,  and  sometimes  forming  black-bands. 
The  same  layer  of  shale  which  constitutes  black-band  ore  at  one  place  will 
have  the  ore  gathered  in  balls,  arranged  in  rows,  at  another  place.  By  chem- 
ical affinity  the  disseminated  particles  were  brought  together,  and  formed  into 
balls  or  discs;  and  hence  the  iron  exists  in  all  stages,  from  fine  distribution 
through  the  shales  to  layers  of  kidney  ores,  with  whitened  shales  intervening. 
The  iron  ores  of  the  Coal  Measures  are  generally  hardened  mud,  charged  with 
iron,  or  clay-iron  stone,  and  rarely  yield  more  than  40  per  cent  of  iron,  and  they 
are  not  of  much  value  except  as  they  exist  around  the  margin  of  the  Appalachian 
coal-field  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures.  No  good  iron-mines  are  found  in  the 
other  coal-basins.  The  greater  part  of  iron  manufactured  from  these  ores  has  been 
obtained  in  Pennsylvania. 

§  166.  The  first  trace  of  reptiles  observed  in  the  Carboniferous  System  con- 
sisted of  foot-prints,  found  in  1841,  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Hortou  Bluff,  in 
Nova  Scotia.  This  was  followed  in  1844  by  the  discovery  of  reptilian  bones  at 
Saarbruck,  and  in  1851  to  1853,  bones  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  laud-snail,  Pupa 
vetusta.  Since  that  time  the  discoveries  have  been  numerous.  There  is  no  reason 
to  suppose  the  atmosphere  was  charged  then  with  any  more  carbonic  acid  than  it 
is  now;  on  the  contrary,  the  air-breathing  animals  prove  it  was  not.  The  life  of 
plants  and  animals  is  controlled  by  oxygen,  and  the  adaptation  of  organs  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  its  properties.  If  there  was  less  oxygen  iu  the  atmosphere,  the  mem- 
branous reptile  lung  could  not  supply  the  demands  of  its  system,  and  analogy  proves 
these  animals  could  not  have  existed  in  the  coal  period  with  a  less  proportion  of 
oxygen  than  is  required  now. 

§  167.  The  coal-beds  and  the  vegetation  of  the   coal  period   are  usually  suffi- 


PERMIAN  GROUP.  77 

cient  to  determine  the  age  of  the  rocks,  but  some  of  the  invertebrate  characteristic 
fossils  of  wide  geographical  distribution  are  :  Fusulina  cylindrica,  Lophophyllum  pro- 
liferum,  Spirifera  camerata,  Productus  rogersi,  P.  nebraskemis,  P.  longispinus,  Chone- 
tes  mesolobus,  Athyris  subtilita,  Spiriferina  kentuckiensis,  Macrodon  carbonarius,  Allor- 
isma  subeuneatum,  Aviculopecten  rectilaterarius,  Pernopecten  aviculatus,  Pinna  peracuta, 
Crenipecten  retiferus,  Myalina  subquadrata,  Bellerophon  carbonarius,  Pleurotomaria  tab- 
ulata,  P.  sph&rulata,  MacrochUina  gracilis,  M.  primigenia,  M.  kansasensis,  M.  cari- 
nata,  Nautilus  mvssouriensis,  PhUlipsia  missouriensis,  and  P.  sangamonensis. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

PERMIAN    GROUF>. 

§  168.  This  Group  was  described  by  Murchison  in  1845,  in  Russia  and  the 
Ural  Mountains,  and  named  from  Perm,  in  Russia.  It  was  first  ascertained  in 
this  country  by  Swallow  in  1858,  in  Kansas,  where  it  has  a  thickness  of  320  feet. 
Norwood  announced  its  existence  in  Illinois,  and  Shumard  described  it  in  the  Guada- 
lupe  Mountains  of  New  Mexico,  where  it  consists  of  white  limestone,  having  a 
thickness  of  1,000  feet.  In  Kansas  it  consists  of  magnesian  limestone,  marls, 
shales,  conglomerates,  and  gypsum  ;  the  magnesian  character  increases  southerly  to 
New  Mexico.  Fossils  are  abundant  on  the  Cotton  wood,  with  sun-cracks  and  ripple 
marks,  and  sometimes  small  piles  of  fossils  and  fragments  appear,  as  if  washed  together. 
It  is  conformable  with  the  Coal  Measures.  In  Pennsylvania  the  Upper  Barren  Meas- 
ures, having  a  thickness  of  1,000  feet,  are  referred  to  it.  It  is  claimed  the  reptilian  re- 
mains in  Illinois  and  Texas  have  shown  its  existence  in  those  States.  It  is  always 
unconformable  with  the  rocks  above,  in  this  country  and  elsewhere.  Characteristic 
species  are  Pseudomonotis  hawni,  Myalina  permiana,  Bakevdlia  parva,  Monotis  halli,  and 
Pleurophorus  subcuneatus. 

§  169.  This  Group  closes  the  Palaeozoic  series,  to  which  this  work  is  chiefly  de- 
voted. All  the  Groups  exist  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  except  the  subdi- 
visions of  the  Subcarboniferous  can  not  be  distinguished,  and  the  doubtful  Quebec 
Group  has  no  existence  there.  The  maximum  thickness  in  these  States  is  about 
38,000  feet.  Some  of  the  Groups  in  the  Lower  Silurian  have  greater  thickness  in 
other  States  than  they  have  in  these  two,  and  the  Coal  Measures  are  much  thicker 
in  Nova  Scotia  than  they  are  in  Pennsylvania.  The  whole  Palaeozoic  series  in  the 
western  ranges  of  mountains  has  an  estimated  thickness  of  about  40,000  feet. 


78  TRIASSIC  SYSTEM. 

CHAPTER  XXXV. 

TRIASSIC    SYSTEM. 

§  170.  THE  Mesozoic  era  is  divided  into  three  grand  ages — Triassic,  Jurassic, 
and  Cretaceous.  The  name  Triassic  was  applied  to  the  rocks  in  Germany,  in  allu- 
sion to  a  threefold  'division  which  they  present  in  that  country ;  but  no  such 
division  exists  in  America.  Indeed,  notwithstanding  the  vast  thickness  of  the 
rocks,  they  have  thus  far  baffled  all  attempts  to  divide  them  into  Groups,  and,  on 
account  of  the  similarity  of  the  rocks  with  the  Jurassic,  and  the  barrenness  of  fos- 
sils in  the  eastern  exposures,  these  Systems  have  not  been  satisfactorily  defined  and 
separated.  On  the  eastern  part  of  the  continent  they  fill  synclinal  troughs,  and 
have  been  very  much  disturbed  by  intrusive  rocks  and  volcanic  action.  They  gen- 
erally rest  on  Laurentian  or  Taconic  strata,  and,  of  course,  the  bed  is  always  un- 
conformable.  But  on  the  western  part  of  the  continent  they  are  frequently 
undisturbed,  and  spread  over  great  areas  of  country,  resting  on  unconformable 
rocks.  The  Triassic  in  the  Connecticut  Valley  extends  from  Northfield,  in  the 
northern  part  of  Massachusetts,  across  the  latter  State  and  Connecticut  to  New 
Haven,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  a  distance  of  105  miles.  It  fills  a  synclinal  trough, 
and  has  its  greatest  width  at  the  mouth  of  the  Farmington  River,  which  is  about 
20  miles.  The  rocks  consist  of  red  sandstones,  conglomerates,  shales,  and  occa- 
sionally impure  limestone.  The  maximum  thickness  is  about  20,000  feet,  but  the 
upper  8,500  feet  is  referred  to  the  Jurassic,  leaving  11,500  feet  for  the  Triassic. 
A  great  many  reptilian  tracks,  some  fish  and  a  few  land-plants  and  fucoids,  have 
been  described  from  these  rocks.  Much  excellent  building-stone  has  been  quarried 
from  the  sandstone.  About  15  miles  west  of  the  exposure,  on  Long  Island  Sound, 
there  is  another  exhibit,  about  6  or  7  miles  long  and  2  miles  wide. 

§  171.  A  long  trough  and  great  exposure  begins  at  Stony  Point,  on  the  Hud- 
son, and  extends  across  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland  to  Culpeper 
County,  Virginia.  It  has  a  length  of  about  350  miles,  and,  though  frequently 
narrowing  to  a  breadth  of  4  or  5  miles,  expands  in  New  Jersey  to  a  width  of  about 
36  miles.  The  general  character  of  the  rocks  is  like  those  in  the  Connecticut  Val- 
ley, and  the  total  thickness  on  the  Delaware  River  is  27,000  feet,  part  of  which  is 
probably  Jurassic.  Another  range  crosses  the  Potomac  near  Washington  City,  and 
extends  25  or  30  miles  beyond  Richmond,  and  another  exists  25  miles  west  of 
this  one.  There  is  a  valuable  coal-field  in  this  System  in  Virginia,  which  is  about 
26  miles  long  and  4  to  12  wide.  The  James  River  flows  through  the  middle  of  it, 
about  15  miles  from  the  northern  extremity,  while  the  Appomattox  traverses  it 
near  its  southern  border,  and  on  its  eastern  side  it  is  distant  from  Richmond  about 
13  miles.  A  great  many  fossil  plants  have  been  described  from  this  locality. 
There  are  two  basins  in  North  Carolina.  One  begins  at  Lakeville,  and  extends 
about  30  miles  south-west  to  Germantown,  being  from  4  to  6  miles  wide;  and  the 
other  commences  in  Granville  County,  six  miles  south  of  Oxford,  and  extends 
south-west  about  120  miles,  reaching  6  miles  into  South  Carolina.  Its  width 
is  generally  about  6  miles,  but  at  the  widest  part  18  miles.  The  thickness  in  some 
places  exceeds  25,000  feet;  the  area  is  about  1,000  square  miles,  nearly  one-third 


TRIASSIC  SYSTEM.  79 

of  which  contains  coal-beds.  Very  valuable  beds  of  coal  and  beds  of  good  argil- 
laceous iron  ore  are  distributed  through  it.  Many  fossils  have  been  described  from 
these  rocks,  and  among  them  DromaOierium  sylvestre,  the  earliest  fossil  mammal  yet 
discovered  in  America.  The  rocks  occur  in  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  north  and  south 
sides  of  Cobequid  Bay,  from  Moose  River  to  the  mouth  of  North  River,  and  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Prince  Edward's  Island,  which  stretches  for  125 
miles  along  the  northern  coast  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  consists  of 
rocks  of  this  age. 

§  172.  The  red  beds  of  the  Triassic,  consisting  of  every  texture  of  sandstone 
and  all  varieties  of  red,  are  distributed  almost  throughout  the  Rocky  Mountain 
system  from  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  regions,  covering  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
square  miles.  Fossils  have  been  collected  and  described  from  every  territory  and 
from  nearly  every  mountain  range  throughout  this  vast  extent  of  country.  Over 
extensive  areas  of  country  the  Triassic  rocks  are  more  than  a  mile  in  thickness, 
and  bear  internal  evidence  of  having  been  deposited  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean 
without  any  mechanical  sediment.  Not  a  single  species  of  any  organism  found  in 
rocks  earlier  or  later  than  the  Triassic  have  ever  been  found  within  it,  and  very 
few  genera  are  common  to  it  and  rocks  of  earlier  or  more  recent  date. 

§  173.  In  Colorado  and  Utah  the  lower  part  of  the  Triassic  has  been  called 
the  Shinarump  Group,  and  the  upper  part  the  Vermilion  Cliff  Group.  The  rocks 
of  the  Shinarump  are  persistent  in  their  characters  for  hundreds  of  miles,  and  the 
coloring  is  strong  and  deep.  They  weather  into  striking  architectural  forms  and 
terraced  buttes.  The  rocks  of  the  Vermilion  Cliff  Group  are  colored  a  brilliant 
red,  approximating  vermilion,  or  sometimes  inclining  to  orange,  and  constitute  the 
great  cliff-forming  series  of  the  West.  The  Group  consists  of  massive  layers  of 
homogeneous  sandstone,  from  100  to  300  feet  in  thickness,  with  shaly  layers  inter- 
vening ;  the  shales  disintegrate,  and  thereby  the  sandrock  is  undermined  and  breaks 
off  vertically.  This  process,  in  time,  has  presented  a  series  of  perpendicular  walls 
and  sloping  taluses.  In  the  West  Humboldt  Range  of  Mountains  the  lower  part  has 
been  called  the  Koipato  Group,  and  the  upper  part  the  Star  Peak  Group.  The  maxi- 
mum thickness  in  this  region  has  been  estimated  at  16,000  feet.  The  fantastic 
columns  in  the  "Garden  of  the  Gods"  and  in  Pleasant  Park,  Colorado,  have  been 
weathered  out  of  the  sandstones  of  this  System. 


80  JUKASSIC  SYSTEM. 

CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

JURASSIC    SYSTEM, 

§  174.  The  Jurassic  System  was  named  from  the  Jura  Mountains,  of  Switzer- 
land. No  Tngonia,  Belemnites,  Ammonites,  or  specially  characteristic  fossils  of  the 
Jurassic,  have  been  found  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent,  notwithstanding 
the  upper  part  of  the  rocks  described  in  the  last  chapter  may  be  Jurassic.  The 
Jurassic  fossils,  however,  occur  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  Ranges  from  Mexico  to 
the  Arctic  regions.  The  rocks  exist  in  every  State  and  Territory  throughout  that 
vast  extent  of  country,  varying  in  thickness  from  a  few  hundred  feet  to  10,000 
feet.  They  follow  the  Triassic,  and  generally  rest  upon  it.  Fossils  have  been  de- 
scribed from  California,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Idaho,  Colorado,  Nevada,  Montana' 
Dakota,  British  Columbia,  Cook's  Inlet,  Alaska,  Point  Wilkie  on  Prince  Patrick's 
Land,  and  the  islands  north  of  Grinnell  Land.  In  some  parts  of  its  grand  geo- 
graphical distribution  it  is  composed  of  sandstones  and  clays,  resembling,  in  appear- 
ance, the  Triassic ;  but  in  others  it  consists  of  limestones,  sandstones,  shales,  and 
clays,  indicating  shallow  water,  and  bearing  no  resemblance  to  the  Triassic.  The 
limestones  are  frequently  fossiliferous,  and  show  the  progress  animal  life  had  made 
in  the  ocean,  and  vegetation  had  made  on  the  land.  Of  50  genera  of  vertebrates 
described  from  the  Jurassic,  none  of  them  are  Palaeozoic,  and  only  two  have  been 
doubtfully  identified  in  the  Cretaceous.  Ammonite*,  Ceratites,  and  Belemnites  made 
their  first  appearance  in  the  Jurassic,  and  became  extinct  in  the  Cretaceous.  The 
genus  Spirifera,  so  abundant  in  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous,  became  extinct  in 
the  Jurassic.  Several  genera  of  mammalian  remains  have  been  defined  from  the 
Jurassic,  but  they  are  all  peculiar  to  it.  No  single  species  of  plant  or  animal  is 
common  to  the  Jurassic  and  any  other  formation.  Ten  genera  of  Carboniferous 
plants  have  been  identified  in  the  Jurassic,  and  four  genera  occurring  in  the  Juras- 
sic have  been  identified  in  the  Cretaceous.  There  is  a  general  progress  among  the 
invertebrates  toward  succeeding  ages,  but  the  evolution  of  the  vertebrates  is  very 
much  more  marked.  There  is  almost  universal  unconformability  with  the  overlying 
Cretaceous,  and  hence  there  is  an  era  of  time  not  represented  by  the  rocks.  It  has 
been  called  the  Reptilian  age,  because  of  the  gigantic  saurians  which  then  infested 
the  seas.  Some  of  the  rocks  belonging  to  this  System  in  California,  and,  especially 
about  Mariposa,  are  said  to  be  gold-bearing,  but  minerals  are  generally  very  scarce. 


CRETACEOUS  SYSTEM.  81 

CHAPTER    XXXVII. 

CRETACEOUS    SYSTEM. 

§  175.  THE  name  Cretaceous  is  from  the  Latin  Greta,  chalk,  and  was  applied 
to  the  rocks  in  Europe  long  before  its  use  as  a  geological  term.  The  existence  of 
the  Cretaceous  on  this  continent  was  first  ascertained,  in  1827,  by  Morton  and  Van- 
uxem.  The  Cretaceous  is  found  either  exposed  upon  the  surface,  or  covered  by 
the  Tertiary,  forming  a  border  of  variable  width  on  the  Atlantic  Coast,  from  New 
York  to  Florida.  In  like  manner  it  occurs  everywhere  south  of  the  33d  parallel, 
with  the  exception  of  limited  areas  in  the  mountain  regions.  It  covers  nearly  all 
Mississippi,  extends  into  Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  and  reaches  Southern  Illinois. 
West  of  the  97th  Meridian,  from  the  33d  parallel  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  the  whole 
country  is  covered  with  this  formation,  with  the  exception  of  the  areas  in  the  mountain 
regions,  exposing  older  rocks  and  inconsiderable  extensions  of  land,  where  it  has  been 
swept  away,  and  an  area  of  some  magnitude  north  and  west  of  Hudson's  Bay.  This  in- 
cludes, of  course,  the  whole  extent  covered  by  the  Tertiary  and  more  recent  deposits. 
It  is  found  east  of  the  97th  Meridian,  extending  into  Iowa,  Minnesota,  and  some  parts 
of  British  America.  Or,  approximately  stated,  the  Cretaceous  forms  the  surface- 
rock,  or  is  overlaid  with  the  Tertiary  and  recent  strata  over  nearly  half  the  North 
American  continent,  and  from  the  extensive  denudation  it  has  suffered,  we  may 
fairly  presume,  at  the  commencement  of  the  deposit,  the  land  surface  was  not  half 
its  present  dimension.  In  the  east  and  south  the  formation  is  exclusively  marine, 
but  in  the  west  the  marine  is  succeded  by  a  brackish-water  deposit. 

§  176.  Meek  and  Hayden  divided  the  marine  Cretaceous  of  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
and  the  great  West,  in  1861,  in  ascending  order,  into  the  Dakota  Group,  Fort  Ben- 
ton  Group,  Niobrara  Group,  Fort  Pierre  Group,  and  Fox  Hills  Group.  The 
Dakota  Group  was  named  from  Dakota  County,  where  it  consists  of  sandstones, 
with  alternations  of  various  colored  clays,  and  beds,  and  seams  of  impure  lignite, 
silicified  wood,  and  great  numbers  of  leaves  of  the  higher  types  of  dicotyledonous 
trees,  with  casts  of  Pharella  dakotensis,  Axincea  siouxensis,  and  Cyrena  arenaria.  The 
thickness  in  that  locality  is  400  feet,  in  North-western  Colorado  600  feet,  and  in 
the  San  Juan  region  1,000  feet.  It  is  the  supposed  equivalent  of  the  Eutaw 
Group  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  which  has  a  thickness  of  about  400  feet  and 
contains  beds  of  lignite. 

§  177.  The  Fort  Benton  Group  was  named  from  Fort  Benton  on  the  Upper 
Missouri,  where  it  consists  of  dark-gray,  laminated  clays,  sometimes  alternating 
with  seams  of  limestone.  It  abounds  in  Inoceramus,  Ammonites,  Scaphites,  Nautilus, 
and  other  fossils,  and  has  a  thickness  of  800  feet. 

§  178.  The  Niobrara  Group  was  named  from  Niobrara,  in  Nebraska,  where  it 
consists  of  marls  and  limestones,  and  abounds  in  Inoceramus,  Ostrea,  and  remains  of 
fish,  and  has  a  thickness  of  200  feet.  It  has  an  extensive  geographical  distribu- 
tion, but  rarely  exceeds  500  feet  in  thickness. 

§  179.  The  Fort  Pierre  Group  was  named  from  Fort  Pierre,  in  Dakota,  where 
it  consists  of  clays  containing  carbonaceous  matter,  seams  of  gypsum,  and  masses  of 
sulphuret  of  iron,  and  abounds  in  the  shells  of  Cephalopods,  Lamellibranchs, 


82  CRETACEOUS  SYSTEM. 

remains  of  fish  and  saurians,  and  has  a  thickness  of  700  feet.  In  Northern  Colorado 
it  is  800  feet  thick,  and  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi  it  is  known  as  the  Rotten 
limestone,  and  reaches  a  thickness  of  1,200  feet. 

§  180.  The  Fox  Hills  Group  was  named  from  Fox  Hills,  in  Dakota,  where  it 
consists  of  gray,  ferruginous,  and  yellowish  sandstones,  and  arenaceous  clays,  abound- 
ing with  shells  of  Cephalopods,  Lamellibranchs,  Gasteropods,  remains  of  fish  and 
saurians,  and  has  a  thickness  of  500  feet.  East  of  the  Colorado  Range  its  thickness 
is  1,500  feet,  in  the  valley  of  Bitter  Creek  3,000  feet,  and  in  that  of  the  North 
Platte  4,000  feet.  It  is  the  same  as  the  Ripley  Group  of  North  Carolina,  Alabama, 
and  Mississippi,  which  has  a  thickness  of  about  400  feet. 

§  181.  The  thickness  of  the  marine  Cretaceous  in  New  Jersey  is  about  700 
feet.  It  is  valued  in  that  State  for  its  fertile  marl,  and  beds  of  kaolin  in  its  lower 
part.  In  Louisiana  its  thickness  is  more  than  1,000  feet,  in  the  Uintah  Mountain 
region  7,000  feet,  and  in  New  Mexico  and  British  America  more  than  a  mile  at 
many  places.  The  canon  of  San  Carlos,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  exposes  a  clear  perpen- 
dicular height  above  the  river  level  of  1.500  feet  of  Cretaceous  strata.  The  Cre- 
taceous is  the  Coal-bearing  formation  at  Vancouver's  Island  and  other  points  on  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

§  182.  There  is  in  the  West,  superimposed  upon  the  marine  Cretaceous  strata, 
rocks  which  were  deposited  in  brackish  water,  and  form  transition-beds  from  the 
strictly  marine  condition  of  the  Cretaceous  to  the  epoch  of  numerous  fresh-water 
lakes,  which  were  scattered  all  over  the  country  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  north 
in  British  America  to  the  Arctic  regions.  These  rocks  were  named  in  1861,  by 
Meek  and  Hayden,  the  Fort  Union  Group.  They  consist  of  beds  of  clay  and  sand, 
with  numerous  seams  and  local  deposits  of  lignite  and  beds  of  coal.  The  passage 
from  the  marine  to  the  brackish-water  deposits,  and  from  the  latter  to  the  fresh- 
water deposits,  is  without  abrupt  change  in  the  sediment,  and  with  complete  con- 
formability.  There  is  no  evidence  of  any  important  physical  or  climatic  change, 
beyond  the  gradual  filling  up  of  the  basins  of  the  sea  and  the  recession  of  the  salt 
and  brackish  water,  appearance  of  fresh-water  lakes,  and  their  gradual  disappear- 
ance. The  Fort  Union  Group  has  been  called  the  Judith  River  Group,  the  Bitter 
Creek  Group,  the  Bear  River  Group,  the  Laramie  Group,  and  by  divers  other  names. 
It  has  a  thickness,  in  Bitter  Creek  Valley,  Wyoming,  of  6,000  feet,  and  iu  Bear 
River  Valley,  in  Utah,  of  7,000  feet.  Its  geographical  distribution  extends  for  a 
thousand  miles  in  length,  and  a  maximum  width  of  500  miles  or  more,  with  a  varying 
thickness  from  100  feet  or  less,  to  7,000  feet  or  more.  It  abounds  in  plants  belong- 
ing to  Eocene  genera,  which  connect  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  flora  by  insensible 
degrees,  while  the  Dinosaurian  remains  demonstrate  its  Cretaceous  age. 

§  183.  Before  the  discovery  of  this  Group,  absolute  nonconformability  was  sup- 
posed to  exist  between  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  rocks,  and  this  is  the  case  where 
marine  Tertiary  follows  the  marine  Cretaceous,  wherever  known  in  the  world.  But 
here,  where  the  marine  Cretaceous  is  as  recent  as  elsewhere,  and  the  continuance  of 
the  period  is  represented  by  brackish-water  deposits,  and  then  fresh-water  deposits 
in  lakes  cut  off  from  the  ocean,  the  rocks  are  conformable,  and  the  vegetable  and 
animal  kingdoms  show  the  slow  progress  of  advancing  ages.  About  one-third  of 
the  genera  of  plants  belonging  to  that  period  have  become  extinct,  but  the  living 
plants,  Corylus  americana,  C.  rostrata,  Davattia  tenuifolia,  and  Onocka  sensibilis,  have 


TERTIARY  SYSTEM.  83 

been  identified  from  the  Fort  Union  Group,  thus  specifically  uniting  the  Cretaceous 
era  with  the  present  time.  It  is  possible,  too  much  confidence  in  this  identification 
may  lead  to  error,  and  better  specimens  may  show  specific  distinctions ;  but  it  is  an 
important  fact,  they  so  closely  resemble  the  living  forms  as  to  be  mistaken  for 
them,  and  show  how  closely  the  living  are  connected  with  the  ancient  dead. 
Among  the  Cretaceous  genera  of  invertebrates,  about  one-third  survive ;  three 
genera  of  reptiles,  Orocodilus,  Trionyx,  and  Emys  survive  ;  but  no  genus  of  birds  or 
mammals  has  come  down  from  that  age  to  the  present.  There  is  no  great  break 
or  chasm  discoverable  in  vegetable  or  animal  life  in  passing  back  to  the  Cretaceous 
era.  No  sudden  physical  change  has  taken  place  over  which  some  deposit  may 
not  furnish  a  connecting  bridge.  No  evidence  of  any  great  climatic  change  is 
furnished,  either  in  the  animal  or  vegetable  world,  but  on  every  hand  we  are  en- 
couraged to  look  at  uniformity  in  the  organisms,  subject  only  to  a  constant,  almost 
imperceptible  evolution.  Seams  of  productive  coal  occur  at  different  places  in  this 
Group. 


CHAPTER    XXXVIII. 

TERTIARY    SYSTEM. 

§  184.  THE  organic  remains  of  the  Tertiary  are  so  completely  blended  with 
the  living,  that  no  Quaternary  age  or  period  can  be  distinguished.  The  words 
Primary  and  Secondary  have  become  quite  obsolete  in  Geology,  while  Tertiary  is 
so  interwoven  with  the  science  as  to  be  permanently  fastened  to  the  nomenclature, 
notwithstanding  its  definition,  as  the  third  age,  has  no  application  to  the  period  to 
which  it  relates.  The  subdivision  of  the  Tertiary,  with  reference  to  the  survival  of 
conchological  species  into  Eocene,  Miocene,  Pliocene,  and  Post-pliocene,  brings  us  to 
the  living  species  as  gradually  as  the  species  change  within  any  of  the  subdivisions 
of  geological  time,  or  within  any  division  of  the  strata  into  Groups.  The  Tertiary 
rocks  generally  consist  of  marls,  clays,  sands,  or  other  friable  material,  filling  de- 
pressions in  the  underlying  rocks,  and,  though  widely  distributed,  seldom  form  hard, 
continuous  strata.  This  condition  of  the  rocks  made  it  difficult  to  determine  the 
order  of  superposition,  until  a  comparison  of  the  shells  had  been  made  with  living 
species.  This  comparison  led  to  the  naming  of  the  rocks  containing  about  3  or  4 
per  cent  of  living  species,  the  Eocene,  which  signifies  the  dawn  of  the  present  state  of 
things ;  those  containing  15  to  20  per  cent  of  living  species,  the  Miocene,  which  im- 
plies less  recent ;  and  those  containing  90  to  95  per  cent  of  living  species,  the 
Pliocene,  which  means  more  recent;  and  those  having  all  the  imbedded  fossil  shells 
"identical  with  living  species,  though  containing  extinct  mammalian  remains,  Post- 
pliocene.  Instead  of  determining  the  rocks  by  the  per  cent  of  living  species,  the  con- 
trary course  is  now  adopted,  and  the  age  is  determined  by  the  extinct  species. 
Certain  species  are  regarded  as  types  of  Eocene  age,  or  Miocene,  as  the  case  may 
be,  and  from  the  presence  of  these  the  rocks  are  referred  to  the  proper  Group. 
This  subdivision  of  the  Tertiary,  with  reference  to  the  survival  of  conchological 
species  and  the  division  into  geographical  Groups,  have  made  a  double  system  of 
nomenclature. 


84  TERTIARY  SYSTEM. 

§  185.  The  marine  Eocene,  commencing  in  New  Jersey  with  a  thickness  of  37 
feet,  and  exposing  only  a  narrow  surface  area,  crosses  Maryland  by  way  of  Fort 
Washington ;  Virginia,  by  way  of  Fredericksburg,  Richmond,  and  Petersburg ; 
North  Carolina,  by  way  of  Newbern  and  Wilmington ;  South  Carolina,  by  way  of 
Charleston  and  Shell  Bluff,  on  the  Savannah  River ;  Georgia,  by  way  of  Milledge- 
ville ;  Alabama,  by  way  of  Claiborne ;  and  Mississippi,  by  way  of  Jackson  and  Vicks- 
burg.  In  South  Carolina  it  consists  of  loose  sand,  clay,  gravel,  sandstone,  lime- 
stone, and  marl,  covers  a  large  area,  and  has  a  thickness  of  1,100  feet.  It  is 
divided  into  the  Buhrstone  Group,  Santee  beds,  and  Ashley  and  Cooper  beds.  It  is 
exposed  in  Florida,  and  reaches  up  into  Tennessee,  where  it  is  called  the  Porter's 
Creek  Group.  Conrad  subdivided  it  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  where  it  has  a 
thickness  of  about  900  feet,  into  the  Claiborne  Group,  Jackson  Group,  St.  Stephen's 
Group,  and  Vicksburg  Group.  It  crosses  Louisiana,  appears  in  Arkansas,  and 
offers  numerous  exposures  in  Texas,  Mexico,  and  California.  It  is  extremely  fossil- 
iferous  at  many  places,  and  nowhere  conformable  with  the  underlying  rocks. 

§  186.  The  gradual  elevation  of  the  western  ranges  of  mountains  through 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  time,  the  formation  of  bays  and  arras  of  the  sea,  and  lakes 
which  have  drained  themselves  in  continuing  succession,  have  linked  the  Tertiary 
with  the  Cretaceous,  and  bound  the  Eocene,  Miocene,  Pliocene,  and  Post-pliocene 
with  the  present,  almost  as  one  connected  age.  In  these  lake  regions  the  Eocene 
is  divided  into  the  Wahsatch  Group,  Green  River  Group,  Bridger  Group,  and 
Brown's  Park  Group,  and  there  are  numerous  synonyms  for  each  one  of  them.  The 
Wahsatch  is  characterized  by  its  brick-red  color,  and  has  a  thickness  of  8,000  feet; 
the  Green  River  Group  is  quite  fossiliferous,  and  has  a  thickness  of  7,500  feet; 
the  Bridger  Group  rests  conformably  on  the  Green  River,  consists  of  Bad  Land 
sandstones,  limestones,  shells,  and  marls,  and  has  a  thickness  of  2,000  feet ;  and  the 
Brown's  Park  Group  has  a  thickness  of  2,500  feet.  The  combined  thickness  of  the 
Eocene  in  the  Western  Territories  is  therefore  20,000  feet. 

§  187.  The  marine  Miocene  beginning  at  Martha's  Vineyard,  though  it  may 
exist  as  far  north  as  Maine,  crosses  New  Jersey  through  Cumberland  County,  and 
forms  a  border  upon  the  east  and  south  of  the  Eocene  exposure  a  large  part  of  the 
way  to  the  Mississippi  River,  and  west  across  Louisiana,  Texas,  and  Mexico.  It  is 
not  conformable  with  the  Eocene,  and  in  some  parts  does  not  intervene  between  it 
and  later  deposits.  It  has  its  greatest  thickness  in  California,  where  it  exceeds  3,000 
feet.  The  Coast  Range  of  mountains  is  composed  in  large  part  of  strata  of  this 
age,  and  hence  its  elevation  has  been  since  the  Miocene  period.  It  is  highly  fossil- 
iferous, and  the  shells  generally  belong  to  living  genera,  and  many  of  the  species  still 
survive  in  the  waters  bordering  the  adjacent  coast,  thus  indicating  no  material  change 
in  the  climate  since  that  period.  The  Miocene  lake  deposits,  like  the  Eocene,  cover 
great  extensions  of  Territory  and  reach  an  enormous  thickness.  In  Nebraska  it  has 
been  divided  into  the  Wind  River  Group,  which  has  a  thickness  of  2,000  feet,  and 
the  White  River  Group,  which  has  a  thickness  of  1,000  feet.  On  the  divide  between 
the  Arkansas  and  South  Platte,  where  the  thickness  is  from  1,500  to  2,000  feet,  it 
is  called  the  Monument  Creek  Group,  and  in  Oregon  it  is  called  the  Truckee  Group. 

§  188.  The  marine  Pliocene  strata  are  found  in  Maryland,  superimposed  upon 
the  Miocene,  in  South  Carolina,  upon  the  Eocene,  and  generally  forming  a  narrow 
border  at  the  east  of  these  outcrops  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  a  wider  border  on 


TERTIARY  SYSTEM.  85 

the  south  adjoining  the  Gulf  Coast.  Fossil  shells  of  species  now  living  on  the 
adjacent  coast,  abound  at  every  point,  and  demonstrate  beyond  reasonable  doubt  the 
climate  and  the  waters  on  the  eastern  and  southern  coast  of  the  United  States,  and 
in  California,  were  then  the  same  that  now  prevails.  There  is  no  palseontological 
evidence,  so  far  known,  that  the  Pliocene  climate  was  different  from  the  present  on 
this  continent,  and  as  the  outlines  of  the  continent  were  then  nearly  as  they  are 
now,  no  material  difference  can  be  inferred.  The  Pliocene  graduates  into  the 
Post-pliocene,  so  that  separation  of  the  strata  frequently  becomes  impracticable,  and 
an  arbitrary  approximating  line  for  separation  is  assumed.  The  Pliocene  lake 
deposits  in  Nebraska,  are  called  the  Loup  Fork  Group,  and  have  a  thickness  of 
400  feet  and  cover  a  great  extent  of  territory,  and  in  North-western  Kansas  have  a 
thickness  of  500  feet.  In  Wyoming  they  have  a  thickness  of  1,500  feet,  and  are 
called  the  Niobrara  Pliocene.  In  Bear  River  Valley  they  are  called  the  Salt  Lake 
Group  and  the  Cache  Valley  Group,  and  the  thickness  is  from  500  to  1,500  feet. 

§  189.  The  Post-pliocene  is  represented  by  marine  deposits  on  the  coast,  and 
by  drift,  sand,  and  gravel,  in  the  middle  part  of  the  continent.  In  South  Carolina 
it  is  confined  to  a  belt  along  the  coast  8  or  9  miles  wide,  and  the  fossil  shells  are 
those  of  species  inhabiting  the  coast.  In  Los  Angeles  Valley,  in  California,  the 
thickness  is  500  feet;  but  where  depressions  upon  the  coast  have  been  filled  the 
thickness  may  be  1,000  or  1,500  feet,  and  so  at  the  mouths  of  rivers  whsre  a  delta  has 
been  formed,  as  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  the  Post-pliocene  becomes  of  very  great 
thickness.  There  are  some  Lake  deposits  of  this  age  in  the  great  West,  which 
have  a  thickness  of  500  feet  or  more.  The  marine  Post-pliocene  is  usually  conform- 
able with  the  Pliocene,  and  graduates  into  the  present  deposits  without  disturbance. 
In  South  Carolina  the  bones  of  horses,  hogs,  dogs,  rabbits,  beavers,  tapirs,  and 
other  mammals  occur  in  the  layers  of  blue  mud  and  sand  throughout  the  period. 
At  some  time  during  this  age,  man  made  his  appearance  on  this  continent,  for  none 
of  his  work  is  found  preceding  it,  nor  preceding  the  drift;  but  his  stone  implements 
are  associated  with  the  remains  of  the  mastodon  and  mammoth,  and  such  animals  as 
survived  the  drift  period  in  such  condition  as  to  show  they  lived  at  the  same  time. 

§  190.  During  the  Post-pliocene  era,  a  portion  of  the  country  about  Hudson's 
Bay  was  submerged  by  the  ocean,  as  shown  by  the  fossiliferous  marine  sands  and 
clays  occurring  at  300  or  400  feet  above  the  present  level  of  the  ocean.  The  rocks, 
too,  are  striated  in  all  directions,  as  if  done  by  icebergs  or  shore-ice  holding  angular 
fragments  of  rock.  The  New  England  States  and  New  Brunswick,  and  that  portion 
of  Canada  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and  east  of  the  vicinity  of  Montreal, 
was  submerged,  with  the  exception  of  the  mountain  elevations.  Several  beaches 
are  shown  at  Murray  Bay  90  miles  below  Quebec,  varying  from  30  to  326  feet 
above  the  bay;  like  beaches  occur  at  Montreal  and  at  various  other  places  in  this 
part  of  Canada.  All  these  deposits  abound  in  marine  fossils  belonging  to  living 
species  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  on  the  near  coast  of  the  Atlantic.  The 
surface  of  the  rocks  below  these  deposits  is  polished  and  striated  in  the  direction  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  Valley.  Like  phenomena  occur  over  New  Brunswick  and  the 
New  England  States,  and  extending  as  far  south  as  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson ;  but 
they  appear  on  no  other  part  of  the  continent.  These  deposits  contain  no  terrestrial 
or  fresh-water  fauna,  and,  so  far  as  the  marine  life  is  concerned,  connect  the  lowest 
of  the  clays  with  the  present  time  by  an  unbroken  chain  of  animal  existence. 

7 


86  TER TIAR  Y  SYSTEM. 

§  191.  South  of  the  Laurentian  Mountains  the  surface  of  the  rocks  beneath  the 
bowlder  clay  is  striated  in  the  direction  of  the  valleys,  but  there  is  no  connection 
between  these  and  those  occurring  north  of  the  mountains  in  the  Hudson's  Bay  re- 
gion. The  force  which  produced  the  scratches  did  not  cross  the  mountains  nor  ex- 
ist upon  them.  Prof.  Dawson  has  proven  the  bodies  which  produced  them  came 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  following  up  the  St.  Lawrence  drifted  to  the  south, 
at  various  angles,  some  floating  over  New  Brunswick,  and  others  over  Maine,  and 
others  through  Lake  Chainplain,  and  re-entering  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  Hudson 
River,  while  others  were  driven  beyond  Montreal  into  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa 
River.  In  New  Brunswick  the  striae  are  related  to  the  contour  of  the  surface  of  the 
land,  and  conform  to  the  direction  of  the  river  valleys.  A  south-easterly  course 
prevails  in  the  western  part  of  Charlotte  County,  and  a  south-western  course  in  the 
valleys -east  and  north-east  of  St.  John.  A  map  of  Maine  showing  the  course  of 
the  rivers  will  show  the  course  of  the  striae.  The  appearance  of  the  surface  geology 
of  this  State  early  suggested  the  fact  that  a  great  rush  of  waters  poured  over  it  from 
a  northerly  source,  and  transported  by  its  power  the  surface  debris  which  had  ac- 
cumulated in  earlier  ages  by  subaerial  forces,  and  large  masses  of  rock  from  parent 
ledges,  and  deposited  them  in  regions  more  or  less  distant  from  the  several  sources; 
and  as  they  passed  along  they  striated  and  grooved  the  rocks  against  which  they  im- 
pinged, or  over  which  they  rubbed  in  the  traveled  course.  The  striae  conform  to 
the  valleys  as  a  rule,  and  therefore  have  their  courses  in  all  directions,  though  some 
are  found  deflected  at  right  angles  to  their  original  course.  The  Katahdin  Mount- 
ains formed  an  obstruction  around  which  the  striating  agency  operated,  but  it  did 
not  cross  the  summit.  The  striae  occur  on  the  north  side  of  the  mountains,  but  not 
upon  the  south  side.  In  Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut, 
beneath  the  drift,  sand,  gravel,  bowlders,  and  clay,  the  surface  of  the  rocks  is  grooved 
and  furrowed  in  a  general  southern  direction,  though  varying  with  the  contour  and 
course  of  the  valleys.  At  the  Island  of  New  York  the  current  swept  from  the 
north-west  to  the  south-east,  and  the  furrows  are  most  strongly  marked  on  the 
north-western  slopes  of  the  hills,  and  least  on  the  south-eastern.  In  many  instances 
they  are  very  distinct  on  the  western  and  north-western  slopes,  extending  to  the 
highest  point  of  the  rocks;  but  no  traces  exist  on  the  eastern  and  south-eastern 
slopes,  although  both  slopes  are  equally  exposed.  The  striae  are  most  numerous  in 
the  middle  part  of  the  island,  somewhat  less  in  the  western,  and  least  in  the  east- 
ern, showing  the  current  was  deflected  southward  in  the  middle  part  of  the  island. 
Throughout  all  this  area  south  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  St.  Lawrence 
Valley,  we  have,  in  the  striae  and  furrows  and  in  the  distribution  of  clay,  bowlders, 
gravel,  sand,  and  fossils,  the  evidence  of  an  overflow  of  the  whole  country,  except  the 
higher  hills  and  mountains,  the  overflow  resulting  from  subsidence  of  the  coast,  and  the 
evidence  that  the  Arctic  current,  instead  of  leaving  the  coast  on  approaching  the 
mouth  of  the  gulf,  as  it  does  now,  flowed  into  the  gulf  and  across  the  depressed 
New  England  area,  transporting  its  fields  of  ice,  which  grounded  upon  the  northern 
slopes  of  hills  and  mountains,  and  rubbed  the  rocks  in  the  valleys  and  plains  wher- 
ever the  surface  soil  and  subaerial  accumulations  were  swept  off  by  the  grinding 
weight  of  a  mass,  driven  by  a  current  through  water  too  shallow  to  float  it.  In 
the  Gaspe  Peninsula,  ocean-terraces  and  stratified  clay,  containing  marine  testacea, 
occur  at  the  height  of  600  feet  above  the  sea.  In  the  Charaplain  region  of  Ver- 


TERTIARY  SYSTEM.  87 

mont,  and  the  triangular  area  of  9,000  square  miles  extending  from  there  to  the 
Ottawa  Valley,  the  marine  fossiliferous  clays  and  sand  occur  at  all  elevations,  as 
high  as  500  feet.  They  form  a  coating  for  New  Brunswick,  and  a  continuous  belt 
on  the  coast  of  Maine  150  feet  above  the  ocean.  The  marine  species  in  these  clays 
and  sand  are  such  as  live  at  moderate  depths,  or  varying  from  the  littoral  zone  to 
200  fathoms.  The  submergence  must  therefore  have  been  much  more  than  600 
feet,  because  the  shells  and  bones  must  have  had  some  depth  of  water,  as  well  as 
the  clay,  to  protect  them,  in  order  to  produce  the  fossilization,  and  they  received 
a  covering  of  drift  materials  sufficient  to  protect  them  from  the  ocean  currents, 
which  then  swept  over  that  region,  and  the  disintegrating  and  denuding  agencies 
which  have  prevailed  during  the  long  train  of  centuries  that  have  since  elapsed. 

§  192.  The  fresh-water  drift  surrounds  the  great  central  lakes  of  the  continent, 
spreads  out  over  a  large  country  in  British  America,  and  overspreads  part  of  each 
of  the  States  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  This  drift  consists  of  clays,  gravel, 
bowlders,  and  sand,  containing  no  marine  organisms,  but  bearing  land  vegetation 
which  now  flourishes  in  the  same  latitude,  and  fresh- water  shells  and  the  bones  of  ter- 
restrial animals  of  the  Post-pliocene  age.  There  are  beaches  surrounding  the  lakes 
which  show  the  lakes  have  occupied  much  higher  levels  than  they  now  do,  and 
were  stationary  for  a  time  at  each  of  these  beaches.  The  terraces  and  lake  deposits 
of  sand  and  clay  in  Wisconsin  show  that  Lake  Superior  stood  600  feet  higher 
than  it  does  now,  at  one  time,  in  the  Post-pliocene  age,  at  which  time  it  could 
have  overflowed  nearly  the  whole  country  south  of  it  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
These  terraces  and  lake  deposits  occur  at  different  elevations  surrounding  Lakes 
Michigan,  Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  showing  they  were  elevated  as  high  as  Lake 
Superior  during  this  period.  They  have  been  noticed  750  feet  higher  than  Lake 
Ontario.  Here  was  then  one  grand  central  Post-pliocene  lake,  several  times  as 
large  as  all  of  them  combined  are  now.  Upon  the  shores  of  this  lake  angular  rocks 
were  rolled  into  bowlders  and  beaten  down  to  gravel  and  sand,  that  formed  beaches 
and  terraces,  which  were  subsequently  swept  south  by  the  overflowing  lake,  and 
spread  over  Western  Ohio,  Western  Kentucky,  nearly  all  of  Michigan,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  and  Mississippi,  and  the  eastern  part  of  the  States  bordering  the  Mis- 
sissipi  River  on  the  west.  Large  bowlders  are  spread  over  these  States  south  as 
far  as  the  Ohio  River,  though  they  gradually  diminish  in  size  in  that  direction,  and 
soon  the  gravel  disappears,  and  only  the  finer  materials  are  spread  over  Mississippi 
and  reach  to  the  Gulf.  Beneath  these  clays  and  sands,  where  the  rocks  were  de- 
nuded of  their  subaerial  debris,  the  surface  is  frequently  scratched  and  furrowed. 
This  is  especially  the  case  where  the  higher  lands  were  overflowed.  The  scratches 
and  furrows  appear  to  have  been  made  by  shore-ice  on  the  margin  of  the  lake  or 
lakes  when  occupying  different  elevations,  and  by  ice  carrying  angular  rocks  and 
bowlders,  that  were  driven  against  the  shores  or  shallow  places.  They  bear  in  all 
directions,  and  frequently  cross  each  other,  which  proves  they  could  not  have 
been  made  by  one  body,  or  by  any  number  of  bodies  moving  in  the  same  direction. 

§  193.  Commencing  in  the  lower  tier  of  counties  in  New  York,  where  the 
hills  are  from  600  to  800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  narrow  valleys,  and  extending 
south  over  all  the  highlands  of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  the  Carolinas, 
Georgia,  Alabama,  Eastern  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  and  south  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  there  is  an  absolutely  driftless  area,  and  the  surface  rocks  are  free  from 


88  TERTIARY  SYSTEM. 

scratches  and  furrows.  It  was  dry  land,  and  much  of  it  high  and  mountainous, 
when  the  marine  clays  and  sands  were  strewn  over  the  territory  adjacent  to  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  New  England  States,  and  dry  land  during  the  period 
of  the  drift  of  the  central  part  of  the  continent,  and  for  geological  ages  antecedent 
thereto.  The  precipitous  ledges  and  profound  valleys  of  denudation,  the  overhang- 
ing rocks  and  castellated  outliers,  furnish  incontestable  evidence  of  the  ordinary 
eroding  agencies  through  a  period  of  time  commencing  anterior  to  the  Tertiary 
epoch.  There  are  extensive  driftless  areas  in  Eastern  and  Southern  Ohio  free  from 
scratches  and  furrows  on  the  surface  rocks,  and  from  drift,  sand,  gravel,  and 
bowlders,  and  they  are  characterized  by  outliers,  monument  rocks,  sharp  ridges,  and 
rugged  scenery.  The  drift  materials  extend  from  the  lakes  to  the  sources  of  the 
rivers  that  flow  into  the  Ohio,  and  over  more  or  less  of  the  land  intervening  between 
the  head-waters ;  but  below  this  they  occur  only  in  the  valleys  of  the  larger  rivers. 
Wherever  the  valley  was  large  enough  to  carry  off  the  flow  of  water  from  the 
north,  the  adjacent  land  was  not  overflowed,  and  the  height  of  the  water  in  the 
valley  is  marked  by  river  terraces.  In  Eastern  Ohio,  only  those  rivers  having  their 
sources  in  the  central  and  northern  part  of  the  State  have  river  terraces,  as  the 
Scioto,  Hocking,  and  Muskingum,  while  the  smaller  tributaries,  such  as  Raccoon, 
Shade,  and  little  Muskingum,  have  not  a  vestige  of  drift,  or  scratch,  or  furrow, 
from  their  sources  to  the  Ohio.  The  Ohio  River  Valley  was  large  enough  to  carry  off 
the  water  that  flowed  across  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  hence  no  drift  crossed  the  valley 
until  it  reached  the  western  part  of  Kentucky.  Throughout  the  drift  area  of  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois,  it  is  common  in  excavations  below  the  drift  to  find  an  ancient 
soil  of  vegetable  mold  resting  upon  stratified  rocks  in  place.  Beech,  sycamore, 
hickory,  and  cedar  have  been  found  where  they  grew  prior  to  the  drift;  but  beneath 
the  ancient  soil  no  striated  or  furrowed  rock  has  ever  been  discovered. 

§  194.  There  is  a  driftless  area  in  the  south-western  part  of  Wisconsin,  covering 
about  13,000  square  miles,  or  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  State,  and  which  extends  into 
Northern  Illinois,  North-eastern  Iowa,  and  Eastern  Minnesota.  There  is  no  drift, 
sand,  clay,  or  gravel,  and,  as  in  all  cases  where  these  do  not  occur,  there  are  no 
scratches  or  furrows  on  the  surface  of  the  rocks.  This  area  was  not  overflowed  by 
the  lake,  and  is  a  region  of  narrow,  ramifying  valleys,  narrow,  steep-sided,  dividing 
ridges,  whose  directions  are  toward  every  point  of  the  compass,  and  whose  perfectly 
coinciding  horizontal  strata  prove  conclusively  their  subaerial  erosion.  The  ravines 
are  all  in  direct  proportion  to  the  relative  sizes  of  the  streams  in  them.  North  and 
east  of  this  driftless  area,  from  25  to  75  miles,  there  is  a  scantiness  of  drift  and 
numerous  outliers,  attesting  the  ordinary  effects  of  erosion.  The  "  Stand  Rock,"  in  the 
dells  of  the  Wisconsin,  the  isolated  ridges  and  peaks  in  the  central  part  of  the  State, 
rising  from  100  to  300  feet  abruptly  from  the  low  ground  around  them,  and  composed 
of  horizontally  stratified  sandstone,  or  of  sandstones  capped  with  limestone,  prove 
the  regular  erosion  for  ages,  and  are  quite  inconsistent  with  any  single  mechanical 
eroding  power  that  must  have  operated  upon  the  whole  country  alike.  In  Dakota 
County,  Minnesota,  there  is  an  outlier  of  the  St.  Peter's  sandstone  known  as  ' '  Lone 
Rock,"  whose  summit  is  100  feet  higher  than  the  surrounding  country,  and 
from  which  many  other  outliers  are  in  view;  and  yet  in  the  valleys  the  drift  prevails 
and  bowlders  abound.  In  Wabasha  County,  the  "  Twin  Mounds,"  and  in  Olmsted 
County  the  "Sugar  Loaf  Mound"  and  the  "Lone  Mound,"  attest  in  like  manner 


TERTIARY  SYSTEM.  89 

the  continuing  erosion  since  Silurian  times.  The  two  lonely  towers  in  the  valley  of 
the  south  branch  of  Root  River,  in  Fillmore  County,  known  as  "Eagle  Rocks," 
rise  as  high  as  the  rocky  walls  of  the  valley,  and  evidence  subaerial  erosion,  but  are 
inconsistent  with  the  idea  that  any  large  body  of  ice  ever  passed  down  the  valley 
or  across  it. 

§  195.  There  is  no  drift  in  California,  nor  on  the  Pacific  Coast  as  far  north  as 
British  Columbia  and  Alaska.  There  are  no  indications  of  it  in  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ain regions,  or  upon  the  great  plains  of  the  West.  There  are  no  such  exhibitions 
of  scratched  and  grooved  rocks  succeeded  by  fossiliferous  marine  clays  and  sands, 
with  bowlders,  as  occur  in  the  New  England  States  and  St.  Lawrence  region,  nor 
of  scratched  rocks  and  ancient  soils  succeeded  by  clay,  sand,  and  gravel,  with  bowl- 
ders, as  occur  in  the  central  part  of  the  continent ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  the  whole 
country  west  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  is  absolutely  driftless,  except  as  to  local  drift 
produced  upon  the  shores  of  Tertiary  lakes,  and  more  or  less  distributed  by  the 
rivers  that,  in  the  course  of  time,  cut  out  the  canons  which  drained  them.  On  the 
borders  of  the  ancient  lakes  and  rivers  there  are  terraces,  marking  shore-lines  at 
various  places  from  Mexico  to  Alaska,  but  they  are  standing  monuments  to  disprove 
the  existence  of  a  continental  ice-sheet ;  for  no  one  can  conceive  of  the  movement 
of  a  heavy  body  of  ice  across  a  valley  without  disturbing  the  graveled  terraces 
that  border  upon  both  sides  at  different  elevations.  The  natural  towers  that  stand 
as  evidence  of  erosion  from  the  Wahsatch  times  to  the  present;  from  the  Green 
River  Eocene  to  the  present ;  from  the  Bridger  Eocene  to  the  present ;  from  the 
White  River  Miocene  to  the  present;  the  columnar  masses,  irregular  pyramids, 
sandstone  towers,  and  turreted  outliers  of  the  Bad  Lands  of  Colorado,  Wyoming, 
Montana,  Dakota,  and  British  Columbia ;  the  monuments  on  Monument  Creek ;  the 
Garden  of  the  Gods;  the  buttes  in  all  the  mountain  chains;  the  transverse  ridges, 
lone  mountains,  and  exalted  peaks  ;  and  the  whole  array  of  canons  from  Texas  and 
Mexico  to  Alaska, — all  alike  tell  us,  in  language  unmistakable,  that  no  glacial  sheet 
ever  moved  south  upon  the  western  plains  or  mountain  ranges. 

§  196.  Indeed,  there  is  no  evidence  a  glacial  sheet  ever  existed  on  any  part  of 
the  continent;  none  that  gives  any  warrant  to  the  hypothesis  of  a  glacial  period. 
On  account  of  the  valleys,  hills,  and  mountains,  no  glacial  sheet  could  move;  and 
if  one  had  ever  existed,  the  waters  flowing  from  it  would  have  cut  out  channels  of 
such  dimensions  they  could  have  been  not  only  traced,  but  their  dimensions  would 
have  been  such  they  could  not  be  mistaken  for  any  of  the  valleys  now  existing. 
Had  there  been  a  glacial  period,  northern  plants  and  shells  would  be  found  occupy- 
ing their  places  as  far  south  as  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Texas.  But,  on  the  con- 
trary, no  such  flora  or  fauna  is  found  farther  south  than  it  now  exists,  while  the 
present  flora  and  fauna  occur  in  the  same  latitude  throughout  the  Post-pliocene  age, 
and  passing  back  through  earlier  ages,  unmolested  by  any  visible  climatic  changes. 
The  scratches  and  furrows  so  often  cited  as  evidence  of  the  glacial  period  do  not 
exist  upon  the  mountains,  but  occur  only  in  the  valleys  and  lower  lands  that  were 
overflowed  by  water ;  and  in  these  valleys  there  are  now  standing  lone  rocks  and 
outliers  that  a  glacier  moving  in  the  valleys  would  necessarily  have  swept  away. 
The  scratches  and  furrows  are  readily  accounted  for  without  the  hypothesis  of  a 
glacial  period ;  and  on  account  of  their  position  on  the  northern  side  of  the  higher 
elevations  of  land  and  not  upon  the  southern,  and  their  universal  course  up  the 


90  NOMENCLATURE. 

valleys  from  the  lakes  without  regard  to  the  direction  of  the  valleys,  they  can  not  be 
accounted  for  as  glacial  phenomena,  for  they  are  wholly  inconsistent  with  it.  The 
glacial  epoch  is  a  theoretical  blunder,  not  supported  by  scientific  facts  or  intelligent 
reasoning,  and  contrary  to  all  geographical,  geological,  and  palseontological  information. 
There  is  no  such  geological  period,  and  no  gap  into  which  it  can  possibly  be  injected. 


CHAPTER  XXXIX. 


THE  rules  of  nomenclature  are,  with  few  exceptions,  firmly  established.  They 
have  resulted  from  years  of  experience  and  reflection,  and  tend  to  secure  fixity  and 
convenience  in  the  designation  of  animals  and  plants.  *Each  animal  and  each 
plant  has  a  name  consisting  of  two  words  —  the  first  generic,  and  the  second  specific. 
This  is  called  the  binomial  system,  or  Liunaean  method  of  nomenclature.  The  genera 
are  arranged  in  families,  the  families  in  orders,  the  orders  in  classes,  and  the  classes 
in  subkingdoms.  These  divisions  are  sometimes  further  separated  into  sections  or 
intermediate  groups,  often  distinguished  by  the  prefixes  sub  and  super. 

Linnaeus  first  consistently  applied  the  binomial  system  of  nomenclature  to  all 
classes  of  organisms  in  1758,  in  the  10th  edition  of  Systema  Natiirce;  but  he 
applied  it  to  botany  in  Species  Plantarum,  published  in  1753.  It  had  been  used 
intermittingly  by  earlier  authors.  Naturalists  have  generally  adopted  1753  as  the 
starting-point  for  the  binomial  system  in  botany,  and  1758  for  zoology,  or,  without 
reason,  the  12th  edition  of  Systema  Naturce,  published  in  1766.  It  can  make  no 
difference  in  palaeontology  which  is  regarded  as  the  starting-point,  for  the  last 
precedes  the  science.  The  names  in  the  binomial  system  assume  the  Latin  form  by 
taking  a  Latin  termination. 

DENOMINATION  OF  HIGHER  GROUPS  THAN  GENERA. 

The  names  of  groups  higher  than  genera  are  usually  taken  from  some  of  the 
principal  characters.  They  are  expressed  by  single  words  of  Greek  or  Latin  origin, 
in  which  a  certain  harmony  of  form  and  termination  is  preserved  for  groups  of 
similar  nature  ;  as,  Phanerogamse,  Cryptogamae  ;  Cephalopoda,  Gasteropoda. 

Compounds  of  Greek  and  Latin  words  are  not  allowable.  In  cryptogamic  botany, 
ancient  names  of  families,  such  as  Musti  and  FUices,  have  been  employed  as  names 
of  classes  or  sub-classes.  Botanical  cohorts  or  sub-cohorts  are  designated  by  the 
name  of  one  of  their  principal  families,  with  the  termination  ales. 

The  families  in  botany  are  designated  by  the  name  of  one  of  their  principal 
genera,  with  the  termination  oceoe,  as  Rosa,  Rosacece  ;  Ranunculas,  Ranunculaeece.  To 
which  there  are  the  following  exceptions:  1.  When  the  genus  from  which  the 

*NOTE.—  See  Report  of  the  12th  Meeting  of  the  British  Association  for  the  advance- 
ment of  Science,  held  at  Manchester  in  June,  1842,  Reprinted  Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,Vol.  I, 
p.  351  ;  Report  of  the  British  Association  at  Birmingham,  in  1865,  and  Report  of  the 
Committee  (W.  H.  Dall)  on  Zoological  Nomenclature,  to  section  B.  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  at  the  Nashville  Meeting  in  1877.  The 
authorities  are  quite  fully  cited  in  the  latter  report. 


NOMENCLATURE.  91 

name  of  the  family  is  taken  ends  in  Latin  with  ix  or  .is  (genitive  ids,  idis,  or  iscis), 
the  termination icece,  idece,  or ineceis  permitted ;  as,  Salix,  Salicinece;  Berberis,  Berberidece; 
Tamarix,  Tamarisdnece.  2.  When  the  genus  from  whence  the  name  of  the  family 
is  derived  has  a  name  of  inconvenient  length,  and  there  is  not  a  tribal  name  in  the 
family  formed  from  the  same  generic  name,  the  termination  ece  is  admitted ;  as,  Dip- 
terocarpece,  from  Dipterocarpus.  3.  For  some  very  large  families  universally  known 
under  their  exceptional  names,  the  ancient  designation  is  preserved ;  as,  Oruciferce, 
Composite,  and  Graminece.  4.  An  old  generic  name  no  longer  preserving  that  rank, 
but  applied  only  to  a  section,  or  even  a  species,  may  be  maintained  as  the  base  of 
a  family  name ;  as,  Hippocastanece,  from  Aesculus  hippocastanum. 

Botanical  sub-families  are  formed  from  the  name  of  one  of  the  genera  contained 
in  them,  with  the  termination  ece  or  inece,  and  also  the  names  of  tribes  and  sub- 
tribes  which  take  the  termination  ece ;  as,  Rosece,  from  Rosa. 

The  names  of  zoological  families  are  formed  by  adding  the  termination  idee  to 
the  earliest  known,  or  most  characteristic  genus  contained  in  them ;  and  of  sub- 
families by  adding  the  termination  ince ;  as,  Terbebratula,  Terebraivlidce ;  Strix,  Strigidce, 
not  Strixidce;  Biiceros,  Bucerotidce,  not  Bucerosidce  or  Biweridce.  The  i  in  idee  is  short ; 
but  in  ince  it  is  long. 

Names  of  higher  rank  than  genera  are  not  rigidly  subject  to  the  law  of  priority, 
because  their  limits  fluctuate  with  the  advancement  of  science,  and  changes  are 
therefore  allowable  when  newly  discovered  facts  have  made  the  name  erroneous. 
And  when  a  genus  from  whose  name  a  family  name  has  been  taken,  is  removed  to 
another  family,  the  family  name  may  be  dropped,  and  a  new  one  may  be  coined  for 
the  remaining  genera. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

The  rules  of  Latin  orthography  must  be  adhered  to.  Greek  names  are 
Latinized  by  substituting  for  the  Greek  letters  their  Latin  equivalents,  according  to 
the  following  table: 

a  =  a;  O^ra)  Beta. 

ft  =  b ;  (Ppaxiutv)  Brachium. 

Y  =  g;  (Y^Sxtffa)  Glossa. 

3  =  d ;  (to^flk)  Dipsas. 

e  —  e ;  (ua/Uoc)  Hyalea,  not  Hyalsea. 

C  =  z;  (Ct'Cy^ov)  Zizyphus,  Zizyphinus. 

7}  =  e;  (Kttp-ijvi))  Pirena,  not  Pirina. 

T]  final  =  a ;  (jrezjo^iy)  Pirena,  not  Pirene. 

#,  9       =  th ;  (rij.W?)  Tethys ;  (0£re?)  Thetis. 

i  =  i ;  (Pah6<-)  Balia,  not  Balea. 

x  =  c ;  (Ixnoxprjvr]')  Hippocrena,  not  Hippochrenes. 

A  =1;  (f*IUfe)  Phyllis. 

n  —  m ;  (/jt^a?)  Melas. 

v  =  n ;  (xetprjvr)}  Pirena. 

£  =  x ;  (£^«<r)  Xenus,  Xenophora. 

o,u)  =  o ;  (<pop6s)  Phorus ;  (KW/JLO)  Poma. 

TT  =  p;  (TTwra/jto?)  Potamus. 


92  NOMENCLATURE. 

p  =  r ;  (TTTE/JOV)  Pterum. 

pp  =  rrh ;  (ybMip-fioy)  Phyllirrhoa,  not  Phyllirhoe. 

a,  ?  =  s;  (f^wffffo^  Glossus. 

T  =  t;  (Trre^di/)  Pterum. 

v  =  y ;  (u/3o?)  Hybolithus,  not  Hibolites. 

tp  =  ph ;  (<pop6s)  Phorus. 

£  =  ch;  (xoxtias*)  Cochlias. 

^  :  ps;  (0«MA">?)  Psammus. 

a<  se ;  (Atjuvato?)  Limnsea,  not  Limnea. 

<w  =  au ;  (j'Aatixo?)  Glaucus. 

c«  =  e ;  (reivui)  Exotenobranchia. 

Tt  =5=  i ;  (zeros')  Chilostoma,  not  Cheilostoma. 

EU  =  eu;  (e3/>o?)  Eurus. 

«^  01  =  oe;  (&'?,  «fe&tf)  Dioeca,  not  Dioica. 

ov  final  =  um  ;  (tyimctov)  Ephippium,  not  Ephippion. 

o? final  =  us;  ('o/zfa/w?)  Euomphalus,  not  Euomphalos. 

ow  =  u;  (XouTijpiov)  Luterium,  not  Lotorium. 

yf  =  ng ;  ('ayyapeia)  Angaria. 

YX  r=  ncn  >  (a^uxrro/jia)  Anchistoma,  not  Angistoma. 

f«  =  nc ;  (aYxtarpuv)  Ancistrodon,  not  Agkistrodon. 

>  =  rh;  (><?«)  Rhea. 

=  h ;  ^epnaia)  Hermaea,  not  Ermsea. 

It  follows  therefore,  that  Buthotrephis  must,  according  to  the  laws  of  etymology, 
be  spelt  Bythatrephis ;  Xenophobia,  instead  of  Zenophasia;  Pceocephala,  instead  of  Pow- 
cephala.  In  Latinizing  modern  words  where  the  rules  of  classic  usage  do  not  apply, 
the  etymology  must  be  preserved,  even  though  it  includes  letters  and  combinations 
unknown  in  Latin;  thus,  woodwardi,  instead  of  vudvardi;  knighti,  instead  of  cnickti; 
bullochi,  instead  of  bullocti;  esclischoltei,  instead  of  essolzi;  nebraskensis,  instead  of 
nebrascensis.  But  words  of  barbarous  origin  should  be  rendered  as  classical  in 
appearance  as  is  consistent  with  the  preservation  of  their  original  sound;  as,  toccus, 
instead  of  tockns;  ansure,  instead  of  ansuree;  argunda,  instead  of  argoondat. 

In  Latinizing  proper  names  and  converting  them  into  specific  ones,  they  assume 
a  distinctive  character,  which  they  did  not  before  possess.  The  rule  is  to  use 
the  termination  us,  genitive  i,  when  the  name  ends  with  a  consonant ;  as,  Miller, 
mitteri.  But  when  it  ends  in  a  vowel,  ius,  genitive  ii ;  as,  Moore,  moorii.  This  rule 
is  often  violated,  but  it  would  be  much  better  strictly  to  adhere  to  it. 

PRIORITY. 

It  is  of  the  highest  importance  that  we  retain  the  first  defined  and  illustrated 
names  of  genera  and  species.  The  British  Association  said : 

"  It  being  admitted  on  all  hands  that  words  are  only  the  conventional  signs  of 
ideas,  it  is  evident  that  language  can  only  attain  its  end  effectually  by  being  per- 
manently established  and  generally  recognized.  This  consideration  ought,  it  would 
seem,  to  have  checked  those  who  are  continually  attempting  to  subvert  the  established 
language  of  Zoology,  by  substituting  terms  of  their  own  coinage.  But,  forgetting 
the  true  value  of  language,  they  persist  in  confounding  the  name  of  a  species  or 


NOMENCLATURE.  93 

group  with  its  definition ;  and  because  the  former  always  falls  short  of  the  fullness 
of  expression  found  in  the  latter,  they  cancel  it  without  hesitation,  and  introduce 
some  new  term  which  appears  to  them  more  characteristic,  but  which  is  utterly 
unknown  to  the  science,  and  is  therefore  devoid  of  all  authority.  If  those  persons 
were  to  object  to  such  names  of  men  as  Long,  Little,  Armstrong,  Golightly,  etc.,  in 
cases  where  they  fail  to  apply  to  the  individuals  who  bear  them,  or  should  complain 
of  the  names  of  Gough,  Lawrence,  or  Harvey,  that  they  were  devoid  of  meaning, 
and  should  hence  propose  to  change  them  for  more  characteristic  appellations,  they 
would  not  act  more  unphilosophically  or  inconsiderately  than  they  do  in  the  case 
before  us;  for,  in  truth,  it  matters  not,  in  the  least,  by  what  conventional  sound 
we  agree  to  designate  an  individual  object,  provided  the  sign  to  be  employed  be 
stamped  with  such  an  authority  as  will  suffice  to  make  it  pass  current.  Now,  in 
Zoology,  no  one  person  can  subsequently  claim  an  authority  equal  to  that  possessed 
by  the  person  who  is  the  first  to  define  a  new  genus  or  describe  a  new  species ;  and 
hence  it  is  that  the  name  originally  given,  even  though  it  may  be  inferior  in  point 
of  elegance  or  expressiveness  to  those  subsequently  proposed,  ought  as  a  general 
principle  to  be  permanently  retained.  To  this  consideration  we  ought  to  add,  the 
injustice  of  erasing  the  name  originally  selected  by  the  person  to  whose  labors  we 
owe  our  first  knowledge  of  the  object ;  and  we  should  reflect  how  much  the  per- 
mission of  such  a  practice  opens  a  door  to  obscure  pretenders  for  dragging  them- 
selves into  notice  at  the  expense  of  original  observers." 

"The  name  originally  given  by  the  founder  of  a  group,  or  the  describer  of 
a  species,  should  be  permanently  retained  to  the  exclusion  of  all  subsequent 
synonyms." 

"As  the  number  of  known  species  which  form  the  ground-work  of  zoological 
science  is  always  increasing,  and  our  knowledge  of  their  structure  becomes  more 
complete,  fresh  generalizations  continually  occur  to  the  naturalist,  and  the  number 
of  genera  and  other  groups  requiring  appellations  is  ever  becoming  more  extensive. 
It  thus  becomes  necessary  to  subdivide  the  contents  of  old  groups,  and  to  make  their 
definitions  continually  more  restricted.  In  carrying  out  this  process,  it  is  an  act  of 
justice  to  the  original  author  that  his  generic  name  should  never  be  lost  sight  of, 
and  it  is  no  less  essential  to  the  welfare  of  the  science,  that  all  which  is  sound  in 
its  nomenclature  should  remain  unaltered  amid  the  additions  which  are  continually 
being  made  to  it." 

"  A  generic  name,  when  once  established,  should  never  be  canceled  in  any 
subsequent  subdivision  of  the  group,  but  retained  in  a  restricted  sense  for  one  of  the 
constituent  portions." 

"  When  a  genus  is  subdivided  into  other  genera,  the  original  name  should  be 
retained  for  that  portion  of  it  which  exhibits  in  the  greatest  degree  its  essential  char- 
acters as  at  first  defined.  Authors  frequently  indicate  this  by  selecting  some  one 
species  as  a  fixed  point  of  reference,  which  they  term  the  '  type  of  the  genus.' 
When  they  omit  doing  so,  it  may  still  in  many  cases  be  correctly  inferred  that  the 
first  species  mentioned  on  their  list,  if  found  accurately  to  agree  with  their  definition, 
was  regarded  by  them  as  the  type.  A  specific  name  or  its  synonyms  will  also  often 
serve  to  point  out  the  particular  species,  which  by  implication  must  be  regarded  as 
the  original  type  of  a  genus.  In  such  cases  we  are  justified  in  restoring  the  name  of 
the  old  genus  to  its  typical  signification,  even  when  later  authors  have  done  otherwise." 


94  NOMENCLATURE. 

"The  generic  name  should  always  be  retained  for  that  portion  of  the  original 
genus  which  was  considered  typical  by  the  author." 

"  Example. — The  genus  Picumnus  was  established  by  Temminck,  and  included  two 
groups,  one  with  four  toes,  the  other  with  three,  the  former  of  which  was  regarded  by 
the  author  as  typical.  Swainson,  however,  in  raising  these  groups  at  a  later  period 
to  the  rank  of  genera,  gave  a  new  name,  Asthenurus,  to  the  former  group,  and  re- 
tained Picumnus  for  the  latter.  In  this  case  we  have  no  choice  but  to  restore  the 
name  Picumnus  Tern.,  to  its  correct  sense,  canceling  the  name  Asthen,urus  Sw., 
and  imposing  a  new  name  on  the  three-toed  group  which  Swainson  had  called 
Picumnus." 

"  When  no  type  is  indicated,  then  the  original  name  is  to  be  kept  for  that 
subsequent  subdivision  which  first  received  it." 

"When  the  evidence  as  to  the  original  type  of  a  genus  is  not  perfectly  clear 
and  indisputable,  then  the  person  who  first  subdivides  the  genus  may  affix  the  orig- 
inal name  to  any  portion  of  it  at  his  discretion,  and  no  later  author  has  a  right  to 
transfer  that  name  to  any  part  of  the  original  genus." 

"  When  an  author  infringes  the  law  of  priority  by  giving  a  new  name  to  a 
genus,  which  has  already  been  properly  defined  and  named,  the  only  penalty  which 
can  be  attached  to  this  act  of  negligence  or  injustice,  is  to  expel  the  name  so  in- 
troduced from  the  pale  of  science." 

"  When  two  authors  define  and  name  the  same  genus,  both  making  it  exactly 
of  the  same  extent,  the  later  name  should  be  canceled  in  toto,  and  not  retained  in  a 
modified  sense." 

"  No  special  rule  is  required  for  the  cases  in  which  the  later  of  two  generic 
names  is  so  defined  as  to  be  less  extensive  in  signification  than  the  earlier ;  for  if  the 
later  includes  the  type  of  the  earlier  genus,  it  would  be  canceled  by  the  opera- 
tion of  the  rule  that  the  generic  name  should  always  be  retained  for  that  portion 
of  the  original  genus  which  was  considered  typical  by  the  author." 

"If  the  later  name  be  so  defined  as  to  be  equal  in  extent  to  two  or  more 
previously  published  genera,  it  must  be  canceled,  in  toto." 

"A  genus  compounded  of  two  or  more  previously  proposed  genera,  whose 
characters  are  now  deemed  insufficient,  should  retain  the  name  of  one  of  them.  If 
these  original  generic  names  differ  in  date,  the  oldest  one  should  be  the  one 
adopted." 

The  committee  on  zoological  nomenclature,  appointed  by  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  said : 

"A  change  in  the  diagnostic  characters,  or  a  revision  which  carries  with  it  the 
exclusion  of  certain  elements  of  a  group,  or  the  inclusion  of  new  elements,  does 
not  authorize  the  change  of  the  name  or  names  of  a  group." 

"  When  a  group  or  genus  is  divided  into  two  or  more  groups,  the  original 
name  must  be  preserved  and  given  to  one  of  the  principal  divisions.  The  division 
including  the  typical  species  of  the  primitive  genus,  if  any  type  had  been  specified, 
or  the  oldest,  best  known,  or  most  characteristic  of  the  species  originally  included 
when  the  primitive  genus  was  first  described  by  its  author,  is  the  portion  for  which 
the  original  name  is  to  be  preserved.  If  there  is  no  section  specially  so  dis- 
tinguished, that  which  retains  the  larger  number  of  species  should  retain  the  old 
name,  but  the  latter  can  not  be  applied  to  a  restricted  group  containing  none  of  the 


NOMENCLATURE.  95 

species  referred  to  the  primitive  group  by  its  author  at  the  time  when  it  was  de- 
scribed, or  when  he  enumerated  the  species  contained  in  it." 

The  rule  that  a  subsequent  author  can  not  revise  a  genus  and  substitute  as 
its  type  a  species  different  from  that  relied  upon  by  the  founder  of  the  genus  seems 
to  be  well  settled  in  England  and  America.  The  instances  of  strictly  adhering  to 
it  under  circumstances  where  it  would  have  seemed  to  accommodate  the  author  to 
violate  it,  are  numerous.  For  instance,  Professor  Hall,  mistaking  the  type  of  the 
genus  Retzia,  proposed  and  defined  the  genus  Rhynchospira ;  afterward  ascertain- 
ing that  Rhynchospira  was  a  synonym  for  Retzia,  he  abandoned  it  and  proposed 
Rhynchotreta  for  the  form  which  he  had  originally  mistaken  for  Retzia.  Had  it 
not  been  for  this  rule  he  might  have  abandoned  Retzia  evax  as  the  type  of  his  genus 
Rhynchospira,  and  substituted  Rhynchondla  cuneata,  which  became  the  type  of 
Rhynchotreta.  If  you  can  substitute  another  than  the  original  species  as  the  type  of 
a  genus,  I  can  substitute  another,  and  so  we  destroy  o\\  fixity  in  the  type  and  desig- 
nated characters,  throw  the  science  into  confusion,  and  seriously  impair  the  value 
and  reliability  of  generic  characters. 

When  an  author  has  specified  no  type,  the  first  species  defined  is  to  be  taken 
as  the  type,  or  if  the  genus  is  to  be  divided,  no  type  having  yet  been  selected,  a 
species  may  be  chosen  from  among  those  originally  specified  as  belonging  to  the 
genus,  due  regard  being  paid  to  the  necessity  of  retaining  as  many  of  the  original 
species  as  possible  in  the  division  which  is  to  retain  the  old  name. 

In  dividing  a  genus  of  which  there  are  already  synonyms,  if  the  synonyms  are 
typified  by  the  same  species  or  group  of  species  selected  as  types  of  the  primitive 
genus,  they  should  not  be  again  used.  When,  however,  the  so-called  synonyms  are 
founded  on  species  belonging  to  different  sections  of  the  genus,  although  the  names 
may  have  been  considered  coextensive  in  their  application,  and  the  genus  is  to  be 
divided  accordingly,  the  so-called  synonyms  become  the  proper  designations  for 
which  other  names  can  not  be  applied. 

In  case  of  the  consolidation  of  two  or  more  groups  of  the  same  nature,  the 
oldest  name  must  be  retained  for  the  whole.  If  both,  or  all,  are  of  the  same 
date,  the  reviser  may  select  the  one  to  be  retained.  If  a  name  be  so  defined  as 
to  be  equal  in  extent  to  two  or  more  previously  described,  it  must  be  canceled. 
When  it  is  necessary  to  divide  a  species,  the  form  which  received  the  old  specific 
name  must  retain  it. 

A  generic  name  must  have  a  single  meaning,  and  therefore  two  genera  can  not 
bear  the  same  name,  even  though  belonging  to  distinct  subkingdoms. 

AS  TO  PUBLICATION. 

Publication  consists  of  the  insertion  of  a  distinct  exposition  of  essential  char- 
acters in  a  printed  book  which  is  kept  for  sale,  or  which  has  been  generally  dis- 
tributed among  those  conversant  with  the  subject.  Where  figures  are  necessary  to 
an  understanding  of  the  character  of  the  organism,  they  must  accompany  the  defi- 
nition or  it  will  be  invalid.  The  tendency  of  the  science  of  palaeontology  is  to  de- 
mand in  all  cases  both  definition  and  illustration  before  the  publication  is  to  be 
recognized.  There  are  many  species  whose  characters  are  so  complicated  and  parts 
so  minute,  that  an  exposition  of  the  essential  ones,  so  they  may  be  understood  by 
those  conversant  with  the  fossils  in  the  class,  can  only  be  made  by  illustration 


96  NOMENCLATURE. 

accompanied  by  proper  definition  ;  the  science  therefore  demands  the  rule  shall  be 
co-extensive  with  its  necessities,  and  good  authors  refuse  to  recognize  names  unless 
the  publication  is  such  that  their  meaning  may  be  readily  comprehended. 

A  communication  in  a  public  assembly  or  learned  society,  or  the  reading  of  a 
paper  containing  new  names  at  such  meeting,  printing  of  the  names  in  a  catalogue, 
labeling  the  fossils  in  a  collection,  printing  the  names  and  description  in  a  news- 
paper, either  one  or  all  these  attempts  to  introduce  the  names,  does  not  constitute  a 
publication  within  the  rule,  and  hence  give  the  names  no  place  in  science.  Nor 
does  the  printing  of  the  names  with  brief  definitions  in  an  obscure  pamphlet,  or 
even  in  the  Journal  of  a  learned  society,  where  the  definition  will  not  enable  an  or- 
dinary palaeontologist  to  identify  or  distinguish  the  species  at  another  locality  than 
the  typical  one,  give  them  any  right  to  claim  recognition.  Occasional  pamphlets 
independently  issued,  and  insufficiently  advertised  and  distributed,  or  very  small 
editions  that  can  not  reach  the  students  of  the  science  generally,  are  not  publica- 
tions within  the  rule. 

The  date  borne  by  a  publication  will  be  presumed  to  be  accurate,  though  this 
presumption  is  only  prima  fade,  and  may  always  be  contested,  and  the  true  date 
shown,  from  which  time  alone  do  names  have  any  validity. 

A  species  is  not  to  be  considered  as  named  unless  both  generic  and  specific 
names  are  simultaneously  applied  to  it. 

Where  a  genus  or  species  is  announced  in  a  publication,  and  subsequently  de- 
scribed in  another  publication,  the  latter  only  is  entitled  to  recognition.  It  is  es- 
sential in  establishing  a  genus  that  some  species  be  referred  to  it. 

NAMES  TO  BE  REJECTED,  CHANGED,  OR  MODIFIED. 

A  generic  name  should  be  rejected  when  it  has  been  previously  applied  to  an- 
other valid  genus  of  organisms,  even  if  it  has  received  general  currency.  It  should 
also  be  rejected  when  it  expresses  a  positively  false  character  in  the  genus,  and  is 
therefore  liable  to  propagate  error,  and  especially  is  this  the  case  where  the  defini- 
tion is  so  erroneous  as  not  to  entitle  it  to  recognition ;  but  where  the  name  has  re- 
ceived general  circulation,  and  the  error  is  not  such  as  to  seriously  mislead,  the 
name  is  retained ;  as,  Athyris  and  Atrypa.  So  a  specific  name  should  be  rejected 
when  it  is  already  applied  to  another  species  or  subdivision  in  the  same  genus,  or 
when  a  geographical  name  of  a  country  entirely  removed  from  the  habitat  of  the 
species  is  used. 

A  name  should  be  rejected  when  it  is  formed  of  two  words  belonging  to  dif- 
ferent languages,  as  en  put  before  a  Latin  name,  sub  before  a  Greek  name,  aides, 
opsis  suffixed  to  a  Latin  name ;  or  when  it  is  identical  if  properly  spelled,  accord- 
ing to  its  true  derivation,  with  a  prior  valid  name,  as  Platystoma  of  Conrad,  being 
preoccupied,  can  not  be  retained  simply  because  he  misspelled  it  Platyostoma. 

A  name  should  always  be  rejected  when  it  outrages  decency. 

It  is  inelegant  and  tautological  to  derive  a  generic  name  from  the  specific  name 
of  its  typical  species.  For  example,  Corvus  pyrrhocorax,  Linn.,  was  afterward  ad- 
vanced to  a  genus  under  the  name  of  Pyrrhocorax.  The  name  therefore  became 
Pyrrhocorax  pyrrhocorax.  The  rule  is  now  to  reject  all  such  generic  names,  except 
those  which,  from  long  usage,  have  imbedded  themselves  into  science;  none  of  which, 
however,  can  claim  a  place  in  palaeontology. 


NOMENCLATURE.  97 

When  a  species  is  transferred  from  one  genus  to  another  in  which  there  is  a 
species  of  the  same  name,  the  older  specific  name  is  retained,  and  the  oldest  tenable 
synonym  is  adopted  for  the  other  form,  if  there  be  one ;  and  if  not,  a  new  specific 
name  is  proposed.  But  if  the  form  bearing  the  prior  specific  name  is  transferred 
to  another  genus,  the  original  specific  name  of  the  later  species  must  be  restored, 
and  the  new  specific  name  must  fall  into  synonymy.  This  is  the  necessary  result 
of  the  law  of  priority. 

When  a  name  is  published,  the  author  has  no  more  control  over  it  than  any 
other  one.  He  has  the  same  rights,  no  more  and  no  less,  than  other  naturalists. 

SELECTION  OF  NAMES  AND  MODIFICATION. 

The  best  names  are  derived  from  Latin  and  Greek,  and  express  some  distin- 
guishing characteristic  of  the  object  to  which  they  are  applied.  In  palaeontology 
it  is  more  consistent  with  practice  and  uniformity  to  derive  the  generic  names  from 
Greek  and  the  specific  names  from  Latin;  and  if  the  name  as  proposed  exhibits  a 
faulty  construction,  any  naturalist  is  authorized  to  correct  it.  When  a  wrong  gen- 
der is  given  to  a  species  by  its  termination,  not  agreeing  with  a  genus,  it  is  the  duty 
of  a  naturalist  to  correct  it. 

When  a  name  derived  from  a  person  has  not  been  written  according  to  the 
real  orthography  of  his  name,  it  may  be  changed,  provided  it  does  not  involve  the 
first  syllable  and  thereby  disturb  the  arrangement  of  indices,  tables,  catalogues,  and 
dictionaries,  in  alphabetical  order,  or  interfere  with  long-established  usage.  The 
botanical  congress  at  London,  in  1866,  refused  to  change  the  name  Cinchona,  named 
after  -the  Countess  Chincon,  because  of  established  usage.  In  1866  Hall  described 
Glyptocrinus  nealli  in  honor  of  O'Neall ;  but  the  name  must  stand  as  described,  not 
only  because  its  change  would  interfere  with  indices,  tables,  catalogues,  and  dic- 
tionaries, but  Hall  had  the  right  to  construct  the  specific  name  nealli  as  he  did,  and 
the  fixity  of  nomenclature  will  not  allow  another  to  change  it.  Scalaria  turtoni, 
named  after  Miss  Turton,  may  be  changed  to  S.  turtonce;  and  Viviparus  being  incon- 
sistent with  itself  may  be  changed  to  Vivipara,  because  the  change  is  in  the  end  of 
the  name  to  conform  to  the  rules  of  grammar. 

Names  of  persons  are  Latinized  and  not  adopted  in  Greek  form,  but  where  en 
is  prefixed  or  oides  or  opsis  suffixed,  one  may  not  be  authorized  to  change  it,  be- 
cause the  name  is  not  of  Latin  origin,  though  it  is  in  very  bad  taste.  Buffoonery 
has  no  place  in  science;  hence  Latin  puns  on  names,  as  faba  after  Mr.  Bean,  should 
be  rejected  in  all  cases  as  a  poor  joke. 

The  name  of  a  person  must  have  the  termination  Latinized,  but  the  specific 
name  can  not  be  composed  of  the  Christian  and  surname,  because  it  would  not  be 
binomial,  and  can  not  be  made  to  conform  to  the  rules.  Geographical  names  are 
eminently  fit  and  suitable  when  they  indicate  the  locality  from  which  the  type  was 
collected.  Barbarous  names  are  not  in  good  taste  in  Palaeontology,  though  they 
have  been  defended  in  other  departments  of  Natural  History.  Names  expressive  of 
trades  and  professions  are  not  in  good  taste.  Mythological  and  historical  names  are 
generally  in  bad  taste  for  specific  names,  though  they  have  been  largely  used ;  but 
mythological  names  for  genera  have  usually  been  defended.  The  right  to  use  both 
is  conceded.  Names  expressive  of  something  else  than  a  character  of  the  fossil,  as 
centennialis  for  a  Hyoliikes  are  in  very  bad  taste,  and  sometimes  even  absurd.  Com- 


98  NOMENCLATURE. 

parative  names  are  often  appropriate ;  but  those  expressive  of  size,  as  maximus, 
minor,  and  minimus,  are  too  frequently  rendered  inaccurate  by  after  discoveries,  and 
are  therefore  objectionable. 

Both  generic  and  specific  names  derived  from  persons  engaged  in  palseontological 
pursuits  are  very  appropriate.  Names  of  harsh  and  inelegant  pronunciation  ought 
to  be  avoided,  as  also  words  of  too  great  length  or  having  more  than  five  syllables. 

Generic  names  may  be  compounded  from  other  genera  to  express  the  position  of 
the  genus  as  intermediate  to  or  allied  with  two  other  genera,  care  being  taken  not  to 
adopt  such  as  are  of  too  great  length,  and  not  to  corrupt  them  in  trying  to  render 
them  shorter.  Aviculopecten  and  Avieulopinna  are  examples  of  the  appropriate  use 
of  compound  words,  notwithstanding  their  length,  while  Tellinomya  is  more  fanciful 
than  real,  and  yet  not  to  be  discarded. 

In  compounding  words  all  the  radical  or  essential  parts  of  the  constituent  mem- 
bers must  be  retained,  and  no  change  made  except  in  the  variable  terminations. 
Words  coined  at  random,  or  without  any  derivation  or  meaning,  will  not  be  recognized. 

The  names  of  genera  are  in  all  cases  essentially  substantive,  and  hence  ad- 
jective terms  can  not  be  employed  for  them  without  doing  violence  to  grammar ;  for 
instance,  Anomaloides  proposed  as  a  generic  name  must  be  disregarded.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  names  in  the  genitive  case,  which  are  wholly  inadmissible,  without 
reformation. 

FORMATION  OF  NAMES. 
• 

The  generic  name  always  begins  with  a  capital  letter,  the  specific  name  with  a 
small  initial  letter,  even  when  derived  from  person  or  place.  The  generic  name  is  a 
noun,  while  the  specific  name  has  the  force  of  an  adjective.  The  specific  name  is 
in  no  instance  a  proper  noun,  but'  all  species  are  equal,  and  should  therefore  be 
written  alike.  It  is  a  violation  of  a  plain  rule  of  grammar  to  write  a  specific  name 
with  a  capital  letter ;  beside,  there  is  an  advantage  in  obeying  the  rule,  for  by  so  do- 
ing the  eye  at  a  glance  distinguishes  specific  from  generic  names. 

The  generic  name  retains  the  gender  which  belongs  to  it  in  the  language  from 
which  it  is  taken.  Where  no  change  is  made  in  the  termination  of  the  last  word 
in  a  generic  name,  the  gender  of  that  word  determines  the  gender  of  the  genus. 
Thus  ceras,  nema,  stoma,  and  desma  are  in  the  Greek  of  the  neuter  gender,  and  con- 
sequently all  genera  ending  with  these  words,  such  as  Orthoceras,  Loxonema,  Phrag- 
mostoma,  Lyrodesma,  are  neuter. 

In  defining  a  new  genus  the  etymology  should  be  given,  and  a  species 
should  be  selected  as  the  type.  There  is  no  excuse  for  neglecting  these  rules, 
except  that  the  author  is  incapable  of  giving  the  etymology  of  his  proposed  generic 
name,  and  is  not  sufficiently  confident  of  his  definition  to  dare  venture  to  rely 
upon  one  of  his  species  as  the  type. 

When  a  generic  name  is  derived  from  the  name  of  a  person,  it  is  stripped  of 
all  titles  and  preliminary  particles,  reduced  to  the  genitive  case,  and  the  letter  a 
is  appended,  thus  taking  on  a  feminine  form.  The  following  examples  illustrate 
the  method,  viz.:  Names,  Brun,  Bruni,  Bruno,  Brunus,  Bruna,  Brune,  Bruuy. 
Generic  form,  Brunia,  Bruniia,  Brunoia,  Brunusia,  Brunrea,  Brunia,  Brunyia.  Y  at 
the  end  of  a  word  of  one  syllable  is  treated  as  a  consonant,  as  Quoy,  Quoyia ;  Gay, 
Gayia ;  and  mute  e  final  becomes  i,  or  is  dropped  entirely,  as  Perouse,  Perousia. 


NOMENCLATURE.  99 

Every  specific  name  agrees  in  gender  with  the  genus  to  which  it  belongs,  and 
if  an  adjective,  its  termination  must  show  it.  If  the  specific  name  is  a  substantive, 
the  termination  is  not  necessarily  changed.  The  rule  is  not  to  change  the  ending 
of  a  common  noun  or  mythological  name,  but  to  make  an  adjective,  and  the  name 
of  a  person  or  place,  indicate  the  gender  of  the  genus  to  which  it  belongs. 

The  following  rules  govern  the  use  of  these  terminations: 

— alls.  This  Latin  termination,  implying  resemblance,  is  seldom  used,  except 
in  words  already  compounded  in  Greek  and  Latin ;  and  when  otherwise,  it  must 
be  annexed  to  the  stem  of  the  word,  as  rectilateralis,  quadrUateralis. 

— anus.  This  Latin  termination  implies  resemblance  or  association,  and  may 
be  added  to  proper  names,  personal  or  local;  though  in  science  its  use  is  almost 
confined  to  the  former.  If  the  word  is  capable  of  taking  a  classic  form,  the  ter- 
mination should  be  simply  annexed  to  the  stem  as  Linnceus,  linnceanus;  Lesquer- 
eux  (lescuria),  lescurianus;  in  conformity  with  classic  usage;  pagus,  paganus;  Clau- 
dius, claudianus ;  Neapolis,  neapolitanus.  In  other  cases,  the  addition  of  this  termina- 
tion must  follow  the  same  rule  as  those  for  ensis,  as  America,  americanus;  Geinitz, 
geinitzanus;  Meek,  meekanw ;  Erie,  erianus;  Italy  (ia),  italianus. 

— atus.  This  Latin  termination  strictly  implies  the  possession  of  the  thing  to 
the  name  of  which  it  is  added.  It  is  therefore  affixed  to  the  stem  of  common  names 
only;  as,  costa,  costatus;  galea,  galeatus  ;  fornix,  fornicatus ;  sinus,  sinuatus ;  stria,  stria- 
tus;  lobus,  lobatus ;  rostrum,  rostratus.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  here  that  this  termina- 
tion sometimes  loses  its  at,  to  shorten  the  word.  The  practice  is  not  commendable 
from  a  linguistic  stand-point,  but  some  of  the  terms  so  made  have  become  fixed  in 
the  nomenclature  ;  as,  Orthis  biloba. 

—formis.  This  Latin  termination  implies  resemblance  of  shape,  and  should  be 
confined  to  Latin  words,  to  the  stem  of  which  it  is  joined  by  the  connecting  vowel 
i ;  as,  laterna,  laterniformis ;  pistiUum,  pistittiformis.  In  forming  terms,  such  as  the 
first  given  above  from  Latin  words  ending  in  a,  the  error  of  using  OB  as  the  con- 
necting vowel  should  be  avoided ;  being  inconsistent  with  classic  usage,  as  well  as 
more  awkward,  and  lengthy,  thus  we  have  from  terra,  terricola;  gemma,  gemmifer; 
squama,  squamiger ;  tuba,  tubiformis;  etc. 

— ensis.  This  is  a  Latin  termination,  expressive  of  locality,  and  can  not  there- 
fore be  correctly  employed,  except  as  an  affix  to  the  name  of  a  place.  This  rule  has 
been  traversed  in  few  real,  but  in  many  apparent  instances.  Languid  morsensis  is  an 
illustration  of  the  former.  In  accordance  with  law,  this  has  been  changed  to  L. 
morsii,  being  given  in  honor  of  Mr.  Morse.  Zygospira  dndnnatiensis,  Pupa  vermilion- 
ensis,  Cardium  napoleonense,  Athyris  hannibalensis  are  apparent  exceptions ;  but  these 
terms  are  formed  from  words  which,  though  originally  personal  or  trivial,  have  now 
become  local  names,  and  consequently  no  valid  objection  can  be  raised  against  them. 
In  using  this  termination  the  following  rules  have  been  generally  followed :  1st. 
If  the  name  of  the  place  ends  in  a  consonant,  the  termination  is  annexed  to  the 
word  ;  as,  Clinton  clintonensis.  2d.  If  the  name  ends  in  a  or  e,  these  letters  are 
dropped,  and  the  termination  then  annexed  ;  as,  Canada,  eanadensis ;  Minnesota,  min- 
nesotensw;  Iowa,  iowensis ;  Indiana,  indianensis;  Lasatte,  lasallensis;  Erie,  eriensis. 
3d.  If  the  name  ends  in  i,  o,  or  u,  that  vowel  is  retained ;  as,  Mississippi,  mississippi- 
ensis ;  Missouri,  missouriensis ;  Chicago,  chicagoensis ;  Colorado,  coloradoensis ;  Chouteau, 
chouteauensis.  4th.  If  the  name  ends  in  y,  that  letter  becomes  i  upon  the  addition 


100  NOMENCLATURE. 

of  the  termination ;  as,  Kentucky,  kentuckiensis ;  Alleghany,  aUeghaniensis ;  in  accord- 
ance with  classic  usage,  as  Sicily,  siciliensis. 

— i.  The  terminination  i  is  to  be  considered  a  mere  indication  of  the  Latin 
genitive  case,  and  custom  rather  than  correctness  has,  in  some  sense,  legalized  its 
addition  to  any  name.  In  practice,  however,  it  is  almost  restricted  to  proper  names. 
Thus  we  have  knighti,  littoni,  fiemingi,  ivesi. 

— ieus.  This  Greek  termination  implies  resemblance,  and  may  be  added  to 
common  names  under  the  same  rules  as  those  given  for  — ensis,  except  that,  in  form- 
ing the  word,  a  vowel  is  suppressed  if  it  would  precede  the  termination ;  thus,  Mace- 
don,  macedonicus;  Italy  (ia),  italicw.  It  is  little  used,  except  as  an  affix  to  the 
name  of  a  river  or  country ;  as,  euphraticus,  anglicua,  or  in  such  words  as  ellipticus. 

— eus.  This  Latin  termination  has  been  occasionally  employed  ;  but  as  it  implies 
"  made  of,"  it  is  evidently  seldom,  if  ever,  admissible  in  palaeontology.  The  term 
eboraceiis,  from  eboracum,  the  Latin  name  for  York,  is  a  misnomer  and  should  have 
been  eboracensis. 

— inus.  This  termination  is  applied  to  both  common  and  proper  names.  Latin 
usage  restricted  its  application  more  than  modern  scientific  practice  has  done,  and 
applied  it  mainly  to  proper  names,  local  terms,  and  living  beings ;  as,  caninus, 
alpinus ;  but  did  not  sanction  such  words  as  rugatinus,  sidcatinus,  seccdinus,  taxinus, 
and  vehdinus.  The  termination  is  used  subject  to  the  same  laws  as  — ensis. 

— ites.  This  termination  expresses  the  fossil  nature  of  the  specimen.  It  is  a 
contraction  of 'the  Greek  word  lithos,  a  stone.  In  most  instances  it  coalesces  with 
the  last  vowel  of  the  root.  This  and  long  usage  in  many  words,  such  as  Ammoni- 
ites,  Belemnites,  Pyrites,  have  completely  established  the  long  i,  while  the  gender 
is  determined  by  that  of  the  Greek  word  to  be  masculine.  All  specific  terms  in 
the  genus  must,  therefore,  be  of  this  gender. 

— aides.  This  Greek  termination,  signifying  "  like,"  should  be  added  only  to 
the  stems  of  words  of  Greek  origin.  No  connecting  vowel  is  necessary.  Thus  we 
have  dactylos,  dactyloides ;  discos,  discoides.  The  Latin  form  — oideus  obeys  the  same 
laws,  except  the  Greek  termination  is  alike  in  all  genders,  while  the  Latin  is  in- 
flected as  Latin  adjectives  of  similar  termination. 

Compound  terms.  In  forming  compound  terms  care  should  be  taken  to  con- 
nect them  rightly.  If  an  adjective  of  three  terminations,  or  a  noun  of  the  sec- 
ond Latin  declension,  composes  the  first  part  of  the  word,  either  i  or  o  may  be 
employed  as  a  connecting  vowel,  the  choice  being  largely  determined  by  the  ear. 
Thus  sulcomarginatus  is  better  than  sulcimarginatus,  and  crassicaulis  than  crassocaulis. 
If  the  adjective  has  but  one  or  two  terminations,  or  the  noun  be  of  the  first,  third, 
or  fourth  Latin  declension,  the  connecting  vowel  i  should  always  be  employed ;  as, 
tenuislriatus,  pinniformis,  ilicifolius,  retiformis,  cornifer.  The  connecting  vowel  o  is 
admissible  by  Greek  usage  in  all  declensions;  as,  Uiodendron,  Oydoconcha,  Syringo- 
dendron,  Alethopteris,  Dictyonema,  Dictyopteris,  except  that  where  the  first  part  of  the 
word  is  an  adjective  ending  in  — ys,  it  is  shorter,  and  at  the  same  time  consonant 
with  classic  usage  to  employ  no  connecting  vowel  at  all ;  thus,  pachyderma, 
euryteines,  Platystoma,  etc.,  are  better  than  pachyoderma,  euryoteines,  Platyostoma,  etc. 


NORTH  AMERICAN 

PALEOZOIC  FOSSILS. 


BY  the  little  words  plants  and  animals  we  include  all  the  organisms  in  the 
world.  But  science,  demanding  technical  words  and  controlling  characteristics,  has 
added  the  word  "  Kingdom"  to  these  common  names;  and  hence  all  organisms  and 
all  which  have  existed  in  the  past  are  divided  between  the  ' '  Vegetable  Kingdom  " 
and  the  "Animal  Kingdom." 


VEGETABLE   KINGDOM. 

THE  Palaeozoic  Fossil  plants  are  divided  into  seven  classes  ;  viz. ,  Fucoides,  Fungi, 
Equisetacese,  Filicacese,  Lycopodiacese,  Cordaitese,  and  Coniferae.  The  Fucoides  are  also 
called  Sargassites  and  Thalassophites.  They  are  supposed  to  have  some  affinity  with 
the  leathery  marine  vegetation  called  Fucus  or  the  Sargassum.  The  fossils  are  merely 
casts,  showing,  as  a  rule,  no  structure  whatever.  Lesquereux  says  marine  vegetation 
readily  disintegrates  and  passes  into  a  gelatinous,  half-fluid  matter,  which  penetrates 
the  sand,  so  that  the  lowest  strata  of  the  great  heaps  thrown  up  by  the  waves  and 
exposed  to  atmospheric  action,  do  not  generally  preserve  traces  of  their  organ- 
isms for  more  than  a  year.  The  fossil  forms  may  have  been  harder,  and  contained  less 
gelatinous  matter  in  their  cells,  and  probably  had  only  a  remote  resemblance  to 
the  living  Fucus  or  Sargassum,  though  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  they  are 
representatives  of  extinct  marine  cryptogamous  plants. 

The  fossils  referred  to  this  Class  have  never  been  distributed  into  Orders  and 
Families.  The  genera  are  as  follows:  Archseophyton,  Arthraria,  Arthrophycus, 
Asterophycus,  Astropolithon  (Graptolite?),  Blastophycus,  Bythotrephis,  Calamo- 
phycus,  Chondrites,  Conostichus,  Cruziana,  Dactylophycus,  Dendrophycus,  Dis- 
cophycus,  Dystactophycus,  Eophyton,  Heliophycus,  Hippodophycus,  Ichnophycus, 
Licrophycus,  Palaeophycus,  Phytopsis,  Protostigma,  Rusophycus,  Sphenothallua, 
Taonurus,  Trichophycus. 

The  Fungi  are  cellular  cryptogamus  plants  (kruptos,  hidden;  gamos,  mar- 
riage). They  are  flowerless  plants,  in  which  the  fructifying  organs  are  so  minute 
as  to  escape  detection  without  a  microscope.  The  spores  are  sometimes  naked,  and 
in  other  cases  inclosed  in  a  theca.  The  evidence  of  the  existence  of  this  Class  in 
Palaeozoic  rocks  is  extremely  meager,  though  Lesquereux  refers  a  species  of  Rhi- 
zomorpha  to  it. 

The  vascular  cryptogamous  plants  flourished  to  such  an  extent  in  the  Carbon- 
iferous era,  that  it  has  been  called  the  "  Age  of  Acrogens,"  and  the  "  Age  of  Coal- 

8  101 


102  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM. 

plants."  The  Classes  and  Orders  have  been  named  as  Latin  adjectives  in  the 
feminine  plural,  to  agree  with  plantse  (plants),  which  is  said  to  be  always  un- 
derstood. Thus  from  Equisetum,  by  prolonging  the  termination  into  acece,  we 
have  Equisetacese ;  from  Filices,  Filicacese,  etc. 

The  Equisetacese  are  either  cellular  or  vascular  flowerless  plants,  producing 
spores  instead  of  seeds.  The  Palaeozoic  fossils  are  all  referred  to  one  Order,  the 
Calamarise.  The  genera  are  as  follows :  Anarthrocanna,  Annularia,  Arthrostigma, 
Asterophyllites,  Bechera,  Bornia,  Calamites,  Calamodendron,  Calamostachys,  Equi- 
setites,  Macrostachya,  Nematophyllum,  Sphenophyllum,  Volkmannia. 

The  Filicacese,  or  ferns,  are  too  common  among  existing  plants  to  have  escaped 
the  notice  of  any  one.  The  Palaeozoic  ferns  are  divided  into  Orders  as  follows : 

1.  ORDER,  NEUROPTERIDE^E. 
Cyclopteris,  Dictyopteris,  Lesleya,  Neuropteris,  Odontopteris. 

UNCERTAIN    RELATION    TO    THE    ORDER. 

Baiera,  Cardiopteris,  Danseites,  Idiophyllum,  Megalopteris,  Neriopteris,  Orthogoni- 
opteris,  Tseniopteris. 

2.  ORDER  ALETHOPTERIDE^E. 

Alethopteris,  Callipteridium,  Callipteris,  Lescuropteris,  Protoblechnum. 

3.  ORDER,  PSEUDOPECOPTERIDE^;. 

Pseudopecopteris. 

4.  ORDER,  PECOPTERIDE^;. 

Beinertia,  Cymoglossa,  Lonchopteris,  Oligocarpia,  Pecopteris,  Phyllopteris. 

5.|  ORDER,  SPHENOPTERIDE^. 
Eremopteris,  Hymenophyllites,  Sphenopteris. 

6.  ORDER,  ADIANTITES. 
Aneimites,  Archseopteris,  Triphyllopteris. 

FERNS  OP  UNCERTAIN  AFFINITY. 

Asteropteris,  Crematopteris,  Pachypteris,  Rhacophyllum. 

SEPARATE  FRUCTIFICATION  OF  FERNS. 

Sorocladus. 
RACHIS  OF  FERNS. 

Rhachiopteris. 
RHIZOMA  OF  FERNS. 

Stigmarioides. 

STEMS  OR  TRUNKS  OF  FERNS. 
Caulopteris,  Megaphytum,  Psaronius,  Stemmatopteris. 


VEGETABLE  KINGDOM.  103 

The  existing  Lycopodiacese  inhabit  the  deep  shade  of  the  forests,  the  surface  of 
bogs,  or  the  slopes  of  mountains,  where  there  is  a  high  degree  of  humidity,  except 
a  few  species,  which  have  the  power  of  closing  the  leaves  under  the  heat  of  the  sun 
and  opening  them  to  receive  the  rain  or  fog.  Some  of  them,  like  the  "Ground 
Pine,"  are  evergreens,  and  none  of  them  grow  beyond  a  few  feet  in  length.  Many 
Carboniferous  plants  of  this  Class,  however,  were  grand  and  stately  trees,  two  feet 
or  more  in  diameter,  and  fifty  feet  or  more  in  length.  Lesquereux  says,  in  speaking 
of  Carboniferous  plants  : 

"  The  leaves  of  the  Lycopodiacese  are  generally  in  a  spiral  order,  modified 
sometimes  in  their  relative  disposition,  even  in  the  same  species.  They  are  nar- 
row, linear-lanceolate,  of  various  length,  according  to  species,  all  with  a  strong 
midrib.  Their  point  of  attachment  upon  the  stems  is  marked  by  scars  of  divers 
forms,  which  greatly  vary  in  size,  according  to  the  age  of  the  fragments,  or  rather 
of  the  part  of  the  tree  from  which  the  fragments  of  bark  are  derived.  It  is  essen- 
tially from  the  characters  of  these  leaf-scars  that  species  of  the  Lepidodendrse  have 
been  established." 

"  The  fructifications,  rarely  found  attached  to  their  support,  are  in  cylindrical 
or  ovate  spikes,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  composed  of  sporanges  attached  to  the  anterior 
base  of  leaves  or  blades  of  various  forms,  which,  curved  upward  and  imbricated,  cover 
the  outside  of  the  cones.  The  sporanges  contain  organisms  of  two  kinds,  either  very 
small  ones  (microspores),  which  are  like  powder,  or  agglutinated  globules  of  matter, 
distinct  only  with  microscopes  of  great  power.  They  may  represent  the  male  ferti- 
lizing pollen.  Or,  and  more  generally,  they  contain  macrospores,  large,  true  glob- 
ular seeds,  angular  on  one  side,  and  rounded  on  the  other." 

The  class  may  be  divided  into  three  orders,  as  follows  : 

i.  ORDER,  I,EPIDODENDRE^. 

Acanthophyton  (?),  Cyclostigma,  Dechenia,  Diplostegium,  Glyptodendron,  Halonia, 
Knorria,  Lepidocystis,  Lepidodendron,  Lepidophlceum,  Lepidophloios,  Lepidophyl- 
lum,  Lepidostrobus,  Leptophloeum,  Lycopodites,  Plumalina,  Psilophyton,  Spor- 
angites,  Sporocystis,  Ulodendron. 


2.  ORDER, 

Tseniophyllum. 
3.  ORDER, 

Didymophyllum,  Pinnularia,  Sigillaria,  Sigillarioides,  Sigillariostrobus,  Spirangium, 
Stigmaria,  Syringodendron. 

4.  ORDER,  NOEGGERATHI^;. 
Noeggerathia,  Whittleseya. 

The  Cordaitese,  an  extinct  class,  are  represented  in  the  Coal  Measures,  gener- 
ally by  fragments  of  ribbon-like  leaves,  and  most  rarely  by  stems  bearing  leaves 
and  flowers.  They  belong  to  the  Gymnosperms,  and  occupy  a  position  somewhat 
intermediate  between  the  Noeggerathise  and  Coniferse.  The  genera  are  as  follows  : 


104 


PLANTS. 


[ACA. — ALE. 


Antholithes,  Asterocarpus,  Cardiocarpou,  Carpolithes,  Cordaianthus,  Cordaicarpus, 
Cordaistrobus,  Cordaites,  Desmiophyllum,  Dicranophyllum,  Lepidoxylon,  Rhab- 
docarpus,  Trigonocarpum. 

FRUIT  OF  UNCERTAIN  AFFINITY. 
Gulielmites. 

The  Coniferse  are  exogenous  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  with  branching  trunks 
containing  a  resinous  juice.  They  have  a  strobile  cone  or  solitary  seed.  Three 
Palaeozoic  genera  have  been  referred  to.  the  Coniferse:  viz.,  Dadoxylon,  Saporteea, 
and  Walchia,  but  there  must  be  doubt  about  the  reference  of  Dadoxylon  to  this  Class. 

WOOD  OF  UNCERTAIN  AFFINITY. 
Celluloxylon,  Nematoxylon,  Ormoxylon,  Prototaxites,  Sternbergia,  Syringoxylon. 


ACANTHOPHYTON,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18.  p.  324.  [Ety.  akanlha, 
thorn ;  phyton.,  plant.]  Cylindrical 
branches,  ramifying  in  alternate  man- 
ner, striated,  with  scattered  tubercles,  on 
which  are  borne  short  spines.  Type  A. 
spinosum. 

spinosum,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18.  p.  324,  Chemung  Gr. 
ALETHOPTKRIS,  Sternberg,  1825,  Vers.  Darst. 
Flora  der  Vorwelt.  p.  21.  [Ety.  alethos, 
true ;  pteris,  fern.]  Fronds  polypinnate ; 
pinnules  coriaceous,  simple,  mostly  en- 
tire, enlarged  at  the  base,  connate  or 
free,  borders  reflexed ;  midrib  distinct, 
immersed  into  the  epidermis,  marked 
by  a  groove  on  the  upper  surface ; 
prominent  on  the  lower ;  lateral  veins 
simple  or  forking  once,  open,  often  in 
right  angle  to  the  rachis ;  fructifications 
marginal.  Type  A.  lonchitica. 

acuta,  see  Pecopteris  acuta. 

ambigua,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  182,  Coal  Meas. 

aquilina,  Schlotheim,  1820,  (Filicites 
aquilinus,)  Petrefaktenkunde,  p.  405, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  181,  Coal  Meas. 

bunburyi,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  421,  Coal  Meas. 

coxana,  Lesquereux,  1861,  Geo.  Sur.  Kv., 
vol.  4,  p  433,  Coal.  Meas. 

crassa,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  748,  Coal  Meas. 

crenulata,  Brongniart,  as  identified  by 
Lesquereux,  in  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  439,  is  Pseudopecopteris  subcrenu- 
lata. 

cnstata,  see  Pecopteris  cristata. 

discrepans,  Dawson,  1862,  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.  18,  p.  222,  Devonian. 

distam,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  865,  is  a  variety  of  A.  lon- 
chitica. 

tmarginata,  see  Pecopteris  emarginata. 

erosa,  see  Pecopteris  erosa. 

evansi,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  834,  Coal  Meas. 


falcata,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  396,  Coal  Meas. 

gibsoni,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  183,  Coal  Meas. 

grandifolia,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  384,  Coal  Meas. 

grandis,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  &  Geol., 
vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.  p.  484,  Coal  Meas. 

halli,  see  Pecopteris  halli. 

helense,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.  p.  179,  Coal  Meas. 

heterophylla,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1833, 
(Pecopteris  heterophylla,)  Foss.  Flora, 
vol.  1,  T>.  113,  Coal  Meas. 

holdeni,  see  Protoblechnum  holdeni. 

hymenophylloides,     see     Pseudopecopteris 
hymenophylloi- 
des. 

inflata,  see  Callip- 
teridium  infla- 
tum. 

ingens,  Dawson, 
868,  Acad.  Geol. 
p.  553,  Devo- 
nian. 

Isevis,  Lesquereux, 
1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  865, 
Coal  Meas. 

lanceolata,  see  Pe- 
copteris lanceo- 
lata. 

lonchitica,  Schlo- 
theim, 1820,  (Fi- 
licites lonchiti- 
cus,)  Nachtrage 
zur  Petrefakten- 
kunde, p.  411, 
and  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  177, 
Coal  Meas. 

tongifolia,  see  Pe- 
copteris longi- 
folia. 

macrophylla,  see  Danseites  Macrophyllus. 

massillionis,  see  Callipteridium  massillo- 
neum. 


FIG.  5. — Aletliopteris 
lonchitica. 


ANA. — ANN.] 


PLANTS. 


105 


maxima,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  421,  Coal  Meas. 
mazonana,    see    Pseudopecopteris    mazo- 

nana. 

muricala,  see  Pseudopecopteris  muricata. 
nervosa,  see  Pseudopecopteris  nervosa. 
obscura,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  865,  syn.  for  Callipteridium 

rugosum. 

oweni,  see  Callipteridium  oweni. 
pectinata,    Lesquereux,    1866,    Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  469,  Coal  Meas. 
pennsylvanica,    Lesquereux,    1858,    Geo. 

Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  864,  Coal  Meas. 
perleyi,  Hart,  1868,  Acad.   Geol.  p.  554, 

Devonian. 
pluckeneti,   see    Pseudopecopteris    pluck- 

eneti. 

preciosa,  see  Pecopteris  preciosa. 
pteroides,  see  Pecopteris  pteroides. 
robusta,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  835,  Coal  Meas. 
rugosa,  see  Callipteridium  rugosum. 
serlii,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Pecopteris  serlii,) 

Hist.   d.  Veg.  Foss.   p.   292,   and  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  176,  Coal  Meas. 
serrula,  see  Pecopteris  serrula. 
serrulata,  see  Pecopteris  serrulata. 
sheaferi,  see  Pseudopecopteris  sheaferi. 
solida,  see  Pecopteris  solida. 

i,    see     Pseudopecopteris    spinu- 


stellata,  see  Pecopteris  stellata. 

taeniopteroides,  see  Pecopteris  tseniopter- 
oides. 

urophylla,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Pecopteris 
urophylla,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.  Coal 
Meas. 

virginiana,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  88,  Coal  Meas.  or 
Permian. 

ANARTHROCANNA,  Gceppert,  1845,  in  Tchih. 
Voy.  [Ety.  an,  without;  arthron  joint ; 
canna,  a  plant.]  Cylindrical  stems, 
more  or  less  swelling  at  the  nodes,  with 
ribs  flattened  and  continuous  instead 
of  forming  joints  as  in  Calamites. 

perryana,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  vol.  19,  p.  461,  and  Foss.  plants  of 
Dev.  and  Up.  Sil.  formations,  p.  27, 
Catskill  Gr. 

ANEIMITES,  Dawson,  1861,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  vol.  17,  p.  5.  [Ety.  from  Aneimia, 
a  genus.]  Pinnules  clustered,  petiolate 
or  attached  by  a  narrow  base,  with 
flabellate  venation.  Type  A.  acadicus, 
closely  related  to  Cyclopteris. 

acadicus,  Dawson,  1861,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  5,  and  vol.  21,  p.  153, 
Low.  Coal  Meas. 

bockshii,  Goeppert,  1836,  ( Adiantites 
bockshii,)  Syst.  Filic.  Foss.  p.  384,  and 
Foss.  plants  of  Dev.  and  Up.  Sil.  of 
Can.  p.  46,  Chemung  Gr. 

obtusus,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Noeggerathia 
obtusa,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  854, 
and  Foss.  plants  of  Dev.  and  Up.  Sil. 
of  Can.,  p.  46,  Catskill  Gr. 

validus,  Dawson,  1862,  ( Cyclopteris  valida,) 


Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  319, 
and  Foss.  plants  of  Dev.  and  Up.  Sil. 
of  Can.,  p.  46,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  6.— Aneimites  obtusus. 

ANNULARIA,  Sternberg,  1820,  Essai  d'un  ex- 
pos^  Geognostico-botanique  d.  1.  Flore. 
du  monde  pritnitif.  2d  Cahier,  p.  36. 
[Ety.  annulus,  a  ring.]  Stem  articulate, 
striate,  with  a  strong  diaphragm  trav- 
ersing it  at  the  articulations ;  branches 
opposite,  nearly  in  right  angles  from 
the  articulations;  leaves  verticillate, 
lanceolate,  spathulate,  or  Ungulate, 
abruptly  or  gradually  acuminate,  or 
obtuse,  even  emarginate  at  the  apex ; 
fructifications  in  long  cylindrical  spikes, 
with  close  articulations,  and  narrowly 
lanceolate  bracts,  bearing  round  spor- 
anges  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  or 
double,  oval  ones,  pedicellate  and  at- 
tached in  the  middle  of  the  internodes. 
Type  A.  spinulosa.  This  name  is  preoc- 
cupied in  the  subkingdom  Mollusca, 
and  Wood  in  1860  proposed  to  substi- 
tute Trochophyllum;  but  Trochophyllum 
was  preoccupied  for  a  genus  of  corals 
in  1851,  by  Edwards  and  Haine. 

acuminata,  see  Sporangites  acuminatus. 

antiqua,  Dawson,  1861,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.  vol.  6,  p.  170,  Devonian. 

calamitoidea,  Schimper,  1869,  Pal.  Veget., 
vol.  1,  p.  349,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
48,  Coal  Meas. 

clavata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  (Trochophyl- 
lum clavatum,)  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  65, 
Coal  Meae. 

cuspidata,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  725,  Subcarboniferous. 

dawsoni,  Schimper,  1869,  Palseontologie 
Vegetale,  vol.  1,  p.  350,  and  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  51,  Devonian.  Proposed  for 
Asterophyllites  latifolius,  of  Dawson, 
because  that  name  was  preoccupied ; 
but  I  have  retained  Asterophyllites 
latifolius  because  it  is  doubtful  whether 
it  is  an  Annularia. 


106 


PLANTS. 


[ANT. — ARC. 


emersoni,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  50,  Coal  Meas. 
fertilis,  Sternb.,  1824,  Vers.  Darst.  Flora 

der  Vorwelt,  p.  31,  Coal  Meas. 
inflata,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  423,  Coal  Meas. 
laxa,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Canada, 

p.  31,  Devonian. 

longifolia,    Brongniart,    1828,    Prodrome 
Hist.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  156,  and  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  45,  Coal  Meas. 
minuta,    Bronginart,    1828,   Prodr.     Hist. 
Veg.  Foss.,   p.    155,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  49,  Coal  Meas. 
radiata,   Brongniart,   1822,  Class,  d.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  35  in  Mus.  d.  Hist.  Nat.,  vol. 
8,  pi.  13,  fig.  7,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  50,  Subconglomerate. 
romingeri,  Lesquereux,  1877,  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  166,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

sphenophylloides,  Zenker, 
1833,  (Galium  sphenophyl- 
loides,)  in  Leonh.  v. 
Bronn's  Jahrb.,  p.  398,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  48, 
Coal  Meas. 
tuberculata,  Sternberg,  1823, 

Vers.  Darst.  Flor.  d.  Vor- 
welt. Fasc.  4,  p.  29,  and 
Coral  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  723, 
Coal  Meas. 

ANTHOLITHES,  Brongniart,  1822, 
Mem.  du  Mus.  d'Hist. 
Nat.,  vol.  8,  p.  203.     [Ely. 
antJios,  flower ;  lithos,  stone.] 
Supposed  to  be  the  flowers 
of  Cordaites  or  other  trees. 
The  characters  are  not  very 
definite.    Type  A.  liliacea. 
devonicus,     Dawson,     1868, 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  566,  Devonian, 
floridus,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can., 

p.  63,  Devonian, 
pitcairniae,  Lin  d  ley 
and   Hutton,    1835, 
Foss.  Flora  of  Great 
Britain,  vol.  2,  p.  82, 
Coal  Measure, 
priscus,  Newberry, 
1873,  Ohio  Pal.  vol. 
1,  p.  363,  Coal  Meas. 
pygmeus,  Dawson, 
1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 
8,  and  Acad.  Geol., 
p.  477.  Coal  Meas. 
rhabdocarpus,  Daw- 
son,  1863,  Can.  Nat., 
vol.    8,   and    Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  477.  Coal 
Meas. 

squamosus,    Dawson, 

1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 

8,  and  Acad.  Geol., 

p.  477,  Coal  Meas. 

spinosus,  Dawson, 

1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  477,  Coal  Meas. 
ApJdebia  adnascens,   see  Rhacophyllum  ad- 


PIG  7.— An- 
nulariaSphe- 
nophylloides. 


FIG.  8. 
Antholithes  priscus. 


flabellata,  see  Rhacophyllum  flabellatum. 

irregularis,  see  Rhacophyllum  irregulare. 
Araucarites  gracilis,  see  Walchia  gracilis. 
ABCHJEOPHYTON,  Britton,   1888,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.  vol.  4,  p.  123.  [Ety.  archaios, 
ancient ;  phyton,  plant.]    Founded  upon 
black   films  of  graphite  in   crystalline 
limestone.      Type    A.    newberryanum. 
Probably  a  Graptplite. 

newberryanum,   Britton,    1888,    Ann.   N. 

Y.  Acad.  Sci.  vol.  4,  p.  123,  Taconic. 
ARCH^EOPTERIS,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  vol. 
8,  and  Foss.  [plants  of  Dev.  and  Up. 
Sil.  Can.  pp.  48,  98.  [Ety.  archaios,  an- 
cient f  pteris,  fern.]  Frond  bipinnate; 
pinnules  obovate,  inequilateral,  narrow- 
ing to  the  base  and  decurrent  on  the 
partial  petioles,  the  main  petiole  often 
having  accessory  pinnules,  at  the  bases 
of  the  pinnae.  Veins  spreading  from 
the  base,  curved  or  straight,  dividing 
dichotomously  into  fine  veinlets ;  fertile 
pinnae  bearing  groups  of  oval  spore- 
cases  instead  of  pinnules.  Type  A. 
hibernica. 

acadica,  see  Aneimites  acadicus. 

alleghaniensis,  syn.  for  A.  rogersi. 

bockschiana,  see  Aneimites  bockschii. 

browni,  see  Cyclopterjs  browni. 

denticulata,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  774,  Subcarboniferous. 

gaspensis,  Dawson,  1881,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  10,  p.  8,  Devonian. 

hallana,  Goeppert,  1852, 
(Cyclopteris  hallana,) 
Die  fossil  Flora  des 
Uebergangsgebirges,  p. 
145.  Proposed  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Sphenopteris 
laxa,  which  latter  name 
was  preoccupied  in  that 
genus;  but  when  refer- 
red to  this  genus,  laxa 
must  be  restored. 

hartti,  Dawson,  1863, 
(Palseopterishartti,)Can. 
Nat.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  485,  Coal  Meas 

hibernica,     Forbes,     1852. 

(Cyclopteris   hibernica,)  >• 

Proc.    Brit.    Ass'n,    and        ' 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  305,          Fl«-  »• 
Chemung  Gr.  AhibS-iiicarW 

jacksoni,    Dawson,     1861, 

(Cyclopteris  jacksoni,)   Can.    Nat.    and 
Geo.,  vol.  6,  p.  173,  Catskill  Gr. 

laxa,  Hall,  1843,  (Sphenopteris  laxa,)  Geo. 
Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  275,  Chemung 
Gr.  Tliis  species  has  also  been  named 
A.  hallana. 

macilenta,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  775,  Cat  ski  1  Gr. 

minor,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Noeggerathia 
minor,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  854, 
Catskill  Gr. 

obliqua,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  pp.  300,  774,  Catskill  Gr. 

obtusa,  see  Aneimites  obtusus. 

rogersi,  Dawson,   1863,  (Cyclopteris    rog- 


ART. — AST.] 


PLANTS. 


107 


ersi,)  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  19,  p. 
463,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  pp.  307,  776, 
Catskill  Gr. 
sphenophyllifolia  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  775,  Catskill  Gr. 
stricta,   Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.  vol.  2, 
p.  418,  Coal  Meas. 

Aristophycm,  Miller 
and  Dyer,  1878, 
Cont.  to  Pal. 
No.  2,  p.  3. 
Probably  inor- 
ganic, and,  if 
fucoidal,  too  ir- 
regular and  too 
little  known  to 
be  retained  as  a 
genus. 

ramosum,  Miller 
and  Dyer,  1878, 
Cont.  to  Pal. 

FIG.  10.— Archseopteris  No.  2,  p.  4.  Hud. 

stricta.  Riv.  Gr.    Prob- 

ably   inorganic. 

ramosum  var  germanum,  Miller  and  Dyer, 
1878,  Cont.  to  Pal.  No.  2,  p.  4,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr.     Probably  inorganic. 
ARTHRARIA,    Billings,    1874, 
Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  2,   p.  66. 
[Ety.     arthron,    a    joint.] 
Cylindrical  stems  with  an 
expansion  at  each  end  in 
the  form  of  a  dumb-bell. 
Type  A.  antiquata. 

antiquata,  Billings,  1874,  -n.rkim»M« 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol  2,  p.  66,  »utli«ata- 
Upper  Taconic. 

biclavata,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  354,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
ARTHROPHYCUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  4.  [Ety.  arthron,  joint ;  phykos,  sea- 
plant.]  Simple  or  branching,  rounded 
or  subangular,  flexuous,  transversely 
ridged  or  furrowed.  Type  A.  harlani. 


FiO.  12. — Arthrophycus  harlaui. 

harlani,  Conrad,  1838,  (Fucoides  harlani,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  113,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  5,  Medina  sandstone, 
montalto,    Simpson,     1888,     Diet.    Foss., 

found  in  Pa.     Medina  (?)  Gr. 
ARTHROSTIGMA,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants 
Canada,    p.  41.      [Ety.   arthron,   joint; 


stigma,  a  dot  or  puncture.]  Stems 
elongated,  cylindrical,  bifurcating,  and 
giving  off  lateral  branches ;  irregularly 
furrowed  longitudinally,  with  circular 
leaf  scars  arranged  in  whorls,  and  bear- 
ing linear  rigid  leaves  with  circular 
bases,  structure  apparently  cellular, 
with  a  slender  vascular  axis.  Type  A. 
gracile. 

gracile,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can., 

p.  41,  Devonian. 
Artisia,  Sternberg,  syn.  for  Sternbergia. 

transversa,  see  Sternbergia  transversa. 
Asolanus,  Wood,  1860,  syn.  for  Sigillaria. 

camptotsenia,  syn.  for  Sigillaria  monostigma. 

manephlfus,    a  doubtful  species  of    Sigil- 
laria. 

ornithicnoides.see  Sigillaria  ornithicnoides. 
Asplenites,  Gceppert,  1836,  Systema  Filicum 
Fossilium.     [Ety.  Asplenium,  a  genus  of 
ferns.] 

elegans,  see  Eremopteris  elegans. 

ruber,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  864,  Coal  Meas.  This  species 
does  not  seem  to  be  recognized  by 
Lesquereux  in  his  later  work. 
ASTEROCARPUS,  Gceppert,  1836,  Syst.  Fil. 
Foss.,  p.  188.  [Ety.  aster,  star  ;  karpps, 
fruit.]  Fructification  on  lanceolate  pin- 
nules, marked  by  large  star-like  sori. 
Type  A.  sternbergi. 

grandis,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  469,  Coal  Meas. 

sternbergi,    Goeppert,    1836,    Syst.    Filic. 
Foss.,  p.  188,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  13.— Asterophycus  Simplex. 

ASTBROPHYCUS,  Lesquereux,  1876,  7th  Ann. 
Rep.  Geol.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  139.  [Ety. 
aster,  star;  phykos,  a  sea- weed.]  Stem 
short,  cylindrical ;  frond  expanded  and 
divided  star-like  from  the  top  of  the 
central  axis  ;  segments  flattened  or  in- 
flated. Type  A.  coxi. 
coxi,  Lesquereux,  1876,  7th  Ann.  Rep. 
Geol.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  139,  Low.  and  Up. 
Coal  Meas. 

simplex,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  13,  Coal  Meas. 

ASTEROPHYLLITES.    Brongniart,  1822,    Mem. 
du  Mus.  t.  8,  p,  203.      [Ety.  aster,  star ; 


108 


PLANTS. 


[AST.— EEC. 


phyllon,  leaf ;  lithos,  stone.]  Stems  artic- 
ulate ;  branches  opposite ;  central  axis 
hollow  or  solid;  leaves  verticillate, 
free  to  the  base,  linear,  acuminate, 
simple  nerved  ;  fructifications  in  elong- 
ated ears,  bearing  round  sporanges  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Type  A. 
equisetiformis. 

acicularis,  Dawson.  1862,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  310,  Devonian. 

anthracinus,  Heer,  1877,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv., 
vol.  4,  p.  50,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
36,  Coal  Meas. 

apertus,  see  Macrostachya  aperta. 

brardi,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist, 
Veg.  FOBS.,  p.  159,  Coal  Meas. 

crassicaulis,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  851,  Coal  Meas. 

curtus,  see  Bechera  curta. 

equisetiformis,  Schlotheim,  1804,  (Casuar- 
inites  equisetiformis,)  Beitrag  Zur. 
Flora  der  Vorwelt,  tab.  1,  fig.  1,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  35,  Coal  Meas. 

erectifolius,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  425,  Coal  Meas. 

fasciculatus,  Lesquereux.  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  41,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  14.— Asterphyllites  foliosus. 

foliosus,   Lindley  &  Hutton,  1833,   Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  77,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  38,  Coal  Meas. 
gracilis,  Lesquereux,  1860,  Geo.  Sur.  Ark., 

vol.  2,  p.  310,  Coal  Meas. 
grandis,  see  Bechera  grandis. 
lanceolatus,  see  Macrostachya  lanceolata. 
latifolius,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  311,  Devonian.  The  same 

form  was  called  by  Schimper    Annu- 

laria  dawsoni. 
laxus,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p  539, 

Devonian, 
lentus,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can., 

p.  29,  Devonian, 
longifolius,  Sternberg,   1823,  (Bruckman- 

nia  longifolia,)   Vers.  Darst.   Flora  der 

Vorwelt  fasc.  4,  p.  58,  Coal  Meas. 
minutus,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  424,  Coal  Meas. 
waits,  see  Calamostachys  ovalis. 
parvulus,    Dawson,   1861,   Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  6,  p.  168,  and  Acad.  Geol.  p. 

539,  Chemung  Gr.  ^  *~*% 

radiatus,  see  Annularia  radiata. 


rigidus,  Sternberg,  1824,  (Bruckmannia  rig- 

ida,)  Vers.  Darst.  Flor.  der  Vorwelt,  p.  29, 

and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  37,  Coal  Meas. 
scutigerus,    Dawson,   1862,    Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18, 

p.  311,  Devonian. 
stachioides,  Wood  , 

1860,  (Lepidostro- 

bus  stachioides,) 

Proc.    Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  12, 

p.  249,  Coal  Meas. 
sublsevis,  Lesque- 

reux,   1858,    Geo. 

Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p. 

851,  Coal  Meas. 
trinervis,  Dawson, 

1863,    Can.     Nat., 

vol.  8,  and   Acad. 

Geol.  p.  479,  Coal 

Meas. 
tuberculatus,  see  An- 

nularia tubercu- 

lata. 

ASTEROPTERIS,      D  a  W  - 

son,  1881,  Quar. 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.  37,  p.  299. 
[Ety.  after,  star  ; 
pteris,  fern.]  Stems 
of  ferns  having  the 
axial  portion  com- 
posed of  vertical 


imbedded   in   pa- 
renchyma, and  having  the  outer  cylin- 
der composed  of  elongated  cells  trav- 
ersed by  leaf-bundles  similar  to  those  of 
Zygopteris.    Type  A.  novoboracensis. 
novoboracensis,  Dawson,  1881,  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  37,  p.  299,  Portage  Gr. 
ASTROPOLITHON,  Dawson,  1888,  Geo.  Hist. 
Plants,  p.  31.  A  peculiar  impression, 
supposed  by  Prof.  Dawson  to  be  fu- 
coidal.  Judging  from  the  illustration,  I 
would  refer  it  to  the  Graptolida.  Type 

A.  hindii. 

hindii,  Dawson,  1888, 
Geo.  Hist,  plants, 
p.  31,  Up.  Taconic. 
BAIEBA,  Fr.  Braun,  1840, 
Die  Petrefakten  d. 
Naturalien  Samml. 
[Ety.  proper  name.] 
Leaves  petiolate, 
flabelliform,  dicho- 
to  mous,  many 
parted  ;  nerves  in 
each  lacinia,  sev- 
eral, dichotorapus, 
and  proceeding 
parallel  with  each 
FiG.ie.-Baiera  other;  leaf  sub- 

virgiuiaiia.  stance    leathery. 

Type  B.  tamiata. 

virginiana,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 
Perm  or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  103,  Coal 
Meas.  or  Permian. 


BEL— BYT.] 


PLANTS. 


109 


BECHERA,  Sternberg,  1824,  Vers.  Darst.  Flora 

der  Vorwelt,  p.  30.    [Ety.  proper  name.] 

Like  Asterophyllites  in  its   verticillate 

leaves,  but  distinguished  by  its  tumid 

joints  and  deeply  and  widely  furrowed 

stems.     Type  B.  grandis. 

grandis,    Sternberg,    1824,    Vers.    Darst. 

Flora  der  Vorwelt,  fasc.  4,  p.  30,   and 

Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  41.    Coal  Meas. 

tenuis,  Bunbury,  1846,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d 

series,  vol.  2,  p.  232,  Coal  Meas. 
BEINERTIA,  Gceppert,  1836,  Syst,  Filic.  Foss. 
p.  273.     [Ety.  proper   name.]     Distin- 
guished from  Pecopteris  by  the  treble 
flexuous  nerves ;  sometimes  anastomos- 
ing, and  may  have  its  actual  represen- 
tative in  the  Gymnogramme.     Type  B. 
gymnogrammoides. 
goepperti,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.  p.  485,  Coal  Meas. 
Bergeria  marginata,  see  Lepidodendron  mar- 

ginatum. 
Bergeria     rfwmbica,    see     Lepidodendron 

rhombicum. 

BLASTOPHYCUS,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Cin . 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  24.  [Ety.  blastos, 
bud  ;  phukos,  sea-weed.]  Plant'bilobate 
with  a  button-like  protuberance  at  the 
junction.  Type  B.  diadematum. 

diadematum,  Miller  & 
Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Ciu. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
1,  p.  24,  Utica  Slate 
Gr. 

BORNIA,   F.   A.  Roemer, 
1854,  Palreontograph- 
ica,    vol.    3.      [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Stems 
cylindrical,  articulate 
and  furrowed  as  in 
Calamites ;    articula- 
tions   scarcely    con-  I 
tracted;      ribs      cut  | 
square  or  obtuse   at  | 
the  articulations,con- 
tinuous,  not  altemat-  I 
ing,    thinly    striate;    cortical    cylinder 
thick;    leaves  verticillate,  free,    linear- 
lanceolate.    Type  B.  radiata. 
inornata,  Dawson,  1862,  (Calamites  inor- 
natus,)  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18, 
p.  310,  Genessee  Slate, 
radiata,  Brongniart,  1828,   (Calamites  ra- 
diatus,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  122,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  30,  Subconglomerate. 


Bothrodendron   punctatum,   see    Ulodendron 

punctatum. 
Brachyphyllum   obtusum,  see  Lepidocystis  ob- 

tusus. 

Bruckmannia  longifolia,  see  Asterophyllites 
longifolius. 

rigida,  see  Asterophyllites  rigidus. 

tuberculata,  see  Annularia  tuberculata. 
BYTHOTREPHIS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  8.  [Ety.  buthos,  depth  of  the  sea;  tre- 
phos,  to  grow.]  Stems  subcylindrical  or 
compressed ;  branches  numerous,  divari- 
cating, sometimes  leaf-like.  Type  B. 
antiquata. 

antiquata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
8,  Calcif.  Gr. 

asteroides,  Fitch,  1849,  Trans,  Ag.  Soc., 
and  Emmons  Am.  Geol.,  p.  101,  Upper 
Taconic. 

csespitosa,  Hall,  1850,  3d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St., 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  178,  Trenton  Gr. 

flexuosa,  Emmons,  1844,  (Fucoides  flexu- 
osa,)  Taconic  system,  p.  69,  Upper 
Taconic. 


FIG.  18. — Bornia  tratisitionis. 
transitionis,  Gceppert,    1852,    (Calamites 
transitionis,)  Foss.  Fl.  d.  Uebergsg.,  p. 
116,  and  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18, 
p.  309,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  19. — Bythotrephls  ramulosa,  showing  the 
jnds,  and  brauches  as  they  appear  on  a  nodule. 

gracilis,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.,  4th  Dist., 

N.  Y.,  p.  69,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

62,  Trenton  to  Clinton  Gr. 
gracilis  var.  crassa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  2,  p.  19,  Clinton  Gr. 
gracilis  var.  intermedia,   Hall,  1852,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,   vol.  2,  p.  19,  Trenton  to  Clin- 
ton Gr. 
granti,  Dawson,  1888,  Geo.  Hist,  of  Plants, 

p.  37,  Clinton  Gr. 
gregaria,   Ringueberg,  1888,   Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  131,  Niagara  Gr. 
impudica,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

20,  Clinton  Gr. 
lesquereuxi,  Grote  &  Pitt,  1876,  Bull.  Buff. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist,, vol.  3,  p.  88,Waterlime Gr. 
palmata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

20,  Clinton  Gr. 


110 


PLANTS. 


[CAI,. 


ramosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
21,  Clinton  Gr. 

ramulosa,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.1,  p.  235,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 

rigida,  Emmons,  1844,  (Fucoides  rigi- 
dus,)  Taconic  System,  p.  69,  Upper 
Taconic. 

subnodosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  262,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

succulens,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  62,  Trenton  Gr. 

tenuis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  18, 
Trenton  Gr.  The  Trenton  form  of  B. 
gracilis. 

CALAMITES,  Guettard,  1751,  Mem.  Ac.  Sci., 
Paris.  [Ety.  calamus,  a  reed.]  Plants 
arborescent ;  trunks  cylindrical,  articu- 
late ;  articulations  variable  in  distance, 
rapidly  closer  toward  the  narrowed  ob- 
conical  base ;  surface  narrowly  ribbed 
length-w  ise ;  ribs  equal,  simple,  parallel, 
contracted  or  rounded  at  the  articula- 
tions ;  branches  nearly  at  right  angles, 
verticillate  like  the  leaves,  which  are 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  simple  nerved. 
Type  C.  suckovi. 

approximates,  Sternberg,  1820,  Essai  d'un 
expose  Geognostico-botanique  d.  1.  Fl.  d. 
Monde  primitif  2d  Cahier,  p.  36,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.  p.  26,  Coal  Meas. 

bistriatus,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  850,  Coal  Meas.  This  name 
was  preoccupied  by  Sternberg. 

canniformis,  Schlotheim,  1820,  Petrefac- 
tenkunde,  p.  398,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  24,  Coal  Meas. 

cisti,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss. 
p.  129,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  27,  Coal 
Meas. 

cruciatus,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.  t.  1.  p.  128,  Coal  Meas. 

disjunctus,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  850,  Coal  Meas. 

dubius,  Artis,  1825,  Antedil.  Phytology, 
pi.  13,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  27,  Coal 
Meas. 

gigas,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss., 
1,  p.  136,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  25, 
Coal  Meas. 

gracilis,  Lesquereux,  1861,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 
vol.  4,  p.  436,  Coal  Meas. 

inornatus,  see  Bornia  inornata. 

major,  Weiss,  1872,  Fossil  Flora  d.  jung- 
sten  Steinkolen  formation,  p.  119,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  21,  Coal  Meas. 

nodosus,  Sternberg,  1820,  Essai  d'un  Exp. 
Geog.-Botan.  d.  1.  Fl.  d.  Monde  prim- 
itif 2d  Cahier,  p.  36,  Coal  Meas. 

nova-scoticus,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  & 
Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.  p.  479, 
Coal  Meas. 

pachyderma,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d. 
Veg.  Foss.,  1,  p.  132,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  28,  Coal  Meas. 

radialus,  see  Bornia  radiata. 

ramifer,  Stur,  1875,  Culm  Flora  d.  Mah- 
risch-Schlesischen  Dachschiefers,  p.  82, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  pp.  23,  703,  Coal 
Meas. 


ramosus,  Artis,  1825,  Antedil.  Phytology, 
pi.  2,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  pp.  22,  702, 
Coal  Meas. 
suckovi,     Brong- 
niart,1828,Hist. 
d.  Veg.  Foss.,  t. 
1,   p.   124,   and 
CoalFlor.ofPa., 
p.2p,Coal  Meas. 
transitions,     see 
Bornia    transi- 
tionis. 

undulatus,Brong- 
niart,      1828, 
Hist.    d.    Veg. 
Foss.  1.  p.  127,         FIG.  20.-Calainites 
Coal  Meas.  Suckovi. 

voltzi,     Brongni- 
art,  1828,    Hist.    d.    Veg.    Foss.    1,   p. 
135,    and    Acad.    Geol.     p.    194,    Coal 
Meas. 

Calamodadus,  Schimper.  1869,  Pal.  Veget, 
vol.  1,  p.  423.  Not  clearly  distinguished 
from  Asterophyllitesand  founded  upon 
A.  longifolius  as  the  type,  and  including 
A.  equisetiformis,  A.  foliosus,  A.  rigidus, 
and  Bechera  grandis. 

CALAMODENDRON,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d. 
Veg.  Foss.  vol.  l,p.  133.  [Ety.  calamus, 
reed ;  dendron  tree.]  Central  cylinder 
striate  lengthwise  and  articulate,  sur- 
rounded by  a  thick,  woody  cylinder  or 
bark,  with  outside  surface  smooth. 
The  structure  is  allied  to  Sigillaria,  but 
the  appearance  is  like  Calamites.  Type 

C.  approximatum. 
antiquum,     Dawson,    1871, 
Foss.  Plants  Canada,  p.  24. 
Devonian. 

approximatum,     Brongniart, 
1828,   Hist.   d.  Veg.    Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  133,  Coal  Meas. 
obscurum.    Dawson,    1863, 
Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad. 
Geol.  p.  476,  Coal  Meas. 
tenuistriatum,  Dawson,  1871, 
Foss.  Plants  Canada,  p.  25, 
Devonian. 

CALAMOPHYCUS,  Lesquereux,  1877 ;  Proc. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  165.  [Ety.  cal- 
amus, reed  ;  phukos,  sea-plant.]  Fronds 
simple,  elongated,  gradually  tapering 
to  a  point ;  cavity  divided  by  trans- 
verse membranes,  either  passing  through 
the  whole  diameter,  or  connected  in 
the  middle  to  vertical  subdivisions. 
Type  C.  septum, 
septum,  Lesquereux,  1877,  Proc.  Am. 

Phil.  Soc.  p.  165,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
CALAMOSTACHYS,  Schimper,  1869,  Traite  de 
Paleontologie  Vegetale,  vol.    1,  p.  328. 
[Ety.    calamus,    reed ;    stachys,    plant.] 
Spikes  doubtfully  considered  as  fructi- 
fications of  Asterophyllites.     Type  C. 
typicus. 
brevifolius,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  718,  Coal  Meas. 
lanceolatus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  715,  Subconglomerate. 


CAI,. — CAR.] 


PLANTS. 


Ill 


ovalis,  Lesquereux,  1858,  ( Asterophyllites 
ovalis),  Geo.  of  Pa.,  p.  851,  and  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  717,  Coal  Meas. 

prsdcmgus,  see  Volkmannia  prselonga. 
CALLIPTERIDIUM,  Weiss,  1872,  Foss.  Flora  d. 
jungsten  Steinkoblen  formation.  [Ety. 
from  the  genus  Callipteris.~\  Fronds 
large,  polypinnate ;  pinnules  attached 
to  the  rachis  by  the  whole  base,  often 
decurrent,  and  the  lower  descending  to 
the  main  rachis,  connate  or  disjointed 
at  the  base ;  primary  nerve  strong,  dis- 
solved below  the  apex;  lateral  veins 
oblique,  curved  in  passing  to  the  bor- 
ders, dichotomous,  the  basilar  attached 
to  the  rachis.  Type  C.  sullivanti. 

aldrichi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  171,  Coal  Meas. 

dournaisi,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Pecopteris 
dournaisii),  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  282, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  747,  Coal  Meas. 

dawsonauum,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 
Perm,  or  Up.  Garb.  Flora.,  p.  56,  Coal 
Meas.  or  Permian. 

grand  if  oli  urn,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 
Perm,  or  Up.  Garb.  Flora.,  p.  58,  Coal 
Meas.  or  Permian. 


FIG.  22.— Callipteridium  sullivanti. 

grandini,    Brongniart,    1828,    (Pecopteris 

grandini,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  286, 

and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  748,  Coal  Meas. 
inflatum,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Alethopteris 

inflata,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.-  4,   p.  393, 

Coal  Meas. 
insequale,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  168,  Coal  Meas. 
mansfieldi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  166,  Coal  Meas. 
massilloneum,  Lesquereux,  1866,  (Aleth- 
opteris massillionis,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

2,  p.  438,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
membranaceum,  Lesquereux,   1880,  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  172,  Coal  Meas. 
neuropteroides,    Lesquereux,    1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  166,  Coal  Meas. 
oblongifolium,   Fontaine   &  White,  1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  56,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
odontopteroides,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,   p.  59,   Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian. 


oweni,  Lesquereux,  1860,  (Alethopteris 
oweni,)  Geo.  Rep.  of  Arkansas,  vol.  2, 
p.  309,  Coal  Meas. 

pardeei,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  169,  Coal  Meas. 

rigidum,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  746,  Coal  Meas. 

rugosum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Alethopteris 
rugosa,)  Catal.  Potts.  Ass'n,  p.  11,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  169,  Coal  Meas. 

sinuatum,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Pecopteris 
einuata,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  296,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  745,  Coal  Meas. 

sullivanti,  Lesquereux,  1854,  (Callipteris 
sullivanti,)  Bost,  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
6,  p.  423,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p. 
866,  Coal  Meas. 

unitum,  Fontaine  &   White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  60,  Coal  Meas. 
CALLIPTERIS,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  249.  [Ety.  kallos,  beautiful; 
pteris,  fern.]  Fronds  polypinnate  ;  pin- 
nules sessile  and  sometimes  occurring 
on  the  principal  rachis,  thick;  paren- 
chyma dense,  nerves  immersed,  show- 

-  ing  creases  in  the  leaf-substance,  simple 
or  forking  once.  Type  G.  conferta. 

conferta,  Sternberg,  1824,  (Sphenopteris 
conferta,)  Vers.  Darst.  Flor.  d.  Vorwelt 
and  Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  54,  Coal  Meas.  or  Permian. 

sullivanti,  see  Callipteridium  sullivanti. 
CARDIOCARPON,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr. 
Hist.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  87.  [Ety.  kardia, 
heart;  karpos,  fruit.]  Seeds  of  various 
forms,  composed  of  a  compressed,  gen- 
erally cordiform  or  oval  nucleus,  sur- 
rounded by  a  flattened,  fibrous  border, 
or  a  membranaceous  wing.  Type  C. 
majum. 

affine,  Lesquereux,  1860,  Geo.  of  Ark., 
vol.  2,  p.  311,  Coal  Meas. 

annulare,  Sternberg,  1824,  (Carpolithes 
annularis,)  Vers.  Darst.  Flor.  d.  Vorwelt 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  814,  Subcon- 
glomerate. 

annulatum,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  374,  Coal  Meas. 

apiculatum,  Goeppert  &  Berger,  1848,  De 
fructibus  et  seminibus,  p.  23,  and  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  571,  Subconglomerate. 

baileyi,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  554, 
Devonian. 

bicornutum,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Ptilocar- 
pus  bicornutus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4, 
p.  443,  Coal  Meas. 

bicuspidatum,  Sternberg,  1820,  (Carpo- 
lithes bicuspidatus,)  Flora  der  Vorwelt, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 573',  Coal  Meas. 

bisectum,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  491, 
Coal  Meas. 

circulare,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  812,  Coal  Meas. 

conglobatum,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  810,  Coal  Meas. 

congruens,  Grand  Eury,  1877,  Flore  Car- 
bonifere,  p.  236,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  573,  Coal  Meas. 


112 


PLANTsE. 


[CAR. 


cornutum,    Dawson,    1862,     Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  324,  Devonian, 
crampi,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  554, 

Devonian, 
crassum,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  812,  Coal  Meas. 
dilatatum,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  806,  Subcarboniferous. 
diminutivum,     Lesquereux,     1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  570,  Coal  Meas. 
diplotesta,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  812,  Coal  Meas. 
divergens,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal   Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  811,  Coal  Meas. 
ellipticuin,  Sternberg,    1820,   (Carpolithes 

ellipticus,)  Flor.   d.  Vorw.,  p.  40,  and 

Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  814,  Coal  Meas. 
elongatum,    Newberry,    1873,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  324,  Coal  Meas. 
fasciculatum,     Lesquereux,     1880,     Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  570,  Coal  Meas. 
fluitans,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  491,  Coal  Meas. 
harveyi,  Lesquereux,  1884,  13th  Rep.  Ind. 

Geol.,  p.  10~2,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

808,  Coal  Meas. 
ingens,  Lesquereux,  1860,  Geo.  of  Ark., 

vol.  2,  p.  311,  Coal  Meas. 
late-alatum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  568,  Coal  Meas. 
latior,  Lesquereux,   1884,   Coal  Meas.  of 

Pa.,  p.  811,  Coal  Meas. 
latum,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  372,  Coal  Meas. 
lescurianum,  n.  sp.  Coal  Meas.    Proposed 

instead  of  C.  ovale  Lesquereux,  in  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  810,  which  name  was 

preoccupied, 
longicollis,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  808,  Coal  Meas. 
mamillatum,  see  Rhabdocarpus  mamillatus. 
marginatum,  Artis,  1828,  Antedil.  Phytol., 

pi.  22,  Coal  Meas. 
minus,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  372,  Coal  Meas. 
newberryi,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  425,  Coal  Meas. 
obliquum,    Dawson,    1862,    Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  324,  Devonian, 
orbiculare,  Newberry,  1853,  Ann.  of  Sci., 

vol.  1,  p.  374,  Coal  Meas. 
ovale,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.   Plants  Can., 

p.  60,  Devonian. 
ovale,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  810,  Coal  Meas.    The  name  was  pre- 
occupied.   See  C.  lescurianum. 
ovatum,   Grand  'Eury,   1877,   Flore  Car- 

bonifere,  p.  236,  Coal  Meas. 
pachytesta,   Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  565,  Coal  Meas. 
patens,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  807,  Coal  Meas. 
plicatum,    Lesquereux,    1858,   Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  876,  Coal  Meas. 
punctatum,    Goeppert,    1836,    Syst.    Filic. 

Foss.,  p.  24,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  597. 

Coal  Meas. 
pusillum,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  815,  Coal  Meas. 


regulare,    Sternberg,    1820,     (Carpolithes 

regularis,)  Flor.  d.  Vorw.,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  572,  Coal  Meas. 
retusum,    Sternberg,    1820,    (Carpolithes 

retusus,)  Flora  der  Vorwelt,  and  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  374,  Coal  Meas. 
samariform  e, 

New  berry, 

1873,      Ohio 

Pal.,   vol.   1, 
375,  Coal 


'M 


FIG.  23. — Cardiocarpon 
samariforme. 


simplex,    Les- 

?u  e  r  eux, 
880,       Coal 
Flora  of  Pa., 

L569,  Coal 
as. 

speciosus,  Les- 
q  u  er e  ux, 
1884,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  807,  Coal  Meas. 

tenellum,  Dawson,  1873,  Rep.  Foss.  Plants, 
p.  28,  Subcarboniferous. 

trevortoni,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  876,  Coal  Meas. 

zonulatum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  568,  Coal  Meas. 
CARDIOPTERIS,  Schimper,  1869,  Traite  de 
Paleontologie  Vegetale,  vol.  1,  p.  457. 
[Ety.  kardia,  heart ;  pteris,  fern.]  Leaves 
simple,  pinnate;  stipe  striated,  rounded, 
base  spoon-like,  dilated;  pinnee  per- 
pendicular, opposite  close,  imbricated, 
cordato-ovate,  leathery,  margins  re- 
flexed  ;  primary  nerves  numerous, 
equal,  dichotomous.  Type  C.  poly- 
morpha. 

eriana,  Dawson,   1881,    Quar.   Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  37,  p.  305,  Devonian. 
CARPOLITHES,  Schlotheim,  1820,  Petrefacten- 
kunde.    [Ety.  karpos,  fruit;  lithos,  stone.] 
Seeds  of  uncertain  relation  not  refera- 
ble by  their  characters  to  other  genera. 

acuminatus,  Sternberg,  1821,  Flor.  d. 
Vorw.  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  596,  Coal 
Meas. 

bicarpus,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 
or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  98,  Coal  Meas.  or 
Permian. 

bicuspidatus,  see  Cardiocarpon  bicuspi- 
datum. 

bifidus,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  877,  Coal.  Meas. 

bullatus,  see  Lepidocystis  bullatus. 

butleranus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  824,  Coal  Meas. 

cerasiformis,  Sternberg,  Flor.  d.  Vorw., 
vol.  2,  p.  208,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
824,  Coal  Meas. 

cistula,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  451,  Coal  Meas. 

davatus,  see  Rhabdocarpus  clavatus. 

compactus,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants 
Canada,  p.  63,  Devonian. 

conicus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  824,  Coal  Meas. 

corticosus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  462,  Coal  Meas. 


CAS.— CHL.] 


PLANTS. 


113 


disjunctus,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  877,  syn.  for  Trigonocar- 
pon  dawesi. 

fasciculatus,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  457,  Coal  Meas. 

fragarioides,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  370,  Coal  Meas. 

granularis,  Sternberg,  1820,  Flora  der 
Vorwelt,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.  p.  825, 
Coal  Meas. 

./ac&sonmstSjSeeRhabdocarpusjacksonensis. 

latior,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
.p.  826,  Coal  Meas. 

lunatus,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  464,  Devonian. 

marginatus,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  98.  The  name 
was  preoccupied  by  Artis  in  1825.  See 
C.  whitianus. 

minimus,  Sternberg,  1820,  Flora  der  Vor- 
welt and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  825,  Coal 
Meas. 

multistriatus,  see  Rhabdocarpus  multi- 
striatus. 

perpusillus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  825,  Coal  Meas. 

persicaria,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  462,  Coal  Meas. 

platimarginatus,  see  Rhabdocarpus  plati- 
marginatus. 

retusus,  see  Cardiocarpon  retusum. 

siliqua,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  19,  p.  465,  Devonian. 

spicatus,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  19,  p.  461,  Devonian. 

transsectus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  826,  Coal  Meas. 

trilocularis,  see  Trigonocarpon  triloculare. 

urnbonatus,  Sternberg,  1820,  Vers.  Darst. 
Flora  der  Vorwelt,  Coal  Meas. 

venosus,  see  Rhabdocarpus  yenosus. 

vesicularis,   see    Lepidocystis    vesicularis. 

whitianus  n.  sp.  Coal  Meas.  or  Perm. 
Proposed  instead  of  C.  marginatus,  Fon- 
taine &  White,  1880,  in  Perm,  or  Up. 
Carb.  Flora,  p.  98,  which  name  was 
preoccupied. 
Casuarinites  equisetiformis,  see  Asterophyllites 

equisetiformis. 

Caulerpites,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist, 
d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  21.  [Ety.  kaulos, 
stem ;  erpo,  creep.]  Stem  simple  or  ra- 
mose, covered  with  short  branches,  in 
form  of  leaves  doubled  or  imbricated. 
Type  C.  lycopodioides. 

marginatus,  see  Taonurus  marginatus. 
CAULOPTERIS,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1833,  Foss. 
Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  121.  [Ety.  kaulos,  stem; 
pteris,  a  fern.]  Scars  with  the  inside 
disk  either  marked  by  linear  bands,  re- 
mains of  vessels  passing  from  the  trunk 
to  the  base  of  the  rachis,  or  covered  by 
impressions  of  rootlets  obliterating  its 
shape,  or  merely  ovate  or  elliptical, 
without  traces  of  horseshoe-shaped 
vascular  lines.  These  lines  may  have 
been,  in  some  cases,  effaced  by  abrasion 
of  the  surface  or  covered  by  rootlets. 
Type  C.  primseva. 


FIG.  24.— Cauloptei-is 
primseva. 


acanthophora,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  458,  Coal  Meas.    It  may  be  a 

synonym  for 

Ulodendron 

punctatum. 
antiqua,    New- 
berry,     1871, 

Quar.     Jour. 

Geo.       Soc., 

vol.      27,     p. 

271,  Up.    11 

Held.  Gr. 
cisti,        Brong- 

niart,      1828, 

(Sigillari  a 

cisti,)     Hist. 

Veg.  Foss.  p,. 

418,  and  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa., 

&345,  Coal 
eas. 

elliptica,    Fon- 
taine        & 
White,  1880,  Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora, 
p.  95,  Coal  Meas.  or  Permian. 

giffordi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  343,  Coal  Meas. 

gigantea,  see  Stemmatopteris  gigantea. 

gigantea,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  95,  Coal  Meas.  or 
Permian. 

insignis,  see  Stemmatopteris  insignis. 

intermedia,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  459,  Coal  Meas. 

laccei,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  344,  Coal  Meas. 

lockwoodi,  Dawson,  1871,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  27,  p.  270,  Chemung  Gr. 

mansfieldi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  346,  Coal  Meas. 

obtecta,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  III., 
vol.  4,  p.  457,  Coal  Meas. 

peregrina-,  Newberry,  1871,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  27,  p.  272,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

punctata,  see  Stemmatopteris  punctata. 

wortheni,  see  Stemmatopteris  wortheni. 
CELLULOXYLON,  Dawson,  1881,  Lond.  Quar. 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  37,  p.  302.  [Ety. 
cellula,  a  small  apartment ;  xylon,  wood.] 
Trunk  showing  in  cross  section,  large 
and  somewhat  unequal  cells  disposed 
in  narrow  concentric  bands,  between 
wider  bands  of  fine  fibrous  tissue; 
no  medullary  rays ;  longitudinal  sec- 
tion shows  either  cells  superimposed 
in  vertical  rows,  or  a  sort  of  banded 
prosenchymatous  tissue.  The  structure 
appears  to  have  been  of  exogenous 
growth.  Type  C.  primsevum. 

primsevum,  Dawson,  1881,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  37,  p.  302,  Ham.  Gr. 
Penhallow  says  this  is  an  Algae,  and 
belongs  to  the  genus  Nematophycus. 
Chloephycus,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont.  to 
Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  3.  Probably  inorganic. 

plumosum,  Miller  &  Dyer,  Cont.  to  Pal., 
No.  2,  p.  3,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Probably 
inorganic. 


114 


PLANTS. 


[CHO. — COR. 


CHONDRITES,  Sternberg,  1833,  Vers.  Darst. 
Flora  der  Vorwelt,  p.  25.  [Ety.  from 
its  resemblance  to  Chonarus  crispus,  or 
Irish  moss.]  Fronds  cartilaginous,  fili- 
form or  robust  stems,  dichotomous, 
branchy ;  rounded  or 
Type  C.  antiquus. 

antiquus,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Fncoides  an- 
tiquus,) Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  63, 
Devonian. 

colletti,  see  Taonurus  colletti. 

targioni,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Fucoides 
targioni,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Voss.,  t.  1,  p. 
56,  Coal  Meas. 

CONOSTICHUS,  Lesquereux,  1876,  7th  Ann. 
Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,p.  142.  [Ety.  konos, 
cone ;  sticfws,  row.]  Stipe  cylindrical, 
continuous;  frond  enlarging  from  the 
base  upward  in  the  shape  of  a  plate, 
or  of  a  cup,  or  increasing  by  successive 
superposed  layers  or  concent rical  lam- 
inae; top  concave,  cup-shaped.  Type 
C.  ornatus. 

broadheadi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  15.  Coal  Meas. 

ornatus,  Les- 

?u  e  r  e  u  x, 
876,  7th 
Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur. 
Tnd.,p.l42, 
Coal  Meas. 
prolifer,  Les- 
quereux, 
1880,  Coal 
Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  16, 
Coal  Meas. 

CORDAIANTHUS, 

Grand  'Eu- 
ry,  1877, 
Flore  Car- 

bonifere,   p.   228.      [Ety.    Cordaites,    a 

genus ;    anthos,    flower.]     Flowers  and 

fruits    of  Cordaites,  found  isolated  or 

in   fragments  where    their    relation  to 

stem-bearing  leaves   is   unknown.      A 

provisional  name  only.    Type  C.  gem- 

mifer. 
bracteatus,  Lesquereux,   1870,   (Schultzia 

bracteata,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  427, 

Coal  Meas. 
dichotomus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  546,  Coal  Meas. 
ebracteatus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  844,  Coal  Meas. 
flexuosus,   Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  802,  Coal  Meas. 
gemmifer,  Grand  'Eury,  1877,  Flore  Car- 

bonifere,  p.  228,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  545,  Coal  Meas. 
ovatus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  545,  Coal  Meas. 
rugosus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  803,  Coal  Meas. 
scaber,  Lesquereux,  1884,   Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  844,  Coal  Meas. 
simplex,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  538,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  25.— Conostichus  ornatus. 


spicatus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  802,  Coal  Meas. 

CORDAICARPUS,  Grand  'Eury,  1877,  Flore 
Carbonifere,  p.  236.  [Ety.  Cordaites, 
a  genus  ;  karpos,  fruit.]  Seeds  of  vari- 
able size  and  shape.  Type  C.  ovatus. 

apiculatus,  Lesquereux,  1880, 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  551, 
Coal  Meas. 

cinctus,  Lesquereux,  1884, 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  804, 
Coal  Meas. 

costatus,    Lesquereux,    1880,       F      26 
(Cordaites    costatus,)  Coal  cordaicarpus 
Flora  of   Pa.,   p.  540,  Coal    apiculatus. 


gutbieri,  Grand  'Eury,  1877,  Flore  Car- 
bonifere, p.  236,  Coal  Meas. 

lineatus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  805.  Coal  Mea?. 

ovatus,  Grand  'Eury,  1877,  Flore  Carbon- 
ifere, p.  236,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
550,  Coal  Meas. 

stabilis,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  805,  Coal  Meas. 
CORDAISTROBUS,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  551.  [Ety.  Cordaites, 
a  genus ;  strobus,  cone.]  Strobile  cylin- 
drical, tapering  to  a  blunt  acumen, 
covered  by  transversely  rhomboidal 
scars  placed  in  spiral,  bearing  narrow, 
linear  leaves,  with  the  characters,  form, 
and  nervation  of  leaves  of  Cordaites. 
Type  C.  grandeuryi. 

grandeuryi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  552,  Coal  Meas. 
CORDAITES,  linger,  1850,  Gen.  et  sp.,  p.  277. 
[Ety.  proper  name.]  Trunks  of  large 
size,  irregularly  branching,  formed  of 
a  large  medullar  canal  or  pith  ;  marked 
on  the  outer  surface  by  transverse, 
narrow,  parallel,  simple  ribs,  rarely 
joined  by  divisions,  covered  by  double 
or  triple  layers  of  wood  and  bark,  con- 
verted bv  fossilization  into  thin  layers 
of  coal ;  leaves  in  spiral  order,  more  or 
less  distant,  ribbon-like,  of  various 
length  and  width,  linear,  or  more 
generally  gradually  enlarging  upward, 
obtuse,  entire  or  undulate,  and  split 
at  the  apex  ;  borders  curving  to  the 
sessile,  or  semi-embracing,  somewhat 
inflated  base;  surface  marked  length- 
wise by  primary  and  secondary  par- 
allel simple  nerves,  generally  more  dis- 
tant in  the  middle  of  the  leaves,  and 
slightly  inflated  toward  the  base;  flow- 
ers in  racemes  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves ;  fruits  generally  oval,  sessile,  of 
various  size.  Type  C.  borassifolius. 

angustifolius,  Dawson,  1861,  Can.  Nat., 
vol.  6,  p.  10,  Ham.  Gr. 

angustifolius,  Lesquereux,  see  C.  diver- 
sifolius. 

borassifolius,  Sternberg,  1820,  (Flabellaria 
borassi folia,)  Essaid.  Exp.  Geogn-botan. 
d.  1.  Flora  d.  monde  primitif,  2d  Cahier., 

&36,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  532,  Coal 
eas. 


CRE.— CYC.] 


PLANTS. 


115 


FIG.  27. — Cordaites  costatus 


communis,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  320,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  534,  Coal  Meas. 

costatus,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p. 
323,  and  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  540,  Coal 
Meas. 

crassinervis, 
Fontaine  & 
White,  1880, 
Perm,  or  Up. 
Garb.  Flora, 
p.  97,  Coal 
Meas.  or 
Perm. 

crassus,  Lesque- 
reux,   1880, 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  530,  Coal  Meas. 
diversifolius,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of   Pa.,    p.  535,  Coal  Meas.     Proposed 
instead  of  C.  angustifolius  Lesquereux, 
which  was  preoccupied, 
flexuosus,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  462,  Catskill  Gr. 
gracilis,    Lesquereux,    1878,    Proc.    Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  322,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  539,  Coal  Meas. 

grandifolius,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.    Soc.,  p.   318,  and  Coal  Flora   of 
Pa.,  p.  530,  Coal  Meas. 
lacoei,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  535,  Coal  Meas. 
lingulatus,  Grand  'Eury.,  1877,  Flore  Car- 
bonifere,  p.  218,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  533,  Coal  Meas. 

mansfieldi,  Leequereux,  1878,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  321,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  537,  Coal  Meas. 
radiatus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  540,  Coal  Meas. 
robbi,   Dawson,   1861,   Can.  Nat,,  vol.  6, 

p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 
serpens,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  324,  Coal  Meas. 
simplex,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat,,  vol.  8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  490,  Coal  Meas. 
validus,    Lesquereux,    1878,    Proc.    Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  317,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  529,  Coal  Meas. 

CREMATOPTERIS,  Schimper,  1869,  Trait6  de 
Paleontologie  Vegetale,  vol.  1,  p.  596. 
[Ety.  krematos,  hanging;  pteris,  fern.] 
Rachis  thick ;  pinnules  sessile,  ovate- 
oblong,  contracted  at  the  base,  and  sub- 
auriculate.  Type  C.  typica. 
pennsylvanica,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  307,  Coal  Meas. 
CRUZIANA,  D'Orbigny,  1842,  Voy.  dans 
1'Amer.  Merid.  t.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  30.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  A  transversely  wrin- 
kled fucoid,  much  like  Rusophycus. 
Type  C.  rugosa. 

linnarsoni,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert. 
Foss.,  p.  5,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 
Merid.,  vol.  4,  p.  32,  Upper  Taconic. 


rustica,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 

p.  5,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.    100th  Merid., 

vol.  4,  p.  32,  Up.  Taconic. 
similis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

68,  Up.  Taconic. 
CYCLOPTERIS,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  51.     [Ety.  kuklos,  circle  ; 

pteris,  fern.]     Leaflets  orbicular  or  reni- 

form,  large,  veins  numerous,  and  not 

positively   referable    to    other  genera. 

Type  C.  orbicularis. 
acadica,  see  Aneimites  acadicus. 
alleghaniensis,    Meek,    1876,     Desc.    Foss. 

Plants     Va.    Syn.    for     Archseopteris 

rogersi. 
antiqua,    Dawson,    1863,    Can.  Nat.    and 

Geo.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.   Geol.,  p.  481, 

Coal  Meas. 

bockshii,  see  Aneimites  bockshii. 
broumi,  see  Rhacophyllum  browni. 
crispa,    Germ.   &  Kaulf,  1831,    (Filicites 

crispus,)  Nova.  Acta.  Acad.,  vol.  15,  p 

229,  Coal  Meas. 
elegans,    Lesquereux,    1858,    Bost.    Jour. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  416,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  856,  Coal  Meas. 


PIG.  28.— Cy  clopteris  elegans. 

fimbriata,  see  Neuropteris  fimbriata. 
flabellata,  Brongniart,  1828,   Prodr.  Hist. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  52,  Coal  Meas. 
germari,  see  Neuropteris  germari. 
hallana,  see  Archseopteris  hallana. 
hispida,    Dawson,    1863,   Can.   Nat.   and 

Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  ^cad.  Geol.,  p.  481, 

Coal  Meas. 
hirsuta,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  856,  Coal  Meas. 
incerta,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.   Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  320,  Ham.  Gr. 
jacksoni,  see  Archseopteris  jacksoni. 
laciniata,  see  Neuropteris  laciniata. 
lescuriana,  see  Triphyllopteris  lescuriana. 
oblata,  Lindley   &   Hutton,    1837,   Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  3,  pi.  217,  Coal  Meas. 
obliqua,    Brongniart,    1828,   Prodr.   Hist. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  52,  Coal  Meas. 
orbicularis,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  52,  Coal  Meas. 
problematica,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants 

Dey.  and  Up.  Sil.,  p.  47,  Devonian. 
rogersi,  see  Archseopteris  rogersi. 
trichomanoides,    see    Neuropteris     tricho- 

manoides. 
undans,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  855,  Coal  Meas. 


116 


PLANTS. 


[CYC.— DEC. 


valida,  see  Aneimites  validus. 

varia,   Dawson,   1862,   Quar.   Jour.    Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  319,  Devonian. 
virginiana,   see    Pseudopecopteris   virgin- 

iana. 
wilsoni,  Wood,   1860,   Proc.    Acad.    Nat. 

Sci..  p.  519,  Coal  Meas. 
CYCLOSTIGMA,  Haughton,  1860,  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  444. 
[Ety.  kuklos,  circle;  stigma,  a  dot  or 
puncture.]  Stems  arborescent,  surface 
tuberculate,rugose lengthwise ;  tubercles 
in  regular  spiral  order,  small,  subglo- 
bose,  more  generally  conical,  acute, 
topped  with  a  vascular  terminal  and 
prominent  point,  or  more  rarely  flat- 
tened at  the  top  into  small,  round 
areoles,  with  the  vascular  point  in  the 
middle  ;  decorticated  surface  smooth  or 
obscurely  striate  lengthwise  by  the 
series  of  tubercles,  which  are  oval,  ele- 
vated or  prominent,  and  gradually  ef- 
faced downward  or  decurring,  preserv- 
ing the  impressions  of  the  central  vas- 
cular scars.  Type  C.  kiltorkense. 
affine,  Dawson,  1881,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  37,  p.  301,  Chemung  Gr. 
densifolium,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants 

Can.,  p.  43,  Devonian, 
kiltorkense,  Haughton,  1860,  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p. 
444,  Subcarboniferous. 
CYMOGLOSSA,  Schimper,  1869,  Trait<§  de 
Paleontologie  Vegetale,  vol.  1,  p.  553. 
[Ety.  kumo,  wavy ;  glossa,  tongue.] 
Frond  pinnate,  or  bipinnate ;  pinnse 
oblong,  sessile,  alternate,  margin  lobed ; 
nerves  simple  or  branching,  reaching 
the  margin  and  leaving  triangular  spaces 
without  nerves.  Type  C.  goepper- 
tana. 

breviloba,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
and  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  86,  Coal  Meas. 
or  Permian. 

formosa,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
and  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  86,  Coal  Meas. 
or  Permian. 

lobata,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
and  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  87,  Coal  Meas. 
or  Permian. 

obtnsifolia,  Fontaine  &  White, 
1880,  Perm,  and  Up.  Carb. 
Flora,  p.  85,  Coal  Meas.  or 
Permian. 

DACTYLOPHYCUS,  Miller  &  Dyer, 
1878,  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  1. 
[Ety.  dactylos,  finger;  phukos, 
sea- plant.]  Stem  divided  at 
one  or  both  ends  into  three 
or  more  short  subequal 
branches,  and  closely  related 
to  Ichnophycus.  Type  D.  tri- 
digitatum. 

quadripartitum,  Miller  &  Dyer, 
1878,  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  2, 
Utica  Slate  Gr. 

tridigitatum,  Miller  &  Dyer,1878,  Cont. 
to  Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  1,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 


phycus 
tridigi- 


DADOXYLON,  Endlicher,  1840,  Syn.  Con.  [Sig. 

pine  or  torch-wood.]    Branching  trunks, 

with   distinct  zones  of   growth  and   a 

pith  of  Sternbergia 

type;  wood-cells,  with 

rows  of   areoles  with 

oval  pores ;  medullary 

rays  with  series  of 

cells, 
acadianum,     Dawson, 

1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  473, 

Coal  Meas. 
annulatum,    Dawson, 

1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.  p.  473, 

Coal  Meas. 
antiquum,  Dawson,  1863, 

Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8,  and 

Acad.    Geol.    p.    473, 

Coal  Meas.  FIG.  30.-Dadoxy- 

clarkii,     Dawson,    1882,     woody' zone  or 

Foss.    Plants    Brian     fiber  (pleuren- 

and    Up.   Sil.    Forma-     c  h  y  m  a) ;  c,  me- 

ti^iia  nt  9  ™  194.  Ton       dulla  or  pith;  d, 

tions, pt. /, p.  1/4, uen-    cast  of  holiow 

esee  shales.  pith  or  sternber- 

halli,     Dawson,     1862,    gia. 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  306, 
Ham.  Gr. 

materiarium,    Dawson,   1863,   Can.    Nat., 
vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  473,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 
newberryi,    Dawson,    1871,    Foss.    Plants 

Can.,  p.  14,  Portage  Gr. 
ouangondianum,  Dawson,  1861,  Can.  Nat., 
vol.  6.  and  Acad.  Geol,  p.  534, 
Up.  Devonian. 

DAN^ITES,  Gceppert,  1836,  Syst. 
Filic.  Foss.,  p.  380.  [Ety. 
from  the  genus  Damea.~\ 
Fronds  pinnate ;  secondary 
veins  coming  out  in  right 
angles  from  the  primary 
straight  nerve,  simple  or  di- 
chotomous;  sporanges,  .on 
the  lower  side  of  the  lamina, 
placed  in  rows  from  the  me- 
dial nerve  to  near  the  bor- 
ders along  the  lateral  veins, 
oval  or  linear  exannulate. 
Type  D.  asplenioides. 
asplenioides,  var.  major,  Bun- 
bury,  1846,  Quar.  Jour^  Geol. 
Soc.,  vol.  2,  p.  85.  Coal 


emersoni,  Lesquereux,  1880, 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  157, 
Coal  Meas. 

macrophyllus,  Newberry,  1873, 
(Alethopteris    macrophylla,) 
Ohio     Pal.,    vol.   1,   p.    383, 
Low.  Coal  Meas. 
FIG.  31.—    DECHENIA,   Gceppert,   1841,    Die 
Danseites  Gattungen  der  fossilen  Pflan- 

zen,    p.    43.     [Ety.     proper 
name.]     Stems  arborescent; 
leaf-scars    in   continuous    spiral    lines ; 
bolsters   oblong,  rounded,  marked   by 
obscure  concentrical  striae,  on  the  middle 


macrophyl- 


DEN  — DYS.] 


PLANTS. 


117 


of  which  were  attached  leaves,  prob- 
ably ^cylindrical.  Type  D.  euphorbio- 
ides. 

striata,  Lesquereux,  1880,   Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  431,  Coal  Meas. 
DBNDROPHYCUS,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  vol.  3,  p.  699.  [Ely.  den- 
dron,  tree;  phukos,  sea-weed.]  Eoot 
composed  of  tubulose  flattened  fila- 
ments, irregularly  branching  and  widely 
spreading  from  the  base  of  the  rhizoma ; 
rhizoma  cylindrical,  simple,  long  and 
thick;  fronds  at  first  top-shaped,  very 
large,  tree-like,  and  many  times  divided 
when  opened ;  primary  and  secondary 
branches  thick  and  somewhat  flat  on 
one  side,  dichotomous;  ultimate  divi- 
sions cylindrical,  narrow  and  pointed. 
Type  D.  desori. 

desori,  Lesquereux  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  vol.  3.,  p.  699,  Devonian. 

DESMIOPHYLLUM,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  556.  [Ety.  desmos, 
band;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Stems  slender; 
leaves  narrow,  sublinear,  gradually  en- 
larged from  the  base,  single  and  sparse 
or  joined  3  or  4  together  and  fascicu- 
late at  the  base ;  surface  of  stem  and 
leaves  irregularly  ribbed  lengthwise  by 
prominent  large  bundles  of  nerves 
buried  under  the  epidermis,  which  is 
thick,  irregularly  granulose,  by  split- 
ting of  the  coaly  layer.  Type  D. 
gracile. 

gracile,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  557,  Coal  Meas. 
DICRANOPHYLLUM,  Grand  'Eury,  1877,  Flore 
Carbonifere,  pi.  30.  [Ety.  dikranos,  two- 
pointed  ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Stems  slender, 
leaves  narrow,  linear,  subcoriaceous,  of 
various  length,  forking,  or  dividing  in 
filaments  in  the  upper  part,  marked 
with  a  few  thick  primary  nerves,  and 
intermediate  nervilles,  more  or  less  im- 
mersed into  the  epidermis. 

dichotomum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  553,  Coal  Meas. 

dimorphum,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  329,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  554,  Coal  Meas. 

Dictuolites,  see   Dictyophyton    in  the   class 
Protozoa. 

becki  see  Dictyophyton  becki. 
DICTYOPTERIS,  Gutbier,  1835,  Verst.  Zwick. 
Schwarzk,  p.  63.  [Ety.  dictyon,  net; 
pteris,  fern.]  Frond  bipinnate;  pin- 
nules cordate,  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  sessile  or  short  pedicelled, 
oblong,  obtuse  or  lanceolate,  entire; 
veins  flexuous,  connected  by  flexures 
and  intersections,  forming  a  more  or 
less  distinct  and  close  reticulation 
of  polygonal  meshes.  Type  D.  brong- 
niarti. 

cordata,  Roemer,  in  Pflanzen  d.  prod. 
Steinkohlengeb.  am  Harz  und  Piesberg 
in  Palseontographica,  vol.  9,  p.  186, 


and  Coal   Flora  of  Pa.,   p.   833,    Coal 
Meas. 

neuropteroidea,  Gutbier,  1852,  Verst. 
Stein  Sachs.,  p.  23,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  833,  Coal  Meas. 
obliqua,  Bunbury,  1847,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  3,  p.  427,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  146,  Coal 
Meas. 

rubella,  L  e  s  q  u  e  - 
reux,  1870,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  4, 
p.  388,  Coal  Meas. 
scheuchziri,  H  o  f  f  - 
man,  in  Roem. 
Pflanz.  d.  Koh- 
lengeb.  am  Harz 
in  Paleont.  IX,  p.  FlQ-  S2.-plctyopterls 
186,  and  Coal  obliqua" 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  832,  Coal  Meas. 
DIDYMOPHYLLUM,  Gceppert,  1841,  Gatt.  der 
Foss.  Pflanzen,  p.  35.  [Ety.  didymos, 
double ;  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  Trunk  arbores- 
cent, cylindrical ;  leaves  double,  united 
at  the  base,  disposed  in  spiral  order, 
appressed ;  areoles  prominent,  reni- 
forin,  each  resembling  a  pair  of  small 
areoles  attached  to  each  other.  Type 
D.  schottini. 

oweni,      Lesquereux,     1870,      (Sigillaria 
oweni,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,   vol.    4,    p.  498, 
Coal  Meas. 
reniforme,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  309,  Ham.  Gr. 
Diplazites  emarginatus,  see  Pecopteris  emar- 

ginata. 

DIPLOSTEGIUM,  Corda,  1845,  Beitrage  zur 
Flora  der  Vorwelt,  p.  112.  [Ety.  diplos, 
double ;  stege,  a  covering ;  but  spelled 
by  Corda  Diplotegium.]  Thick  trunks 
of  trees  longitudinally  furrowed ;  bark 
thick,  and  imbricated  in  short  cylin- 
drical overlaps.  Type  D.  brownanum. 
brownanum,  Corda,  1845, 
Beitrage  zur  Flora  der 
Vorwelt,  p.  112,  Coal 
Meas. 

retusum,  Dawson,  1863, 
Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8,  and 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  490,  Coal 
Meas. 

truncatum,  Lesquereux, 
1860,  Geo.  Sur.  Ark.,  vol.  2.  Syn.  for 
Knorria  imbricata. 

DISCOPHYCUS,  Walcott,  1879,  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  19.  [Ety.  diskos,  disk ; 
phukos,  sea-plant.]  Frond  discoid, 
slightly  convex,  and  substance  coria 
ceous.  Type  D.  typicale. 
typicale,  Walcott,  1879,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  10,  p.  19,  Utica  slate. 
DYSTACTOPHYCUS,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont. 
to  Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  2.  [Ety.  dustaktos,  hard 
to  arrange ;  phukos,  sea-plant.]  Frond 
mammiform,  expanded  and  concen- 
trically wrinkled.  Type  D.  mammilla- 
num. 


FIG.  83. 

Diplostegium 

retusum. 


118 


PLANTS. 


[EOF.— FUC. 


mammillanum,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont. 
to  Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  2,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  84. — Dystactophycus  mammillanuin. 

EOPHYTON,  Torell,  1868,  Bidr.  t.  Sparagm. 
geogn.  och.  paleont.,  p.  36.  [Ety.  eos, 
dawn  ;  phyton,  a  plant.]  Slender,  cylin- 
drical, reed-like  fucoids,  longitudinally 
striated.  Type  E.  linnseanum. 
explanatum,  Dawson,  1870,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geol.,  Lpw.  Arenig  rocks, 
jukesi,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

65,  Up.  Taconic. 

linnseanum  (?),  Torell,  1868,  Bidr.  t.  Spa- 
ragm. geogn.  och.  paleont.,  p.  36,  Up. 
Taconic. 

EQUISETITES,  Sternberg,  1833,  Vere.  Darst. 
Flora  der  Vorwelt,  vol.  2,  p.  43.  [Ety. 
equus,  a  horse ;  seta,  a  hair  or  bristle  ; 
in  allusion  to  the  resemblance  to  a 
horse-tail.]  Arborescent ;  stems  articu- 
late ;  articulations  surrounded  with 
costate  sheaths,  dentate  on  the  border. 
Type  E.  gigantea. 

col  u  m  n  a  r  is, 
Brongniart. 
1828,      (Equi- 
setum      colum- 
nare,)  Hist.Veg. 
Foss.,t.l,p.ll5, 
Coal  Meas. 
curtus,     Dawson, 
1863,  Syn.  Garb. 
Flora    in    Can. 
Nat.,  vol.  8,  and 
A  cad.   Geol.,  p. 
443,  Coal  Meas. 
elongatus,      Fon- 
taine &  White,  1880,  Perm,  or  Up.  Garb. 
Flora,  p.  33,  Coal  Meas.  or  Permian, 
gracilis.  Lesquerenx,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  729,  Coal  Meas. 
macrodontus,     Wood,    1860,     Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.     Not  satisfactorily  denned, 
occidentalis,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  425,  Coal  Meas. 
stellifolius,     Harlan,    1835,     (Equisetum 
stellifolium,)  Trans.  Geo.  Soc.  Pa.,  vol. 
1,  p.  261,  Coal  Meas.     Syn.  for  Annula- 
ria  longi  folia? 

striatus,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  34,  Coal  Meas. 
or  Permian. 

wrightanus,  see  Ecbinocaris  wrightana. 
Equisetum,  see  Equisetites. 


FIG.  35.— Eqnisetites 
curtus. 


columnare,  see  Equisetites  columnaris. 
stellifolium,  see  Equisetites  stellifolius. 
EREMOPTERIS,    Schimper,    1869,    Traitfe    de 

Palseontologie  Vegetale,   vol.  1,  p.  416. 

[Ety.     eremos,    isolated ;    pteris,    fern.] 

Upper    part     of     fronds 

dichotomous;  pinnae  open 

or      oblique,     irregularly 

pinnatifid;    lacinise  long, 

obovate    or    wedge- form, 

the    lower    ones    deeply 

cut ;  the  lateral  veins  enter 

the  lobes  in  acute  angles 

of   divergence    from    the 

midrib,  and  passing  up  to 
.     the  borders  are  flabellate, 

dichotomous,  parallel,  and 

close.     Type  E.  artemisii- 

folia. 
artemisiifolia,        Sternberg, 

1824,   (Sphenopteris  arte- 

misiaefolia,)  Vers.    Darst. 

Flora  der  Vorwelt,  p.  44, 

and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

293,  Coal  Meas. 
cheathami,         Lesquereux, 

1884,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

770,  Coal  Meas. 
crenulata,   Lesquereux,   1876,  Geo.  Rep. 

of  Alabama,  p.   75,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  292,  Coal  Meas. 
dissecta,  Lesquereux,  1876,  Geo.  Rep.  of 

Alabama,  p.  75,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  293,  Coal  Meas. 
elegans,  Ettingshausen,  1852,  (Asplenites- 

elegans,)  Die  Steinkohlen  flora  v.  Stra- 

donitz   in    Bohmen,    p.    15,    and    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  294,  Coal  Meas. 
flexuosa,  Lesquereux,  1876,  Geo.  Rep.  of 

Alabama,  p.  75,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  293,  Coal  Meas. 
marginata,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  422,  Coal  Meas. 
microphylla,     Lesquereux,     1880,     Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  296,  Coal  Meas. 
missouriensis,    Lesquereux,     1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  295,  Coal  Meas. 
Ficoidites    scabrosus,    Hildreth,     1837,    Am. 

Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  31,  p.  30,  Low. 

Coal  Meas.    Not  recognized,  but  prob- 
ably a  Sigillaria. 
Filicites,    Schlotheim,     1820,     Nachtr.    zur 

Petref.    It  was  used  for  all  fossil  ferns,. 

and  hence  is  not  of  generic  value. 
acumirtatus,  see  Neuropteris  acuminata. 
aquilinus,  see  Alethopteris  aquilina. 
arborescens,  see  Pecopteris  arborescens. 
crispus,  see  Cyclopteris  crispa. 
gracilis,  see  Plumalina  gracilis. 
lonchiticus,  see  Alethopteris  lonchitica. 
miltoni,  see  Pecopteris  miltoni. 
penniformis,  see  Pecopteris  penniformis. 
pluckeneti,  see  Pseudopecopteris  pluckeneti. 
plumosus,  see  Pecopteris  plumosa. 
oreopteridis,  see  Pecopteris  oreopteridis. 
trifoliatus,  see  |Pseudopecopteris  trifoliata. 
Flabellaria  boramfolia,  see  Cordaites  boras- 

sifolius. 
Fucoides,  Brongniart,  1822,  in  Mem.  d.  Hist. 


GAL,. — HEL.] 


PLANTS. 


119 


Nat.  and  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  1. 1.,  p.  50. 
It  was  used  to  comprehend  the  Sargas- 
sites  or  Thalassophytes,  and  hence  is  of 
more  than  generic  value. 

alleghaniensis,  see  Arthrophycus  harlani. 

auriformis,  Hall,  1843.     Not  organic. 

bilobatus,  see  Rusophycus  bilobatum. 

caudagalli,  see  Taonurus  caudagalli. 

demissa,  Conrad  probably  phytopsis  tubu- 
losa. 

dentalus,  Brongniart  probably  Diplograp- 
tus pristiniformis. 

filiciformis,  see  Rhacophyllum  filiciforme. 

flexuosus,  see  Bythotrephis  flexuosa. 

gracilis,  see  Bythotrephis  gracilis. 

graphica.     Not  denned  so  as  to  be  deter- 
mined. 

harlani,  see  Arthrophycus  harlani. 

heterophyllus,  Hall.     Not  denned  so  as  to 
be  determined. 

retort,  see  Taonurus  retortus. 

rigidus,  see  Bythotrephis  rigida. 

secalinus,  Hall  syn.  for  Diplograptus  sim- 
plex. 

serra,  Brongniart,  see  Graptolithus  bryo- 
noides. 

simplex,  see  Diplograptus  simplex. 

velum,  see  Taonurus  velum. 

verticalis,  see  Scolithus  verticalis. 
Galium     sphenvphylloides,      see      Annularia 

sphenophylloides. 

GLYPTODENDEON,  Claypole,  1878,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  302. 
[Ety.  glyptos  sculptured ;  dendron,  tree.] 
Stem  thick,  covered  with  rhomboidal 
areoles,  the  lower  portions  of  which  are 
depressed.  Type  G.  eatonense. 


FIG.  37. — Glyptodendron  eatonense. 

eatonense,  Claypole,  1878,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d.  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  302,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
Goniopteris  newberryana,  see  Pecopteris  new- 

berryana. 

oblonga,  see  Pecopteris  oblonga. 
Gordia  marina,  see  Palseochorda  marina. 
GULIELMITES,  Geinitz,  1858,  Leithpflanzen  d. 
Rothleig.  u.  d.  Zechstein,  Sachsen,  p. 
19.   [Ety.  from  the  genus  Gulielma.]     A 
kind  of  fruit,  of  uncertain  affinity, 
orbicularis,    Fontaine    &    White,     1880, 
Perm,  and  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  99,  Coal 
Meas.  or  Permian. 

permianus,  Geinitz,  1858,  Leithpflanzen 
d.  Rothleig.  u.  d.  Zechstein,  Sachsen,  p. 
]9,  Permian. 


HALONIA,  Lindley  &  Button,  1835,  Foss. 
Flora,  vol.  2,  p.  11.  [Ety.  from  its  close 
affinity  with  Halaaia."]  Stems  of  me- 
dium size,  dichotomous;  cortex  tuber- 
culate ;  spaces  intermediate  to  the  tu- 
bercles marked  with  rhomboidal  scars ; 
decorticated  surface,  covered  with  punc- 
tiform  round  or  oval  papillae,  obtuse  or 
perforated  in  the  center,  placed  in 
spiral  order.  Type  H.  tortuosa. 

flexuosa,  Goldenberg,  1855,  (TTlodendron 
flexuosum,)  Flora  Sarrsepontana  fossilis, 
vol.  1,  pi.  2,  fig.  10,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  416,  Coal  Meas. 

mansfieldi, 
Lesquereux, 
1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa., 

&  414,  Coal 
eas. 
pulchella,  Les- 

q  u  e  r  e  u  x, 

1860,      Geo. 

Sur.       Ark., 

vol.  2,  p.  311, 

Coal  Meas. 
secreta,      Les- 

q  u  e  r  e  u  x, 

1880,       Coal 

Flora  of  Pa., 

6417,  Coal 
eas. 

tortuosa,  Lind- 
ley   &    Hut-     FIG.  38.— Halonia  flexuosa. 
ton,  1835,  Foss.  Flora,  vol.  2,  p.  11,  Coal 
Meas. 

tuberculata,    Brongniart,    1838,  Hist.    d. 
Veg.  Foss.,  vol.  2.  pi.  28,  and  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  411,  Coal  Meas. 
Harlania,  syn.  for  Arthrophycus. 
halli,  syn.  for  Arthrophycus  harlani. 


FIG  39.— Heliophycus  stelliforme. 

HELIOPHYCUS,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont.  to 
Pal.  No.  2,  p.  2.     [Ety.  helios,  the  sun ; 


120 


PLANTS. 


[HIP. — KNO. 


phukos,     sea-plant.]      Star-like     frond, 
having  five  rays ;  transversely  wrinkled. 
Type  H.  stelfiforme. 
stelliforme,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont.  to 

Pal.  No.  2,  p.  2,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
HIPPODOPHYCCS,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872, 24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  203. 
[Ety.  hippodos,  horse-foot;  phukos,  sea- 
plant.]  Founded  upon  cavities  in  sand- 
stone, having  a  form  similar  to  that 
which  a  putty  ball  will  assume,  when 

Eressed    between    thumb   and   finger, 
saving  a  rounded  rim  on  three  sides  of 
the  disc,  the  compressed  margin  being 
truncate.     Type  H.  cnwlesi. 
cowlesi,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  203,  Chem- 
ung  Gr. 

HYMENOPHYLLITES,  Goeppert,  1836,  Syst. 
Filic.  Foss.  [Ety.  from  the  genus  Hy- 
menophyllum.~\  Frond  membranaceous, 
many  times  regularly  pinnately  divided 
or  irregularly  cut,  lobed  with  pinnatifid 
or  dichotomous  divisions,  decurring  on 
a  broad  common  rachis,  which  is  some- 
times indistinct ;  veins  pinnate,  per- 
current,  solitary  in  each  division.  Type 
H.  gersdorfi. 

adnascens,    see    Rhacophyllum 

adnascens. 

alatus,  see  Sphenopteris  alata. 
arborescens,  see  Rhacophyllum 

arborescens. 
ballantini,     see     Sphenopteris 

ballantini. 

capillaris,  I>squereux,  1858, 
Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  863. 
Coal  Meas. 

clarki,see  Rhacoyhyllum  clarki. 
curtilobus,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar. 


Jour.   Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p. 
2 


FIG.  40. 
Hymeno- 

321,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  55! 
Devonian. 

delicatulus,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  veg. 
Foss  ,  p.  185,  Coal  Meas. 

flexicaulis,  see  Sphenopteris  flexicaulis. 

furcatus,  see  Sphenopteris  furcata. 

gersdorfi,  Goeppert,  1836,  Syst.  Filic.  Foss. 
Devonian. 

giganttus,  see  Rhacophyllum  lactuca. 

gutbieranus,  Unger,  1850,  Gen.  et.  sp.,  p. 
132,  Coal  Meas. 

hildrethi,  see  Sphenopteris  hildrethi. 

inftatus,  see  Rhacophyllum  inflatum. 

lactuca,  see  Rhacophyllum  lactuca. 

mollis,  see  Rhacophyllum  molle. 

myriophyllus,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Sphen- 
opteris myriophylla,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss., 
p.  184,  Coal  Meas. 

obtusilobus,  Goeppert,  1836,  Syst.  Filic. 
Foss.,  Devonian. 

pentadactylus,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  485, 
Coal  Meas. 

pinnatifidus,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  436,  Coal  Meas. 

schlotheimi,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Sphenop- 
teris schlotheimi,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss., 
p.  193,  Coal  Meas. 


spinosus,  see  Sphenopteris  spinosa. 

splendens,  see  Sphenopteris  splendens. 

strongi,  see  Rhacophyllum  strongi. 

subfurcatus,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol., 
p.  55,  Devonian. 

tenuifolius,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Sphenop- 
teris tenuifolia,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p. 
190,  Coal  Meas. 

thalliformis,  see  Rhacophyllum  thalliforme. 

trichomanoides,  see  Splienopteris  tricho- 
manoides. 

tridactylites,  see  Sphenopteris  tridactylites. 
ICHNOPHYCUS,    Hall,     1852,  . 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  26. 
[Ety.  ichnos,  a  foot- 
print; phukos,  a  sea- 
weed.] Tridactyle  im- 
pressions somewhat  re- 
sembling a  foot-track, 
the  middle  stem  being 
the  longer.  Type  1.  FIG.  41.— Ichno- 
tridactylum.  phycus  tridacty- 

tridactylum,    Hall,    1852, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  26,  Clinton  Gr. 
IDIOPHYLLUM,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of    Pa.,  p.    159.     [Ety.   idios,    peculiar; 

±tton,  leaf  ]  Leaves  small,  round,  or 
adly  obovate ;  medial  nerve  thick, 
gradually  narrowed  and  effacing  in 
joining  the  borders ;  lateral  secondary 
veins  sub-opposite,  thick,  passing  in  an 
inside  curve  toward  the  borders,  grad- 
ually effaced  in  the  reticulation ; 
venules  more  or  less  continuous ;  some- 
times crossing  each  other  in  contrary 
directions,  and  forming,  by  intersec- 
tions, quadrate  or  rhomboidal  meshes. 
Type  I.  rotundifolium. 

rotundifolium,    Lesquereux,    1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  160,  Coal  Meas. 
KNORRIA,   Sternberg,   1825,    Essai   d.    Exp. 
Geogn-botan.  d.l.  Flor.  du  Monde  prirn- 
itif  fasc.  4,  p.  37.     [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Trunks  cov- 
ered   with 
elongated 
semiconical 
or     truncate 
tubercles 
placed    in 
spiral    order 
more  or  less 
imbricated, 
leaving,  after 
falling     off, 
round     con- 
vex    marks, 
with  a  single, 
vascular  scar 
in  the   mid- 
dle ;     leaves 
long,  linear, 

more  or  less  inflated  at  the  base,  with 
a  flat  medial  nerve.  Type  K.  imbri- 
cata. 

compacta,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  839,  Coal  Meas. 

imbricata,  Sternberg,  1825,  Flor.  d.  monde 
primitif  fasc.  4,  p.  37,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


FIG.  42. 
Knorria  Imbricata. 


LEP.] 


PLANTS. 


121 


selloni,  Sternberg,  1825,  Flor.  d.  monde 
primitif  fasc.  4,  p.  37-50,  Coal  Meas. 

taxina,  Lindley  &  Button,  1833-5,  Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  2,  p.  37,  Coal  Meas. 
LKPIDOCYSTIS,  Lesquereux,  1880,Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  454.  [Ety.  lepis,  scale  ;  kustis,  blad- 
der.] Spore  cases  long,  naked,  attached 
in  right  angle  and  opposite  to  a  broad 
rachis ;  or  short,  placed  in  spiral  order 
upon  long,  flexuous  axes;  or  isolated 
sporanges,  detached  from  strobiles  of 
unknown  character.  Type  L.  pecti- 
natus. 

angularis,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  456,  Coal  Meas. 

bullatus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Carpolithes 
bullatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  463, 
Coal  Meas. 

fraxiniformis,  Goeppert  &  Berger,  1848, 
(Carpolithes  fraxiniformis,)  De  Fruct. 
et  Sem.,  p.  26,  Coal  Meas. 

lineatus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  454,  Coal  Meas. 

obtusus,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Brachyphyl- 
lum  obtusum,)  Geo.  of  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p. 
876,  Coal  Meas. 

pectinatus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  454,  Coal  Meas. 

quadrangularis,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  455,  Coal  Meas. 

vesicularis,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Carpolithes 
vesicularis,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  462, 
Coal  Meas. 

LEPIDODENDRON,  Sternberg,  1820,  Essai  d'un 
expose  Geognostico-botanique  de  la 
flore  du  monde  primitif,  1st  Cahier,  p. 
25.  [Ety.  lepis,  scale;  dendron,  tree.] 
Surface  of  the  stem  marked  by  scars, 
points  of  leaf  attachments;  leaf  scars 
(bolsters)  rhomboidal,  oblong,  upon  the 
bark  of  large  trees  or  small  branches, 
variable  in  size  according  to  their  posi- 
tion, often  disfigured;  central  cicatrices 
(inside  scars)  rhomboidal,  transversely 
dotted  by  three  points  (vascular  scars) 
bearing,  generally,  under  the  lower  mar- 
gin two  oval  small  tubercles,  scars  of 
bundles  of  vessels  (appendages)  placed 
on  each  side  of  a  medial  line  (cauda), 
which,  like  the  appendages,  is  more  or 
less  distinct,  sometimes  deep  and 
wrinkled  across,  sometimes  obsolete. 
Type  L.  dichotomum. 

aculeatum,  Sternberg,  1820,  Essai  d.  Exp. 
Geogn-botan.  d.  1.  flor.  d.  monde  prim- 
itif, 1st  Cahier,  p.  25,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  371,  Coal  Meas. 

acuminatum,  Goeppert,  1852,  Foss.  Fl.  d. 
Uebergangsgebirge,  p.  185,  Subcarbon- 
iferous. 

andrewsi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  389,  Coal  Meas. 

alveolare,  see  Sigillaria  alveolaris. 

binerve,  Bunbury,  1847,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc..  vol.  3,  p.  431,  Coal  Meas. 

borda?,  Wood,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  239.  Coal  Meas. 

bnttsi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  368,  Coal  Meas. 


carinatum,   Lesquereux,    1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  875,  Coal  Meas. 
chemungense,  Hall,  1843,  (Sigillaria  chem- 

ungensis,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 

275,  Chemung  Gr. 
chilalloeum,  Syn.  for  L.  distans. 
clypeatum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  875,  Coal  Meas. 
conicum,    Lesquereux,     1858,    Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  874,  Coal  Meas. 
corrugatum,   Dawson,  1860,  Quar.   Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.   15,  p.  313,  and  Acad. 

Geol.,  p.  253,  Waverly  Gr. 
costatuin,   Lesquereux.    1866,   Geo.    Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  453,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
crenatum,  Sternberg,  1820,  Flor.  d.  monde 

primitif,  1st  Cahier,  p.  25,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  394,  Coal  Meas. 
cruciatum,   Lesquereux,   1870,  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  432,  Coal  Meas. 
cuspidatum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  388,  Coal  Meas. 
cyclostigma,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  394,  Coal  Meas. 
decurtatum,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 

8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  487,  Coal  Meas. 
dichotomum,    Sternberg,    1820,    Flor.   d. 

monde  primitif,  1st  Cahier,  p.  25,  and 

Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  384,  Coal  Meas. 
dikrocheilum,    Wood,   1860,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  239,  Coal  Meas. 
dilatatum,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1831,  Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  1.,  p.  27,  Coal  Meas. 
diplostegiodes,    Lesquereux.    1860,    Geo. 

Sur.  Ark.,  vol.  2.,  p.  311,  Coal  Meas. 
distans,       Leeque- 

reux,  1858,  Geo. 

Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2, 

p.  874,  Coal  Meas. 
drepanaspis,  Wood, 

1860,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.   Sci.,  Phil., 

vol.    12,    p.    240, 

Coal  Meas. 
dubium,Wood,  syn. 

for  L.  rimosum. 
elegans,  Sternberg, 

1824,  (Lycopodi 

olithes  elegans,) 

Vers.  Darst.Flor. 

d.Vorwelt4fasc.,  FIG.  43.— Lepidodendron 

p.  8,  Coal  Meas.  diutaus. 

forulatum,    Lesquereux,    1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  431,  Coal  Mean, 
gaspanum  Dawson,  1859,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  15,  p.  484,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

541,  Catskill  Gr.    Probably  the  same  as 

Vanuxem's  Sigillaria  simplicitas. 
giganteum,  Lesquereux,   1858,  Geo.   Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2.,  p.  874,  Coal  Meas. 
gracile,    Lindley  &    Hutton,    1831,    Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  30,  Coal  Meas. 
greeni,   Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  43,  Coal  Meas. 
harcourti,  Witham,  1832,  Trans.  Nat,  Hist. 

Soc.,  New,  upon  Tyne,  p.  51,  Coal  Meas. 
ichthyolepis,  Wood,  1860,  ( Lepidophloios 

ichthyolepis,)    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  240,  Coal  Meas. 


122 


PLANTS. 


[LEP. 


ingens,  Wood,  syn.  for  L.  aculeatum. 
lanceolatum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  369,  Coal  Meas. 
latifoliuin,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  370,  Coal  Meas. 
ksquereuxi,  Wood,  syn.  for  L.  clypeatum. 
longifolium,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  85,  and  Coal  Flora   of 

Pa.,  p.  373,  Coal  Meas. 
magnum,  Wood,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  Phil.,  p.  239,  Coal  Meas. 
mammillatum,  Lesquereux,  syn.  for  L.  vel- 

theimanum. 
marginatum,  Presl,  1826,  (Bergeria  mar- 

ginata,)  in  Steinberg  Flor.  d.  Vorw.,  p. 

134,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  784,  Coal 

Meas. 

mekiston,  Wood,  syn.  for  L.  modulatnm. 
mielcki,  Gceppert,  1836,  Syst.  Filic.  Foss., 

p.  465,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  395, 

Coal  Meas. 
modulatum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  874.  Coal  Meas. 
morrieanum,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  430,  Coal  Meas. 
obovatum  Sternberg,  1820,  Flor.  d.  monde 

primitif,  1st  Cahier,  p.  25,  Coal  Meas. 
obsourum,    Lesquereux,   1866,  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol  2,  p.  453,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
obtusum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  875,  Coal  Meas. 
ocul'itum,  Lesquereux,  syn.  for  L.  distans. 
owtni,  Wood,  syn.  for  L.  vestitum. 
personatum,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.   Geol.,  p.  488, 

Coal  Meas. 
pictoense,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.   8,  and  Acad.  Geol.   p.  487, 

Coal  Meas. 
plicatum,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  488, 

Coal  Meas. 
plumarium,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1835,  Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  3,  p.  151,  Coal  Meas. 
politum,  syn.  for.  L.  modulatum. 
primaevum,  Rogers,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  675,  Ham.  Gr. 
quadrangulatum,  Schlotheim,  1820,  (Pal- 

macites   quadrangulatus,)    Petrefacten- 
kunde,  p.  395,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

383,  Coal  Meas. 
quadrilaterale,    Lesquereux,    1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  389,  Coal  Meas. 
radiato-plicatum,  Dawson,  1873,  Rep.  Foss. 

Plants,  p.  32,  Subcarboniferous. 
radicans,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  2,  p.  454,  Coal  Meas. 
rectangulum,   Wood,    1860,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  12,  p.  519,  Coal  Meas. 
rhombicum,  Presl,  1833,  (Bergeria  rhom- 

bica,)in  Sternberg's  Flor.  d.  Vorw.,  vol. 

2,  p.  184,  Coal  Meas. 
rigens,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  429,  Coal  Me»s. 
rigidum,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  839,  Coal  Meas. 
rimosum,  Sternberg,  1820,  Flor.  d.  inonde 

primitif,   1st  Cahier,  p.  25,  and    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  392,  Coal  Meas. 


rugosum,  syn.  for  L.  dichotomum. 
rushvillense,   Andrews,  1875,   Ohio   Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  423,  Coal  Meas. 
salebrosum,  Wood,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  Phil.,  p.  520,  Coal  Meas. 
scobiniforme,  Meek,  1876,  Bull.  Phil.  Soc. 

Wash.,  p.  13,  Waverly  Gr.    Probably  a 

syn.  for  L.  corrugatum. 
scutatum, 

Lesq  ue- 

reux,  1880, 

Coal  Flora 

of   Pa.,   p. 

369,  Coal 

Meas. 
selaginoides, 

Sternberg, 

1820,  Flor. 

d.    monde 

pri  mi  tif, 

2d  Cahier, 

&35,  Coal 
eas. 
s  i  gillarioides, 

Lesq  u  e- 

reux,  1858, 

founded 

upon  a  de- 

c  o  rticated 

specimen 

of  L.  ves- 
titum or  L. 

latifolium.         FIG.  44.— Lepidodendron 
simplex,  stern  bergi. 

Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 

p.  454,  Coal  Meas. 
squamiferum,     Lesquereux,     1880,     Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  376,  Coal  Meas. 
stern  bergi,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  85,  Coal  Meas. 
tetragomim,    Sternberg,    1821,    Flor.    d. 

monde  primitif,  2d  Cahier,  p.  35,  Coal 


tijoui,  Lesquereux,   1870,  Geo.   Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  431,  Coal  Meas. 
tumidum,  Bunbury,  1847,  ( Lepidophloios 

tumidum,)  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 

3,  p.  432,  Coal  Meas. 
turbinatum,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol  2,  p.  453,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
undulatum,     Sternberg,    1820,     Flor.    d. 

monde  primitif,  1st  Cahier,  p.  25,  Coal 

Meas. 
urseum,    Wood,   1860,    Proc.    Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  240,  Coal  Meas. 
veltheimanum,    Sternberg,     1823,    Vers. 

Darst  Flora  der  Vorwelt,  vol.  1,  p.  12, 

Kaskaskia  Gr. 

venvstum,  Wood,  syn.  for  L.  obtusum. 
vestitum,    Lesquereux,    1858,   Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2;  p.  874,  Coal  Meas. 
wortheni,   Lesquereux,    1866,   Geo.    Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  452,  Coal  Meas. 
LEPIDOPHLOIOS,  Sternberg,  1823,  Vers.  Darst. 

Flora  der  Vorwelt.     [Ety.  lepis,  scale ; 

phloios,  the  bark.]     Stems  arborescent, 

erect,  with   four  ranked   branches  dis- 
posed in  spiral  order ;  leaves  coriaceous, 

linear,  long,  narrow,  with  a  thick  medial 


LEP.] 


PLANTER.. 


123 


nerve,  bearing  at  base  thick,  suberect 
or  recurved  bolsters,  inflated  in  the 
upper  part  and  dotted  with  small  vas- 
cular points ;  leaf-scars  transversely 
rhomboidal,  marked  horizontally  by 
three  vascular  scars,  minutely  papil- 
lose under  the  cortex.  Type  L.  larici- 
nus. 

acadianus,   Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.  p.   489, 
Coal  Meas. 
antiquus,    Dawson,    1871,     Foss.     Plants 

Canada,  p.  36,  Devonian, 
auriculatus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  439,  Coal  Meas. 
crassicaulis,  Corda,  1845,  Beitragezur  Flora 

der  Vorwelt,  p.  18,  Coal  Meas. 
dilatatus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  781,  Coal  Meas. 
ichthyoderma,     Lesquereux,    1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  426,  Coal  Meas. 
ichthyolepis,  see  Lepidodendron  ichthyo- 

lepis. 
irregularis,   Lesquereux,   1860,  Geo.  Sur. 

Ark.  vol.  2,  p.  311,  Coal  Meas. 
laricinus,  Sternberg,  1820,  (Lepidodendron 
laricinum,)  Flor.  d.  monde  primitif,  1st 
Cahier,  p.  25,  Coal  Meas. 
lesquereuxi,    Andrews,    1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  423,  Coal  Meas. 
macrolepidotus,  Goldenberg,  1862,   Flora 
sarrsepontana    fossilis,    vol.    3,    p.    37, 
Coal  Meas. 

obcord  a  t  u  s , 
L  e  s  q  ue- 
reux,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  457,  Coal 
Meas. 

parvus,  Daw- 
son,  1863, 
Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo., 
vol.  8,  and 
Acad.  Geol., 
p.  490,  Coal 


FIG.  45.— Lepidophloios 
macrolepidotus. 


platystigma,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  8,   and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  490, 

Coal  Meas. 
prominulus,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,   p.  489, 

Coal  Meas. 
protuberans,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  440,  Coal  Meas. 
sigillarioides,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  425,  Coal  Meas. 
tetragon um,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,   p.  490, 

Coal  Meas. 
tumidus,  Lesquereux,  see  Lepidodendron 

tumidum. 
LEPIDOPHYLLUM,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d. 

Hist.    Veg.    Foss.,   p.    87.      [Ety.   lepis, 

scale ;  phyllon,  leaf.]     Blades  or  bracts, 

either  joined  to  sporanges,  or  sporan- 

giophores  of  Lepidostrobus,  or  isolated. 

Type  L.  majum. 


acuminatum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  875.    The  name  was  pre- 
occupied by  Gutbier  in  1843,  but  as  it 

is  a  Lepidostrobus  the  name  may  be 

retained, 
affine,  Lesquereux,   1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  875,  Coal  Meas. 
auriculatum,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  457,  Coal  Meas. 
brevifolium,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  876,  Coal  Meas. 
campbellanum,    Lesquereux,    1884,   Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  786,  Coal  Meas. 
coriaceum,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  787,  Coal  Meas. 
cultriforme,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  785,  Coal  Meas. 
elegans,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  787,  Coal  Meas. 
fallax,   Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  786,  Coal  Meas. 
foliaceum,  see  Lepidostrobus  foliaceus. 
gracile,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  786,  Coal  Meas. 
hastatum,  see  Lepidostrobus  hastatus. 
intermedium,    Lindley   &    Hutton,   1831, 

Foss.  Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  125,  Coal  Meas. 
lanceolatum,  see  Lepidostrobus  lanceolatus. 
linearifolium,    Lesquereux,     1880,     Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  452,  Coal  Meas. 
majum,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodrome  d'une 

Hist.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  87,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  449,  Coal  Meas. 
mansfieldi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  449,  Coal  Meas. 
minutum,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p\  787,  Coal  Meas. 
morrisanum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  448,  Coal  Meas. 
obtusum,    Lesquereux,    1858,    Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  875,  Coal  Meas. 
plicatum,   Lesquereux,    1858,    Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  876,  Coal  Meas. 
rostellatum,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  443,  Coal  Meas. 
striatum,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  443,  Coal  Meas. 
trinerve,    Brongniart,  1828,   Prodr.  Hist. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  87,  and  Lindley  &  Hut- 
ton's  Foss.   Flora,  vol.  2,  p.  195,   Coal 


truncatum,  see  Lepidostrobus  truncatus. 

tumidum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  448,  Coal  Meas. 

LEPIDOSTROBUS,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d. 
Hist. Veg.  Foss.,  p.  87.  [Ety.  lepis,  scale ; 
strobus,  cone.]  Strobiles  cylindrical  or 
ovate,  oblong,  conical ;  composed  of 
sporanges  (spore-cases)  subcylindrical  or 
clavate,  emarginate  at  the  apex,  sup- 
ported in  the  middle  lengthwise  by 
bracts  formed  of  a  pedicel,  attached  like 
the  sporanges  in  right  angle  to  the 
axis,  linear  or  oblanceolate,  either  sim- 
ple, not  longer  than  the  sporanges,  or 
prolonged  into  lanceolate,  obtuse  or 
acuminate  laminae,  curved  upward  on 
the  outside  of  the  strobiles  and  imbri- 
cated on  their  sides,  or  merely  inflated 


124 


PLANTS. 


[LEP.~I.ES. 


at  the  outer  end,  and  covering  the  apex 
of  the  sporanges  by  a  rhomboidal  small 
shield  ;  spores,  triquetre  on  one  side, 
half  globular  on  the  other,  like  those  of  j 
the  Lycopods,  homomorphous  or  dimor- 
phous. Type  L.  ornatus. 

acuminatus,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Lepido- 
phyllum  acuminatum,)  Geo.  Pa.,  vol.2, 
p.  875,  Coal  Meas. 

aldrichi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  441,  Coal  Meas. 

butleri,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  840,  Coal  Meas. 

connivens,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  442,  Coal  Meas. 

foliaceus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Lepidophyl- 
lum  foliaceum,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p. 
444,  Coal  Meas. 

globosus,  Dawson,  1861,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  6,  p.  174,  Devonian. 

goldenbergi,   Schimper,  1872, 
Trait6     de     Paleontologie 
Vegetale,  vol.  2,  p.  61,  Coal 
Meas. 
hastatus,    Lesquereux,    1858 


,  ,  , 

(Lepidophyllum  hastatum,) 
Geo. 


FIG.  46. 


Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  876, 
Coal  Meas. 

incertus,    Lesquereux,    1 880, 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.   442, 
.     Coal  Meas. 

Lenidostro-      lacoei>  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 
bu!hastat£s.        Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  439,  Coal 

Meas. 

lanceolatus,     Brongniart,     1828,     .'Lepi- 

dophyllum     lanceolatum,)     Prodr.     d. 

Hist.  d.  Veg.    Foss.,    p.    87,   and    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  436,  Coal  Meas. 

lancifolius,  Leequereux,    1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  442,  Coal  Meas. 
latus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  841,  Coal  Meas. 

longifolius,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.  p.  489, 
Coal  Meas. 
mancfieldi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  444,  Coal  Meas. 
iniraliilis,    Newberry,    1873,    (Polysporia 
mirabilis,)    Ohio    Pal.,    vol.    1,   p.  362, 
Low.  Coal  Meas. 

oblongifolius,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  441,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  47.—  Lepidostrobus  01  natus.    Cone  %  size. 


ornatus,  Parkinson,  1811,  Organic  Re- 
mains, vol.  1,  pi.  9,  fig.  1,  and  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  440,  Coal  Meas. 

ovatifolius.  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  441,  Coal  Meas. 

pinaster,  Lindley  &  Button,  1837,  Foss. 
Flora,  vol.  3,  p.  129,  Coal  Meas. 

prselongus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  433,  Coal  Meas. 


princeps,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2.  p.  455,  Coal  Meas. 

quadratus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  444,  Coal  Meas. 

richardsoni,  Dawson,  1861,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  6,  p.  174,  Devonian. 

salisburyi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  443,  Coal  Meas. 

spectabilis,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  435,  Coal  Meas. 

squainosus,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  489, 
Coal  Meas. 

stachioides,  see  Asterophyllites  stachioides. 

trigonolepis,  Bunbury,  1847,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  3,  p.  432,  Coal  Meas. 

truncatus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  442,  Coal  Meas. 

variabilis,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1833,  Foss. 
Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  31,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  434,  Coal  Meas. 
LEPIDOXYLON,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  334,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  557.  [Ety.  iepis,  scale ;  xylon, 
wood.]  Stems  large,tapering  to  a  point ; 
bark  thin,  covered  with  leafy  scales ; 
leaves  variable,  sublinear,  narrowed  or 
enlarged  to  the  point  of  attachment, 
forking  upward  in  two  or  more  laci- 
nise;  nervation  distinct  with  the  glass; 
primary  nerves  parallel,  buried  in  the 
epidermis,  inflated  or  half  round  ;  inter- 
mediate veinlets  thin,  visible  on  the 
decorticated  face.  Type  L.  anomaluui. 

anomalum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  557,  Coal  meas. 
LEPTOPHI/EUM,  Dawsou,  1862,  Quar.  Jour. 
Qeo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  316.  [Ety.  lepios, 
slender;  phlois,  the  bark  of  a  tree.] 
Stem  covered  with  continuous  rhombic 
areoles,  each  with  a  single  small  scar  a 
little  above  its  center,  and  above  this  a 
very  slight  furrow  ;  decorticated  stems, 
with  spiral  punctiform  scars  in  slight 
depressions;  bark  thin,  pith  cylinder 
very  large,  with  transverse  markings 
of  the  character  of  Sternbergia.  Type 
L.  rhombicum. 

rhombicum,  Dawson,    1862,  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  316,  Devonian. 
LESCUROPTERIS,  Schimper,  1869,  P«la;ontolo- 
gie  Vegetale,  vol.  1,  p.  465.   [Ety.  proper 
name;  pteris,  a  fern.]     Fronds  large,  bi 


FIG.  48. — Lescuropteris  adiantites. 


tripinnate  ;  rachis  broad;  foliate;  pin- 
nae pinnatifid,  close,  oblique;  divisions 
ovate,  acute,  inclined  outside,  connate 


LES.— LYC.] 


PLANTS. 


125 


to  the  middle,  decurrent  to  the  rachis , 
primary  nerve  thin,  dichotomous; 
lower  pairs  of  lateral  veins  emerging 
from  the  rachis,  the  other  alternately 
from  the  midrib,  forking  twice,  the  upper 
forking  once  or  simple.  Type  L.  moorii. 

adiantites,  Lesquereux,  1854,  (Neurop- 
teris  adiantites,)  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  6,  p.  419,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
163,  Coal  Meas. 

moorii,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Neuropteris 
moori,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol  2,  p.  860,  Coal 
Meas. 

LESLEYA,  LesqUereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  142.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Pin- 
nai  simple,  very  entire,  sublanceolate, 
gradually  narrowing  toward  the  base, 
traversed  by  a  thick  costa  effaced  un- 
der the  apex;  veins  oblique,  curved, 
equal,  repeatedly  dichotomous.  Type 
L.  grandis. 

grandis,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  143,  Coal  Meas. 

microphylla,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  831,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  49. — Llcrophycus  ottawense. 


LICROPHYCUS,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  99.  [Ety.  lihros,  a  fan  ;  phykos, 
sea-weed.]  Composed  of  numerous, 
elongated,  subcylindrical  stems,  radiat- 
ing from  a  common  root,  and  remain- 
ing single,  or  branching  at  an  acute 
angle.  Type  L.  ottawense. 
flabellum,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  25,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 


formosum,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  72,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hiltonense,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  101,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Gr. 
hudsonicum,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss., vol. 

1,  p.  101,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
minor,   Billings,  1862,   Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  100,  Trenton  Gr. 
ottawense,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  99,  Trenton  Gr. 
robustum,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  72,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
vagans,    Billings,   1866,   Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  72,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
;  Lithodictuon    becki,    Conrad.     Not   properly 

defined  ;  but  see  Dictyophyton  becki. 
!  LONCHOPTKRIS,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist. 
Veg.  Foss.,  p.  59.  [Ety.  lonche,  spear ; 
pteris,  fern.]  Pinnate  or  bipinnate; 
pinnules  contiguous  at  the  base,  nearly 
at  right  angles  to  petiole,  oblong-elon- 
gate, obtuse,  middle-sized  veins  reticu- 
lated with  finer  ones.  Type  L.  bricei. 
tenuis,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  483,  Coal 

Meas. 
Lycopodiolithes  elegans,  see    Lepidoden- 

dron  elegans. 

LYCOPODITES,  Brongniart,  1822,  Mem.  du 
Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Paris,  and  Ly- 
copodiolithis  of  Schlotheim  and 
Sternberg.  [Ety.  from  Lycopodium, 
the  club  moss.]  Plants  herbaceous ; 
leaves  of  the  same  or  of  two  differ- 
ent forms  upon  the  same  branches, 
distichous  or  in  spiral  order;  fruc- 
tifications in  small  cylindrical  spikes. 
Type  L.  pinniformis. 
annulariifolins,  Lesquereux,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  426,  Coal 
Meas. 
arborescens,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  778,  Coal  Meas. 
asterophyllitifolius.  Lesquereux,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  447,  Coal 
Meas. 
cavifolius,  Lesquereux,  1861,  Geo.  Sur. 

Ky.,  vol.  4,  p.  437,  Coal  Meas. 
comosus,  Dawson,  1863,   Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.   19,    p.   462,    Devo- 
nian, 
flexifolius,     Lesquereux,    1884,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  779,  Coal  Meas. 
lacoei,  Lesquereux,  , 

1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  780,  Coal 
Meas. 

matthewi,  Dawson, 
1861,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  6,  p.  171,  and 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  540,  De-  <& 

vonian.  .     FIG.  50.-Lyco- 

meeki,  Lesquereux,  18/0,     podites  mat- 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  «h«wi;  a,  branch 
426,  Coal  Meas.  iind  'f^es.*'^ 

ortoni,   Lesquerenx,  1880, 

Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  357,  Coal   Meas. 
pendulus,  Lesqueieux,   1880,  Coal   Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  357,  Coal  Meas. 


126 


PLANTsE. 


MAC.— MBG. 


plumula,  see  Plumalina  plumula. 

richardsoni,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  461,  Devonian. 

simplex,  Lesquereux.  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  779,  Coal  Meas. 

strictus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  360,  Coal  Meas. 

uncinatus,  Lesquereux,  1866,  (Selaginites 
uncinatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  446, 
.  Coal  Meas. 

vanuxemi,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  314,  Syn.  for  Plumalina 
plumula. 

MACROSTACHYA,  Schimper,  1869,  Traitfe  de 
Palfeontologie  Vegetale,  vol.  1,  p.  332. 
[Ety.  makros,  long;  stachys,  a  plant.] 
Plants  arborescent,  articulate ;  articula- 

'  tions  close ;  cortex  thin,  smooth  or 
striate ;  impressions  of  the  internal  sur- 
face plano-costate ;  furrows  narrow,  al- 
ternating at  the  articulations;  leaves 
appressed,  linear,  carinate  or  marked 
with  a  medial  nerve,  acuminate,  finely 
truncate ;  leaf  gears  marked  upon  the 
articulations  by  transversely  oval  rings, 
like  the  links  of  a  chain ;  scars  of 
branches  verticillate,  large,  round,  um- 
bonate,  with  a  stigmarioid  central  mam- 
ilia  ;  spikes  very  large,  cylindrical ; 
bracts  lanceolate,  costate  in  the  middle, 
imbricate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  in- 
ternodes.  Type  M.  infundibuliformis. 

aperta,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Asterophyllites 
apertus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  852, 
Coal  Meas. 

communis,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  828,  Coal  Meas. 

infundibuliformis,  Brongniart,  1828, 
(Equisetum  infundibuliforme,)  Hist. 
Veg.  Foss.,  t.  1,  p.  119,  Coal  Meas. 

lanceolata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Astero- 
phyllites  lanceolatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  852,  Coal  Meas. 

minor,   Lesquereux,    1884,  Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  829,  Coal  Meas. 
MEOALOPTERIS,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants 
Dev.  and  Up.,  Sil.  Formations,  p.  51. 
[Ety.  megak,  great ;  pteris,  fern.]  Fronds 
very  large,  pinnate,  ultimate  pinnae 
oblique,  sublinear  or  lanceolate,  entire, 
the  lower  side  broadly  decurrent  on  the 
rachis,  which  thus  becomes  alate,  the 
upper  narrowed  in  a  curve,  confluent ; 
midrib  thick,  canaliculate  on  the  upper 
surface,  half  cylindrical  on  the  lower, 
gradually  narrowed,  but  distinct  to  the 
apex  of  the  leaves;  veins  open,  emerg- 
ing from  the  rachis  in  a  more  open 
angle  of  divergence,  curving  upward  in 
reaching  the  borders,  close  dichotomous. 
Type  M.  dawsoni. 

abbreviata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  151,  Coal  TVIeas. 

dawsoni,  Hartt,  1868,  (Neuropteris  daw- 
soni,) Acad.  Geol.,  p.  550,  Devonian. 

dentata,  Lesquereux.  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  833,  Coal  Meas. 

fasciculata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  150,  Coal  Meas. 


hartti,  Andrews,    1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  416,  Coal  Meas. 
lata,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 

417,  Coal  Meas. 
marginata,   Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  152,  Coal  Meas. 
minima,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  416,  Coal  Meas. 
ovata,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  417,  Coal  Meas. 
rectinervis,  Lesqnereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  744,  Coal  Meas. 
serrata,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  834,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  51.— Megalopteris  southwelli. 

southwelli,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  148,  Coal  Meas. 
MEGAPHYTON,  Artis,  1828,  Antedil.  Phytol., 
p.  20.  [Ety.  megas,  great ;  phyton,  a 
plant.]  Scars  large,  round-quadrate  in 
outline,  mostly  contiguous,  placed  in 
opposite  biserial  rows;  internal  disks 
convex,  with  central  or  vascular  im- 
pressions in  the  form  of  a  horseshoe, 
or  a  medial  band  dividing  the  disks 
into  two  lobes,  joined 
in  the  middle.  Type 
M.  frondosum. 

goldenbergi,  Weiss, 
1860,  Zeitsch  d. 
deutsch  Geo.  Ge- 
sellsh.  XII,  p.  510, 
Coal  Meas. 

grandeuryi,  Lesque- 
reux, 1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  350, 
Coal  Meas. 

humile,  Dawson,  1863, 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  8,  and  Acad. 
Geol.  p.  486,  Coal 

M,eas.-      .  FIG.  52.-Megaphy- 

maclayi,    Lesquereux,     ton  protuberann. 

1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  2,  p.  458,  Coal  Meas. 
magnificum,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geol.,  vol.  8,  and   Acad.  Geol.,  p.  486, 

Coal  Meas. 


NEM.— NEU.] 


PLANTS. 


127 


protuberans,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  458,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
Nematophycus,     Carruthers,    1872,     Month. 

Micro.  Jour.  Syn.  for  Prototaxites. 
logani,  see  Prototaxites  logani. 
NEMATOPHYLLUM,  Fontaine  &  White,   1880, 
Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  35.    [Ety. 
nema,  thread;  phyllon,  leaf.]    Stem  cov- 
ered with  a  thick,  very  finely  striate 
epidermis,  internodes  remote,  swollen  ; 
leaves  verticillate,  numerous,  very  long 
and  thread-like,  of  equal  width  through- 
out,    finely     striate,    without     nerves, 
united  at  the  base  in  a  narrow  annular 
band.    Type  N.  angustum. 
angustum,     Fontaine     &    White,     1880, 
Perm,  or  Up.   Carb.  Flora,  p.  35,  Coal 
Meas.  or  Permian. 

NEMATOXYLON,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc  ,  vol.  19,  p.  466.  [Ety.  nema, 
a  thread ;  xylon,  wood.]  Carruthers, 
Penhallow,  and  others  say  this  genus 
belongs  to  the  Algse,  and  is  a  syn.  for 
Nematophycus.  Fragments  of  wood, 
with  a  smooth  bark  and  a  tissue  wholly 
composed  of  elongated  cylindrical  cells, 
with  irregular  pores  or  markings ;  no 
pith,  medullary  rays  or 
rings  of  growth.  Type  N. 
crassum. 

crassum,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar. 
J«>ur.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  19,  p. 

466,  Devonian. 

tenue,   Dawson,  1863,    Quar. 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  19,  p. 

467,  Devonian. 
Nephropteris,    Brongniart,    1828, 

Tab.  des  gener. 

elegans,  see  Cyclopteris    ele-  I 
gans. 

fimbriata,  see  Neuropteris 
fimbriata. 

germari,  see  Cyclopteris  ger- 
mari. 

hirsuta,  see  Cyclopteris  hirsute. 

laciniata,  see  Cyclopteris  la- 
ciniata. 

orbicularis,    see     Cyclopteris 
orbicularis. 

trichomanoides,  see  Cyclopteris 
trichomanoides. 

undans,  see   Cyclopteris  un- 

dans. 

NERIOPTERIS,    Newberry,    1873, 
Ohio   Pal.,  vol.   1,  p.  378. 
[Ety.  nerion,  the  oleander; 
pteris,  a  fern.]     Frond  pin- 
nate or   bipinnate;  rachis 
strong,  punctate;   pinnules 
lanceolate,   simple,  entire ; 
medial    nerve    strong,    ex- 
tending from  base  to  sum- 
mit; secondary  nerves  given 
off  at  an  acute  angle,  nu- 
merous simple  or  forked  at 
base,    parallel,    equal;     fructifications 
marginal.     Type  N.  lanceolate, 
lanceolata,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  381,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  53.— Ne- 

riopteris 
lauceolata. 
Single  pin- 
nule. 


NEUROPTERIS,  Brongniart,  1822,  Mem.  du 
Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Paris,  t.  8,  p.  203, 
and  Prodr.  d.  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss,  p.  52. 
[Ety.  neuron,  nerve  ;  pteris,  fern.]  Fronds 
simple,  bi,  tri-pinnate ;  pinnules  vary- 
ing from  round  to  ovate,  obtuse,  or 
obtusely  acuminate,  mostly  entire, 
rounded,  cordate,  or  auricled  at  the 
base,  attached  to  the  rachis  by  the  mid- 
dle ;  sessile,  or  rarely  short  pediceled  ; 
veins  either  from  the  base  of  the  pin- 
nules or  from  a  costa,  diverging  fan- 
like  and  arched  backward,  in  passing 
toward  the  borders,  many  times  dichot- 
omous ;  costa  generally  dissolved  at  or 
below  the  middle;  basilar  veins  simple 
or  in  fascicles.  Type  N.  acuminata. 

acuminata,  Sohlotheim,  1820,  (Filicites 
acuminatus,)  Petrefactenkunde,  p.  412, 
and  Coat  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  123,  Coal 
Meas. 

acutifolia,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  229,  Coal  Meas. 

adianiites,  see  Lescuro pteris  adiantites. 

agassizi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  117,  Coal  Meas. 

angustifolia,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d. 
Veg.  Foss.,  p.  231,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  89,  Coal  Meas. 

anomala,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  118,  Coal  Meas. 

aspera,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  121,  Coal  Meas. 

attenuata,  Lindley  &  Button,  1837,  Foss. 
Flora,  vol.  3,  p.  65,  Coal  Meas. 

auriculata,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  236,  Coal  Meas. 

biformis,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  121,  Coal  Meas. 

blissi,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  737,  Coal  Meas. 

callosa,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  115,  Coal  Meas. 

capitata,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  383,  Coal  Meas. 

carri,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  731,  Coal  Meas. 

cisti,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss., 
p.  238,  Coal  Meas. 

clarksoni,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  857,  Coal  Meas. 

collinsi,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  382,  Coal  Meas. 

cordate,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  Veg.  Foss., 
p.  229,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  91, 
Coal  Meas. 

cordato-ovata,  see  Pseudopecopteris  cor- 
dato-ovata. 

coriacea,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  387,  Coal  Meas. 

crassa,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  551, 
Devonian. 

crenulata.  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  234,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
116,  Coal  Meas. 

cyclopteroides,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.  p. 
482,  Coal  Meas. 
•  dawsoni,  see  Megalopteris  dawsoni. 


128 


PLANTS. 


[NEU. 


decipiens,   Lesquereux,  1880,   Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  93,  Coal  Meas. 
delicatula,   Lesquereux,   1858,  Geo.   Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  858,  Coal  Meas. 
dentate,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  859,  Coal  Meae. 
desori,  Lesquereux,  1854,  Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  418,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  859,  Coal  Mt-as. 
dictyopteroides,  Fontain^  &  White,  1880, 

Perm,   or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  49,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
dilatata,   Lindley  &  Mutton,   1835,   (Cy- 

clopteris  dilatata,)  Foss.  Flora,  vol.  2, 

p.  29,  Coal  Meas. 
elrodi,   Lesquereux,   1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  107,  Coal  Meas. 
eveni,    Lesquereux,    1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  2,  p.  430,  Coal  Meas. 
fasciculata,  Lesquereux,  1870,    Geo.    Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  381,  Coal  Meas. 
fimbriata,  Lesquereux,  1854,  (Cyclopteris 

fimbriata,)  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  416,  and  Coal  Flora  of   Pa.,   p.   81, 

Coal  Meas. 
fissa,   Lesquereux,    1858,   Geo.    Sur.   Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  857,  Coal  Meas. 
flexuosa,    Sternberg,    1825,   Vers.    Darst. 

Flora  der  Vorwelt,  p.  16,  Coal  Meas. 
germari,  Goeppert,  1836,  (Adiantites  ger- 

mari,)   Svstema  Filicum  Fossilium,  p. 

218,  and  "Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  113,  Coal 

Meas. 
gibbosa,  Leequereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  858,  Coal  Meas. 
gigantea,   Sternberg,   1825,    Vers.    Darst. 

Flora  der  Vorwelt,  p.  16,  Coal  Meas. 
grangeri,    Brongniart,    1828,    Hist.    Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  237,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

105,  Coal  Meas. 
griffithi,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  737,  Coal  Meas. 
heteropbylla,  Brongniart,  1822,  (Filicites 

heterophylla)  Mem.   du   Mus.   d'Hist. 

Nat.  de  Paris,  t.  8,  p.  203,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  54.— Neuropteris  hirsuta. 

hirsute,    Lesquereux,   1854,    Bost.    Jour. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  417,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  88,  Coal  Meas. 
inflata,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  2,  p.  431,  Coal  Meas. 
ingens,    Lindley  &   Hutton,   1833,   Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  2.,  p.  29,  Coal  Meas. 
lacerata,  syn.  for  Neuropteris  fimbriata. 
laciniata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Cyclopteris 

laciniata,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  855, 

Coal  Meas. 
loshi,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss., 

p.  242,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  98, 

Coal  Meas. 
microphylla,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  245,  Coal  Meas. 


minor,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.   Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  859,  Coal  Meas. 
missouriensis,    Lesquereux,     1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  104,  Coal  Meas. 
moori,  see  Lescuropteris  moorii. 
oblongifolia,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  732,  Coal  Meas. 
obscura,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  108,  Coal  Meas. 
odontopteroides,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  50,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
pachyderma,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  430,  Coal  Meas. 
perelegans,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  482, 

Coal  Meas. 
platynervis,    Fontaine    &    White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  pi.  8,  fig.  2, 

Coal  Meas.  or  Permian, 
plicata,  Sternberg,  1825,  Vers.  Darst.  Flora 

der  Vorwelt,  p.  74,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  96,  Coal  Meas. 
polymorpha,    Dawson,   1862,  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  320,  Devonian, 
rarinervig,    Bunbury,    1847,   Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  3,  p.  425,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  109,  Coal  Meas. 
reniformis,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Cyclopteris 

reniformis,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  216, 

and   Coal   Flora    of    Pa.,  p.   77,    Coal 

Meas. 
retorquata,    Dawson,   1871,    Foss.   Plants 

Canada,  p.  50,  Devonian, 
rogersi,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  856,  Coal  Meas. 
rotundifolia,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  Veg. 

Foss,  p.  238,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

97,  Coal  Meas. 
selwyni,     Dawson,     1871,    Foss.     Plants 

Canada,  p.  50,  Devonian, 
serrulata,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  320,  Devonian, 
smilacifolia,  Sternberg,  1824,  Vers.  Darst. 

Flora  der  Vorwelt,  vol.  2,  p.   29,   Coal 

Meas. 
smiths!.  Lesquereux,  1876,  Geo.  Rep.  of 

Alabama,  p.  76,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  106,  Coal  Meas. 
soreti,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  53,  and  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  1. 1, 

p.  244,  Coal  Meas. 

speciosa,  Lesquereux  syn.  for  N.  rogersi. 
subfalcata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  102,  Coal  Meas. 
tenuifolia,  Sternberg,   1825,  Vers.  Darst. 

Flora  der  Vorwelt,  p.  17,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  100,  Coal  Meas. 
tenuinervis,  see  Odontopteris  tenuinervis. 
trichomanoides,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Cyclop- 
teris   trichomanoides,)    Hist.   d.    Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  217,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

79,  Coal  Meas. 
undans,   Lesquereux,    1854,    Bost.    Jour. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  418,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  859,  Coal  Meas. 
verbenifolia,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  431,  Coal  Meas. 


NCEG.] 


PLANTS. 


129 


vermicularis,  Lesquereux,  1861,  Geo.  Sur. 

Ky.,  vol.  4,  p.  434,  Coal  Meas. 
villiersi,   Brongniart,    1828,  Prodr.    Hist. 

Veg.  Foss,  p.  53,  Coal  Meas. 
NOEGGERATHIA,  Sternberg,  1828,  Essai  d'un 
expose     Geognostico-botanique    de    la 
Flore  du  monde  primitif,  2d   Cahier,  p. 
37.     [Ety.  proper  name.]     Branch  with 
a  slender  rachis  bearing  pinnate  leaves 
attached  to  the  stem  by  a  semi-twisted 
base,  dilated  upward,  veins   flabellate 
and  dichotomous.     Type  N.  foliosa. 
beinertiana,  Goeppert,  1842,  Gatt.  d.  Foss. 

Pflanzen,  Coal  Meas. 
bockschii,  see  Aneimites  bockschii. 
bockschiana,  syn.  for  Aneimites  bockschii. 
dispar,    Dawson,    1863,    Can.    Nat.    and 
Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  480, 
Coal  Meas. 

flabellata,  Lind- 
ley  &  Hutton, 
1832,Foss.  Flora, 
vol.  1,  p.  89,  Coal 
Meas. 

gilboensis,  Daw- 
son,  1871,  Quar. 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.  27,  p.  273, 
Chemung  Gr. 
minor,  see  Archee- 

opteris  minor. 
obliqua,  see  Arcbse- 
opteris  obliqua. 
obtusa,  see  Anei- 
mites obtusus. 
ODONTOPTERIS, 
Brongniart,1822, 
Mem.  du  Mus. 
d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Paris,  t.  8,  p.  203.  [Ety. 
odous,  tooth;  pteris,  fern.]  Fronds 
large,  bipinnate;  pinnse  opposite  or 
subalternate  ;  pinnules  of  various  forms, 
generally  oblong,  obtuse,  joined  to  the 
rachis  by  their  whole  base,  sometimes 
decurrent,  either  disjointed  and  sep- 
arate to  the  base  or  connate  to  the 
middle,  generally  becoming  confluent 
toward  the  top  of  the  pinnae,  and  grad- 
ually effaced  in  passing  to  a  terminal 
leaflet;  lower  pinnules  sometimes  at- 
tached to  the  main  rachis  and  difform ; 
veins  emerging  from  the  rachis,  more 
'rarely  from  a  midrib ;  veinlets  thin, 
dichotomous,  diverging  straight  or  in 
curve,  in  passing  to  the  borders.  Type 
O.  brardi. 
abbreviata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  138,  Coal  Meas. 
sequalis,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  2,  p.  434,  Coal  Meas. 
affinis,  Lesquereux,  1884,   Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  742,  Coal  Meas. 
alata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Catal.  Pottsville 
Foss.,  p.  6,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
131,  Coal  Meas. 

alpina,  Sternberg,  1825,  (Neuropteris  al- 
pina,)  Flora  d.  Vorwelt,  vol.  2,  p.  76, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  126,  Coal 
Meas. 


FIG.  55. 
Noeggerathia 


antiqua,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

Coal  Meas. 
bradleyi,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  III., 

vol.  4,  p.  390,  Coal  Meas. 
brardi,  Brongniart,  1822,  Mem.  du.  Mus. 

d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Paris,  t.  8,  p.  205,  tab. 

2,  fig.  5,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  132, 

Coal  Meas. 
britannica,   Gutbier,   1842,    Abdrucke   u. 

Verst.  d.  Zwick.  Schwarzk.  u.  sei.  Um- 

geb.  Zwick.,  p.  68,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  830,  Coal  Meas. 
cornuta,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  128,  Coal  Meas. 
crenulata,  of  Brongniart,  as  indentified  by 

Lesquereux  in  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p. 

860,  is  0.  subcrenulata. 
dawsonana,    n.  sp.    Devonian.    Proposed 

instead  of  O.  squamosa,  in  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  37,  p.  305,  which 

was  preoccupied, 
deformata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  141,  Coal  Meas. 
densifolia,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  54,  Coal  Meas.  or 

Permian, 
dilatata,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  831,  Coal  Meas. 
dubia,      Lesque- 
reux, 1858,Geo. 

Sur.  Penn.,vol. 

2,  p.  860,  Coal 


FlG 
Odoutopteris  gracillima. 


gracillima,   New- 

berry,    1873, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  382,  Coal 

Meas. 
heterophylla,Les- 

quereux,  1866, 

Geo.    Sur.  III., 

vol.   2,  p.  433, 

Coal  Meas. 
intermedia,   LHS- 

quereux,  1860, 

Geo.  Sur.  Ark., 

r°S  M  P 
lescurei,  Wood,   1860,    Trans.    Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  348,  Coal  Meas. 
monstruosa,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.  p.  741,  Coal  Meas. 
nervosa,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  52,  Coal  Meas.  or 

Permian. 
neuropteroides,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  381.     The  name  was  preoccu- 

pied by  Roemer,  and  the  species  has 

been  named  O.  newberryi. 
newberryi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  127,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
obtusiloba    var    rarinervis,    Fontaine    & 

White,  1880,  Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora, 

p.  52,  Coal  Meas.  or  Permian. 
pachyderma,   Fontaine    &    White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  53,   Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian. 
patens,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  740,  Coal  Meas. 


130 


PLANTS. 


[OLI.— PAL. 


Fio.  57.— Odontopteris 
schlotheimi. 


reichiana,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  831,  Coal  Meas. 
rotundifolia,    Wood,    1866,     Trans.    Am. 

Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  348,  Coal  Meas. 
scMotheimi,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  256,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
136,  Coal  Meas. 

sphenopte  r  o  i  d  e  s  , 
Lesquereux,  1880, 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  139,  Coal  Meas. 
squamosa,  Lesque- 
reux, 1854,  Bost. 
Jour.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  6,  p.  419,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  860, 
Coal  Meas. 
squamosa,  Dawson, 
1881,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond., 
vol.  37,  p.  305, 
Devonian.  The 
name  was  pre- 
occupied. See  0. 
dawsonana. 
subcrenulata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  137,  Coal  Meas. 
subcuneata,   Bunbury,   1847,  Quar.  Geo. 
Jour.,  vol.  3,  p.  427,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  134,  Coal  Meas. 
tenuinervis,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Neurop- 
teris  tenuinervis,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2, 
p.  859,  Coal  Meas. 
wortheni,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  2,  p.  432,  Coal  Meas. 
OLIGOCARPIA,  Gceppert,  1841-48,  DieGattun- 
gen  der  fossilen  Pflanzen,  p.  3.  [Ety. 
oligos,  few ;  karpos,  fruit.]  Fronds  bi- 
pinnate  or  tripinnatifid  ;  primary  pinnae 
oblong-lanceolate;  secondary  divisions, 
open,  linear,  pinnately  divided  in  oblong 
or  half  round  lobes  or  leaflets,  connate 
at  the  base,  crenulate ;  primary  and 
secondary  veins  nearly  of  the  same  size, 
thin  but  distinct ;  lateral  veins  curved 
to  the  borders,  simple  or  forked.  Type 
O.  gutbieri. 

alabamensis,  Lesquereux,  1875,  Geo.  Eep. 
Ala.,  p.  76,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
266,  Coal  Meas. 

flagellarie,  Lesquereux,    1858,    (Sphenop- 
teris  flagellaris,)   Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2, 
p.  862,  Coal  Meas. 
gutbieri,  Goeppert,  1841-48,  Die  Gattungen 

der  fossilen  Pflanzen,  p.  3,  Coal  Meas. 
ORMOXYLON,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can- 
ada, p.  14.  [Ety.  ormos,  a  chain,  a  cord ; 
xylon,  wood.]  Woody  stems,  with  cells 
of  the  character  of  those  of  Dadoxylon, 
very  thick  walled,  with  three  rows  of 
hexagonal  areolee,  having  oval  pores 
and  medullary  rays  of  one  row  of  cells. 
Pith  cavity  composed  of  a  series  of 
spherical  chambers,  separated  by  thick, 
transverse  cellular  partitions.  Type  0. 
erianum. 

erianum,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can- 
ada, p.  14,  Portage  Gr. 


ORTHOGONIOPTERIS,  Andrews,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  418.  [Ety.  orthogoniopteris, 
rectangular-fern.]  Frond  simply  pin- 
nate; pinnules  alternate,  lanceolate  or 
oblong-linear,  rounded  and  tapering  to 
an  acute  point,  enlarged  and  decurrent 
on  the  lower  side  to  an  auricle  rounded 
in  the  upper  part  in  joining  the  lamina 
a  little  above  its  point  of  attachment  to 
the  rachis  ;  medial  nerve  thick,  ascend- 
ing to  the  apex ;  nervules  tine  and 
numerous,  uniform,  at  right  angle  to 
the  midrib,  decurring  to  it  at  the  point 
of  attachment,  forking  once  near  the 
base.  Type  O.  clara. 
clara,  Andrews,  1875, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 

419,  Coal  Meas. 
gilberti,  Andrews,  1875, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,    p. 

420,  Coal  M.  as. 
Pachyphyllum,         Lesque- 
reux, 1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Pa.,     vol.     2.       [Ety. 
pachys,  thick ;  phyllon, 
a    leaf.]    This    name 
was     preoccupied    in 
the  class  Polypi.    See 
Rhacophyllum. 

affine,  see  Rhacophyllum 
affine. 

fimbriatum,   see     Rhaco- 
phyllum   fimbriatum. 

hirsutum,     see      Rhaco- 
phyllum hirsutum. 

laceratum,     see    Rhaco- 
phyllum laceratum. 

lactuca,      see       Rhaco- 
phyllum lactuca. 

PACHYPTERIS,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist. 
Veg.  Foss.,  p.  49.  [Ety.  pachys,  thick ; 
pteris,  fern.]  Frond  pinnate  or  bipin- 
nate,  bearing  opposite  coriaceous  pin- 
nules, with  a  medial  nerve  or  without 
nervation,  narrowed  toward  the  base, 
not  joined  to  the  rachis.  Type  P.  lan- 
ceplata. 

gracillima,    Lesquereux,   1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  419,  Coal  Meas. 
PAL.EOPHYCUS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  7.  [Ety.  palaios,  ancient ;  phykos,  sea- 
weed.] Stems  simple  or  dichotomous, 
branches  cylindrical  or  slightly  flat- 
tened, obtuse,  surface  smooth  or  dotted. 
Type  P.  tubulare. 

articulatum,  Winchell,  1864,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  series,  vol.  37,  p.  231, 
Potsdam  Gr. 

beauharnoisense,  Billings,  1862,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  98,  Calcif.  Gr. 

beverleyense,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1.  p.  97,  Potsdam  Gr. 

congregatum,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  3,  Potsdam  Gr. 

divaricatum,  Lesquereux,  1876,  7th  Ann. 
Rep.  Geol.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  138,  Coal 
Meas. 

funiculus,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  voL 
1,  p,  98,  Calcif.  Gr. 


FIG.  58. 

Orthogon  i  opt  eris 

clara,  part  of  a 

pinnule. 


PAI,.— PEC.] 


PLANTS. 


131 


gracile,  Lesquereux,  1876,  7th   Ann.  Rep. 
Geol.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  137,  Coal  Meas. 
A         incipiens,   Billings,  1861,    Pal. 
jffr  Foss.,  vol.1,  p.  2,  Potsdam  Gr. 

k  M  informe,  Wincnell,  1864,    Am. 

ftHL  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  37, 

^^  p.  232,  Potsdam  Gr. 

^k    ^     irregulare,     Hall,     1847,     Pal. 

m^         N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  8,  Calcif.  Gr. 

BBS       milleri,  Lesquereux,  1876,  7th 

Hw  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Sur.  Ind., 

-.„  p.  136,  Coal  Meas. 

Palffiophy-     obscurum,  Billings,  1862,   Pal. 
cusgracile.          Foss.,vol.  1,  p.  98,  Trenton  Gr. 

occidentale,  Whitfield,  1877,  Rep.  Pal. 
Black  Hills,  p.  7,  and  Geol.  Black  Hills, 
p.  332,  Potsdam  Gr. 

plumosum.  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  50,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  169,  Potsdam  Gr. 

rugosum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
63,  Trenton  Gr. 

simplex,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
63,  Trenton  Gr. 

striatum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
22,  Clinton  Gr. 

torruosum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  6,  Medina  sandstone. 

tubulare,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
7,  Calcif.  Gr. 

virgatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

263,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

Pal&opteris,  Schimper,  being  preoccupied 
by  Geinitz,  see  Archseopteris. 

acadica,  see  Aneimites  acadicus. 

liartii,  see  Archa?opteris  hard. 
Palxoxyris,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist, 
d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  137.  [Ety.  palaios,  an- 
cient; xyris,  plant.]  An  inflorescence. 
Type  P.  regularis.  The  fossils  which 
have  been  referred  to  this  genus  in  the 
American  palaeozoic  rocks  are  now  re- 
ferred to  Spirangium. 

appendiculata,  see  Spirangium  appendicu- 
latum. 

corrugata,  see  Spirangium  corrugatuin. 

prendeli,  see  Spirangium  prendeli. 
Palmacites  oculatus,  see  Sigillaria  oculata. 

rueggerathi,     see    Trigonocarpum    ncegge- 

rathi. 

PECOPTERIS,  Brongniart,  1822,  Class  d.  Veg. 
Foss.  in  Mem.  du  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  d. 
Paris,  torn.  8,  p.  203.  [Ety.  peko, ,comb ; 
pteris,  fern.]  Fronds,  bi,  tripinnate ; 
pinnae  long,  pinnatifid;  pinnules  ad- 
hering to  the  rachis  by  the  whole  base, 
often  more  or  less  deeply  connate,  not 
decurring;  borders  generally  contigu- 
ous, or  nearly  so ;  secondary  veins  de- 
rived from  the  medial  nerve  of  the 
pinnules,  simple,  bi  or  trifurcate.  Type, 
P.  longifolia  is  the  first  species  men- 
tioned in  the  Prodr.  d.  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.,  and  the  first  mentioned  in  the 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.  is  P.  unita,  while  P. 
penniformis  is  a  representative  species. 

abbreviata,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d. 
Veg.  Foss.,  p.  337,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  248,  Coal  Meas. 


acuta,    Brongniart,    1828,    Hist.   d.    Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  350,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

241,  Coal  Meas. 

sequalis,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist. 

d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  58,  Coal  Meas. 
alata,  see  Sphenopteris  alata. 
alata,  Schimper,   1869,   Pal.  Veg.,  t.  1,  p. 

531,   syn.  for  Pseudopecopteris  decur- 

rens 
angustipinna,    Fontaine  &   White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up  Garb.  Flora,  p.  76,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
angustissima,  Sternberg,  1820,  Vers.  Darst. 

Flor.  d.  Vorw.,  p.  18,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  257,  Coal  Meas. 
aquilina,  see  Alethopteris  aquilina. 
arborescens,  Schlotheim,   1820,   (Filicites 

arborescens,)  Petrefaktenkunde,  p.  404, 

and    Coal    Flora  of    Pa.,   p.  230,   Coal 

Meas. 
arguta,  Sternberg,  1820,  Vers.  Darst.  Flor. 

d.  Vorw.,  p.  19,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  227,  Coal  Meas. 
aspera,    Brongniart,    1828,   Hist.   d.   Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  339,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

242,  Coal  Meas. 

aspidioides,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  311,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

756,  Coal  Meas. 
asplenioides,    Fontaine    &  White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  72,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
bucklandi,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  319,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

244,  Coal  Meas. 

callosa,  see  Pseudopecopteris  callosa. 
candollana,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss,  p.  305,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.  p.  243, 

Coal  Meas. 
carri,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  758,  Coal  Meas. 
chserophylloides,   see  Sphenopteris   chsero- 

phylloides. 
cisti,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss., 

p.  330,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  243 

Coal  Meas. 
clarki,    Lesquereux,    1880,   Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  261,  Coal  Meas. 
clintoni,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  251,  Coal  Meas. 
condnna,   Lesquereux,    1854,   Bost.    Jour. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  424,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  867,  Coal  Meas.     But 

the  name  was  preoccupied  by  Presl  in 

1833. 
crenulata,  Brongniart,  not  American.    The 

form  sometimes  referred  to  it  is  Pseudo- 
pecopteris subcrenulata. 
cristata,  Gutbier,  1843.  Gaea  von    Saeh- 

sen,  p.  80,  and  Coal  Flor.  of  Pa.,  p.  256, 

Coal  Meas. 

cristala,  see  Sphenopteris  cristata. 
cyathea,  Schlotheim,  1820,  (Filicites  cya- 

theus,)  Petrefaktenkunde,  p.  403,  Coal 

Meas. 

decurrens,  see  Pseudopecopteris  decurrens. 
decurrens,  Dawson,  1862.     The  name  be- 
ing preoccupied,  it  was  changed  to  P. 

discrepans. 


132 


PLANTS. 


[PEC. 


densifolia,  Dawson.  1874,  Foss.  Plants  of 

Canada,  p.  56,  Devonian, 
dentata,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  346,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

240,  Coal  Meas. 
distans,  Lesquereux,  1854,  Bost.  Jour.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  423,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  866,  Coal  Meas.    The  name 

was  preoccupied  by  Rpst  in  1839. 
dournaisi,  see  Callipteridium  dournaisi. 
dubia,  Sternberg,   1820,  Tent.    Flor.   Pri- 

mord,  p.  19,  and  Gutbier  in  Gaea  von 

Sachsen,  Coal  Meas. 
elegans,  Gceppert,  1836,  (Pulypodites  ele- 

gans,)  Syst,  Filic.  Foss.,  p.  344,  and  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  228,  Coal  Meas. 
elliptica,  Bunbury,  1846,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  2,  p.  82,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  245,  Coal  Meas. 
elliptica,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  (Goni- 

opteris  elliptica,)  Perm,  or  Up.  Garb. 

Flora,  p.  83,  Coal  Meas.  or  Permian. 

The  name  was  preoccupied, 
emarginata,   Goeppert,    1836,    (Diplazites 

emarginatus,)  Svst.  Filic.  Foss.,  p.  274, 

and   Coal   Flora  of   Pa.,  p.   225,    Coal 

Meas. 
erosa,  Gutbier,  1843,  Gsea.  von  Sachsen, 

p.  81,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  255,  Coal 

Meas. 
flavicans,  Presl,  1833,   in  Sternberg,  Vers. 

Darst.   Flor.   d.   Vorw.,   vol.  2,  p.  127. 

Probably  not  American, 
georgiana,  Lesquereux,   1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  759,  Coal  Meas. 
germari,    Weiss,    1869,    (Cyatheites   ger- 

mari,)  Foss.  Flora  d.  Jungsten  Steink. 

Form.,  Up.  Coal  Meas.  or  Permian, 
germari    var.    crassinervis,    Fontaine   & 

White,  1880,  Perm,  or  Up  Garb.  Flora, 

p.  70,  Coal  Meas.  or  Permian, 
germari  var.  cuspidata,  Fontaine  &  White, 

1880,  Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  70, 

Coal  Meas.  or  Permian, 
goniopteroides,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  80,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
halli,    Lesquereux,    1870,     (Alethopteris 

halli,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  394,  Coal 

Meas. 
heerana,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.   Flora,  p.  77,  Coal  Meas. 

or  Permian, 
hemiteloides,   Brongniart,  1828,   Hist.  d. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  314,  Coal  Meas. 
heterophylla,  see  Alethopteris  heterophylla. 
imbncata,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  72,  Coal  Meas.  or 

Permian, 
inclinata,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  80,   Coal  Meas. 

or  Permian, 
incompleta,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  868,  Coal  Meas. 
ingens,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  Lond.,  vol.  18,  p.  322,  Devonian, 
lanceolata,    Lesquereux,   1870,    (Alethop- 
teris lanceolata,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4, 

p.  398,  Coal  Meas. 


lanceolata,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  79,  Coal  Meas.  or 

Permian.     The  name  was  preoccupied; 

beside,    it   is   probably    a   syn.    for  P. 

unita. 
latifolia,  Fontaine  &  White,   1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  79,   Coal  Meas. 

or  Permian, 
lepidorachis,    Brongniart,    1828,    Hist.  d. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  313,  Coal  Meas. 
lescuriana,  n.  sp.  Coal  Meas.     Proposed 

instead    of    P.    obsoleta,    Lesquereux, 

1884,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  758,  which 

name  was  preoccupied, 
longifolia,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.  p.  273,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

226,  Coal  Meas. 
loschi,   Brongniart,    1828,   Hist.    d.   Veg. 

Foss.  p.  355,  Coal  Meas. 
lyratifolia,  Goeppert,  1841,   (Sphenopteris 

lyratifolia,)    Die    Gattungen    d.    Foss. 

Pflanzen,  p.  71,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  259,  Coal  Meas. 
mantelli,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist. 

d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  57,  Coal  Meas. 
marpinata,  see  Alethopteris  marginata. 
merianopteroides,     Fontaine    &    White, 

1880,  Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  78, 

Coal  Meas.  or  Permian, 
microphylla,    Brongniart,    1828,  Hist.  d. 

Veg.  Foss.  p.  340,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  263,  Coal  Meas. 
milleri,    Harlan,   1835,   Trans.   Geo.  Soc. 

Pa.,  Coal  Mea«. 
miltoni,    Artis,  1825,    (Filicites  miltoni,) 

Anted.  Phytol.  pi.  4,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  247,  Coal  Meas. 
muricala,  see  Pseudopecopteris  muricata. 
murrayana,    Brongniart,  as   identified  by 

Lesquereux  in  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p. 

443,     see     Sphenopteris     pseudo-mur- 

rayana. 

nervosa,  see  Pseudopecopteris  nervosa. 
newberryana,   Fontaine  &  White,   1880, 

(Goniopteris  newberryana,)    Perm,  or 

Up.  Carb.  Flora,   p.  84,  Coal  Meas.  or 

Permian. 

newberryi,  see  Pseudopecopteris  newberryi. 
nodosa,    Go3ppert,    1836,    (Aspidites    no- 

dosus,)  Sy sterna  Filicum  Fossilium,  p. 

372,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  233,  Coal 

Meas. 
notata,  Lesquereux,  1854,  Bost.  Jour.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  424,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  866,  Coal  Me-ts. 
oblonga,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  83,  Coal.  Meas. 

or  Permian, 
obsoleta,  Harlan,   1835,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc. 

Pa.,  Coal  Meas. 
obsoleta,  Lesquereux,  1884,   Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.   758.    The  name   was  preoccu- 
pied.   See  P.  lescuriana. 
oreopteroidea,    Schlotheim,    1820,    (Fili- 
cites oreopteridius,)  Petrefaktenkunde, 
p.  407,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  238, 

Coal  Meas. 
ornata,  Lesquereux,   1884,  Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  760,  Coal  Meas. 


PHY.] 


PLANTS. 


133 


ovata,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist.  d. 

Veg.  Foss,  p.  58,  Coal  Meas. 
ovoides,   Fontaine  &    White,    1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  79,  Coal  Meas.  or  Per- 
mian, 
pachypteroides,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  76,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
penniformis,   Brongniart,  1822,    (Filicites 

penmeformis,)  Class  des  Veg.  Foss.,  in 

Mem.  du   Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Paris, 

torn.  8,  p.  203,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

239,  Coal  Meas. 
platynervis,     Fontaine    &    White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.    73,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
platyrachis,    Brongniart,    1828,    Hist.    d. 

Veg.  Foss.  p.  312,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  232,  Coal  Meas. 
pluckeneti,    see    Pseudopecopteris    pluck- 

eneti. 
plumosa,  Artis,  1825,  (Filicites  plumosus,) 

Anted.  Phytol.,  pi.  17,  Coal  Meas. 
polymorpha,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d. 

Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  56,  Coal  Meas. 
preciosa,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  553, 

Devonian, 
pteroides,     Schlotheim,    1820,     (Filicites 

pteridius,)    Petrefaktenkunde,    p.    406, 

and    Coal    Flora   of    Pa.,    p.    249,  Coal 

Meas. 

pusilla,  see  Pseudopecopteris  pusilla. 
quadratifolia,     Lesquereux,     1880,     Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  234,  Coal  Meas. 
rarinervis,     Fontaine  ^&     White,     1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  71,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
rigida,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  8,  and   Acad.  Geol.,  p.   485,  Coal 

Meas. 
robusta,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  229,  Coal  Meas. 
rotundifolia,    Fontaine   &  White,     1880, 

Perm,  or   Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  73,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
rotundiloba,    Fontaine    &    White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,   p.  74,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
schimperana,   Fontaine  &  White,     1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.   Flora,   p.  75,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
schimperi,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  835,  Coal  Meas. 
serlii,  see  Alethopteris  serlii. 
serpillifolia,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  237,  Coal  Meas. 
serrula,  Lesquereux,    1858,  (Alethopteris 

serrula,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  865, 

Coal  Meas. 
serrulata,  Hart,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  553, 

Devonian. 

sheaferi,  see  Pseudopecopteris  sheaferi. 
sillimani,  see  Pseudopecopteris  sillimani. 
eimiata,  see  Callipteridium  sinuatum. 
solida,   Lesquereux,    1870,    (Alethopteris 

solida,)   Geo.   Sur.   111.,    vol.  4,   p.  397, 

Coal  Meas. 
squamosa,    Lesquereux,   1870,  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4.  p.  400,  Coal  Meas. 


stellata,  Lesquereux,  1866,   (Alethopteris 

stellata,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  440, 

Low.  Coal  Meas. 
strongi,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  399,  Coal  Meas. 
subfalcata,     Fontaine     &     White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  70,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
tseniopteroides,  Bunbury,  1847, 

Quar.   Jour.   Geo.  Soc.,   vol. 

3,  p.  428,  Coal  Meas. 
tenuinervis,  Fontaine  &  White, 

1880,    Perm,    or    Up.    Carb. 

Flora,  p.  77,   Coal  Meas.    or 

Permian, 
tenuis,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr. 

d.  Hist.  d.  Veg.   Foss.,  p.  57, 

Coal  Meas. 
unita,   Brongniart,  1828,  Hist. 

d.    Veg.   Foss.,  p.    342,  Coal 

Meas. 
urophylla,       see     Alethopteris 

urophylla. 
vellutina,     Lesquereux,    1854, 

Bost.  Jour.  Soc.   Nat.   Hist., 

vol.  6,  p.  423,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  866,  Coal  Meas. 
venulosa,    Lesquereux,      1880, 

Coal    Flora   of   Pa.,   p.  230, 

Coal  Meas. 
vestita,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 

Flora  of   Pa.,   p.    252,    Coal 


by   the  mid- 
die     of    the 


villosa,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist. 
d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  316,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  253,  Coal  Meas. 
PHYLLOPTERIS,   Brongniart,    1849,   Table  d. 
Gen.  d.  Veget.  Foss.,  pp.  22,  103.   [Ety. 
phyllon,   leaf;    pteris,    fern.]       Pinnate, 
rv  pinnules   ob- 

\V\  longorlance- 

VvX.  olate,    point- 

VOv  ed,    attached 

\SfeV  I 
\l|al 
NJMI^X 

^^™§irTj> 
^l&L.y' 


FIG.  61.— Phyllopteris 
antiqua. 


base;  midrib 
strong,       ex- 
tending  to 
the  point,  giv- 
ing   off     ob- 
lique nerves, 
which     have 
obliquely  pinnate  nervules  not  anasto- 
mosing.   Type  P.  phillipsi. 
antiqua,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  484,  Coal  Meas. 
Physophynis,    Schimper,    1869.       Syn.     for 

Taonurus. 

marginatus,  See  Taonurus  marginatus. 
Phytolithus,   Martin,   1809,   Petrificata  Der- 
biensia.       [Ety.    phyton,    plant;     lithos, 
Applied    indiscriminately 


to 


stone.] 

fossil  wood. 
cancellatw,  syn.   for  Lepidodendron  can- 

cellatum. 

notatus,  see  Sigillaria  notata. 
tessellatus,  see  Sigillaria  tessellata. 
transvers'us,  see  Sternbergia  transversa. 


134 


PLANTS. 


[PHY. — PRO- 


PIG.  62.— Phytopsis 
tubulosa. 


PHYTOPSIS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
38.  [Ety.  phyton,  plant ;  opsis,  resem- 
blance.] Stems 
cylindrical  or 
subcylindrical, 
straight  or  flex- 
uous,  erect  or 
procumbent, 
branched; 
branches  diverg- 
ing and  anasto- 
mosing; struc- 
ture cellular, 
consisting  ap- 
parently of  thin 
laminae,  y^h 
transverse  divis- 
ions, or  having  a 
reticulated  struc- 
ture. This  struc- 
ture is  too  ob- 
scure for  satis- 
factory deter- 
mination. Type  P.  tubulosa. 
cellulosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  39,  Birdseye  Gr. 
tubulosa,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.    1, 

p.  38,  Birdseye  Gr. 

PINNULABIA,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1835,  Foss. 
Flora,  vol.  2,  p.  81.  [Ety.  pinna,  a 
feather.]  Roots  or  rootlets  divided  in 
filaments  of  variable  length  and  thick- 
ness, and  generally  possessing  few 
definable  characters.  Type  P.  capil- 
lacea. 
calamitarum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  878,  Coal  Meas. 
capillacea,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1835,  Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  2,  p.  81,  Coal  Meas. 
confervoides,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  878,  Coal  Meas. 
crassa,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,   vol.  8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  480,  Coal  Meas. 
dispalans,    Dawson,     1862,    Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  312,  Devonian, 
elongata,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can., 

p.  33,  Devonian, 
ficoides,  Lesquereux,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  878,  Coal  Meas. 
horizontalis,  Lesquereux.  1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  878,  Coal  Meas. 
nodosa,  Dawson,  1871.  Foss.  Plants  Can., 
p.  33,  Devonian.  *""": 

palmatifida,     Lesquereux,    1860,    (Rhizo- 
lithes   palmatifidus,)    Geo.    Sur.  Ark., 
vol.  2,  p.  313,  Coal  Meas. 
pinnata,  Lesquereux,,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  878,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  63.— Pinnularia  ramosisslma. 

ramosissima,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat., 
vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  480.  Coal 
Meas. 


PLUMALINA,  Hall,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  3,  p.  175.  [Ety.  pluma,  a  small 
feather.]  Simple  fronds,  with  linear 
pinnules  diverging,  from  each  side,  in 
the  same  plane,  and 
more  or  less  ascend- 
ing. It  is  a  peculiar 
plant,  described, 
originally,  as  a  Grap- 
tolite,  to  which  opin- 
ion Prof.  Hall  still 
adheres.  On  the 
other  hand,  Prof. 
Dawson  claims  the 
characters  prove  it 
is  a  vegetable,  and 
in  this  he  is  sup- 
ported by  the  fact 
that  all  Graptolites 
had  become  extinct, 
as  shown  by  their 
absence  in  several  Flf,  w 

groups  of  rocks  be-  Plnmalln;  piumaria. 
fore  the  appearance 
of  this  form.    Type  P.  piumaria. 

densa,  Hall,  1879,  30th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  pi.  4,  fig.  6,  Ham.  Gr. 

gracilis,  Shumard,  1855,  (Filicites  gracilis,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p.  208,  Waverly  Gr.  in 
Lithographic  limestone. 

linearigj  Lesquereux,  1880,  (Trochophyl- 
lum  lineare,)  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  64, 
Waverly  Gr. 

piumaria,    Hall,   1843,    (Filicites?)    Geo. 

Rep.    p.    273,  .and    4th    Dist.    N.    Y., 

A  Can .  Nat.  and 

V       w  Geo.,   vol.  3, 

m      V  P-  175,   Che- 

^      1^  mung  Gr. 

9i      ^ftt  plumula,  Daw- 

i 


( Lycopodites 

6lu  mula, ) 
ep.    Foss. 


plants  Low. 
Carb .  and 
Mil  Istone 
Grit,  p.  24, 
Su  bcarbonif- 
erous. 

tes,  Lind- 
ey  &  Hut- 
ton,  1833, 
Foss.  Flora, 
vol.  1,  p.  181. 
This  genus 
was  founded 
upon  a  fish- 
scale,  and  the 
form  referred 
to  it  in  Geo. 
Sur.  Pa.,  vol. 
2,  p.  847,  is 
quite  a  dif- 
ferent thing. 

Polysporia,  Newberry,  syn.  for  Lepidostrobus. 
mirabilis,  see  Lepidostrobus  mirabilis. 

PROTOBLECHNUM,    Lesquereux,    1880,    Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  188.     [Ety.  protos,  first,';. 


FIG.  65. 
Protoblechnum  holdeni. 


PRO. — PSE.] 


PLANTS. 


135 


Blechnum,  a  genus.]  Fronds  large,  pin- 
nate ;  rachis  thick,  scaly  toward  the  base ; 
pinnae  long,  narrow  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  entire,  enlarged  at  base  on 
the  lower  side  to  a  decurring  auricle, 
generally  free ;  medial  nerve  percurrent ; 
lateral  veins  open,  curving  to  the  bor- 
ders, forking  twice.  Type  P.  holdeni. 
holdeni,  Andrews,  1875,  (Alethopteris 
holdeni,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  420,  Coal 
Meas. 

PROTOSTIGMA,  Lesquereux,  1877,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  169.  [Ety.  protos,  first; 
stigma,  a  brand  or  dot.]  Stems  with 
rhomboidal  scars  as  in  Sigillaria,  but 
without  vascular  scars  in  the  middle. 
Not  a  land-plant,  but  a  f  ucoid.  Type  P. 
sigillarioides. 

sigillarioides,  Lesquereux,  1877,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  169,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

PROTOTAXITES  Dawson,  1859,  Quar.  Jour.. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  15,  p.  484.  [Ety.  protos, 
first ;  taxus,  yew-tree ;  so  named  from 
the  spirally  marked  cells  character- 
istic of  the  genus  Taxites.']  Woody  and 
branching  trunks,  with  concentric  rings 
of  growth  and  medullary  rays ;  cells  of 
pleurenchyma  not  in  regular  lines, 
cylindrical,  thick-walled,  with  a  double 
series  of  spiral  fibers  ;  discs  or  bordered 
pores  few,  circular  and  indistinct.  The 
specimens  found  are  usually  silicified, 
with  the  bark  in  a  coaly  state.  Type 
P.  logani. 

logani,  Dawson,  1859,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  15,  p.  484,  Devonian.  This  is 
the  oldest  known  exogenous  tree  in 
America,  according  to  Dawson,  but 
Carruthers  says  it  is  a  huge  sea-weed 
and  has  named  it  Nematophycus  logani. 

PSARONIUS,  Cotta,  1832,  Dendrol  in  Be- 
ziehung,  p.  27.  [Ety.  psaros,  speckled.] 
Stems  of  tree-ferns,  covered  below  by 
adventive  roots,  increasing  by  their 
superposition  the  conical  base  of  the 
trunks  ;  cortex  thick,  parenchymatous ; 
woody  cylinder,  subdivided  into 
branches  composed  of  fascicles  of  ves- 
sels either  half  cylindrical  or  diversely 
plicate,  immersed  in  cellular  medullar 
tissue.  Type  P.  helmintholithus. 
erianus,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can., 

p.  58,  Ham.  Gr. 

textilis,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can., 
p.  59,  Ham.  Gr. 

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  189.  [Ety.  pseudo, 
false ;  Pecppteris,  a  genus.]  Primary 
rachis  forking  near  the  base  in  diverg- 
ing branches  of  equal  size,  or  divari- 
cate and  dichotomous ;  branches  poly- 
pinnate,  ultimate  divisions  sometimes 
forked ;  pinnules  connate  or  separated  to 
the  base,  of  various  shape,  oblong-ob- 
tuse or  ovate-lanceolate,  oblique  or  in 
right  angle,  decurring  to  the  rachis  and 
bordering  it  by  a  narrow  wing ;  lateral 
veins  oblique,  generally  for  king  once,  the 
lowest  pair  twice.  Type  P.  mazonana. 


abbreviata,  Lesquereux,  1854,  (Sphenop- 

teris  abbreviata,)  Bost.  Jour.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  419,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  861,  Coal  Meas. 
acuta,    Brongniart,    1828,    (Sphenopteris 

acuta,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  207,  and 

Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  215,  Coal  Meas. 
anceps,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Goal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  207,  Coal  Meas. 
andrseana,  Roehl,  1868,  (Sphenopteris  an- 

drseana,)  Fossile  Flora  der  Steinkohlen 

formation  Westphalens,  p.  62,  and  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  754,  Coal  Meas. 
callosa,    Lesquereux,    1866,     (Pecopteris 

callosa,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  442, 

Low.  Coal  Meas. 
cordato-ovata.  Weiss,  1869,  (Neuropteris 

cordato-ovata,)    Foss.   Flor.   d.    jungst. 

Steink.  form.,  p.  28,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  205,  Coal  Meas. 
decipiens,   Lesquereux,   1854,    (Sphenop- 

teris decipiens,)  Bost.  Jour.   Soc.   Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  420,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  862,  Coal  Meas. 
decurrens,  Lesquereux,  1854,  (Pecopteris 

decurrens,)  Bost.  Jour.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  6,  p.  424,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2, 

p.  867,  Coal  Meas. 
denudata,  Lesquereux,   1880,   Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  212,  Coal  Meas. 
dimorpha,  Lesquereux,  1880,   Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  201,  Coal  Meas. 
glandulosa,  Lesquereux,  1854,  (Sphenop- 

teris glandulosa,)  Bost.  Jour.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  420,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  862,  Coal  Meas. 
hispida,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  755,  Coal  Meas. 
hymenophylloides,      Lesquereux,      1870, 

(Alethopteris  hymenophylloides,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  393,  Coal  Meas. 
irregularis,    Sternberg,    1833,     (Sphenop- 

teris    irregularis,)     Vers. 

Geog.  Darst.  Flor.  d.Vorw., 

vol.  2,  p.  68,  Coal  Meas. 
latifolia,    Brongniart,    1828, 

(Sphenopteris      latifolia,) 

Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  205, 

and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

215,  Coal  Meas. 
macilenta,    Lindley  &  Hut- 

ton,  1835,  Foss.  Flora,  vol.  I 

2,  pi.  151,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  219,  Coal  Meas. 
mazonana,          Lesquereux, 

1870,   (Alethopteris    maz- 

onana,) Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

4,  p.  391,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
muricata,  Brongniart,   1828, 


(Pecopteris 


muricata,) 
.,  p.  352, 


Hist.  d.  Veg. 

and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

203,  Coal  Meas.  FlQ  66> 

nervosa,    Brongniart,    1828,  Pseudopecop- 
( Pecopteris  nervosa,)  Hist,     terismazo- 
d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  297,  and        nana> 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,   p.  197,  Coal  Meas. 

newberryi,  Lesquereux,  1854,  (Sphenop- 
teris newberryi,)  Bost.  Jour.  Soc.  Nat. 


136 


PLANTsE. 


[PSI. — RHA. 


Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  420,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  862,  Coal  Meas. 

numrnularia,  Gutbier,  1842,  Abdrucke  u. 
Verst.  d.  Zwick.  Schwarzk.  u.  Seiner. 
Umgebungen,  p.  43,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  752,  Coal  Meas. 

obtusiloba,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Sphenop- 
teris  obtusiloba,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss., 
p.  204,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  753, 
Coal  Meas. 

pluckeneti,  Schlotheim,  1820,  (Filicites 
pluckeneti,)  Petrefaktenkunde,  p.  410, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  199,  Coal 
Meas. 

polyphylla,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1835, 
(Sphenopteris  polyphylla,)  Foss.  Flora, 
vol.  2,  pi.  147,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  218,  Coal  Meas. 

pusilla,  Lesquereux,  1854,  (Pecopteris  pu- 
silla,)  Bost.  Jour.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
6,  p.  424,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p. 
866,  Coal  Meas. 

sheaferi,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Pecopteris 
sheaferi,)  Catal.  Potts.  Ass'n,  p.  11,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa,,  p.  194,  Coal  Meas. 

sillimani,   Brongniart,    1828,    (Pecopteris  j 
sillimani,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.    Foss.,  p.  353, 
and    Coal   Flora    of   Pa.,    p.    206,  Coal 
Meas. 

speciosa,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  216,  Coal  Meas. 

spinulosa,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Alethop- 
teris  spinulosa,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4, 
p.  396,  Coal  Meas. 

subcrenulata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  193,  Coal  Meas. 

subnervosa,  Roemer,  F.  A.,  1860,  Paleon- 
tographica,  vol.  9,  p.  192,  and  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  198,  Coal  Meas. 

trifoliata,  Artis,  1825,  (Filicitestrifoliatus,) 
Anted.  Phytol.,  pi.  2,  and  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  217,  Coal  Meas. 

virginiana,  Meek,  1875,  (Cyclopteris  vir- 
giniana,)  Bull.  Phil.  Soc.  of  Washington, 
p.  18,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  217, 
Waverly  Gr. 

PSILOPHYTON,  Dawson,  1859,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  15,  p.  478.  [Ety.  psilon, 
smooth  ;  phyton,  stem.]  Stems  dicho- 
tomous;  young  branches  carinate; 
rhizomes  cylindrical,  villous  or  scaly ; 
marked  with  round  scars,  points  of  at- 
tachment of  cylindrical  rootlets ;  leaves 
in  spiral  order,  small  or  rudimentary, 
acicular,  squarrose,  open  ;  fructifications 
in  small,  naked  sporanges,  spindle- 
shaped  or  clayate,  axillary,  or  in  pairs 
at  the  extremity  of  the  branches.  Type 
P.  princeps. 

cornutum,  Lesquereux,  1877,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  165,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

elegans,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  315,  Devonian. 

glabrum,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  315,  Devonian. 

gracillimum,    see    Dendrograptus    gracil- 

limus. 

princeps,  Dawson,  1859,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  15,  p.  479,  Upper  Silurian  and 


Devonian.    This  is  the  oldest   known 

Slant   in    America.     It  is  supposed  to 
ave  grown  in  a  marsh. 


FIG.  67.—  Psilophyton  priuceps. 

princeps    var.    ornatum,    Dawson,    1871, 
Foss.  Plants,  p.  38,  Devonian. 

robustium,  Dawson,  1859,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  15,  p.  479,  Devonian. 
Ptilocarpus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  493,  Syn.  for  Cardiocarpon. 

bicornutus,  see  Cardiocarpon  bicornutum. 
Ptilophyton,  Dawson,  1878,  Scottish  Devonian 
Plants  in  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8.  This  is 
founded  upon  Lycopodites  vanuxemi 
as  the  type,  which  is  the  same  as  Plu- 
malina  plumula,  and  falls  therefore  as 
a  synonym. 

gracile,  see  Plumalina  gracilis. 

lineare,  Lesquereux,  see  Plumalina linearis. 

plumula,  see  Lycopodites  plumula. 

vanuxemi,  syn.  for  Plumalina  plumula. 
RHABDOCARPUS,  Gceppert  &  Berger,  1848,  De 
Fruct.  et  Sem.,  p.  20.  [Ety.  rhabdos, 
stria ;  karpos,  fruit.]  Seeds  ovate  or 
oblong,  costate  or  striate,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, surrounded  by  a  putamen  some- 
times deficient.  Type  R.  tunicatus. 

abnormalis,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  818,  Coal  Meas. 

acuminatus,  Newberry,   1873,  Ohio   Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  378,  Coal  Meas. 

amygdaliformis,  Goappert  &  Berger,  1848, 
de  Fruct  et  Sem.,  p.  21,  Coal  Meas. 

apiculatus,  Newberry     1873,    Ohio    Pal., 
vol.  l,p.  377,  Coal" 
Meas. 

arcuatus,  Lesque- 
reux, 1861,  Geo. 
Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  4, 
p.  434,  Coal  Meas. 

beinertianus,  Goep- 
pert  &  Berger, 
1848,  De  Fruct.  et. 
Semin.,  p.  20,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  844,  Coal  Meas. 

bockshianus,  Gcep- 
pert &  Berger, 
1848,  De  Fruct.  et 
Semin.  p.  21,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  844,  Coal  Meas.  FIG.  68.— Khabdocarpus 

carinatus,  New-  carinatus. 

berry,  1873,   Ohio  Pal.,  vol.   1,  p.  376, 
Coal  Meas. 

clavatus,    Sternberg,    1820,    (Carpolithes 
clavatus,)  Vers.   Darst.  Flora  der  Vor- 


RHA.] 


PLANTS. 


137 


welt,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  581,  Coal 

Meas. 
cornutus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  583,  Coal  Meas. 
costatus,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.   378,  Coal    Meas.,    syn.  ?  for   R. 
acuminatus. 

danai,  Foster,  1854,  Ann.  of  Sci.,  vol.  1, 
p.  129,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  376, 
Coal  Meas. 

emarginatus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  818,  Coal  Meas. 

howardi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  575,  Coal  Meas. 

inflatus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  815,  Coal  Meas. 

insignis,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  478, 
Coal  Meas. 

insignis,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  575.  The  name  being  preoccu- 
pied, it  has  been  called  R.  lescurianus. 

jacksonensis,  Lesquereux,  1866,  (Carpo- 
lithes  jacksonensis,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

2,  p.  461,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 

leevis,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 
p.  377,  Coal  Meas. 

laticostatus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  815,  Coal  Meas. 

lescurianus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d.  Ed. 
Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  256,  Coal  Meas.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  R.  insiynis,  Lesquereux, 
which  was  preoccupied. 

mammillatus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  461,  Coal  Meas. 

minutus,  Lesquereux,  1860,  Geo.  Sur. 
Ark.,  vol.  2,  p.  313,  Coal  Meas. 

multistriatus,  Presl,  1833,  (Carpolithes 
multistriatus,)  in  Steruberg's  Flor.  d. 
Vorw.,  vol.  2,  p.  208,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  578,  Coal  Meas. 

oblongus,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  98,  Coal  Meas.  or 
Permian. 

pachytesta,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  816,  Coal  Meas. 

platiruargtnatus,  Lesquereux,  1860,  (Car- 
polithes platimarginatus,)  Geo.  Sur. 
Ark.,  vol.  2,  p.  312,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 

subglobosus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  817,  Coal  Meas. 

tenax,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.  p,  818,  Coal  Meas. 

venosus,  Sternberg,  as  identified  by  Les- 
quereux, 1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p. 
870,  Coal  Meas.  Not  noticed  in  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  and  probably  not  Amer- 
ican. 

RHACHIOPTERIS,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  323.  [Ety.  rachis,  a 
stalk;  pteris,  fern.]  Detached  leaf-stalks 
of  ferns ;  stipes  half  an  inch  wide  or 
less ;  unevenly  striate,  giving  off  op- 
posite branches,  which  are  abruptly 
broken  off  at  short  distances  from  the 
stipe.  Type  R.  pinnata. 

affinis,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Stigrnarioides 
affinis,)  Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  4,  p.  455, 
Coal.  Meas. 


cyclopteroides,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour. 

323,  Catskill  Gr. 
gigantea,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can., 


Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  323,  Catskill  Gr. 

.,  1871, 
p.  57,  Ham.  Gr. 


palmata,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  of 
Canada,  p.  57,  Ham.  Gr. 

pinnata,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  323,  Catskill  Gr. 

punctata,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  323,  Catskill  Gr. 

selago,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Stigmarioides 
selago,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  456,  Coal 
Meas. 

squamosa,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  838,  Coal  Meas. 

striata,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  323,  Chemung  Gr. 

tenuistriata,    Dawson,  1862,   Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  323,  Ham.  Gr. 
RHACOPHYLLUM,  Schimper,  1869,  Palseontol- 
ogie  Vegetale,  vol.  1,  p.  684.  [Ety.  rakos, 
rugged;  phyllon,  leal.]  Fronds  either 
flabelliform,  many  times  subdivided  or 
pinnate,  irregularly  pinnatifid,  bipin- 
natifid;  rachis  flat,  often  much  dilated, 
scarcely  thicker  than  the  foliaceous  lam- 
ina, which  is  very  variable  in  the  size 
and  the  mode  of  its  divisions;  veins  nu- 
merous, more  or  less  indistinct,  follow- 
ing the  rachis  in  parallel  bundles,  di- 
chotomous  in  the  foliaceous  divisions. 
Type,  R.  flabellatum. 

adnascens,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1835,  (Schiz- 
opteris  adnascens,1  Foss.  Flora,  vol.  2, 
p.  57,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  321,  Coal 
Meas. 

affine,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Pachyphyllum 
affine,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  863",  Coal 
Meas. 

arborescens,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Hymen- 
ophyllites  arborescens,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  415,  Coal  Meas. 

browni,  Dawson,  1861,  (Cyclopteris 
browni,)  Quar.  Jour.  Geo,  Soc.,  vol.  17, 
p.  32,  Portage  Gr. 

clarki,  Lesquereux,  1866,  (Hymenophyl- 
lites  clarki,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  438, 
Coal  Meas. 

corallinum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  317,  Coal  Meas.  Misspelled 
corralum  in  the  text. 

cornutum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  317,  Coal  Meas. 

expansum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  313,  Coal  Meas. 

filiciforrne,  Gutbier,  1842,  (Fucoides  filici- 
formis,)  Abdr.  u.  Verst.  d.  Zwick. 
Schwarzk.  u.  sein.  Ump.,  p.  11,  and  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  316,  Coal  Meas. 

filiforme,  Gutbier,  1842,  (Fucoides  fili- 
formis,)  Abdr.  u.  Verst.  d.  Zwick. 
Schwarzk.  u.  sein.  Umg.,  p.  12,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  838,  Coal  Meas. 

fimbriatum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Pachy- 
phyllum fimbriatum,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  863,  Coal  Meas. 

flabellatum,  Sternbere,  1833,  (Aphlebia 
flabellata,)  Flor.  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  2,  p.  112, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  311,  Coal  Meas. 


138 


PLANTS. 


[RHI. — SCH. 


fucoideum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  325,  Coal  Meas. 
humulosum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  321,  Coal  Meas. 
hirsutum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Pachyphyl- 

lum  hirsutum,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol.  2,  p. 

863,  Coal  Meas. 
infiatum,    Lesquereux,    1870,    (Hymeno- 

phyllites  inflatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4, 

p.  414,  Coal  Meas. 
irregulare,  Germar,  1844,  (Aphlebia  irreg- 

ularis,)  Verst.  d.  Steink.  v.  Wettin   u. 

Lobejiin,  p.  57,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  326,  Coal  Meas. 
laceratum,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Pachyphyl- 

lum  laceratum,)  Geo.  Sur.   Pa.,  vol.  2, 

p.  863,  Coal  Meas.' 
laciniatuin,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora^  p.  94,  Coal  Meas.  or 

Permian. 


FIG.  69.— Rhacophyllum  lactuca. 

lactuca,  Sternberg,  1833,  (Schizopteris  lac- 
tuca,) Flor.  d.  Vorw.  vol.  2,  p.  112,  and 

Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  315,  Coal  Meas. 
membranaceum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  312,  Coal  Meas. 
molle,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Hymenophyl- 

lites  mollis,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  418, 

Coal  Meas. 
scolopendrites,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Scolo- 

pendrites  dentatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol. 

2,  p.  868,  Coal  Meas. 
spinosum,  Lesquereux,  1880,   Coal   Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  320,  Coal  Meas. 
strongi,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Hymenophyl- 

lites  strongi,)   Geo.   Sur.   111.,  vol.  4,  p. 

417,  Coal  Meas. 
thalliforme,  Lesquereux,  1870,   (Hymen- 

ophyllites  tballiformis,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  417,  Coal  Meas. 
trichoideum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  322,  Coal  Meas. 
truncatum,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  311,  Coal  Meas. 
Rhizolithes,  F.    Braun,   1847,  in   Flora,   etc. 

[Ely.  rhiza,  root ;  lithos,  stone.] 
palmatifidus,  see  Pinnularia  palmatifidus. 
Rhizomopteris,    Scbimper,    1869,.  Trait6    de 

Paleontologie  Vegetale,   vol.  1,  p.  699. 

[Sig.  the  rhizornas  of  ferns.]    This  genus, 

rs  the  name  indicates,  comprehends  the 


rhizomas  of  ferns.  Type,  R.  lycopo- 
dioides.  Some  of  the  species  of  Lyco- 
dites  as  L.  uncinatus  have  been  re- 
ferred to  it. 

RHIZOMORPHA,  Roth,  as  identified  by  Les- 
quereux, Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  3.  [Ety. 
rhiza,  root ;  morpha,  form.]  Fungous 
filaments  of  hard  substance,  disposed  in 
branches  abnormally  divided,  and  often 
anastomosing;  generally  living  under 
the  decaying  bark  of  trees, 
sigillarise,  Lesquereux,  1877,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  174,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  3,  Coal  Meas. 

Rotularia  longifolia,  see  Sphenophyllum  lon- 
gifolium. 

RUSOPHYCUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  23.  [Ety.  rusos,  rugose ;  phykos,  sea- 
plant.]  Simple  or  branched  stems, 
transversely  wrinkled,  and  often  pos- 
sessing a  central  longitudinal  depres- 
sion. Type  R.  clavatum. 
asperum,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1.,  p.  25,  Utica 
Slate. 

bilobatu  m ,  Van  uxem , 
1842,  (Fucoides  bi- 
lobatus,)  Geo.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  79,  Hud. 
Riv.  and  Clinton, 
Gr. 

clavatum,  Hall,  1852, 
.     Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   2, 

p.  23,  Clinton  Gr. 
grenvillense,       B  i  1  - 
lings,      1862,      Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  101, 
Chazy  Gr. 

pudicum,  Hall,   1852, 
Pal.   N.  Y.,    vol.  2, 
p.  24,  Hud.  Riv.  and 
Clinton  Gr. 
subangulatum,    Hall, 
1852,     Pal.    NY 
vol.  2,  p.   23,  Clm-          bilobatum. 
ton  Gr. 

Sagenaria  veltheimiona,  see  Lepidodendron 
veltheimianum. 

SAPORT.EA,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  99.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Leaves  simple,  subreniform, 
iiabellate  or  suborbicular,  cuneate,  bor- 
dered at  the  base  with  a  woody  rim, 
terminal  margin  incised ;  petiole  long, 
slender,  and  grooved  on  the  upper  sur- 
face ;  nerves  parting  tiabellately  from 
the  summit  of  the  petiole  jind  the 
woody  basal  margin,  all  passing  into 
the  laminae;  leaf  substance  thin.  Type 
S.  grandifolia. 

grandifolia,  Fontaine  A  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  101,  Coal  Meas. 
or  Permian. 

salisburioides,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 
Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  102,  Coal 
Meas.  or  Permian. 

Schizopteris,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist, 
d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  63.  [Ety.  schizo,  I 
cleave;  pteris,  fern.]  Frond  laciniate, 


SCH. — SIG.] 


PLANTS. 


139 


or  cut  in  linear  erect  or  curved  divis- 
ions, sometimes  enlarged  at  the  top, 
marked  with  thin  parallel  veins  without 
branching,  being  split  in  fascicles  with 
the  divisions.  Type  S.  anomala. 

adnascens,  see  Rhacophyllum  adnascens. 

lactuca,  see  Rhacophyllum  lactuca. 
Schutzia,  Goeppert,  1848,  Permian  Flora,  p. 
161.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Stems  either 
single  or  branching,  bearing  on  short 
alternate  pedicels  small  cones  or  stro- 
biles of  an  ovate,  truncate  form,  a  com- 
pound of  imbricate,  broadly  linear 
pointed  scales,  united  at  the  base.  Type 
S.  anomala. 

bracteata,  see  Cordaianthus  bracteatus. 
Scolopendrites,  Lesquereux,  1858,   Geo.   Sur. 
Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  868.    This  name  is  aban- 
doned. 

dentatus,  see  Rhacophyllum  scolopen- 
drites. 

Selaginites  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist.  d.  , 
Veg.  Foss.,  p.  84.  Stems  dichotomous;  -i 
leaves  small,  numerous,  imbricated,  i 
sometimes  enlarged  at  the  base,  scarcely  j 
leaving  any  visible  scars.  Type  S.  I 
patens.  The  genus  is  regarded  as 
synonymous  with  Lycopodites. 

cavifolius,  see  Lycopodites  cavifolius. 

crassus,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  j 
vol.  2,  p.  446,  syn.  for  Lycopodites  cav-  | 
ifolius. 

formosus,  Dawson,  1861,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  6, 
p.  176.  Not  a  plant,  but  a  fragment  of 
a  crustacean. 

uncinatus,  see  Lycopodites  uncinatus. 
SIGILLAKIA,  Brongniart,  1822,  Class,  des  Veg. 
Foss.  in  Mem.  du  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  de 
Paris,  torn.  8,  p.  203.  [Ety.  sigttlum,  a 
seal ;  from  the  seal-like  scars  of  fallen 
leaves  stamped  upon  the  bark.]  Trunks 
large,  simple  or  dichotomous  near  the 
apex,  marked  by  leaf-scars  in  vertical 
series,  separated  by  furrows  or  placed  in 
spiral  order,  either  contiguous  or  more 
or  less  distant,  very  variable  in  size  and 
shape,  round,  oval,  truncate,  or  emargi- 
nate,  hexagonal,  transversely  rhom- 
boidal,  with  three  vascular  scars,  one 
simple,  medial,  punctiform,  the  two 
others  lateral  of  semi-lunar  or  linear 
shape.  Leaves  linear,  long,  triplicate, 
carinate,  or  plane,  with  a  distinct  medial 
nerve.  Type  S.  punctata. 

acuminata,  Newberry,  1874,  Proc.  Cleve- 
land Acad.  Sci.,  p.  164,  and  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  496,  Coal  Meas. 

alternans,  Sternberg,  1833,  Flor.  der  Vorw., 
vol.  2,  p.  50,  Coal  Meas. 

alveolaris,  Sternberg,  1820,  (Lepidoden- 
dron  alyeolare,)  Essai  d'un  exposfe 
Geognostico-botanique  de  la  Flore  du 
monde  primitif,  1st  Cahier,  p.  25,  Coal 
Meas. 

angusta,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.;  Coal  Meas. 

approximata,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 
Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  96,  Coal 
Meas. 


attenuata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Catal.  Potts. 

Foss.,  p.  17,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

488,  Coal  Meas. 

biercei,  syn.  for  S.  ichthyolepis. 
brardi,   Brongniart,  1822,  Class,  des  Veg. 

Foss.  tab.  1,  fig.   5,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  477,  Coal  Meas. 
bretonensis,   Dawson,  1865,    Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.   Soc.,   vol.  20,  p.  148,  and  Acad. 

Geol.,  p.  475,  Coal  Meas. 
brochanti,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  442,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

842,  Coal  Meas. 
brongniarti,     Gei- 

nitz,    1855,    Die 

Verst.  d.  Steink. 

form.      Sachsen, 
47,       Coal 


FIG.  71.— Sigillaria 
brarc 


browni,     Dawson, 

1861,  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.    Soc.,    vol. 

17,     and     Acad. 

Geol.,     p.      180, 

Coal  Meas. 
catenoides,     Daw- 
son,  1865,  Quar. 

Jour.  Geo.  Soc.. 

vol.  20,  p.  147,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  474, 

Coal  Meas. 
catenulata,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1831,  Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  163,  Coal  Meas. 
chemungensis,     see     Lepidodendron   che- 

mungense. 

cisti,  see  Caulopteris  cisti. 
corrugata,    Lesquereux,    1861,    Geo.  Sur. 

Ky.,  vol.  4,  p.  437  :  redefined  1870,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  445.  Coal  Meas. 
cortei,   Brongniart,  1828,   Prodr.  d.  Hist. 

d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  64,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  495,  Coal  Meas. 
cuspidata,    Brongniart,    1828,    Prodr.    d. 

Hist.  d.   Veg.  Foss.,    p.    65,   and  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  486,  Coal  Meas. 
cymatoides,  Wood,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  12,  p.  520,  Coal  Meas. 
defrancii,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist. 

d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  66,  Coal  Meas. 
dentata,  Newberry,  1874,  Proc.  Cleveland 

Acad.  Sci.,  p.  165,  Coal  Meas. 
dilatata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  871,  Coal  Meas. 
discoidea,    Lesquereux,    1858,    Geo.  Sur. 

Pav  vol.  2,  p.  873,  Coal  Meas. 
dournaisi,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  441,  Coal  Meas. 
dubia,    Lesquereux,    1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  872,  syn.  for  S.  cortei. 
elegans,  Sternberg,  1826,   (Favularia  ele- 

gans,)  Tent.  flor.   primord.,  p.  14,  Coal 

Meas. 
elliptica,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.   Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  447,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

494,  Coal  Meas 
elongata,  Brongniart,  1822,  Ann.  des  Sci. 

Nat.,  torn.  4,  p.  23,  Coal  Meas. 
eminens,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.  p.  475,  Coal  Meas. 


140 


PLANTS. 


[SIG. 


fissa,  Leequereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol. 

2,  p.  871,  Coal  Meas. 
flexuosa,  Lindley  &  Button,   1837,  Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  3,  p.  147,  Coal  Meas. 
grandturyi,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  795,  Coal  Meas. 
hexagona,  Schlotheim,  1820,  (Palmacites 

hexagonus,)  Petrefaktenkunde,  p.  394, 

and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  483,  Coal  Meas. 
ichthyolepis,     Sternberg,    1833,   Flora   d. 

Vorw.,  vol.  2,  p.  38,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  482,  Coal  Meas. 
intermedia,    Brongniart,    1828,    Hist.    d. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  474,  Coal  Meas. 
knorri,    Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist. 

d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  65,  Coal  Meas. 
lacoei,   Lfsquerexix.   1880,   Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  499,  Coal  Meas. 
Isevigata,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist. 

d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  64,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  500,  Coal  Meas. 
leioderma,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  422,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

476,  Coal  Meas. 
lepidodendrifolia,        Brongniart,       1828, 

Prodr.  d.  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  426,  and 

Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  477,  Coal  Meas. 
leptoderma,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  489,  Coal  Meas. 
lescurii,  Schimper,  1869,  Trait,  de  Paleon- 

tologie  Vegetale,  vol.  2,  p.  85,  Coal  Meas. 
leveretti,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  800,  Coal  Meas. 
lorenzi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  473,  Coal  Meas. 
lorwayana,  Dawson,  1873,  Rep.  on  Foss. 

Pjants,  p.  43,  Subcarboniferous. 
mammillaris,   Brongniart,  1828,    Hist.   d. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.  451,    and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  483,  Coal  Meas. 
marginata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  498,  Coal  Mea?. 
marineria,  Hildreth,  1837,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 

and  Arts,  vol.  31,  p.  30,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
maseiliensis,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  446,  Coal  Meas. 
inenardi,  Brongniart.   1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  430,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

479,  Coal  Meas. 
monostigma,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  449,  Coal  Meas. 
notata,  Steinhaur,  1818,  (Phytolithus  no- 

tatus,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Assoc.,  vol.  1, 

p.  294,  and   Coal   Flora  of   Pa.,  p.  486, 

Coal  Meas. 
obliqua,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  Veg.  Foss., 

p.  429,  and  Coal  Flora   of  Pa.,  p.  470, 

Coal  Meas. 
obovata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  872,  Coal  Meas. 
oculata,     Schlotheim,    1820,    (Palmacites 

oculatus,)     Petrefaktenkunde,    p.    394, 

Coal  Meas. 
orbicularis,    Brongniart,  1828,    Prodr.    d. 

Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  65,  Coal  Meas. 
organum,  Sttrnberg,   1820,    (Syringoden- 

dron  organum,)  Flor.  der  Vorw.,  p.  23, 

and    Lindley    &   Hutton,    1831,    Foss.  , 

Flora,  Vol.  1,  p.  199,  Coal  Meas. 


ornithicnoides,  Wood,  1860,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.   Sci.,  vol.    12,  p.   238,   and  Trans. 

Am.    Phil.   Soc.,  vol.    13,  p.   348,   Coal 

Meas. 
ovalis,   Lesquereux,    1880,  Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  495,  Coal  Meas. 
ou-eni,  see  Didymophyllum  oweni. 
pachyderma,    see  Syringodendron    pachy- 

derma. 
palpebra,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  307,  and  Acad.  Geol.  p. 

536,  Devonian, 
perplexa,  Wood,  1866,   Proc.  Arad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.  vol.  12.  p.  237,  Coal  Meas. 
pittstonana,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  493,  Coal  Meas. 
planicosta,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.   8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  474, 

Coal  Meas. 
polita,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  872,  Coal  Meas. 
pulchra,  Newberry,  1874,  Proc.  Cleveland 

Acad.  Sci.  p.  165,  Coal  Meas. 
pyriformis,   Brongniart,    1828,    Prodr.   d. 

Hist.  d.  Veg.   Foss.,  p.   65,   and   Coal 

Floia  of  Pa.,  p.  799,  Coal  Meas. 
reniformis,  Brongniart,  1822,  Ann.  des  Sci. 

Nat.,  t.  4,  p.  32,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  501,  Coal  Meas. 
reticulata,   Lesquereux,    1860,    Geo.  Sur. 

Ark.,  vol.  2,  p.  310,  Coal  Meas. 
rugrosa,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  Hist.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  64,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

497,  Coal  Meas. 
saulli,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  Veg.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  456,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

842,  Coal  Meas. 
schimperi,    Lesquereux,    1858,  Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  871,  Coal  Meas. 
schlotheimana,    Brongniart,    1828,    Hist. 

Veg.  Foes.,  p.  469,  Coal  Meas.     Amer- 
ican Sp.  (I) 
sculpta,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  871,  Coal  Meas.     Syn.  tor  S. 

obliqua? 
scutellata,   Brongniart,    1822,    Class,    des 

Veg.  Foss.,  tab.  1,  fig.  4.  Coal  Meas. 
semina,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4.  p.  463,  Coal  Meas. 
serlii,    Brongniart,    1828,    Hist.   d.    Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  433,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

480,  Coal  Meas. 
sillimani,    Brongniart,    1828,  Hist,    Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  459,  and  Coal   Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

493,  Coal  Meas. 
simplicitas,  Vanuxem,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  3d 

Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  190,  Catskill  Gr. 
solanus,  Wood,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

Coal  Meas.    [Solanw  in  text ;  solenotus  on 

plate;  solena  in  Trans.   Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

vol.  13.] 
spinulosa,  Germ.,    1844,  Vers.  v.  Wettin, 

etc.,  p.  58,  Coal  Meas. 
stellata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  871,  Coal  Meas. 
striata,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  8,  and  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 

15,  p.  147,  Coal  Meas. 
sydenensis,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 


SIG. — SPH.] 


PLANTS. 


141 


Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.   Geol.,  p.  475, 
Coal  Meas. 

tessellata,  Steinhaur,  1818,  (Phytolithus 
tessellatus,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Assoc., 
vol.  1,  p.  295,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
481,  Coal  Meas. 

vanuxemi,  Goeppert,  1852,  Die  fossile 
Flora  des  Uebergangsgebirges,  p.  546, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  505,  Coal  Meas. 

venosa,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  424,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
842,  Coal  Meas. 

voltzi,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist.  d. 
Veg.  Foss.,  p.  65,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 
p.  492,  Coal  Meas. 

williamsi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  488,  Coal  Meas. 

yardleyi,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Catal.  Potts. 
Foss.,  p.  17,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
491,  Coal  Meas. 

SIGILLARIOIDES,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  449.  [Ety.  from  its  re- 
semblance to  the  genus  Sigillaria.] 
Fragments  of  roots  bearing  stigmariod 
leaves  attached  to  sigillarioid  rhom- 
boidal  scars.  Type  S.  radicans. 

radicans,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  449,  Coal  Meas. 

stellaris,  see  Stigmaria  stellaris. 
SIGILLARIOSTROBUS,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  794.  [Ety.  the  genus, 
Sigittaria ;  strobus,  cone.]  Sporanges  at- 
tached in  horizontal  rows  to  a  vertical 
axis,  supported  by  persistent  sporangi- 
ophores,  with  lanceolate  scales,  turned 
up  and  imbricate.  Type  S.  laurencianus. 

laurencianus,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  794,  Coal  Meas. 
Solenoula,  Wood,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  12,  p.  238.     [Ety.  soltn,  a  channel ; 
oulos,  entire.]     Probably  a  decorticated 
Syringodendron.     Type  S.  psilophloeus. 

psilophloMs,  Wood,  I860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat, 

Sci.,  p.  238,  Coal  Meas. 

SOROCLADUS,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  327.  [Ety.  soros,  a  heap:  one 
of  the  fruit  dots  on  the  back  of  the 
frond ;  klado,  I  break  in  pieces.]  A 
name  proposed  for  fruiting  fragments 
not  well  understood.  Type  S.  stellatus. 


FIG.  72.— Sorocladus  asleroides. 


asteroides,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Staphylop- 
teris  asteroides,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4, 
p.  406,  Coal  Meas. 


ophioglossoides,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  329,  Coal  Meas. 

eagittatus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Staphylop- 
teris  sagittatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p. 
407,  Coal  Meas. 

stellatus,  Lesquereux,  1860,  (Staphylop- 
teris  stellata,)  Geo.  Sur.  Ark.,  vol.  2,  p. 
309,  Coal  Meas. 

wortheni,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Staphylop- 
teris  wortheni,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p. 
405,  Coal  Meas. 

SPHENOPHYLLUM,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d. 
Hist.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  68.  [Ety.  sphen,  a 
wedge ;  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  It  was  called 
Rphenophyllites  by  Brongniart  in  1822. 
Plant  herbaceous ;  stems  articulate,  in- 
flated at  the  articulations,  pinnately,  bi- 
pinnately  divided ;  leaves  verticillate, 
sessile,  wedge-form,  with  lateral  bor- 
ders entire,  crenulate,  dentate,  or  lacin- 
iate-lobate  at  the  upper  margin ;  me- 
dial nerve  none;  veins  straight  di- 
chptomous ;  fructifications  in  cylindrical 
spikes,  with  bracts  curved  upward  in  a 
sharp  flexure  from  near  the  base ; 
sporanges  globular  in  the  axils  of  the 
bracts.  Type  S.  schlotheimi. 

angustifolium,  Germar,  1844,  Verst.  d. 
Steink.  v.  Wett.,  u.  Lobejiin,  and  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  726,  Coal  Meas. 

antiquum,  Dawson,  1861,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 
6,  p.  170,  Devonian. 

bifurcatum,  Lesquereux,  1860,  Geo.  Sur. 
Ark.,  vol.  2,  p.  309,  Coal  Meas. 

brevifolium,  Newberry,  not  defined. 

cornutum,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  421,  Coal  Meap. 

densifoliatum,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 
Perm,  or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  37,  Coal 
Meas.  or  Permian.  Syn.  (?)  for  S. 
angustifolium. 

emarginatum,  Brongniart,  1828,  Prodr.  d. 
Hist.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  68,  and  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  53,  Coal  Meas. 

erosum,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1833,  Foss. 
Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  43,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  55.  Coal  Meas. 

filiculme,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Rep. 
Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  853,  Coal  Meas. 

fontainianum,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d.  Ed. 
Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  258,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
Proposed  instead  of  S.  latifolium,  in 
Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  36,  which 
was  preoccupied. 

latifolium,  Wood,  1866,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Sac.,  vol.  13,  p.  347,  Coal  Meas. 

latiiolium,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880.  The 
name  was  preoccupied.  See  S.  fontain- 
ianum. 

longifnlium,  Germar,  1831,  (Rotularia 
longiiolia,)  Isis,  p.  426,  and  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  53,  Coal  Meas. 

oblongifolium,  Germar,  1844,  Verst.  d. 
Steink.  v.  Wett.,  u.  Lobejiin,  p.  12, 
and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  57,  Coal 
Meas. 

primsevum,  Lesquereux,  1877,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  167,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  I 
think  this  is  not  a  plant. 


142 


PLANTS. 


[SPH. 


saxifragifolium,   Sternberg,    1825,    (Rotu- 
laria  saxifragifolia,)  Vers.  Darst.  Flora 
der   Vorwelt,  and   Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  726,  Coal 
Meas. 

schlotheimi,  Brongniart, 
1828,  Prodr.  Hist.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  68,  and  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  52,  Coal 


FIG.  73. 

Sphenophyllum 
schlotheimi. 


tenerrimum,  Stur,  1877, 
Culm.  Flora,  p.  108,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  728, 
Coal  Meas. 

trifoliatum,  Lesquereux, 
1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  vol. 
2,  p.  853,  Coal  Meas. 
SPHENOPTERIS,  Brongniart,  1822,  Mem.  du 
Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Paris,  torn.  8,  p. 
203.  [Ety.  sphen,  wedge:  pteris,  fern.] 
Fronds  bi,  tri,  polypinnate ;  divisions 
open  or  in  right  angles;  pinnules  nar- 
rowed at  base,  often  decurring  or  cunei- 
form, pinnately  lobed ;  lobes  rarely 
entire,  crenulate,  dentate,  or  laciniate ; 
primary  nerve  slender,  alternately 
dichotomous,  simple,  branches  entering 
the  bas3  of  each  lobe  to  pass  by 
branchlets  into  the  subdivisions  of  the 
lamina.  Type  S.  elegans. 

abbreviata,  see  Pseudopecopteris  abbrevi- 
ata. 

acrocarpa,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  40,  Coal  Meas. 
or  Permian. 

acuta,  See  Pseudopecopteris  acuta. 

adiantoides,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1835, 
Foss.  Flora,  vol.  2,  p.  91,  Coal  Meas. 

alata,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Pecopteris  alata,) 
Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  361,  Coal  Meas. 

alabamensis,  see  Oligocarpia  alabamen- 
sis. 

artemesi&folia  see  Eremopteris  arteme- 
siifolia. 

auriculata,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  42,  Coal  Meas. 
or  Permian. 

ballantini,  Andrews,  1875,  (Hymenophyl- 
lites  ballantini,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
422,  Coal  Meas. 

brittsi,  Lesqu^reux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  277,  Coal  Meas. 

canadensis,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol.  p.  243, 
Coal  Meas. 

cha>rophylloides,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Pe- 
copteris chserophylloides,)  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  357,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
270,  Coal  Meas. 

communis,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  762,  Coal  Meas. 

coriaeea,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  41,  Coal  Meas. 
or  Permian. 

crenata,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1835,  Foss. 
Flora,  vol.  2,  pi.  C.,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  835,  Coal  Meas. 

cnstata,  Brongniart,  182s,  (Pecopteris 
cristata,)  Hist.  d.  Veg.  Foss..  p.  356, 


and   Coal   Flora   of    Pa.,   p.   273,    Coal 

Meas. 
davallana,  Gceppert,  1841,  Gatt.  d.  Foss. 

Pflanzen,  Cual  Meas. 

decipiens,  see  Pseudopecopteris  decipiens. 
delicatula,    see    Hymenophyllites    delica- 

tulus. 
dentata,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  42,  Coal  Meas. 

or  Permian. 
dilatata,    as    identified    by    Lesquereux. 

Syn.  for  Pseudopecopteris  decipiens. 
dissecta,  Brongniart,   1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  183,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

836,  Coal  Meas. 
divaricata,  Greppert,    1836,    (Cheilanthes 

divaricatus,)   Syst.  Filic.  FOSP.,  p.  238, 

and   Coal   Flora   of   Pa.,  p.   767,    Coal 

Meas. 
dubuissoni.     Brongniart,    1828,    Hist.   d. 

Veg.  Foss.,  p.   195,  and    Coal  Flora   of 

Pa.,  p.  275,  Coal  Meas. 
elegans,  Brongniart,  1822,  Class,  d.  Veg. 

Foss.  pi.  2,  fig.  2,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  287,  Coal  Meas. 
fascicularis,  Roemer,  1866,  Beitr.    in  Pal- 

eont.,  vol.  9,  p.  179,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  837,  Coal  Meas. 
flaccida,  Crepin,  1874,  Bull.  Acad.  Roy.  of 

Belgium,  p.  7,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

291,  Coal  Meas. 


Fio.  74.— Sphenopteris  crenata. 

flagellaris,  see  Oligocarpia  flasellaris. 
flexicaulis,  Lesquereux,   1860,  (Hymeno- 
phyllites  flexicaulis,)   Geo.  Sur.   Ark., 

vol.  2,  p.  309,  Coal  Meas. 
foliosa,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm,  or 

Up.  Carb.   Flora,   p.  44,  Coal    Meas.  or 

Permian. 

fuciformis,  Lesquereux,   1884,  Am.  Natu- 
ralist, vol.  18,  p.  921,  Carboniferous, 
furcata,  Brongniart,   1828,    Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  179,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

282,  Coal  Meas. 

gersdorfii,  see  Hymenophyllites  gersdorfii. 
glandulosa,   see  Pseudopecopteris  glandu- 

losa. 
goniopteroides,    Lesquereux,    1880,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  269,  Coal  Meas. 
gracilis,    Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  197,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

276,  Coal  Mpas. 
gravenhorsti,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  Veg. 

d.  Foss.,  p.  191,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  274,  Coal  Meas. 


SPH.] 


PLANTS. 


143 


hartti,    Dawson,    1862,   Quar.  Jour.  Geol. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  321,  Devonian, 
harveyi,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  766,  Coal  Meas. 
hastata,  Fontaine  &   White,   1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  46,   Coal  Meas. 

or  Pt-rmian. 
hildrethi,   Let-quereux,    1858,    (Hymeno- 

phyllites  hildrethi,)  Geo.  Sur.  of  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  863,  Coal  Meas. 
hitchcockana,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour. 

Geol.  Soc.,  v<»l.  18,  p.  321,  Devonian, 
hreninghausi,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.Veg. 

d.  F<  ss.,  p.  199,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  288,  Coal  Meas. 
hymenophylloides,      Brongniart,       1828, 

Prodr.  d.    Hist.   d.   V'eg.  Foss.,   p.   51, 

and   Coal    Flora   ot    Pa.,   p.  764,    Coal 

Meas. 
inaequilateralis,    Lesquereux,    1884,  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  765,  Coal  Meas. 
intermedia,   Lesquereux,   1858,   Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2.     The  name  was  preoccupied 

in  1852  by  Ettingshausen.     It  is  now  S. 

mediana. 
irregular  is,    see     Pseudopecopteris    irreg- 

ularis. 
larischii,  Stur,  1877,   (Calymmotheca  lar- 

ischii,)   Culm  Flora,  p.  168,   and   Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  288,  Coal  Meas. 
latifolia,  see  Pseudopecopteris  latifolia. 
latior,   Dawson,  1863,  Can.   Nat.,   vol.  8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  483,  Coal  Meas. 
laxa,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 

Chemung  Gr.     This  name  was  preoc- 
cupied by  Sternberg.     See  Archseopteris 

hallana. 
lescuriana,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm. 

or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.    44,  Coal  Meas. 

or  Permian, 
lesquereuxi,   Newberry,    1858,  Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vul.  2,  p   862,  Coal  Meas. 
linearis,  Sternberg,  1820,  Vers.  Darst.  Flor. 

d.  Vorw.,  p.  15,  Low.  Coal  Meiis. 
lyraliMia,  see  Pecopteris  lyratifolia. 
macilenia,  see  Pseudopecopteris  maci- 

lenta. 
marginata,    Dawson,    1862,    Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  321,  Devonian, 
mediana,  Lpsquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  271,  Coal  Meas. 
microi-arpa,  Leequereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  280,  Coal  Meas. 
microloba,    Goeppert,    1836,    Syst.    Filic. 

Foss.,  p.  238,  Coal  Meas. 
minutisecta,    Fontaine    &    White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  43,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
mixta,  Schimper,  1869,  Traitfe  de  Paleon- 

tologie  Veg«  tale,  p.  382,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  276,  Coal  Meas. 
munda,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  8,  and   Acad.  Geol.,  p.  483,  Coal 

Meas. 
myriophylla,  see    Hymenophyllites  myri- 

ophyllus. 
newberryi,     see     Pseudopecopteris     new- 

berryi. 


obovata,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1835,  Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  2,  p.  75,  and  Coal   Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  769,  Coal  Meas. 
obtusiloba,  see    Pseudopecopteris    obtusi- 

loba. 
pachynervis,   Fontaine    &    White,    1880, 

Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  46,  Coal 

Meas.  or  Permian, 
paupercula,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  435,  Coal  Meas. 
pilosa,  see  Callipteris  pilosa. 
plicata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  862,  Coal  Meas. 
polyphylla,    see     Pseudopecopteris    poly- 

phylla. 
pseudomurrayana,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  271,  Coal  Meas. 
pterota,  Wood,    1866,    Trans.   Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  348,  Coal  Meas. 
quercifolia,   Gceppert,   1836,    Syst.    Filic. 

Foss.,  p.  252,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

286,  Coal  Meas. 
recurva,  Dawson,  1863,   Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  464,  Devonian, 
rigida,  Brongni?  rt,  1828,  Hist.  Veg.  Foss., 

p.  201,  Coal  Meas. 
royi,  Lesqupreux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  768,  Coal  Meas. 
scaberrima,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  408,  Coal  Meas. 
schtytheimi,  see    Hymenophyllites  schlot- 

heimi. 
solida,  Lesquereux,  1884,   Coal  Flora  of 

Pa,,  p.  769,  Coal  Meas. 
spinosa,  Goeppert,  1841,  Gatt.  Foss.  Pflan- 

zen,  p.  70,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  281, 

Coal  Meas. 
splendens,    Dawson,    1871,    Foss.    Plants 

Canada,  p.  53,  Devonian, 
splendens,    Lesquereux,  1870,   (Hymeno- 
phyllites splendens,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

4,  p.  413,  Coal  Meas. 
squamosa,   Lesquereux,   1858,  Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  862,  Coal  Meas. 
subalata,    Weiss,    1869,    Foss.    Flora    d. 

jungst.  Steink.   form.,  p.  57,  and  Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  272,  Coal  Meas. 
tenella,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  Veg.  Foss., 

p.  186,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  836, 

Coal  Meas. 
tenuifolia,    see  Hymenophyllites  tenuifo- 

lius.  » 

tracyana,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  766,  Coal  Meas. 
trichomanoides,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d. 

Veg.   Foss.,  p.  182,   and  Coal  Flora   of 

Pa.,  p.  286,  Coal  Meas. 
tridactylites,    Brongniart,    1828,  Hist.   d. 

Veg.  Foss.  p.  181,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  284,  Coal  Meas. 
trifoliata,    see     Pseudopecopteris    trifoli- 

ata. 
SPHENOTHALLUS,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  261.     [Ety.  spften,  a  wedge;  thallos, 

a  branch  or  frond.]     Stem  with  diverg- 
ing wedge-formed  leaves,  thickened,  and 

sometimes  subcoriaceous.     Type  S.  an- 

gustifolius. 


144 


PLANTS. 


[SPI.— STE. 


angustifolius,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  261,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  75.— Sphenothallus  nngustifolius. 

latifolius,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y..  vol.  1,  p. 

262,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

SPIRANGIUM,  Schimper,  1S74,  Traite  de  Pai£- 
ontologie  Vegetale,  vol.  2,  p.  514.  [Ety. 
speira,  that  which  is  twisted  ;  from  the 
coiled  marking  around  the  pod.]  Ob- 
long or  spindle-shaped  bpdif  s  formed  of 
narrow  linear  leaves,  interwoven  or 
twisted  in  spiral,  with  the  ends  united 
into  a  pedicel,  which  joins  them  hori- 
zontally or  in  umbels.  Type  S.  car- 
bonarium.  , 

appendiculatum,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Palse- 
oxyris  appendiculata,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  465,  Coal  Meas. 

corrugatum,  L-isquereux,  1870,(Paheoxyris 
corrugata,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  466, 
Coal  Meas. 

intermedium,  Lesquereux,  1880.  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  521,  Coal  Meas. 

multiplicatum,  Lesquereux,  1880.  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  520,  Coal  Meas. 

prendeli,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  464,  Coal  Meas. 
Spirophyton,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.    Hist.  p.  78.     [Ety.  speira,  a 
coil;   phyton,   a    plant.]     Syn.  fot   Tao- 
nurus. 

cauda-galli,  see  Taonurus  caudagalli. 

crassum,  see  Taonurus  crassus. 

typus,  see  Taonurus  typus. 

velum,  see  Taonurus  velum. 
-SPORANGITKS,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  8,  and  Proc.  Geo.  Soc.  Lond., 
vol.  15,  p.  164.  [Sig.  seed-vessel.] 
Spores  and  spore-cases  of  Lepidoden- 
dron,  Calamites,  and  similar  plants, 
which  can  not  be  otherwise  referred. 
Type  S.  papillatus. 

acuminatus,  Dawson,  1861,  (Annularia 
acuminata,)  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  6,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  540,  Portage  Gr. 

bilobatus,  Dawson,  1883,  Proc.  Am.  Ass. 
Ad.  Sci.,  vol.  32,  p.  260,  Marcellus  Shale. 

glaber,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8, 
and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  491,  Coal  Meas. 

huronensis,  Dawson,  1871,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  p.  257,  Ham.  Gr. 

papillatus,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 
8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  491,  Coal  Meas. 


I  SPOROCYSTIS,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  458.  [Ety.  sporos,  seed; 
kustis,  bladder.]  Agglom-  @ 

erations  of  macro- 
spheres  grouped  together  §i 
or  cohering  or  agglutinate 
by  the  borders,  more  gen- 
erally without  cases,  and 
therefore  of  uncertain 
reference.  Type  S.  planus. 

planus,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  458,  Coal  Meas. 

Staphylopteris,  1838,  Presl,  in  Sternb.  Vers. 
Darst.  Flora  der  Vorwelt.  [Ety.  staphyle, 
bunch  of  grapes ;  pteris,  fern.]  Not  an 
American  palaeozoic  genus. 

asteroides,  see  Sorocladus  asteroides. 

sagiltata,  see  Sorooladus  sagittatus. 

stellata,  see  Sorocladus  stellatus. 

wnrtheni,  see  Sorocladus  wortheni. 
;  STEMMATOPTEIUS,  Corda,  1845,  Beitriige  zur 
Flora  der  Vorwelt,  p.  76.  [Ety.  stem- 
matos,  a  wreath  ;  pteris,  fern.]  Trunks 
erect,  cylindrical ;  scars  large,  disciform, 
oval,  round,  or  ovate,  not  contiguous, 
disposed  in  quincuncial  or  spiral  order  ; 
outside  borders  or  rings  flat;  internal 
disk  formed  by  impressions  of  fascicles 
of  vascular  tissues,  shaped  like  a  horse- 
shoe, the  horns  curving  inward  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  scars,  either  short  and 
hooked,  or  descending  below  the  middle 
of  the  scars,  and  there  united.  Type  S. 
peltigera. 

anceps,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  838,  Coal  Meas. 

angustata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  339,  Coal  Meas. 

cyclostigma,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa,  p.  341,  Coal  Meas. 

emarginata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  337,  Coal  Meas. 

gigantea,  Lesquereux,  1858,  (Caulopteris 

gigantea,)  Geo.  of   Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.   869, 
oal  Meas. 
hirsuta,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  337,  Coal  Meas. 
insignis,   Lesquereux,  1870,    (Caulopteris 
insignis,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  459, 

Coal  Meas. 
microstigma,  Les- 
quereux, 1884, 
Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  838,  Coal 
Meas. 

mimica,  Lesque- 
reux, 1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

341,  Coal  Meas. 
polita,       Lesque- 
reux, 1880,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 

342,  Coal  Meas. 
punctata,      Les- 
quereux,    1858, 

(Caulopteris   punctata,)  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  869,  Coal  Meas. 
schimperi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal    Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  338,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  77.— Stemroatopteris 
miraica,  leaf  scar. 


STE.— STI.] 


PLANTS. 


145 


squainosa,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  339,  Coal  Meas. 

wortheni,  Lesquereux,  1866,  (Caulopteris 
wortheni,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  459, 
Coal  Meas. 

STERNBERGIA,  Artis,  1825,  Antediluvian 
Phytology,  p.  8.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
The  piths  of  Dadoxylon,  Sigillaria,  and 
other  plants  usually  preserved  as  casts 
in  sandstone,  retaining  more  or  less 
perfectly  the  transverse  partitions  into 
which  the  pith  cylinders  were  divided 
in  the  process  of  growth.  Type  S. 
transverse. 

transversa,  Steinhaur,  1818,  (Phytolithus 
transversus,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Ass'n., 
vol.  1,  p.  295,  Coal  Meas. 

var.  angularis,  Dawson,  1865,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  22,  p.  165,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  78.— Stern bergia  angularis, 
pith  of  Dadoxylon. 

var.  approximata,  Dawson,  1865,  Quar. 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  22,  p.  165,  Coal 
Meas. 

var.  distans,  Dawson,  1865,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  22,  p.  165,  Coal  Meas. 

var.  obscura,  Dawson,  1865,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  22,  p.  165,  Coal  Meas. 
STIQMARIA,  Brongniart,  1822,  Class,  d.  Veg. 
Foss.  in  Mem.  du.  Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  d. 
Paris,  torn.  8,  p.  203.  [Ety.  stigma,  a 
dot  or  puncture.]  Floating  stems  or 
roots,  generally  growing  horizontally, 
distantly  dichotomous  ;  branches  long, 
scarcely  variable  in  size  in  their  whole 
length,  subcylindrical  or  compressed; 
pith,  a  woody  cylinder,  often  eccen- 
trical, composed  of  fascicles  of  vessels 
disposed  star-like  ;  leaves  long,  tubulose, 
linear  when  flattened,  leaving  after  dis- 
ruption, on  the  surface  of  the  stems, 
round  scars  composed  of  two  concen- 
trical  rings,  with  a  central  umbonate 
mammilla,  pitted  in  the  middle  by  a 
punctiform  vascular  scar.  Type*  S. 
ficoides. 

arncena,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  516,  Coal  Meas. 

anabathra,  Corda,  1845,  Beitrage  zur  Flora 
der  Vorwelt,  p.  34,  Coal  Meas. 

areolata,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can- 
ada, p.  23,  Devonian. 

costata,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  2,  p.  870,  Coal  Meas. 

elliptica,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  451,  Coal  Meas. 

eveni,  see  Stigmarioides  eveni. 


exigua,  Dawson,   1862,   Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  308,  Chemung  Gr. 
ficoides,  Brogniart,  1822,  Mem.  du.  Mus. 

d'Hist.  Nat.  de  Paris,  torn.  8,    p.    203, 

Coal  Meas. 
ficoides  var.  a,  b,  c,  d,  e,  f,  g,  h,  i,  k,  1, 

Dawson,   1865,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 

vol.  22,  p.  148,  Coal  Meas. 
ficoides   var.    reticulata,    Goeppert,    1841, 

Gatt.   d.    Foss.    Pflanzen,    p.    13,    Coal 

Meas. 
ficoides  var.  stellata,  Goeppert,  1841,  Gatt. 

d.  Foss.  Pflanzen,  p.  13,  Coal  Meas. 
ficoides    var.    undulata,    Gceppert,    1841, 

Gatt.  d.    Foss.    Pflanzen,    p.    13,    Coal 

Meas. 
irregularis,  Lesquereux,  1858,   Geo.   Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  870,  Coal   Meas.     [Ety. 

from  the  irregularity  of  the  scars.] 
minor,  Goeppert,  1841,  Gatt.  d.  Foss.  Pflan- 
zen, p.  13,  Coal  Meas. 
minuta,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  871,  Coal  Meas. 
minutissima,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants 

Can.,  p.  23,  Devonian, 
perlata,  Dawson,  1871,  Foss.  Plants  Can- 
ada, page  22,  Devonian, 
pusilla,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  460,  Devonian, 
radicans,  Lesquereux,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  2,  p.  870,  Coal  Meas. 
stellaris,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Sigillarioides 

stellaris,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  450, 

Coal  Meas. 
umbonata,  Lesquereux,   1858,   Geo.  Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  870,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  79.— Stigraaria  ficoides,  %  diam. 

STIGMARIOIDES,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  452.  [Ety.  from  its  re- 
semblance to  Stigmaria.~\  Fragments  of 
rhizomas,  with  surface  marked  by 
small  round  impressions,  irregularly 
disposed  and  without  central  vascular 
points,  base  of  detached  radicles  or  fila- 
ments. Type  S.  eveni. 

affinis,  see  Rachiopteris  affinis. 

eveni,  Lesquereux,  1866,  (Stigmaria 
eveni,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  448,  Coal 
Meas. 

linearis,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  455,  Coal  Meas. 

rugosus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  470,  Coal  Meas. 

selago  see  Rachiopteris  selago. 


146 


PLANTS. 


[STR.— TAO. 


truncatus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  453,  Coal  Meas. 

tuberosus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  453,  Coal  Meas. 

villosus,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  454,  Coal  Meas. 
Strobilus  caryophyllus,  Hildreth,  1837,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  31,  p.  32,  Coal 
Meas.  Possibly  a  Stigmaria. 
SYRINQODENDRON,  Sternberg,  1820,  Essai 
d'un  exposfe  Geognostico-botanique  de 
la  Flore  du  monde  primitif,  1st  Cahier, 
p.  26.  [Ety.  syrinx,  a  pipe;  dendron 
tree.]  Cortex  costate ;  vascular  scars 
united  in  one ;  resembles  decorticated 
stems  of  Sigillaria.  Type  8.  pes  capreoli. 

bistriatum,  Wood,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  12,  p.  521,  Coal  Meas. 

brongniarti,  Geinitz,  1855,(Sigillariabrong- 
niarti,)  Verst.  d.  Steink  form,  in  Sach- 
sen,  p.  47,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  504, 
Coal  Meas. 

cyclostigma,  Brongniart,  1828,  Hist.  d. 
Veg.  Foss.,  p.  480,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  505,  Coal  Meas. 

gracile,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  308,.  Waverly  Gr. 

kirtlandium,  Hildreth,  1837,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  &  Arts,  vol.  31,  p.  29,  Coal  Meas. 

magnificum,  Wood,  1866,  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  352,  Coal  Meas. 

organum,  see  Sigillaria  organum. 

pachyderma,  Brongniart,  1828,  (Sigillaria 
pachyderma,)  Prodr.  d.  Hist.  d.  Veg. 
Foss.,  p.  65,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  503, 
Coal  Meas. 

pescapreoli,  Sternberg,  1820,  Essai  d'un 
exposfe  Geognostico-botanique  de  la 
Flore  du  monde  primitif,  1st  Cahier,  p. 
26,  Coal  Meas. 

porteri,  Lesquereux,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  4,  p.  448,  Coal  Meas. 
SYRINGOXYLON,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  305.  [Ety.  syrinx, 
a  pipe;  xylon,  wood.]  Woody  tissue 
close,  thick- walled ;  ducts  many  times 
the  diameter  of  the  wood-cells,  thin 
walled,  with  transverse  pores  in  several 
series ;  medullary  rays  of  two  or  more 
series  of  muriform  cells ;  growth  rings, 
distinct.  Type  S.  mirabile. 

mirabile,  Dawson,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  305,  Ham.  Gr. 
TjRNiopHYLLUM,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  330.  [Ety.  tainia, 
ribbon ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Stems  large, 
leaves  crowded,  fistular,  flat  by  com- 
pression, thick,  exactly  linear,  decurring 
at  the  base;  surface  smooth,  opaque,  or 
shining.  Type  T.  decurrens. 

brevifolium,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  788,  Coal  Meas. 

contextum,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  332,  Coal  Meas. 

decurrens,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  331,  and  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  464,  Coal  Meas. 

deflexum,  Lesquereux,  1878,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  331,  Coal  Meas. 


TJENIOPTERIS,  Brongniart,  128,  Prodr.  Hist, 
d.  Veg.  Foss.,  p.  61.  [Ety.  tainia, 
ribbon;  pttrix,  fern.]  Fronds  simple, 
large,  linear ;  medial  nerve  canaliculate, 
strong;  veins  open,  or  in  right  angle, 
thin,  forking  a  little  above  the  base  or 
more  generally  simple,  parallel,  some- 
times joined  to  a  marginal  nerve.  Type 
T.  vittata. 

lescuriana,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880,  Perm, 
or  Up.  Garb.  Flora,  p.  91,  Coal  Meas.  or 
Permian. 

newberryana,  Fontaine  &  White,  1880, 
Perm,  or  Up.  Carb.  Flora,  p.  91,  Coal 
Meas.  or  Permian. 

smithi,  Lesquereux,  1875,  Geo.  Rep.  Ala., 
.  78,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  153,  Coal 


FIG.  80.— Tseniopteris  smithi. 

truncata,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  743,  Coal  Meas. 
TAONURUS,  Fisher-Ooster,  1858,  Foss.  Fucoi- 
den  d.  Schweizer  Alpen,  p.  41.  [Ety. 
toon,  peacock  ;  oura,  tail.]  Frond  mem- 
branaceous,  derived  from  utricules  at- 
tached to  a  lateral  or  central  axis, 
erected  or  twisted  in  spiral,  flattened 
in  various  ways,  ribbed  ;  ribs  or  striae 
curved,  scythe-shaped,  converging  to 
the  borders,  which  are  either  free,  naked 
or  attached  on  one  side  or  all  around 
to  the  axis  or  its  branches.  Type  T. 
caudagalli. 


FIG.  81.— Taonurus  caudagalli. 

archimedes,  Ringueberg,  1884,  (Spirophy- 
ton  archimedes,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  144,  Medina  Gr. 

caudagalli,    Vanuxem,    1842,    (Fucoides 


PLANTS. 


147 


caudagalli,)  Geo.  Rep.  3d   Dist.  N.  Y., 
p.  128,  Devonian. 

colletti,  Lesquereux,  1870,  (Chondrites 
colletti,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  379, 
Coal  Meas. 

crassus,  Hall,  1863,  (Spirophyton  eras- 
sum,)  16  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,, 
p.  83,  Waverly  Gr. 

marginatus,  Lesquereux,  1866,  (Cauler- 
pitesrnarginatus,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  13,  p.  314,  Subcarb. 

retortus,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Retort  fucoid,) 
Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.,  N.  Y.,  p.  176, 
Portage  Gr. 

typus,  Hall,  1863,  (Spirophyton  typus,) 
16  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  80, 
Ham.  or  Chemung  Gr. 

velum,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Fucoides  velum,) 
Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  176,  Ham.  Gr. 
TRICHOMANITES,  Goeppert,  1836,  Syst.  Filic. 
Foss.  [Ety.  from  the  plant  Tricho- 
manes.~\  This  genus  is  only  known  in 
America  by  fragments  of  slender  pin- 
nules attached  to  long  petioles,  which 
are  of  doubtful  generic  affinity. 

filicula,  Dawson,    1863,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  464,  Devonian. 
TRICHOPHYCUS,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  24.  [Ety. 
trichos,  hair ;  phukos,  sea-weed.]  Simple 
branching  stems  having  markings  as  if 
by  the  folding  down  of  filaments.  Type 
T.  lanosum. 

lanosum,   Miller  &  Dyer, 
1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  24,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 
sulcatum,  Miller  &  Dyer, 

1878,  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No. 
2,  p.  4.  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

venosum,     S.    A.     Miller, 

1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  112,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

TRIGONOCAEPUM,  Brongniart, 
1828,  Prodr.  d.  Hist.  Veg. 

Foss.,  p.  137.      [Ety.    trigon,    triangle; 

karpos,  fruit.]     Fruits  ovoid,  compressed 

at  the  base  point  of  insertion,  three  or 

six  costate,  the  ribs  more  distinct  and 

prominent  toward  the  base,  sometimes 

disappearing  above  ;  apex  pitted  by  a 

small,  round  or  triquetre   mammillate 

cavity.    Type  T.  parkinsoni. 
adamsi,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal    Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  820,  Coal  Meas. 
ampulliforme,    Lesquereux,     1884,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  823,  Coal  Meas. 
avellanum,  Dawson,   1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.   8,  and   Acad.  Geol.,  p.  478, 

Coal  Meas. 
bertholletiforme,    Foster,    1853,   Ann.   of 

of  Sci.,  vol.  1,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

369,  Coal  Meas. 
carbonarium,    King,    1854,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  7,  p.  66,  Coal  Meas. 
dawsi,    Lindley    &   Hutton,    1837,    Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  3,  p.  321,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  586,  Coal  Meas. 


giffordi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  592,  Coal  Meas. 
grande,  Lesquereux,  1884,   Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  821,  Coal  Meas. 
hildrethi,  Lesquereux,    1858,    Geo.    Sur. 

Pa.,  vol.  2,  p.  877,  Coal  Meas. 
hildrethi,  Dawson,   syn.    (?)    for   Trigono- 

carpon  triloculare. 
hookeri,  Dawson,  1861,  Quar.  Jour.  Geol. 

Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  525,  Coal  Meas. 
intermedium,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  vol. 

8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  478,  Coal  Meas. 
juglans,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  2,  p.  460,  Low.  Coal  Meap. 
kansaseanum,     Lesquereux,     1884,     Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  822,  Coal  Meas. 
magnum,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  369,  Coal  Meas. 
mentzelianum,  Gceppert  &  Berger,  1848, 

De  Fruct.  et.  Sem.,  p.  19,  and  Coal  Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  590,  Coal  Meas. 
minus,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.   8,  and   Acad.   Geol.,  p.   478,  Coal 

Meas. 
multicarinatum,    Newberry,    1873,    Ohio 

Pal.,    vol.    1,   p.    478,    Carb.   Conglom- 
erate, 
multistriatum,    Lesquereux,    1884,    Coal 

Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  823,  Coal  Meas. 
noeggerathi,  Sternberg,  1820,   (Palmacites 

no3ggerathi,)  Flor.  d.  Vorw.,  p.  55,  and 

Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  584,  Coal  Meas. 
oblongum,  Lindley  &  Hutton,  1837,  Foss. 

Flora,  vol.  3,  p.  193,  Coal  Meas. 
oliviforme,    Lindley    &    Hut- 
ton,  1837,  Foss.   Flora,  vol. 

3,  p.  222,  and  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  590,  Coal  Meas. 
ornatum,      Newberry,      1873, 

Ohio    Pal.,    vol.   1,   p.  368, 

Carb.  Conglomerate, 
parkinsoni,   Brongniart,  1828, 

Prodr.  Hist.   Veg.  Foss.,  p. 

137,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  589,  Coal  Meas. 
perantiquum,    Dawson,    1871, 

Foss.  Plants  Canada,  p.  62, 

Devonian.  FIG.  83. 

perpusillum,      Lesquereux,  TrlgJ?01°car' 

1884,  Coal  Flora  of   Pa.,  p.  oliviforme 

820,  Coal  Meas. 
racemosum,    Dawson,   1862,    Quar.   Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  324,  Devonian, 
rostellatum,  Lesquereux,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  460,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
rotundum,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 

8,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  478,  Coal  Meas. 
saffordi,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora  of 

Pa.,  p.  587,  Coal  Meas. 
schultzanum,  Gceppert  &  Berger,  1848,  De 

Fruct.,  etc.,  p.  19,  and  Coal  Flora  of  Pa., 

p.  819,  Coal  Meas. 
sigillarise,  Dawson,  1863,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8, 

and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  477,  Coal  Meas. 
tricuspidatum,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  368,  Coal  Meas. 
triloculare,   Hildreth,    1837,    (Carpolithes 

trilocularis,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  31,  p. 

29,  Conglomerate  and  Low-lCoal  Meas. 


148 


PLANTS. 


[TRI. — WHI. 


woodruffi,  Moss,   1852,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  5,  Coal  Meas. 
TRIPHYLLOPTERIS,  Schimper,  1874,  Traitfe  de 
Palfeontologie  Vegetale,  vol.  2,  p.  40. 
[Ety.  tria,  three ;  phyllon,  a  leaf  ;  pteris, 
&  fern.]  Lower  pinnules  subopposite, 
tripartite  or  trifoliate,  upper  ones  sim- 
ple, all  narrowed  or  contracted  to  a 
flat,  slightly  decurring  pedicel ;  veins 
all  equal,  simple  or  dichotomous,  di- 
verging fan-like.  Type  T.  lescuriana. 
cheathami,  Les- 
quereux, 1884, 
13th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Ind.,  p.  70, 
Coal  Meas. 
lescuriana,  Meek, 
1875,  (Cyclop- 
teris  lescuri- 
ana,) Bull.  Phil. 


,   p. 
Coal 


FIG.  84.-Tri 


l.-Triphyllopteris 
cheathami. 


Soc.  Wash. 
16,  and 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p. 
297,  Coal  Meas. 
Trochophyllum, 
Wood,  1860, 
Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  This 
name  was  pro- 
posed as  a  sub- 
stitute for  An- 
nw/ana,Sternb., 
because  the  latter  was  preoccupied  as  a 
generic  name  in  the  subkingdom  Mol- 
lusca ;  but  Trochophyllum  was  preoc-  i 
cupied  for  a  genus  of  fossil  corals  by  ' 
t-  Edwards  &  Haine,  in  1851. 

clavatum,  see  Annularia  clavata. 
I  lineare,  see  Plumalina  linearis. 
UIX>DENDRON,  Rhode,  1823,  Beitrage  z.  Pflanz. 
d.  Vorwelt.     [Ety.  ule,  wood  ;  dendron, 
tree.]    Arborescent;  rarely  branching; 
bearing  in  two  opposite  rows  round  or 
oval   scars,  im- 
pressions of  the 
base   of    strob- 
iles,   marked 
with       concen- 
trical  scales  and 
a  central  mam- 
milla ;   leaves 
short       lanceo- 
late,  leaf   scars 
disposed  in  spi- 
ral, small,  rhom- 
boidal    or   sub- 
rhom  boidal; 
fructifications 
in   long,   cylin- 
drical strobiles. 
Type  U.  majus. 
commutatum, 
Schimper,  1874, 
Pal.  Veg.,   vol. 
2,   p.   40,    Coal 
Meas. 

ellipticum,  Sternberg,  1838,  Vers.  Darst. 
Flora  der  Vorwelt,  vol.  2,  p.  186,  and 
Coal  Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  405,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  85.— Ulodendron 
elongatum. 


elongatum,   Lesquereux,  1870,   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  4,  p.  437,  Coal 

Meas. 
flexuosum,     see     Halonia 

flexuosa. 
lindleyanum,  Presl,  1833, 

in     Sternberg,      Vers. 

Darst.  Flora  der  Vor- 
welt, p.  185,  Coal  Meas. 
majum,     Rhode,      1823, 

Beitr.     z.     Pflanz.     d. 

Vorw.,  pi.  3,  fig.  1,  and 

Coal   Flora  of   Pa.,   p. 

401,  Coal  Meas. 
minus,  Lindley  &  Hut- 
ton,  1831,  Foss.  Flora, 

vol.  1,  p.  6,  Coal  Meas. 
punctatuin,     Lindley    & 

Button,  1833,  (Bothro- 

dendron     punctatum,) 

Foss.  Flora,  vol.   2,  p. 

80,  and  Coal  Flora  of    FIG.  86.-Volk- 

Pa.,  p.  405,  Coal  Meas.  maunia  fertili8' 
VOLKMANNIA,  Sternberg,  1823,  Tent.  Flor. 
Primord.,p.30. 
[Ety.  proper 
name.]  Stems 
striated,  artic- 
ulated, and  the 
i  n  fl  o  r  escence 
spiked.  Close- 
ly related  to 
Asterophylli- 
tes.  Type  V. 
polystachya. 
crassa,  Lesque- 
reux, 1884, 
Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  719,  Coal 
Meas. 


FIG.  87.-Walchia  pinnf- 
formis. 


fertilis,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal  Flora  of 
Pa.,  p.  720,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  88.— Whittleseya  elegans. 
praelonga,    Lesquereux,    1880,    (Calamos- 
tachys  prselongus,)  Coal  Flora  of   Pa., 
p.  59,  Coal  Meas. 


WAI,.— WHIT.] 


PROTOZOA. 


149 


WALCHIA,  Sternberg,  1825,  Vers.  Darst. 
Flora  der  Vorwelt,  p.  22.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Arborescent,  like  Araucaria; 
branches  with  feathery  foliage ;  strob- 
iles oblong,  cylindrical,  or  elongated, 
with  ovate  scales,  sharp  or  lanceolate ; 
seed  minute,  ovate.  Type  W.  pinni- 
formis. 

gracilis,  Dawson,  1863,  (Araucarites  gra- 
cilis,)  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8,  and  Acad.  Geol. 
p.  474,  Coal  Meas. 

robusta,  Dawson,  1871,  Rep.  on  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island,  p.  43,  Coal  Meas. 


WHITTLESEYA,  Newberry,  1874,  Proc.  Cleve- 
land Acad.  Sci.,  p.  43.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Frond  simple  or  pinnate,  nerves 
fasciculate,  confluent  to  the  base,  not 
dichotomous.  Type  W.  elegans. 

elegans,  Newberry,  1874,  Proc.  Cleveland 
Acad.  Sci.,  p.  43,  Coal  Meas. 

integrifolia,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora, 
of  Pa.,  p.  524,  Coal  Meas. 

microphylla,  Lesquereux,  1884,  Coal 
Flora  of  Pa.,  p.  843,  Coal  Meas. 

undulata,  Lesquereux,  1880,  Coal  Flora 
of  Pa.,  p.  525,  Coal  Meas. 


ANIMAL  KINGDOM. 


THE  Animal  Kingdom  is  divided  into  seven  Subkingdoms,  viz. :  Protozoa  or 
Protista,  Ccelenterata,  Echinodermata,  Molluscoidea,  Mollusca,  Articulata,  and 
Vertebrata. 

SUBKINGDOM   PROTOZOA. 

(protos,  first;  zoon,  animal). 

The  Palaeozoic  Protozoa  are  included  in  two  Classes,  viz. :  Rhizopoda  and 
Porifera. 

CLASS  RHIZOPODA  (riza,  root;  pous,  foot). 

The  Rhizopoda  are  the  simplest  and  lowest  forms  of  animal  life.  They  are 
generally  microscopic,  though  some  of  them  are  more  or  less  conspicuous  to  the 
naked  eye.  They  abound  in  fresh-water  ponds,  where  each  consists  of  a  shapeless 
mass,  constantly  changing  its  form,  and  shooting  out  and  withdrawing  finger-like 
processes,  but  visible  only  under  the  magnifying  power  of  a  microscope.  They 
occur  in  marshes,  ponds,  lakes,  and  seas,  and  wherever  dampness  exists,  from  the 
greatest  depths  to  the  snow-line  of  the  mountains.  The  greater  portion  are  marine, 
and  have  tiny  shells  that  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  ocean  mud,  and  abound 
in  the  sands  of  every  ocean  shore.  The  simplest  kinds  are  not  provided  with  a 
shell  or  investing  membrane,  but  consist  of  a  fluid,  viscid,  albuminoid  jelly,  having 
an  extensile  and  contractile  power,  which  is  regarded  as  the  elementary  basis  of 
organic  bodies  in  general.  This  jelly  is  called  protoplasm  (protos,  first;  plasso,  I 
mold),  and  resembles  in  motive  power  the  flesh  of  higher  animals,  from  which 
character  it  is  called  sarcode  (sarx,  flesh;  eidos,  form).  The  protoplasm  has  no 
fixed  organs  of  any  kind,  internal  or  external.  Dr.  Carpenter,  speaking  of  the 
Rhizopoda,  says: 

"  If  the  views  which  I  have  expressed  as  to  the  nature  and  relations  of  their 
living  substance  be  correct,  that  substance  does  not  present  any  such  differentiation 
as  is  necessary  to  constitute  what  is  commonly  understood  as  '  organization '  even 

11 


150  PROTOZOA. 

of  the  lowest  degree  and  simplest  kind ;  so  that  the  physiologist  has  here  a  case  in 
which  those  vital  operations  which  he  is  accustomed  to  see  carried  on  by  an  elabo- 
rate apparatus  are  performed  without  any  special  instruments  whatever — a  little 
particle  of  apparently  homogeneous  jelly  changing  itself  into  a  greater  variety  of 
form  than  the  fabled  Proteus,  laying  hold  of  its  food  without  members,  swallowing 
it  without  a  mouth,  digesting  it  without  a  stomach,  appropriating  its  nutritious 
material  without  absorbent  vessels  or  a  circulating  system,  moving  from  place  to 
place  without  muscles,  feeling  (if  it  has  any  power  to  do  so)  without  nerves,  prop- 
agating itself  without  genital  apparatus ;  and  not  only  this,  but  in  many  instances 
forming  shelly  coverings  of  a  symmetry  and  complexity  not  surpassed  by  those  of 
any  testaceous  animals." 

The  fresh-water,  shapeless,  gelatinous  mass  is  called  the  Amoeba,  and  it  shows 
a  voracious  disposition  by  seizing  upon  minute  substances  and  appropriating  them 
to  the  nutrition  of  its  own  jelly.  This  it  does  by  surrounding  and  inclosing  the 
food  supply,  which  is  retained  until  it  is  dissolved  or  the  desired  part  appropriated. 

The  lowest  Order  of  Rhizopoda  has  received  the  name  of  Monera  (mmeres, 
simple),  of  which  Prof.  Haeckel  says: 

"  In  a  state  of  rest  most  Monera  appear  as  small  globules  of  slime,  invisible,  or 
barely  visible,  to  the  naked  eye,  and  at  most  about  the  size  of  a  pin-head.  When 
the  Moner  moves,  there  are  produced  on  the  surface  of  the  little  slime-ball  finger- 
like  processes,  or  very  fine  radiating  threads,  the  so-called  false  feet,  or  pseudopods. 
The  latter  are  simple  continuous  processes  of  the  structureless,  albumen-like  mass 
of  which  the  body  consists.  We  are  unable  to  perceive  different  parts  in  it,  and 
we  can  obtain  direct  proof  of  the  absolute  simplicity  of  the  semi-fluid  mass  of  albu- 
men ;  for,  with  the  aid  of  the  microscope,  we  can  follow  the  Moner  as  it  receives 
its  nourishment.  When  minute  bodies  suitable  for  food,  as,  for  instance,  small 
particles  of  decayed  organic  bodies  or  microscopic  plants  and  infusoria,  accidentally 
come  into  contact  with  the  Moner,  they  remain  hanging  to  the  sticky  surface  of  the 
semi-fluid  mass  of  slime,  and  here  produce  an  irritation,  which  is  followed  by  a  strong 
afflux  from  the  slimy  mass  of  the  body,  and  they  become  finally  completely  inclosed 
by  it,  or  they  are  drawn  into  the  body  of  the  Moner  by  displacement  of  the  sev- 
eral albuminous  particles,  and  there  digested,  being  absorbed  by  simple  diffusion 
(endosmosis). 

"Just  as  simple  as  is  the  nourishment  is  the  mode  of  reproduction  of  these 
primitive  beings,  which  one  can  not  positively  call  animal  or  plant.  All  Monera 
propagate  themselves  only  in  an  asexual  manner  by  self-division.  When  such  a 
speck — for  example,  a  Protamceba  or  a  Protogenes — has  attained  a  certain  size  by 
the  assimilation  of  foreign  albuminous  matter,  it  falls  into  two  pieces;  there  is 
formed  a  constriction  around  the  middle,  which  finally  leads  to  the  separation  of 
the  two  halves.  Each  half  becomes  rounded,  and  then  appears  as  an  independent 
individual,  which  commences  anew  the  simple  play  of  the  vital  phenomena  of  nu- 
trition and  propagation.  In  other  Monera  (VampyreHa)  the  body,  in  the  process 
of  propagation,  instead  of  two,  falls  into  four  equal  parts;  and  in  others  again 
(Protomonas,  Protomyxa,  Myxastrum),  at  once  into  a  large  number  of  small  globules 
of  slime,  each  of  which  again,  by  simple  growth,  becomes  like  the  parent  body." 

The  marine  Rhizopoda  are  usually  furnished  with  a  horny  shell,  and  live,  singly 
or  socially,  in  shells  having  a  series  of  chambers.  The  Sub-class  Monothalamia 


PROTOZOA.  151 

(monos,  one;  thcdamos,  chamber),  includes  those  Bhizopoda  which  are  inclosed  in  a 
single  shell,  and  have  a  minute  opening  for  the  extrusion  of  the  filamentous  pro- 
cesses by  which  motion  is  effected.  The  Sub-class  Polythalamia  includes  those  hav- 
ing calcareous  shells,  consisting  of  a  series  of  distinct  chambers,  which  sometimes 
communicate  with  each  other,  and  at  other  times  appear  to  be  completely  closed 
up.  Each  chamber  is  supposed  to  contain  an  independent  animal,  though  the  indi- 
vidual animals  may  be  so  connected,  through  the  openings  communicating  between 
the  cells,  as  to  constitute  a  common  mass.  In  some  genera  each  chamber  presents 
only  a  single  external  opening,  but  in  most  genera  the  substance  of  the  shell  is 
pierced  by  minute  pores,  like  a  sieve,  through  which  delicate  filaments  are  pro- 
truded. 

The  Order  Kadiolaria  (radiolus,  a  litle  ray,)  includes  many  beautiful  forms,  liv- 
ing and  swimming  in  vast  multitudes  near  the  surface  of  the  ocean.  Most  of  them 
have  a  complex  silicious  skeleton  of  great  beauty  of  form  and  symmetry,  and  after 
death  the  skeletons  sink  to  the  bottom  of  the  ocean,  where  they  often  furnish  the 
chief  part  of  the  mud.  On  the  island  of  Barbadoes,  Tertiary  strata  1,100  feet  in 
thickness,  consisting  of  marls,  tripoli,  and  ferruginous  sandstone,  are  largely  com- 
posed of  the  silicious  skeletons  of  Radiolaria.  The  ISicobar  Islands  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago,  consisting  of  clays,  marls,  and  arenaceous  marls,  to  the  extent  of 
2,000  feet  in  thickness  of  Tertiary  age,  are  largely  composed  of  the  remains  of  this 
Order. 

The  Order  Foraminifera  (foramen,  an  aperture;  fero,  I  bear,)  includes  all  the 
families  of  Palaeozoic  Rhizopoda  noticed  in  this  work.  They  are  marine  shell- 
bearing  animals,  living  at  the  bottom  of  oceans  and  seas,  attached,  free,  or  pelagic, 
and  swimming  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  from  whence  their  dead  shells  form  an 
incessant  rain  to  the  bottom  of  the  ocean.  They  are  generally  microscopic,  though 
a  few  are  several  inches  in  diameter.  Some  extinct  genera  are  much  larger  than 
any  of  the  living  forms.  Prof.  Leidy  obtained  18,700  shells  of  a  single  species  of 
Nonionina  from  an  ounce  of  mud  scraped  from  the  surface,  between  tides,  at  At- 
lantic City.  In  another  sample,  from  Cape  May,  he  obtained  38,400  shells ;  and 
in  an  ounce  from  the  bathing  beach  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  he  estimated  there 
were  280,000  shells  of  several  genera  and  species.  The  sediment  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  is  so  largely  constituted  of  one  kind  of  foraminiferous  shell,  that  it  is  gener- 
ally called  Globigerina  ooze.  Common  chalk  is  almost  wholly  composed  of  the 
shells  of  Foraminifera.  The  building  stone  of  the  city  of  Paris  is  almost  wholly 
made  of  the  shells  of  Foraminifera  belonging  to  the  Sub-order  Miliola.  The  Num- 
mulite  limestone  of  different  countries  is  composed  of  foraminiferous  shells,  and  so 
is  the  Fusulina  limestone  of  Carboniferous  age.  The  microscopic  genera  and  species 
of  the  Palaeozoic  rocks  have  not  been  much  studied.  The  classification  of  the  Pa- 
laeozoic Foraminifera,  so  far  as  they  have  been  investigated,  is  as  follows : 

FAMILY  C ALCISPH^ERID^:.  — Calcisphaera. 

FAMILY  EOZOONIDJE. — Eozoon. 

FAMILY  FUSULINHXS;. — Fusulina,  Loftusia,  Moellerina. 

FAMILY  GLOBIGERINID.E. — Calcarina. 

FAMILY  LITUOLIDJE. — Endothyra,  Nodosinella,  Valvulina. 

FAMILY  AFFINITY,  UNCERTAIN. — Rhabdaria, 


152  PROTOZOA. 

CLASS  PORIFERA  (poros,  canal;  phero,  I  bear). 

The  Porifera  include  the  Sponges,  and  are  not  to  be  regarded  as  any  more 
highly  organized  than  the  Rhizopoda.  A  sponge  consists  of  a  congeries  of  horny 
filaments,  interlaced  in  every  direction  so  as  to  form  an  intricate  network  of  inter- 
communicating cells.  Imbedded  in  these  filaments,  in  the  majority  of  sponges,  are 
a  number  of  minute  needle-shaped,  or  forked,  or  radiated  silicious,  or  calcareous 
particles  of  various  forms,  called  spiculse.  The  spiculse  may  be  acicular  and  pointed 
at  both  ends,  or  have  a  small  knob  at  one  end,  while  the  opposite  end  is  pointed; 
or  one  end  may  be  a  fork,  with  two  or  three  prongs.  The  horny  filaments,  witb 
their  contained  spiculse,  constitute  the  skeleton  which  supports  the  living  sponge. 
The  living  sponge  consists  of  a  mere  coating  of  gelatinous  matter  spread  over  all 
the  filaments,  of  the  consistence  of  the  white  of  an  egg,  which  runs  freely  away 
from  the  skeleton  or  framework  of  the  sponge  when  taken  out  of  the  water. 
Under  the  microscope  this  gelatinous  matter  is  found  to  consist  of  an  aggregation 
of  sarcode  cells,  and  each  cell  appears  to  possess  an  independent  existence ;  and  even 
when  detached  from  its  fellows  it  has  the  power  to  move  by  the  extension  of  its 
substance  in  various  directions.  In  a  living  sponge  there  is  an  infinite  number  of 
minute  holes,  and  a  lesser  number  of  larger  openings.  The  water  is  imbibed 
through  the  smaller  pores,  and  thrown  out  from  the  larger  ones.  The  circula- 
tion results  from  the  action  of  cilia,  in  much  the  same  way  motion  is  effected  by 
the  Rhizopoda. 

Sponges  attach  themselves  to  all  kinds  of  objects,  whether  fixed  or  floating. 
Some  cover  rocks  and  shells  with  a  spongy  incrustation;  others  hang  from  floating 
sea-weeds,  and  others  shoot  up  branched  stems,  or  a  massive,  globular  framework. 
The  Cliona  is  a  boring  sponge,  that  imbeds  itself  in  shells  or  other  calcareous  sub- 
stances. Sponges  of  the  same  species  assume  very  different  forms.  In  fact,  there 
are  no  animals  in  which  the  variations  are  as  great  in  a  single  species.  They 
attain  their  greatest  development  in  tropical  seas,  but  occur  in  the  most  northern 
latitudes. 

The  genera  and  species  of  living  sponges  are  largely  founded  upon  the  frame- 
work and  spiculse,  and  of  course  the  same  characters  are  sought  in  fossil  sponges 
for  the  purpose  of  classification.  Among  the  Palaeozoic  sponges,  form  is  of  much 
more  importance  than  it  is  among  living  sponges,  as  we  may  believe,  because 
we  find  so  many  specimens  of  the  same  form  and  size  in  a  given  species,  not  only 
at  one  locality,  but  at  distant  places,  even  hundreds  or  thousands  of  miles  apart, 
in  the  same  Group  of  rocks ;  as,  for  instance,  Astylospongia  prcemorsa,  on  the  Island 
of  Gottland,  in  the  Baltic  Sea,  and  in  Tennessee  and  Indiana.  When  Silurian 
sponges  are  silicified,  the  surface  is  generally  very  poorly  preserved,  and  the  spiculse 
perfectly  preserved ;  but  calcareous  and  unsilicified  specimens  of  the  same  species 
will  show  a  well-preserved  exterior  and  no  spiculse.  It  is  therefore  impossible  to 
determine  whether  the  sponge  in  its  living  state  had  calcareous  or  silicified  spiculse. 
In  the  fossilization  of  sponges  and  other  bodies,  and  even  long  after  fossilization  has 
taken  place,  silica  will  be  taken  up,  and  lime  will  be  deposited  in  its  place  in  some 
waters ;  while  in  other  waters  lime  will  be  taken  up,  and  silica  will  be  deposited 
in  its  stead.  An  original  calcareous  sponge,  when  converted  into  a  silicious  fossil, 
will  preserve  the  spiculse ;  but  if  a  sponge  bears  silicious  spiculse,  and  is  converted 


ANT.] 


PROTOZOA. 


153 


into  a  calcareous  fossil,  the  spiculse  will  disappear  in  the  coarser  lime  materials.  A 
possible  exception  might  exist  if,  in  the  process  of  change,  the  interior  of  the  sponge 
were  converted  into  calcspar.  The  spiculse,  therefore,  are  of  importance  in  the  de- 
termination of  genera  and  species  among  Palaeozoic  sponges,  only  when  silicified 
specimens  can  be  obtained. 

The  arrangement  of  the  Palaeozoic  sponges  into  families  is  as  follows :  . 

FAMILY   ANTHASPIDELLID.E. — Anthaspidella,    Climacospongia,   Edriospongia, 

Strep tosolen,  Zittelella. 

FAMILY  ARCELEOCYATHID.E.—  Archseocyathus,  Ethmophyllum. 
F AMIL  Y  ASTR^EOSPONGID^E.  — Astrseospongia. 
FAMILY  ASTYLOSPONGID^:. — Astylospongia,  Aulocopina,  Calathium,    Conop- 

terium,  Cyathospongia,  Eospongia,  Palseomanon,  Palaeospongia,  Trachyum, 

Trichospongia. 

FAMILY  BEATRICIIXE.—  Beatricea. 

FAMILY  BRACHIOSPONGID^E. — Brachiospongia,  Chirospongia. 
FAMILY  DICTYOSPONGID^:. — Cleodictya,    Cyathophycus,    Dictyophyton,     Ec- 

tenodictya,     Lyriodictya,     Phragmodictya,    Physospongia,    Protospongia, 

Rauffella,  Rhombodictyon,  Thamnodictya,  Uphantsenia. 

FAMILY  DYSTACTOSPONGIDJE. — Dystactospongia,  Heterospongia,  Saccospongia. 
FAMILY  LEPTONITID.E.  — Leptonitus. 
FAMILY  MICROSPONGID.E. — Hindia,  Microspongia. 
FAMILY  PAL^EACID^E. — Palseacis. 
FAMILY  PASCEOLID^E. — Pasceolus. 
FAMILY  PATTERSONIID.E.  — Pattersonia. 
FAMILY  PHARETRONES. — Batospongia,  Camarocladia,  Cylindrocoalia,  Strepto- 

spongia. 

FAMILY  RECEPTACULITLD^E. — Cerionites,  Receptaculites. 
FAMILY  STROMATOPORID^,. — Caunopora,     Ccenostroma,    Cryptozoon,  Dictyo- 

stroma,  Megastroma,   Strephochetus,    Stromatocerium,    Stromatopora,  Sy- 

ringostroma. 
FAMILY  AFFINITY  UNCERTAIN. — Astroconia,  Fungispongia,  Lepidolites,  Lep- 

tomitus. 


ANTHASPIDELLA,  Ulrich&  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Stir.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  256.  [Ety. 
anthos,  flower ;  aspis,  shield ;  ellus,  di- 
minutive.] Saucer  or  funnel-shaped, 
supported  by  a  short,  subcylindrical 
stem;  inosculating,  radiating  channels 
numerous,  and  those  on  the  upper  sur- 
face form  radical  canals  that  pass 
through  the  sponge-wall,  and  open  into 
the  channels  of  the  lower  surface; 
radiating  canals  closely  arranged  in  ver- 
tical series,  separated  by  vertical  sheets 
of  spicules ;  oscula  on  the  upper  sur- 
face ;  spicules  bifid  at  each  end,  the 
bifurcations  directed  nearly  at  right  an- 
gle, and  slightly  curving,  and  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  leave  minute  canals  of  tri- 
angular, quadrate,  or  polygonal  form ; 
surface  sometimes  covered  with  a  der- 
mal layer.  Type  A.  mammulata. 


fenestrata,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  264.  Trenton  Gr. 

firma,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p,  263,  Trenton  Gr. 

florifera,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  259,  Trenton  Gr. 

grandis,  Ulrich  &Everettj  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  262,  Trenton  Gr. 

magnifica,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  265,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

mammulata,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  258,  Trenton  Gr. 

obliqua,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  265,  Trenton  Gr. 

parvistellata,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  260,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

scutula,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  261,  Trenton  Gr. 


154 


PROTOZOA. 


[ARC.— BAT. 


Archseocyathellus,  Ford,  1873,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  135,  syn. 
for  Ethmopbyllum. 

ARCH^OCYATHUS,  Billings,  1861.  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  3,  and  354.  [Ety.  arche,  be- 
ginning; cyathus,  cup.]  An  elongated, 
cylindrical,  sponge-like  body  ;  large  end 
open ;  central  cavity  lined  by  an  end- 
otheca  and  external  surface  by  an 
epitheca ;  intervening  space  being  rilled 
with  poriferous  and  cellular  tissue ; 
walls  perforated.  Type  A.  atlanticus. 


FIG.  89.— Archseocyathus  atlanticus. 
a,  reduced ;  6,  transverse  section. 

atlanticus,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  5,  Up.  Taconic. 

billingsi,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  8.  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  74,  Up.  Taconic. 

mingo.nensis,  see  Ethmophyllum  mingan- 
ense,  though  Hinde  has  made  it  the 
type  of  a  new  genus,  Archseoscyphia. 

profundus,  see  Ethmophyllutn  profundum. 

rensselasricus,  see  Ethmophyllum  renssel- 

sericum. 

ASTR^EOSPONGIA,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil.  Fauna 
d.  West  Tenn.,  p.  13.  [Ety.  aster,  star; 
spongia,  sponge,]  Globular  or  disk-like, 
free  sponge  composed  of  regular  star- 
shaped  spicules,  without  order,  no 
epitheca  or  canals.  Type  A.  men- 
iscus. 

hamiltonensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Proc.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.1,  p.  12,  Ham. 
Gr. 

meniscus,  Roemer,  1848,  (Blumenbachium 
meniscus,)  Leonh.  and  Bronn's  Jahrb., 
p.  683,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  90.— Astrseospongia  meniscus. 

ASTROCONIA,  Sollas,  1881,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  37,  p.  254.  [Ety.  aster, 
star;  kvnia,  dust.]  Founded  upon  the 
appearance  of  various  spiculse  in  a 
grayish  silicious  dolomite.  Characters 
not  distinct.  Type  A.  granti.  The 
name  was  preoccupied  by  Edwards  & 
Haime  in  1848. 

granti,  Sollas,  1881,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc. 
Lond.,  vol.  37,  p.  254,  Niagara  Gr. 


ASTYLOSPONGIA,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil.  Fauna  d. 
West  Tenn.,  p.  7.  [Ety.  astylos,  without 
a  pillar;  spongia,  sponge.]  Globular  or 
disk-like,  free  sponge ;  inner  texture 
formed  of  small,  regular,  star-shaped 
spicules,  connected  by  their  rays ; 
canals  running  from  the  center  to  the 
surface  crossed  by  concentric  canals. 
Type  A.  prsemorsa. 

bursa,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  105,  Niagara  Gr. 

Christiana,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  344,  Niagara  Gr. 

imbricato-articulata,  Roemer,  1848,  (Siph- 
onia  imbricato-articulata,)  Leonh.  and 
Bronn's  Jahrb.,  p.  685,  and  Sil.  Fauna 
d.  West  Tenn.,  p.  12,  Niagara  Gr. 

inciso-lobata,  Roemer,  1848,  (Spongia  in- 
ciso-lobata,)  Leonh.  and  Bronn'a  Jahrb., 
p.  685,  and  Sil.  Fauna  d.  West  Tenn., 
p.  11,  Niagara  Gr. 

inornate,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  70,  syn.  for  Hindia 


parvula,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  20,  Trenton  Gr. 
perryi,  Billings,  1861,  Geo.  Vermont,  p. 

957,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
prsemorsa,  Goldfuss,  1826,  (Siphonia  prge- 

morsa,)  Petref.  Germ.,  p.  17,  and   Sil. 

Fauna,  d.  West  Tenn.,  p.  8,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  91.— Astylospongia  prsemorsa.    Vertical 
section,  snowing  cup. 

stellatim-sulcata,  Roemer,  1848,  (Spongia 
stellatim-sulcata,)  Leonh.  and  Bronn's 
Jahrb.,  p.  686,  and  Sil.  Fauna  West 
Tenn.,  p.  11,  Niagara  Gr. 

AULOCOPINA,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  7,  p.  230.  [Ety.  aulokopeo, 
cut  into  pipes.]  Elongate,  ovate,  or 
pyriform  ;  upper  face  concave,  with  an 
osculum  in  the  center,  from  which 
ridges  radiate  over  the  surface  and  de- 
scend to  the  base ;  the  osculum  is  the 
opening  of  a  central  cavity,  from  which 
smaller  branching  canals  radiate.  Type 
A.  granti. 

granti,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  7,  p.  231,  Niagara  Gr. 

BATOSPONGIA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8.  p.  246.  [Ety.  balos,  prickly 
bush;  spongia, sponge.]  Subhemispher- 
ical  or  subglobose,  consisting  of  small, 
inosculating,  subcylindrical  or  flattened 


PROTOZOA. 


155 


branches,  which  arise  from  a  reticulated 
base  ;  base  covered  with  a  dermal  layer, 
which  exhibits  on  its  inner  side  a  net- 
work of  substellate  or  irregularly 
branched  spicule  fiber ;  spicules  acerate, 
bifid,  trifid,  or  four-rayed.  Type  B. 
spicata. 

spicata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  246,  Coal  Meas. 

BEATRICEA,  Billings,  1875,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  343.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  This  genus  was  supposed  by 
Hyatt  (Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  1865,) 
to  belong  to  the  class  Cephalopoda, 
and  he  proposed  a  new  order  for  the 
genus,  to-wit :  Ceriolites,  from  keri&n, 
a  honey-comb ;  lithos,  a  stone ;  and  a 
family  Ceriolidae.  They  are,  however, 
long,  cylindrical  spongeoid  bodies.  Type 
B.  nodulosa. 

nodulosa,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  344,  Trenton  and 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

undulata,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  344,  Trenton  Gr. 

BELEMNOSPONGIA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  248.  [Ety.  belemnos, 
a  dart;  spongia,  sponge.]  Composed  of 
elongate  acerate  spicules,  which  radiate 
upward  and  outward  from  a  pointed 
base ;  spicules  large,  and  joined  to  each 
other  by  short  processes.  Type  B.  fas- 
cicularis. 

fascicularis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  248,  Burlington  Gr. 

Blumenbachium,  Konig,  1820,  Icones  fossiles, 

sectiles. 
meniscus,  see  Astneospongia  meniscus. 

BRACHIOSPONGIA,  Marsh,  1867,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  44,  p.  88. 
[Ety.  brachium,  arm ;  sp&ngia,  sponge.] 
A  short  vase  or  hollow  central  nucleus, 
throwing  out  large,  hollow  arms,  which 
are  closed  at  the  distal  extremities ; 
skeleton  comparatively  thin  and  bear- 
ing a  network  of  spicules  ;  all  observed 
specimens  are  silicious,  and  outer  sur- 
face therefore  destroyed.  Type  B. 
digitata. 


FIG.  92.— Brachiospongia  digitata.  %diam.,  show- 
ing large  gastral  cavity. 

digitata,  Owen,  1857,  (Scyphia  digitata,) 
Geo.  of  Ky.,  vol.  2,  p.  Ill,  Trenton  Gr. 

hoveyi,  Marsh,  1874,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad. 
Sci.,  p.  344,  syn.  for  B.  digitata,  but 


founded  on  a  specimen  having  twelve 

arms. 
lyoni,  Marsh,  1867,    Am.   Jour.    Sci.    and 

Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  44,  p.  88,  syn.  for  B. 

digitata,  but  founded  on   a   specimen 

having  eleven  arms. 
roemerana,  Marsh,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,   2d  ser.,    vol.   44,  p.  88,  syn.   for 

B.  digitata. 
CALATHIUM,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

&208.  [Ety.  kalathos,  a  small  wicker  bas- 
3t.]  Cylindro-turbinate  in  form,  per- 
forated by  small  canals  arranged  in 
longitudinal  and  transverse  rows;  ap- 
ertures round,  oval,  or  quadrangular; 
cup  deer.  Type  C.  formosum. 

affine,  Billings,  1865, 
Pal.  Foss.  vol.  1,  p. 
209,  Quebec  Gr. 

anstedi,  Billings.  1865, 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
201  and  337,  Quebec 
Gr. 

canadense,  Billings, 
1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  377,  Chazy  Gr. 

fittoni,  Billings,  1865,  Fl° 

T>  i  '17  11 

ral.  .boss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

211,  Quebec  Gr. 
formosum,  Billings, 

1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  209,  Quebec  Gr. 
infelix,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol,  8,  p.  274,  Trenton  Gr. 


Calathium 
canadense.  Verti- 
cal section,  showing 
cup. 


FIG.  94.— Calathium  formosum. 

pannosum,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  335,  Quebec  Gr. 

paradoxicum,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  358,  Calcif.  Gr.  Hinde,  in 
1889,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  p.  144, 
made  this  species  the  type  of  a  new 
genus,  Nipterella. 

CALCARINA,  D'Orbigny,  1826,  Tableau  Meth- 
pdique  de  la  Classe  des  Cephalopodes, 
in  Annales  des  Sciences  Naturelles, 
tome  7.  [Ety.  colds,  limestone.]  Free, 
convoluted,  depressed,  spire-coiled, sup- 
plemental growths  of  the  interior  shell, 
aperture  slit  in  the  terminal  chamber 
close  to  the  penultimate  convolution. 
A  living  genus  in  tropical  seas. 

ambigua,  Brady,  1878,  Monograph  of  Car- 
boniferous and  Permian  foraminifera, 
p.  141,  Carboniferous. 

CALCISPH^RA,  Williamson,  1880,  Mem.  Org. 
of  the  plants  of  the  Coal  Meas.,  pt.  10. 
[Ety.  calcis,  limestone ;  spheera,  sphere.] 
A  minute  globular  test,  having  an  aper- 
ture ;  wall  composed  of  minute  calcare- 
ous grains.  Type  C.  robusta. 


156 


PROTOZOA. 


[CAM.— CHI. 


robusta,  Williamson,  1880,  Mem.  Org.  of 
the  Coal  Meas.,  pt.  10,  Up.  Held  Gr. 


°o°  a 


FIG.  95.— Calclsphsera  robusta.  a,  natural  size ; 
6,  magnified,  showing  sculpture;  c,  showing 
aperture;  d,  magnified,  showing  aperture;  e, 
section  of  wall  magnified. 

CAMAROCLADIA,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  280.  [Ety. 
kamara,  arching  chamber ;  klados,  twig.] 
Small,  subcylindrical  branching  stems ; 
interior  canals  irregular,  separated  by 
thin,  cribrose  walls;  spicules  three- 
rayed.  Type  C.  dichotoma. 

dichotoma,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  281,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

CAUNOPORA,  Phillips,  1841,  Pal.  Foss.,  Corn- 
wall and  Devon,  and  W.  Somerset,  p. 
18.  [Ety.  chaunos,  loose  ;  poros,  perfora- 
tion.] Amorphous,  composed  of  con- 
centric or  nearly  plain  masses,  per- 
forated by  flexuous  or  vermiform  small 
tubuli,  and  by  larger,  straight,  sub- 
parallel  or  radiating  open  tubes,  per- 
sistent through  the  mass.  Type  C. 
placenta. 

hudsonica,  Dawson,  1879,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  35,  p.  52,  Niagara  Gr. 

incrustans,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  (Strom- 
atopora  incrustans,)  23d  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  227,  Chernung 
Gr. 

mirabilis,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1, 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  47,  Niagara  Gr. 

planulata,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  228, 
Chernung  Gr. 

walkeri,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  46,  Niagara  Gr. 


Fio.  96.—  Caunopora  walkeri,  vertical  and  hori- 
zontal section  enlarged. 


CERIONITES,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  346.  [Ety.  terion, 
honey-comb  ;  lithos,  stone.]  Founded 
upon  casts  apparently  holding  an  inter- 
mediate position  between  Pasceolus 
and  Receptaculites.  The  pits  are  hex- 
agonal and  upon  the  convex  side,  per- 
forated in  the  center  by  a  minute  circu- 
lar opening,  while  those  upon  the 


under    side  are  imperforate.    Type  C. 
dactyloides. 

dactyloides,  Owen,  1844, 
(Lunulites  d  a  c  t  y  - 
loides,)  Rep.  on  Min. 
Lands,  p.  69,  Niagara 
Gr. 

CHIROSPONGIA.  n.  gen.  FIG.  97.-Cerionites 
[Ety.  chrir,  hand;  dactyloides. 
spongia,  sponge.] 
General  form  hand-like,  or  somewhat 
like  a  compressed  goblet ;  composed  of 
internal  filamentous  or  fibrous  sub- 
stance, which  is  covered  with  a  thin, 
lobed,  vesicular  parenchyma ;  it  was 
firmly  fastened  by  an  expanded  base 
to  a  solid  rock  or  the  sea-bottom ;  above 
the  base  it  is  a  flattened  obconoidal  cup, 
with  a  deep  sulcus  down  the  middle  of 
each  side,  bringing  the  sides  nearly  to- 
gether ;  on  each  side  of  the  sulcus  the 
interior  of  the  sponge  is  hollow,  show- 
ing a  large  gastral  cavity;  the  whole 
skeleton  is  openly  vesicular  or  porous. 
The  type  species  is  silicified,  and  does 
not  show  the  surface  markings,  but  a 
calcareous  specimen,  supposed  to  be- 
long to  the  same  genus,  is  finely  papil- 
lated.  No  microscopic  sections  have 
been  made  to  ascertain  the  character 
of  the  spicules,  but  doubtless  both 
parenchyma  and  fibrous  substance  bear 
spicules  similar  to  those  of  Brachio- 
spongia.  In  the  surface  lobes  and  fila- 
ments it  resembles  Pattersonia,  but  is 
distinguished  by  its  vesicular  and  por- 
ous substance  and  coarser  filaments. 
In  its  large  gastral  cavity,  thin  skeleton, 
and  vesicular  parenchyma,  it  resembles 
Brachiospongia.  Type  C.  wenti. 


FIG.  98.— Chirospongia  wenti. 

faberi,  n.  sp.  This  species  is  founded 
upon  a  calcareous  fragment  of  the  pa- 
renchyma, about  one-third  of  which  is 
shown  in  the  figure.  It  is  thin,  and 


RY.] 


PROTOZOA. 


157 


belonged  to  the  side  of  a  large,  hollow 
specimen.  The  semi-elliptical  lobes  are 
nearly  equal  in  size,  and  regularly  dis- 
tributed in  rows  over  the  surface. 
The  surface  is  reticulated  with  fine 
papillae,  presenting  to  the  naked  eye  the 
appearance  of  a  bryozoum.  The  illus- 
tration shows  rhomboidal  depressions 
instead  of  papillae.  Found  associated 
with  Pattersonia  and  fragments  of 
sponge  filaments  near  the  middle  of 
the  Hud.  Kiv.  Gr.,  about  350  feet  above 
low-water  mark  at  Cincinnati.  Col- 
lector, Charles  Faber. 
wenti,  n.  sp.  This  species  is  founded 
upon  a  silicified  specimen  having  the 
characters  above  ascribed  to  the  genus, 
and  being  well  illustrated  in  the  figure. 
The  fibrous  substance  shown  in  the 
sulcus  formed  the  basal  attachment,  as 
the  parenchymatous  surface  tissue  does 
not  appear  at  the  bottom.  The  lobes 
are  large,  somewhat  semi-elliptical  in 
outline,  of  unequal  size,  and  irregularly 
disposed,  but  not  pendent  as  in  Patter- 
sonia. The  substance  of  the  filaments  and 
parenchyma,  as  shown,  where  broken 
off  and  weathered  at  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  the  specimen,  is  openly  vesicu- 
lose  or  irregularly  porous,  resembling 
to  the  naked  eye  somewhat  the  appear- 
ance of  Alveolites  goldfussi.  The  spe- 
cies is  named  in  honor  of  Mr.  C.  E. 
Went,  of  Frankfort,  Ky.,  who  found  it 
in  the  Trenton  Group  near  that  city. 


FIG.  99.— Chirospongia  faberi ;  reticulated  depres- 
sions should  indicate  papillae. 

CLEODICTYA,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Eep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  467.  [Ety.  kleo, 
closed  up  ;  dictnon,  net.]  Frond  rapidly 
expanding  from  the  base  to  a  sub- 
globose  or  hemispherical  form,  bearing 
a  row  of  large,  rounded  nodes  on  the 
periphery ;  tube  abruptly  contracted 
above,  and  extending  in  a  cylindrical 
or  slightly  expanded  form.  Substance 
composed  of  regular  lattice-work  of  six- 
rayed  spicules  and  bundles  of  acicular 
rods.  Type  C.  gloriosa. 


gloriosa,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  479,  Keokuk  Gr. 
mohri,  Hall,  1884,  35th   Rep.  N.   Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  479,  Keokuk,  Gr. 
Cncmidium,   Goldfuss,  1826,   Petref.   Germ., 

E.    15.     [Ety.  knemidos,  armor    for   the 
;gs,  a  sort  of  boot.]  Type  C.  lamellosum. 

trentonerisis,  see  Palseospongia  trentonensis. 
CffiNOSTROMA,  Winchell,  1867,  Proc.  Am. 
Ass.  Ad.  Sci.,  p.  91.  [Ety.  koinos, 
shared  in  common ;  stroma,  layer.]  Dis- 
tinguished from  Stromatopora  by  the 
absence  of  central,  simple,  radiating 
tubes,  which  in  this  genus  is  repre- 
sented by  a  group  of  more  or  less  di- 
vergent ascending  tubuli,  so  that  the 
surface  of  the  last  layer  presents  emi- 
nences, not  with  a  single  large  pore  at 
the  summit,  but  with  several  small 
pores  diverging  from  their  sides.  Type 
C.  monticuliferum. 

botryoideum,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1, 
Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  50,  Niagara  Gr. 

constellatum,  Hall,  1852, 
(Stromatopora  constel- 
lata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  324,  Coralline  lime- 
stone, Niagara  Gr. 

gal  tense,  Dawson,  1879, 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.  35,  p.  52,  GuelphGr. 

monticuliferum,  Winchell, 
1866,  (Stromatopora  mon- 
ticulifera,)  Rep.  Low.  FIG-  ioo.-Coen- 
"Panin  M;«VI  r\  Ql  ostroina  con- 
Penm.  Mich.,  p.  91,  gteiiatnmt 
Ham.  Gr.  horizontal 

pustuliferum,       Winchell,     section. 
1866,  (Stromatopora  pustulifera,)  Rep. 
Low.  Penin.  Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 

ristigouchense,  Spencer,  1884,   Bull.  No. 
1,  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  49,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

solidulum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  (Stro- 
matopora solidula,)  23d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  227,  Chemung  Gr. 
CONOPTEUIUM,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  110.  [Ety.  konos,  cone; 
poterion,  cup.]  Cells  crowded,  insepa- 
rable, rapidly  enlarging,  walls  marked 
by  vertical  strife,  and  a  few  pores  com- 
municate between  the  cells;  epitheca 
exterior.  Type  C.  effusum. 

effusum,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  Ill,  Waverly  Gr.  or  Lithographic 
limestone. 
Coscinoporainfundibuliformis,  see  Receptacu- 

lites  infundibuliformis. 
Coscinopora  sulcata,  Owen,  1844,  see  Recep- 

taculites  oweni. 

CBYPTOZOON,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  95.  [Ety.  kruptos, 
hidden;  zoon,  animal.]  Composed  of 
irregular,  concentric  laminae,  resembling 
Stromatopora,  substance  traversed  by 
minute  canals,  which  branch  and  anas- 
tomose irregularly.  Type  C.  proliferum. 

minnesotense,  Winchell,  1886,  14th  Ann. 
Rep.  Geo.  Minn.,  p.  313,  Calciferous  Gr. 

proliferum,  Hall,  1884,   36th   Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  95,  Calciferous 


158 


PROTOZOA. 


[CYA.— DYS. 


CYATHOPHYCUS,  Walcott,  1879,  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  18.  [Ety.  kuathos,  cup  ; 
phukos,  sea-weed,]  Hollow,  cyathiform, 
with  a  reticulated  structure.  Type  C. 
reticulatum. 

reticulatum,  Walcott,  1879,  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  18,  Utica  Slate. 

subsphericum,  Walcott,  1879,  Trans.  Alb. 

Inst,  vol.  10,  p.  19,  Utica  Slate. 
CYATHOSPONGIA,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  15.  [Ety. 
kuathos,  cup;  spongia,  sponge.]  Body 
solid,  turbinate,  cyathiform ;  structure 
similar  to  Astylospongia.  Type  C.  ex- 
crescens. 

excrescens,  Hall,  1882,  Foes.  Corals  Niag- 
ara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  15,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  419, 
Niagara  Gr. 

CYLINDROCOZLIA,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geo.,  vol. 
3,  p.  245.  [Ety.  kulindros,  cylinder; 
koilos,  belly.]  Cylindrical ;  central  clo- 
aca ;  walls  thick,  radiating  canals.  Type 
C.  endoceroidea. 

covingtonensis,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geo., 
vol.  3,  p.  247,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

endoceroidea,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geo.,  vol. 
3,  p.  246,  Trenton  Gr. 

minnesotensis,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geo., 
vol.  3,  p.  248,  Trenton  Gr. 

minor,  Ulricb,  1889,  Am.  Geo.,  vol.  3,  p. 

248,  Trenton  Gr. 

Dentalina,  D'Orbigny,  1826,  Ann.  Des.  Sci. 
Nat.,  t,  7,  p.  89.  [Ety.  dentate,  tooth; 
inm,  implying  resemblance.] 

priscilla,  see  Nodosinella  priscilla. 
DICTYOPHYTON,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
-St.    Mus.,    p.    87.     [Ety.    dictyon,    net; 
phyton,  plant.]     Turbinate    or   infundi- 
buliform,  with  nodose  or  conical   pro- 
tuberances or  hollow  stems  externally, 
and    marked    by    minute   rectangular 
spaces,  and  consisting  of   a  reticulate 
envelope.    Type  D.  filitextile. 

abacus,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  474,  Waverly  Gr. 

annulatum.  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  90,  ChemumgGr. 

baculum,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  471,  Chemung  Gr. 

becki,  Conrad,  1837,  (Lithodictuon  becki,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  167,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  6,  Medina  Sandstone. 

catilliforme,  see  Phragmodictya  catilli- 
formis. 

cinctum,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  472,  Chemung  Gr. 

conradi,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  89,  Chemung  Gr. 

cylindricum,  Whitfield,  1881,  Bull.,  No. 
1,  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  19,  KeokukGr. 

fenestratum,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  90,  Chemung  Gr. 

filitextile,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  88,  Chemung  Gr. 

hamiltonense,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  468,  Ham.  Gr. 

irregulare,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  470,  Chemung  Gr. 


newberryi,  see  Thamnodictya  newberryi. 
nodosum,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat  Hist,  p.  91,  Chemung  Gr. 
parallellum,  Hall,   1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  471,  Chemung  Gr. 
patulum,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  469,  Chemung  Gr. 
prismaticum,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  469,  Chemuner,  Gr. 
ramosum,  Lesquereux,   1884,  Coal   Flora 

of  Pa.,  p.  827,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
redfieldi,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  88,  Waverly  Gr. 
rude,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  90,  Chemung  Gr. 
sacculus,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  473,  Waverly  Gr. 
telum,  Hall,  1884, 35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  470,  Chemung  Gr. 
tenue,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  474,  Waverly  Gr. 
tuberosum,    Conrad,    1842,    (Hydnoceras 

tuberosum,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil., 

vol.  8,  p.  267,  Chemung  Gr. 
DICTYOSTROMA,  Nicholson,  1S75,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  254.    [Ety. 

dictyon,  net;  stroma, 

layer.]       Allied     to 

Stromatopora,      but 

the  upper  surface  of 

each  lamina  is  devel- 
oped into  conical 

points,  which  sup- 
port the  lamina 

above  instead  of  pil- 
lars. The  laminre 

have    horizontal 

canals,  and  are  prob- 
ably minutely  per- 
forate. Type  D. 

undulatum. 
reticulatum,    Spencer,    . 

1884,     Bull.      Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  51,  Niagara  Gr. 
undulatum,   Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio   Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  254,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  102. 
Dystactospongia   iasolens. 

DYSTACTOSPOXGIA,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  42. 
[Ety.  dystaktos,  hard  to  arrange  ;  spongia, 


ECT.— ETH.] 


PROTOZOA. 


159 


sponge.]  Massive,  hemispherical,  at- 
tached with  a  strong  radiating  frame- 
work. Structure  vesicular.  Type  D. 
insolens. 

insolens,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  43,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

minima,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3, 

p.  243,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
minor,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  278,  Trenton  Gr. 
rudis,   Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  279,  Trenton  Gr. 
ECTENODICTYA,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  466.  [Ety.  ekttmse, 
stretched  out;  dictuon,  net.]  A  reticu- 
late frond  irregularly  expanded  or  ex- 
planate;  reticulation  irregular  present- 
ing radiating  and  concentric  striae.  Type 
E.  implexa. 

hurlingtonensis,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N. 
Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  476,  Waverly 
Gr. 

excentrica,  Hall,   1884,  35th  Rep.   N.  Y. 
St.    Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,   p.   476,    Keokuk 
Gr. 
expansa,  Hall,  1.884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  475,  Waverly  Gr. 
implexa,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  475,  Waverly  Gr. 
EDRIOSPONGIA,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  271.  [Ety. 
edrion,  a  seat ;  spongia,  sponge.]  Mass- 
ive, lobate,  attached  by  a  broad  base; 
sides  irregularly  dented ;  radiating 
canals,  connected  by  tortuous,  vertical 
ones;  minute  canals  formed  by  spic- 
ules ;  sides  covered  with  a  dermal  layer. 
Type  E.  basalis. 
basalis,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  272,  Trenton  Gr. 
ENDOTHYRA,  Phillips,  1845,  Proc.  Geol.  and 
Poly  tech.  Soc.  W.  Riding  Yorks.,  vol.  2, 
p.  279.  [Ety.  endos,  within  ;  thura,  door.] 
Free,  spiral,  rotaliform,  segments  nu- 
merous, texture  subarenaceous,  imper- 
forate,  aperture  simple.  Type  E.  bow- 
mani. 

baileyi,  Hall,  1858,  (Rotaliabaileyi,)  Trans. 
Alb.  Ins.,  vol.  4,  p.  34,  and 
1882,  Bull.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  42,  Warsaw  Gr. 
EOSPONGIA,  Billings,   1861,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  18.     [Ety. 
eos,  dawn  ;  spongia,  sponge.] 
Subglobular,    pyriform    or 
FIG  103  subhemispherical,  not  free, 

Bndothyra  Pores  radiating  irregularly 

baileyi,  from  the  central  axis;  cup 

magnified.  of  variable  depth.     Type  E. 

roemeri. 
roemeri,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  19,  Chazy  Gr. 
varians,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss,  vol.  1,  p. 

19,  Chazy  Gr. 

EOZOON,  Dawson,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  54.  [Ety.  eos,  dawn  ; 
zoon,  animal.]  Massive,  in  large  sessile 
patches  or  irregular  cylinders,  growing 
at  the  surface,  by  the  addition  of  suc- 


cessive laminae,  internally,  the  cham- 
bers are  flattened,  irregular,  with  numer- 
ous rounded  extensions,  and  separated 
by  walls  of  variable  thickness,  pene- 
trated by  septal  orifices  irregularly 
disposed;  thicker  parts  of  the  walls 
with  fine  branching  tubuli ;  the  ap- 
pearance to  the  naked  eye  is  some- 
thing like  Stromatopora.  Type  E. 
canadense. 

canadense,  Dawson,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  54,  Laurentian. 
The  most  ancient  organism. 


FIG.  104. — Ezoon  canaden 


ETHMOPHYLLUM,  Meek,  1868,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  45,  p.  62.  [Ety. 
ethmos,  sieve ;  phyllon,  plant.]  Body 
simple,  elongate,  turbinate,  cup-shaped, 
clavate  or  cylindro-conical,  curved  or 
straight,  corrugated,  lobed,  or  ribbed, 
penetrated  by  round  or  oval  pores,  in 
vertical  or  horizontal  rows ;  vertical 
septa  numerous,  originating  at  the 
outer  wall,  and  extending  to  the  inner 
one,  poriferous ;  inner  wall  with  or 
without  vesicular  tissue,  extending  into 
the  central  cup ;  series  of  septa  and 
walls  sometimes  repeated;  spiculse 
branching.  Type  E.  whitneyi. 
gracile,  Meek,  syn.  for  E.  whitneyi. 


FIG.  lOo — Ethmophyllum  profundum.    Longitu- 
dinal and  transverse  section  of  a  fragment. 

minganense,  Billings,  1859,  (Petraia  min- 
ganensis,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  4, 
p.  346,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  354. 
Calciferous  Gr.  Hinde,  in  1889,  Quar. 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  p.  142,  proposed  this 
species  as  the  type  of  a  new  genus  Ar- 
chseoscyphia. 


160 


PROTOZOA. 


[FUN.— 


profundum,   Billings,    1861,    (Archseocya- 
thus  profundus,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  4, 

Up.  Taconic. 
rarum,  Ford,  1878, 
(Protocyathus  rarus,) 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15, 
p.  124,  Up.  Taconic. 
rensselsericum,  Ford, 
1873,  (Archaeocya- 
thellus  rensselseri- 
cus,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol. 
5,  p.211,Up.  Taconic. 
whitneyi,  Meek,  1868, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol. 
45,  p.  62,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

FUNGISPONGIA,  Ringueberg,  1884,  Proc. 
A«ad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  147.  [Ety.  fungus,  a 
mushroom ;  spongia,  a  sponge.]  Defi- 
nition very  poor.  Type  F.  irregularis. 
irregularis,  Ringueberg,  1884,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  147,  Clinton  Gr.  Very 
poorly  denned. 

FUSULINA,  Fischer,  1837,  Oryct.  du  Gouv. 
de  Moscou.,  p.  126.  [Ety.  fusus,  spindle ; 
inus,  little.]  Shell  fusiform,  symmet- 
rically involute,  surface  furrowed  coin- 
cident with  the  septa  within  ;  aperture 
a  narrow  slit  in  the  middle  part,  fora- 
mina passing  through  the  walls ;  septa 
widening  toward  the  extremities.  Type 
F.  cylindrica. 

cylindrica,  Fischer,  1837,  Oryct.  du.  Gouv. 
de  Moscou.,  p.  126,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  106.— Ethmo- 

phyllum  pro- 
fundum.  Base  of  at- 
tachment. 


FIG.  107.— Fusulina  cylindrica.    Natural  size, 
magnified,  and  transverse  section. 

cylindrica  var.  ventricosa,  see  F.  ventricosa. 

depressa,  Fischer,  1837,  Oryct.  du  Gouv. 
de  Moscou.,  p.  127,  Coal  Meas. 

elongata,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  297.  Permian  Gr. 

gracilis,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  of  California, 
vol.  1,  p.  4,  Coal  Meas. 

hyperborea,  Salter,  1855,  Belcher's  Last 
Arctic  Voyage,  vol.  2,  p.  380,  Carbonif- 
erous. 

robusta,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  California,  vol. 
1,  p.  3,  Coal  Meas. 

ventricosa,   Meek  &  Hayden,   1864,  Pal. 

Upper  Mo.,  p.  14,  Coal  Meas. 
HETEROSPONGIA,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol., 
vol.  3,  p.  239.  [Ety.  heteros  irregular ; 
spongia,  sponge.]  Sublobate,  com- 
pressed branches,  covered  with  mouths 
of  tortuous  canals  ;  skeleton  composed 
of  loosely  interwoven  spicule  fibers. 
Type  H.  subramosa. 

aspera,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3,  p. 
241,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


knotti,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3,  p. 
241,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

subramosa,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol. 

3,  p.  240,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
HINDIA,  Duncan,  1879,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  5th  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  91.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Free,  spheroidal,  with- 
out involution  of  texture ;  small  cen- 
tral space  occupied  by  spicules  which 
form  a  series  of  bifurcating,  long, 
straight  canals,  that  open  at  the  surface ; 
spicules  more  or  less  in  shape  of  a 
stemmed  tripod,  with  four  limbs,  and 
swollen  or  fringed  at  the  ends.  Type 
H.  fibrosa.  This  may  be  a  synonym 
for  Microspongia ;  but  as  the  latter  is 
calcareous,  and  the  spicules  have  not 
been  determined,  both  generic  names 
are  retained. 

fibrosa,  Roemer,1860,(Calamopora  fibrosa,) 
Sil.  Fauna  W.  Tenn.,  p.  20,  Niagara  Gr. 

insequalis,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.,  8,  p.  275,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

spheriodalis,  Duncan,  1879,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  5th  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  91,  syn. 
for  H.  fibrosa. 

parva,  see  Microspongia  parva. 
HYSTRISPONGIA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  245.  [Ety.  hyslrix, 
porcupine ;  spongia,  sponge.]  Subglob- 
ular  or  ovoid ;  spicules  arranged  radiately 
from  the  base,  most  of  them  Macerate 
and  taper  each  way  to  pointed  ends, 
some  trifid  at  one  end,  and  others  four- 
rayed.  Type  H.  carbonaria. 

carbonaria,  'Ulrich,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  245,  Coal  Meas. 
Ischadites  tessellatus,  see  Receptaculites  tes- 

sellatus. 

LASIOCLADIA,  Hinde,  1884.  [Ety.  Jasios, 
shaggy ;  Hados,  twig.]  Skeleton  composed 
of  elongate,  slender,  straight,  acerate 
spicules,  pointed  at  both  ends.  Type 
L.  compressa. 

hindii,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  III., 

vol.  8,  p.  249,  Keokuk  Gr. 
LEPIDOLITES,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  20.  [Ety.  lepis, 
scale ;  lithos,  stone.]  Subspherical  or 
subcylindrical  bodies,  hollow  within 
and  consisting  of  exteriorly  imbrica- 
ting scales.  Type  L.  dickhauti.  The 
name  was  preoccupied  in  mineralogy. 

dickhauti,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2.  p.  21,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

elongatus,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  22,  Hud.  Riv. 
Gr.  This  is  not  distinct  from  L.  dick- 
hauti. 

LEPTOMITUS,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  No.  30,  p.  89.  [Ety.  leptos,  fine; 
mitos,  thread.]  Elongate  bodies,  formed 
of  fine,  thread-like,  longitudinal  lines, 
apparently  imbedded  in  a  delicate 
membrane,  slowly  expanding  from  a 
narrow  base.  Type  L.  zitteli. 

zitteli,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  No.  30,  p.  89,  Georgia  Gr. 


.— PAI,.] 


PROTOZOA. 


161 


Leptopterion,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3, 

&.  239.     [Ety.  leptos,  thin  ;  poterion,  cup.] 
bconical,  annulated  free  sponge;  wall 
thin,    outer  surface    reticulated.     Type 
L.  mammiferum.     Not  well  defined. 
mammiferum,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol. 

3,  p.  239,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
LOFTUSIA,  Carpenter  &  Brady,  1869,  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.,  p.  742.     [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Small    foraminifer,  with   oval  or  ellip- 
tical   test,    consisting,    primarily,  of   a 
continuous  lamina   coiled   upon  itself, 
with  interspaces  divided  into  chambers. 
Type  L.  persica. 
columbiana,   Dawson,    1879,   Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  35,  p.  74,  Coal  Meas. 
Lunulites?  dactyloides,    see    Cerionites    dac- 

tyloides. 

LYEODICTYA,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  466.  [Ety.  lyra, 
lyre ;  dictuon,  net.]  Cyathiform,  reticu- 
late fronds  composed  of  stellate  spic- 
ules,  with  broad,  strong,  longitudinal 
bands  of  acicular  spicules,  showing  an 
alternating  bifurcation.  Type  L.  ro- 
mingeri. 

romingeri,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  476,  Keokuk  Gr. 
MEGASTROMA,  Dawson,  1883,  Report  on  Red- 
path  Mus.  No.  2,  p.  12.  [Ety.  megas, 
great;  stroma,  layer.]  Somewhat  like 
Stromatopora ;  layers  consisting  of  two 
membranes,  beset"  with  spicules,  point- 
ing inwards  like  two  brushes  facing  each 
other;  membranes  porous  or  reticulate. 
Type  M.  laminosum. 
laminosum,  Dawson,  1883,  Rep.  on  Red- 
path  Mus.  No.  2,  p.  12,  Subcarboniferous. 
MICROSPONGIA,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  37.  [Ety. 
micros,  small;  spongia,  sponge.]  Free, 
no  epitheca;  compact,  without  large 
openings ;  structure  radiate.  Type  M. 
gregaria.  ___ 

gregaria,  Miller  & 
Dyer,  1878,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  1,  p.  37,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

parva,    Ulrich,    1889, 
(Hindia         parva,) 
FIG.  I08.-Micro-  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3,  p. 

spongia  gregaria,  244,  Trenton  Gr.' P 

MOZLLERINA,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am. 
Pal.,  p.  34.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Con- 
sisting of  two  suborbicular,  thin-walled 
chambers,  outer  one  with  spiral  ridges, 
inner  one  smooth ;  at  the  ends  of  the 
outer  chamber  there  is  a  round  open- 
ing, surrounded  by  an  elevated  border, 
where  the  ridges  terminate.  Type  M. 
greenei. 
greenei,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  Am.  Pal.,  p. 

35,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

NODOSINELLA,  Brady,  1876,  Monograph 
Garb,  and  Perm.  Foraminifera,  p.  102. 
[Ety.  nodus,  knot;  ellus,  diminutive.] 
Free,  straight,  or  arcuate,  not  spiral ; 
constricted  at  intervals,  test  imperfo- 


rate,  texture  finely  arenaceous,  aper- 
ture simple  or  compound.  Type  N. 
digitata. 

priscilla,  Dawson,  1868, 
(Dentalina  priscilla,) 
Acadian  Geology,  p. 
285,  Carboniferous. 
Nuttipora,  Lamarck,  1801, 
83  steme  des  Anim. 
sans  Vert.  [Ety.  nul- 
lus,  no ;  poros,  pore.] 
Not  American  Palfe 
ozoic. 

fobtexta,  White,  1862, 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  33, 
Burlington  Gr. 
Orbiculites  ?  reticulata, 
see  Receptaculites  re- 
ticulatus. 

PAL^ACIS,  Edwards  &  FIG  I09.-Nodo- 
Haime,  1860,  Hist.  Nat.  Namrit  K' 
des  Coralliaires,  vol.  3,  enlarged. 
p.  171.  [Ety.  palaios, 
ancient;  akis,  barb.]  Skeleton  cuneate 
or  turbinate,  adherent,  cups  1  to  12, 
cell-like,  margins  crenulate,  separated 
by  depressions;  substance  pierced  by 
microscopic  tubuli.  Type  P.  cunei- 
formis. 

compressus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 
(Sphenopterium  compressum,)  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  448,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  234,  Keokuk  Gr. 
cuneatm,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Sphe- 
nopoterium cuneatum,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  448,  syn.  for  P.  cuneiformis. 
cuneiformis,  M.  Edwards, 
1860,  Hist.  Nat.  d.  Corol- 
lairs,  tome  3,  p.  171,  War- 
saw Gr. 

enormis,  Meek,  &  Worthen, 
1860,  (Sphenopoterium 
enorme,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  448,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  146,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
enormis,  var.  depressus,  Meek  &Worthen, 
1866,  (Sphenopoterium  enorme  var.  de- 
pressum,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  146, 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

obtusus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Sphen- 
opoterium obtusum,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  448,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  233,  Keokuk  Gr. 

PAL^EOMANON, 
Roemer,  1860, 
Sil.  Fauna 
West  Tenn., 
p.  12.  [Ety. 
palaios,  an- 
cient ;  Manon, 
a  genus  of 
sponges.]  Cy- 
lindrical or  ir- 
regular, cup- 
shaped,  free, 
upper  surface 
displaying 
large,  dispersed  openings,  with  inter- 


FIG.  111.— Palseomanon 
cratera. 


162 


PROTOZOA. 


[PAL. — PAS. 


FIG.  112.— Palseospongia  trentonensis.    View  of  calice. 


vening  space  minutely  porous. 
P.  cratera. 


Type 


cratera,  Roemer,  1848,  (Siphonia  cratera,) 
Leonh.  und  Bronn's  Jahrb.,  p.  685, 
Niagara  Gr. 

roemeri,  Walcott,  1885,  Monog.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  99,  Devonian. 
PALJEOSPONGIA,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d. 
Palfeont.,  t.  1,  p.  26.  [Ety.  palaios,  an- 
cient; spongia,  sponge.]  Cyathiform, 
irregular,  surface  reticulated  irregu- 
larly, by  concentric  and  transverse 
lines.  Type  P.  cyathiformis. 


cyathiformis,  Hall,  1847,  ( 


cyathi- 


, ,          ,    --  - 

formis,) Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  72,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 


trentonensis,  Worthen, 
1875,  (Cnemidium  tren- 
tonense,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  491,  Trenton 
Gr. 

PASCEOLUS,  Billings,  1857, 
Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p. 
342.  [Ety. 
pasceolus, 
leather  mon- 
eybag.] Sub- 
globular  bod- 
ies marked 
on  the  cast 
as  if  by  po- 
lygonal plates,  and  with 
a  scar  or  depression  for 
an  attaching  stem.  Type 
P.  globosus. 

claudii,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1874,  Gin.  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  6,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

darwini,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1874,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  5,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

globosus,  Billings,  1857, 
Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  343,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

gregarius,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  72,  Anticosti  Gr. 


FIG.   115.— Pasceolus 

darwini.       Upper 

surface. 


FIG.  116.— Pasceolus 

darwini.      Under 

surface. 


halli,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  342,  Anticosti  Gr. 

intermedius,  Billings,  1866, 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic., 
p.,  72,  Anticosti  Gr. 


FIG.  113.— Paleeospougia  treutonensis.    Side  view. 


FIG.  117. — Pasceolt 
halli. 


PAT.— REC.] 


PROTOZOA. 


163 


PATTERSONIA,  S.  A.  Milller,  1882,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  43. 
[Ety.  proper  name.]  Solid,  amorphous, 
no  large  openings ;  lobed,  pendent  ex- 
pansions on  the  upper  surface,  and 
bundles  of  fine  filaments  at  the  base 
and  in  the  interior,  which  do  not  merge 
into  the  parenchyma  of  the  sponge; 
spicules  unknown.  Type  P.  difficilis. 

aurita,  Beecher,  1889,  (Strobilospongia 
aurita,)  Mem.  Pea.  Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  28, 
Trenton  Gr. 

difficilis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  43,  Hud.  Riv. 
Gr. 

tuberosa,  Beecher,  1889,  (Strobilospongia 
tuberosa,)  Mem.  Pea.  Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  28, 
Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.  118.— Pattersonia  difficilis.    Fragment  of 
upper  surface. 

PHRAGMODICTYA,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N. 
Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  466.  [Ety. 
phragmos,  a  partition ;  dictuon,  a  net.] 
Cylindrical  or  cup-shaped  fronds,  with 
a  concave  diaphragm  near  the  broadly 
expanded  base.  Substance  composed 
of  a  reticulate  tissue  of  six  and  three 
rayed  spicules  and  long  cylindrical 
rods.  Type  P.  catilliformis. 

catilliformis,  Whitfield,  1881,  (Dictyophy- 
ton  catilliformis,)  Bull.  No.  1,  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  18,  Keokuk  Gr. 

lineata,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  478,  Keokuk  Gr. 

patelliformis,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  478,  Keokuk 
Gr. 

PHYSOSPONGIA,  Hall,  1884,  Abstr.  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  467.  [Ety. 
physa,  bladder ;  spongia,  sponge.]  Frond 
cylindrical,  expanding  from  the  base; 
surface  divided  into  from  8  to  24  longi- 
tudinal areas  by  bands  of  tubular 
spicules,  and  into  regular  quadrules  by 
concentric  bands  of  spicules;  surface 
bullate;  spicules  anchor-shaped.  In- 
terzonate  tissue  finely  reticulated.  Type 
P.  dawsoni. 

alternata,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  481,  Keokuk  Gr. 

colletti,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  480,  Keokuk  Gr. 

dawsoni,  Whitfield,  1881,  (Uphantsenia 
dawsoni,)  Bull.  No.  1,  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  16,  Keokuk  Gr. 


Protocyathw,  Ford,  1878,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  124,  syn.  for 
Ethmophyllum. 

PROTOSPONGIA,  Salter,  1864,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  20,  p.  238.  [Ety.  protos,  first ; 
spongia,  sponge.]  Skeleton  loose,  retic- 
ulate formed  of  cruciform  spiculse  in 
one  plane.  Type  P.  fenestrata. 

fenestrata,  Salter,  1864,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  20,  p.  238,  and  Mon.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  11,  Up.  Taconic. 

rarus,  see  Ethmophyllum  rarum. 
RAUFFELLA,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3, 
p.  235.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Hollow 
cylindrical  stems  or  radially  arranged 
leaves;  wall  thin,  composed  of  two 
layers  of  spicule  tissue,  inner  one  por- 
ous, outer  one  composed  of  large  spic- 
ules appearing  as  threads  interwoven. 
Type  R.  filosa. 

filosa,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3,  p. 
237,  Trenton  Gr. 

palmipes,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3, 

p.  238,  Trenton  Gr. 

RECEPTACULITES,  DeFrance,  1827,  Diet.  Sci. 
Nat.,  tome  45,  p.  5.  [Ety.  receptaculum, 
receptacle  ;  lithos,  stone.]  Subglobular, 
discoid,  or  infundibuliform  ;  composed 
of  cylindrical  columns,  connected  at 
their  upper  and  lower  ends  by  trans- 
verse stolons.  Type  R.  neptunei. 

arcticus,  Etheridge,  1878,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  576,  Lower  Silurian. 

bursiformis,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 
23,  fig.  12-14,  Schoharie  Grit. 

calciferus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  351,  Calcif.  Gr. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1863,  (Ischaditescan- 
adensis,)  Geo.  of  Can.,  p.  309,  Anticosti 
Gr. 

circularis,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol.,  p. 
230,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

dactyloides,  see  Cerionites  dactyloides. 

devonicus,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  198,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

eatoni,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  68-226,  Schoharie 
Grit. 

elegantulus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  360,  Calcif.  Gr. 

ellipticus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monog.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  67,  Chazy  Gr. 

elongatus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monog.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  66,  Chazy  Gr. 

formosus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  23,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  6,  p.  500,  Niagara  Gr. 

fungosus,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 
15,  Galena  Gr. 

globularis,  Hall,  1861,  Supp.  Geo.  Sur. 
Wis.,  p.  16,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p. 
301,  Galena  Gr. 

hemisphericus,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 

6,   16,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.   269, 
iagara  Gr. 

infundibuliformis,  Eaton,  1832,  (Coscin- 
opora  infundibuliformis,)  Geo.  Text 
Book,  p.  44,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


164 


PROTOZOA. 


[RHA.— SPH. 


infundibulum,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 
p.  16,  Niagara  Gr. 

insularis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  29,  Anticosti  Gr. 

iowensis,  Owen,  1852,  (Selenoides  iowen- 
sis,) Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Minn., 
p.  587,  Trenton  Gr. 

jonesi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
389,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  119.— Receptacnlites 
occidentalis,  showing  the  tubes. 

mammillaris,  Walcott,  1885,  Monog.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  65,  Chazy  Gr. 
monticulatus,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol., 
pi.  23,  fig.  3-11,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

neptunei,  DeFrance, 
1827,  Diet.  des.  Sci. 
Nat.,  vol.  45,  p.  5. 
Not  an  American 
species. 

occidentalis,  Salter, 
1859,  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  1,  p. 
45,  Trenton  Gr. 
ohioensis,  Hall  & 
Whitfield,  1875, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
123,  Niagara  Gr. 
oweni,  Hall,  1861, 
Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 
13,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  302, 
Galena  Gr. 
reticulatus,  Owen, 
1844,  (Orbituloides  reticulata,)  Rep.  on 
Minn.  Lands,  p.  70,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  120.  —  Receptacu- 
lltes  occidentalis, 
showing  the  endor- 
hin,  the  pores  at  the 
angles  of  the  plates, 
ana  deeply  concave 
nucleus. 


FIG.  121. — Receptaculites  occidentalis,  showing 
the  nucleus  and  ectorhin. 


sacculus,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Species 
Foss.  from  Waldron,  Ind.,  p.  1,  and  llth 
Rep.  Geo.,  and  Nat.  Hist,  Ind.,  p.  222, 
Niagara  Gr. 

squamifer,  Hall,  1859,  (Dictyocrinus 
squamifer,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  135, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

subturbinatus,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  224,  Niagara  Gr. 

sulcatw,  Owen,  1844.  This  name  was  pre- 
occupied by  Goldfuss,  and  the  species 
is  now  named  R.  oweni. 


tessellatus,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  85, 
Niagara  Gr. 

RHABDAEIA,  Billings,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
357.  [Ety.  rhabdos,  rod.]  Small,  cylin- 
drical bodies,  with  a  rough  surface  and 
a  perforation  in  the  center.  Type  R. 
fragilis. 

fragilis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

•  p.  357,  Calciferous  Gr. 

furcata,  Billings,   1865,   Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  358,  Calciferous  Gr. 

RHOMBODICTYON,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  347.  [Ety. 
rhombos,  rhomb ;  dictyon,  net.]  Globu- 
lar, discoid,  or  cyathiform,  composed  of 
two  or  more  sets  of  rods  crossing  each 
other  at  various  angles,  but  not  divid- 
ing, and  leaving  rhombic  spaces  filled 
with  another  substance.  Type  R.  reni- 
forme. 

discum,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  1,  p.  348,  Utica  Slate. 

reniforme,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Nat, 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  347,  Utica  Slate. 

reniforme  var.  rhombiforme,  Whitfield, 
1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1, 
p.  348,  Utica  Slate. 

Rotalia,  Lam,arck,  1804,  Ann.  Mus.  [Ety. 
rota,  wheel.]  Not  Palaeozoic. 

baileyi,  see  Endothyra  baileyi. 
Saccammina,     Sari?,      1868,    Vidensk-Selsk. 
Forhandl.,  p.  248.     [Ety.  diminutive  of 
sakkos,  a    bag.]     Not   American    Palae- 
ozoic. 

eriana,  Dawson,  1881,  Can.   Nat.,  vol.  10, 

syn.  for  Calcisphaera  robusta. 
SACCOSPONGIA,  Ulrich,  1879,  Am.  Geo.,  vol. 
34,  p.  242.  [Ety.  sakkos,  bag;  spongia, 
sponge.]  Subcylindrical,  with  a  central 
cloacal  cavity  extending  through  it; 
walls  porous,  traversed  with  tortuous 
branching  canals  intercommunicating 
with  each  other.  Type  S.  rudis. 

danvillensis,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol. 
3,  p.  243,  Trenton  Gr. 

rudis,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3,  p. 

242,  Trenton  Gr. 

Scyphia,  Oken,  1815.  Not  American  Palae- 
ozoic. 

digitata,  see  Brachiospongia  digitata. 

stellata,  Troost,  1840,  not  properly  defined. 
Selenoides,  Owen,   1852,   syn.    for   Recepta- 
culites. 

iowensis,  see  Receptaculites  iowensis. 
Siphonia,    Parkinson,    1820,    Organ.    Rem. 
Not  American  Palaeozoic. 

cratera,  see  Palseomanon  cratera. 

imbricato-articulata,  see  Astylospongia  im- 
bricato-ar  ticu  lata . 

prsemorsa,  see  Astylospongia  praemorsa. 
Sphenopterium,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  syn. 
for  Palaeacis. 

compressum,  see  Paleeacis  compressus. 

cuneatum,  see  Palaeacis  cuueiformis. 

enorme,  see  Paleeacis  enormis. 

enorme  var.  depressum,  see  Palaeacis  enor- 
mis var.  depressus. 

obttisum,  see  Palseacis  obtusus. 


SPO.— STR.] 


PROTOZOA. 


165 


FIG.  122.  —  Strephochetus 
richmondensis,  showing 
several  specimens  ou  a 
slab. 


Spongia,    Linnaeus.      Not    American    Palse- 
ozoic. 

inciso-lobata,  see 
Astylospon  g  i  a 
incisolobata. 
stellatim-sulcata, 
see  Astylosppn- 
gia  stellatim- 
sulcata. 

STREPHOCHETUS, 
Seely,  1885,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser., 
vol.  30,  p.  355. 
[Ety.  strepho,  I 
twine;  ochetos,  canal.]  A  free  cal- 
careous sponge,  showing  concentric 
layers  composed  of  minute 
twining  canals.  Type  S.  ocel- 
latus. 

atratus,  Seely,  1885,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  32,  p.  32, 
Black  Riv.  Gr. 

brainerdi,  Seely,  1885,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser., 
vol.  32,  p.  32,  Chazy  Gr. 
ocellatus,  Seely,  1885,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  30,  p.  357, 
Chazy  Gr. 

richmondensis,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1882,  (Stromatocerium  rich- 
mondense,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  41,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

STREPTOSOLEN,   Ulrich  &  Everett, 
(in  press, )  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 
p.  273.    [Ety.  streptos,  twisted ; 
solen,  a  channel.]     Obconical, 
pedunculate ;    central  oscula 
having  thin  walled  tubes  ex- 
tending to  the  base;    oscula 
surrounded     with     radiating 
canals,  between  which  there 
are  vertical  ones.     Type  S.  obconicus. 
obconicus,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in   press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  274,  Trenton  Gr. 
STREPTOSPONGIA,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geo.,  vol. 
3,  p.  244.    [Ety.  slreptos,  twisted ;  spongia, 
sponge.]    Massive,  composed   of   inter- 
twining vertical  lamellae,  separated  by 
tortuous   linear    interspaces.      Type  S. 
labyrinthica.     Poorly  denned, 
labyrinthica,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geo.,  vol. 

3,  p.  244,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
Strobilospongia,   Beecher,    1889,    Mem.    Pea. 
Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  14,  syn.  for  Pattersonia. 
aurita,  see  Pattersonia  aurita. 
tuberosa,  see  Pattersonia  tuberosa. 
STROMATOCERIUM,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,   p.  48.     [Ety.   stroma,   layer;    kerion, 
honey-comb.]      Hemispherical,     com- 
posed of  numerous  concentric  vesicular 
layers,  more  or  less  wrinkled,  without 
the  pores  that  characterize  Stromato- 
pora.     Type  S.  rugosum. 
richmondense,  see  Strephochetus  richmon- 
densis. 

rugosum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
48,  Birdseye  and  Black  Riv.  Gr. 


STROMATOPORA,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Petref.Germ., 
p.  22.  [Ety.  stroma,  stratum;  poros, 
pore.]  Dimorphous  masses  or  extended 
sheets  composed  of  delicate  calcareous 
lamin£e,in  successive  layers,  separated  by 
minute,  vertical  pillars,  dividing  the  in- 
terval in  to  minute  subquadrangular  cav- 
ities ;  the  whole  is  perforated  by  canals 
irregularly  disposed  and  possessed  of 
exhalant  apertures.  Type  S.  concentrica. 

csespitosa,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  91,  Ham.  Gr. 

compacta,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

S.  55,  Black  Riv.  Gr.     There  is   some 
oubt  about  the  reference  of  this  species 
to  this  genus.     Possibly  it  is  a  bryozoan. 
concentrica,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref., 


FIG.  123. ^Stromatocerium  rugosum. 

p.  22,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  136,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

constellate,,  see  Coenostroma  constellatum. 
erratica,   Hall,   1873,  23d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  226,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
e  x  p  an  sa, 

H  all     & 

Whi  tfield, 

1873,     23d 

Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.    Mus. 

Nat.  Hist., 

p.  226,Che- 

mung  Gr. 
g  r  a  n  u  1  a  ta, 

Nicholson, 

1873,  Ann. 

and    Mag. 

Nat.  Hist., 

4th    ser., 

vol.  12,  p.  ^ 

92,  Cornif-FlG  124_ stromatopora  im 

erous  Gr. 
hindii,  Nicholson,  1874,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 

Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  13,  and  Pal.  Prov. 

of  Ont.,  p.  13,  Niagara  Gr. 


12 


166 


PROTOZOA. 


[STR.— UPH. 


incrustans,  see  Caunopora  incrustans. 
mammillata,  Nicholson,   1873,   Ann.  and 

Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  12,  p.  92, 

Corniferous  Gr. 
m&nticulifera,  see  Coenostroma  monticulif- 

erum. 
nodulata,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  249,  Corniferous  Gr. 
nulliporoides,  Nicholson,  1875,  Pal.  Prov. 

Ont.,  p.  78,  Ham.  Gr. 
nux,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.   Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  91,  Ham.  Gr. 
ostiolata,  Nicholson,  1873,  Ann.  and  Mag. 

Nat.    Hist.,    4th   ser.,   vol.    12,    p.   90, 

Guelph  Gr. 
perforata,  Nicholson,  1874,  Ann.  and  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  13,  and  Pal. 

Prov.  of  Ont.,  p.  15,  Corniferous  Gr. 
ponderosa,   Nicholson,    1875,    Ohio    Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  246,  Corniferous  Gr. 
pustulifera,  see  Ccenostroma  pustuliferum. 
pustviosa,  Safford.    Not  defined. 
solidula,  see  Coenostroma  solidulum. 
subcylindrica,  James,  1885,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Na't.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  20,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

Poorly  defined.    Not  a   Strom  atopora. 

None  have  been  found  in  Lower  Silu- 
rian rocks, 
substriatella,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  248,  Corniferous  Gr. 
tuberculata,  Nicholson,    1873,   Ann.  and 

Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  12,  p.  90, 

Corniferous  Gr. 
verrucosa,  Troost,  1840, 5th  Geo.  Rep.  Tenn., 

p.  66,  Devonian  ?    Not  recognized. 
STROTOSPONGIA,     Ulrich     &     Everett,     (in 

press,)   Geo.  Sur.   111.,   vol.  8,   p.   276. 

[Ety.  strotos,  twisted;  spongia,  sponge.] 

Funnel-shaped,     composed     of     thin, 

intricately  intertwined  vertical  leaves, 

arranged     radiately     around      oscula; 

cloacal    depressions,   having   apertures 

of  vertical  tubes  in  them ;   sponge-wall 

traversed  by  intertwined  canals,  having 

perforated  thin  walls;  spicules  minute, 

three-rayed.    Type  S.  maculosa. 
maculosa,  Ulrich    &  Everett,    (in  press,) 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  277,  Trenton  Gr. 
llum,    Ulrich,     (in    press,)    Geo. 
5ur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  250.    The  name  was 

preoccupied  by  Edwards  &  Haime. 


FIG.  125.— Syringostroma  columnare. 

SYRINGOSTROMA,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  251.  [Ety.  syrinx,  pipe ;  strrnna, 
layer.]  Massive,  composed  of  con- 


centric   lamina?,    and    vertical     pillars 
firmly  amalgamated.     It  is  intimately 
related  to  Stromatopora.    Type  S.  co- 
lumnare. 
columnare,    Nicholson,    1875,   Ohio   Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  253,  Corniferous  Gr. 
densum,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  251,  Corniferous  Gr. 

Textularia  palseotroctius,  see  Valvulina  palseo- 
trochus. 

THAMNODICTYA,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p  466.  [Ety.  tham- 
nos,  shrub;  dictuon,  net.]  Fronds  tubular 
below,  rapidly  expanding  and  cyathi- 
form  or  infundibuliform  above,  with 
twelve  strong,  longitudinal  ridges  di- 
viding the  surface  into  twelve  areas. 
Substance  reticulate.  Type  T.  new- 
berryi. 

newberryi,  Hall, 
1863,  (Dictyo- 
phyton  newber- 
ryi,) 16th  Rep.  N. 
Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  87,  Wa- 
verly  Gr. 

TRACHYUM,  Billings, 
1865,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.l,p.211.[Ety. 
trachus,  rough, 
rugged.]  Turbi- 
nate  or  cylindri- 
cal, with  a  cup 
on  the  upper  sur- 
face.  It  has  a 
close  texture,  without  large  canals. 
Type  T.  cyathifonne. 


FIG.  127.— Trachyum  cyathifonne. 

cyathiforme,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  211,  Quebec  Gr. 

rugosum,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  212,  Quebec  Gr. 

TRICHOSPONGIA,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss., vol. 
1,  p.  357.  [Ety.  trichias,  to  show  hairs; 
spongia,  sponge.]  Large,  rudely  hemi- 
spheric, minutely  fibrous,  and  full  of 
elongate  cylindrical  or  acerate  spicules, 
just  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  There 
are  also  numerous  irregular  branching 
canals.  Type  T.  sericea. 

sericea,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss,  vol.  1,  p. 

257,  Calciferous  Gr. 

UPHANT^NIA,  Vauuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  3d 
Dist,  N.  Y.,  p.  183.  [Ety.  uphantos, 
woven;  tainia,  ribbon.]  Composed  of 
ligulate  radiating  and  concentric  bands, 
the  reticulations  being  produced  by  the 
substance  of  the  frond,  and  not  by  su- 
perficial strise.  For  many  ytars  it  was 
supposed  to  represent  a  marine  plant. 
Type  U.  chemungensis. 


VAX,. — ZIT.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


167 


chemungensis,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep. 
3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  183,  Chemung  Gr. 

dawsoni,  see  Physospongia  dawsoni. 
VALVULINA,  D'Orbigny,  1826,  Tabl.  Method, 
d.  1.  Classe  d.  Cephalopodes.  [Ety. 
valva,  door;  inus,  implying  resem- 
blance.] Free  or  adherent,  spirally  tro- 
choid,  turbinoid,  planoconvex  or  sub- 
cylindrical,  chambers  spirally  arranged, 
sometimes  terminating  in  a  rectilinear 
series.  Aperture  in  the  umbilical  angle, 
on  the  inferior  surface,  protected  by  a 
valvular  tongue.  Type  V.  triangularis. 

bulloides,  Brady,  1876,  Monog.  Garb,  and 
Perm.  Foraminifera,  p.  89,  Carbonif- 
erous. 

decurrens,  Brady,  1873,  Mem.  Geo.  Sur. 
Scotland,  pp.  63-95,  Carboniferous. 

palseotrochus,  Ehrenberg,  1854,  (Textnla- 
ria  palseotrochus,)  Mikrogeologie,  Car- 
boniferous. 

plicata,  Brady,  1873,  Mem.  Geo.  Sur.,  Scot- 
land, pp.  66-95,  Carboniferous. 


rudis,  Brady,  1876,  Monog.Carb.  and  Perm. 

Foraminifera,  p.  90,  Carboniferous. 
ZITTELELLA,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  267.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Pedunculate,  attached, 
variable  in  shape ;  upper  surface  with  a 
shallow,  central  depression,  with  thin 
walled,  vertical  tubes  extending  to  the 
base ;  radiating,  i  nosculating  canals, 
separated  by  spicular  tissue,  giving  the 
appearance  of  vertical  fissures.  Type 
Z.  typicalis.  Ulrich  &  Everett  refer 
Palseospongia  trentonensis  to  this  genus, 
so  probably  this  genus  is  a  synonym  for 
Palseospongia. 

inosculata,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  271,  Trenton  Gr. 

lobata,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  270,  Trenton  Gr. 

typicalis,  Ulrich  &  Everett,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  268,  Trenton  Gr. 
They  have  also  made  the  varieties  pistil- 
liformis,  subrotunda,  and  turbinata. 


SUBKINGDOM   CCELENTERATA. 


THE  Ccelenterata  (kottos,  hollow ;  entera,  intestines)  are  divided  into  three 
Classes :  viz. ,  Anthozoa,  Hydrozoa,  and  Ctenophora ;  the  first  two  of  which  include 
the  palaeozoic  fossils  of  this  Subkingdom.  The  Anthozoa  (anthos,  flower ;  zoon, 
animal)  are  more  generally  known  by  the  name  Polypi  (polys,  many;  pous,  foot). 
They  are  all  aquatic,  usually  cylindrical,  organized  for  sedentary  life,  have  no 
locomotive  organs,  and  are  provided  with  a  circle  of  retractile  tentaculse  around  the 
mouth,  which  is  destitute  of  any  masticating  apparatus,  and  they  have  a  central 
gastric  cavity.  There  are  no  special  organs  of  sense,  and  they  increase  by  bud- 
ding, dividing,  and  by  means  of  ova. 

The  skeleton  which  the  polyps  secrete  is  technically  called  the  corallum.  The 
secretions  take  place  at  the  sides  and  lower  part  of  the  polyp,  but  not  in  the 
disk  or  stomach.  Each  septum  is  secreted  between  a  pair  of  radiating,  fleshy  parti- 
tions or  septa  of  the  polyp,  and  hence  the  radiate  structure  of  ordinary  corals  is 
an  expression  of  the  internal  radiate  structure  of  the  polyp.  The  corallum  is  es- 
sentially a  skeleton  of  carbonate  of  lime,  the  open  spaces  in  which  show  the  structure 
of  the  polyp  animal.  The  bottom  of  the  calyx,  or  calycle,  in  the  corallum  may  be 
made  by  the  meeting  of  the  septa,  or  by  the  twisting  of  them  together,  with  the 
addition  of  a  point  or  columella  at  the  center ;  or  the  bottom  may  be  a  porous  or 
vesicular  mass ;  or  it  may  be  solid,  because  the  coral  secretions  of  the  polyp  may 
fill  up  the  pores,  or  because  there  are  formed  periodically,  as  the  polyp  grows  up- 
ward, solid  horizontal  plates  across  the  bottom,  called  tabulae. 

Wherever  a  tabula  cuts  off  the  connection  of  the  polyp  with  the  coral  below, 
the  tissues  below  the  tabula  dry  and  wither,  and  we  have^  dead  coral  below  the 


168  CCELENTERATA. 

tabula,  and  the  living  polyp  above.  In  this  way  massive  corals  are  formed  ;  the 
secretions  take  place  at  the  top,  and  the  animal  cuts  itself  off  from  the  coral  skele- 
ton below.  Prof.  Dana  says  : 

"  It  is  not  more  surprising,  nor  a  matter  of  more  difficult  comprehension,  that  a 
polyp  should  form  structures  of  stone  (carbonate  of  lime)  called  coral,  than  that 
the  quadruped  should  form  its  bones,  or  the  mollusk  its  shell.  The  processes  are 
similar,  and  so  the  result.  In  each  case  it  is  a  simple  animal  secretion  ;  a  secretion 
of  stony  matter  from  the  aliment  which  the  animal  receives,  produced  by  the  parts 
of  the  animal  fitted  for  this  secreting  process ;  and  in  each,  carbonate  of  lime  is  a 
constituent  or  one  of  the  constituents  of  the  secretion." 

Ordinary  corals  of  the  present  seas  have  a  hardness  a  little  greater  than  com- 
mon marble,  or  about  equal  to  aragonite,  and  give  a  ringing  sound  when  struck 
with  a  hammer. 

The  Anthozoa  are  divided  into  three  Subclasses,  two  of  which,  Zoautharia 
(zoon,  animal;  anthos,  flower)  and  Alcyonaria  (allcuoneion,  a  zoophyte,  like  the 
kingfisher's  nest),'  occur  in  palaeozoic  rocks.  The  Zoantharia  are  divided  into  seven 
orders,  four  of  which  are  said  to  be  palaeozoic:  viz.,  Perforata,  Tabulata,  Rugosa, 
and  Tubulosa.  To  the  Perforata  the  genera  Protarea  and  Pleurodictyum  have  been 
very  doubtfully  referred,  and  the  Auloporidae  have  been  classed  with  the  Tubu- 
losa. All  other  palaeozoic  corals  are  referred  to  the  Tabulata  and  Rugosa.  The 
family  Favositidae  is  typical  of  the  Tabulata,  and  the  family  Cyathophyllidae  of 
the  Rugosa.  Authors  are  not  in  accord  respecting  the  ordinal  relations  of  all  the 
families,  and  hence  we  will  simply  arrange  them  alphabetically. 

CLASS    ANTHOZOA. 
SUBCLASS  ZOANTHARIA. 

FAMILY  AULOPORHXE. — Aulopora,  Romingeria. 

FAMILY  CHETETID^E. — Chetetes,  Dania,  Ptychonema. 

FAMILY  COLUMNARHD^E. — Calapoecia,  Columnaria,  Favistella. 

FAMILY  CYATHOPHYLLIDAE. — Acervularia,  Acrophyllum,  Amplexus,  Aniso- 
phyllum,  Arachnophyllum,  Astraeophyllura,  Aulacophyllurn,  Aulo- 
phyllum,  Axophyllum,  Baryphyllum,  Blothrophyllum,  Bucauophylluni, 
Campophyllum,  Chonophyllum,  Clisiophyllum,  Coleophyllum,  Crasped- 
ophyllum,  Crepidophyllura,  Cyathophyllum,  Diphyphyllum,  Duncauella, 
Elasmophyllum,  Eridophyllum,  Hadrophyllum,  Hallia,  Heliophyllum, 
Heterophrentis,  Lithostrotion,  Lophophyllum,  Omphyma,  Pachyphyllum, 
Palaeophyllum,  Phillipsastrea,  Ptychophyllum,  Pycuostylus,  Streptelasma, 
Strombodes,  Stylastrea,  Trochophyllum,  Zaphrentis. 

FAMILY  CYCLOLITID^E. — Combophyllum,  Discophyllum,  Microcylus,  Palae- 
ocyclus. 

FAMILY  CYSTIPHYLLID^B. — Cystiphorolites,  Cystiphyllum,  Cystostylus. 

FAMILY  FAVOSITIDJE. — Alveolites,  Chonostegites,  Cladopora,  Coanites,  Den- 
dropora,  Emmonsia,  Favosites,  Leptopora,  Lunatipora,  Michelinia,  Pleuro- 
dictyum, Pachypora,  Sphaerolites,  Striatopora,  Syringolites,  Trachypora, 
Vermipora. 

FAMILY  HALYSITLD^. — Halysites. 

FAMILY  PORITIDJS. — Protarea. 


CCELENTERATA.  169 

FAMILY  SYRJNGOPORID^. — Cannapora,  Syringopora,  Thecostegites. 
FAMILY  TETRADIID^. — Tetradiura. 
FAMILY  THECID^E. — Thecia. 

SUBCLASS  ALCYONARIA. 

FAMILY  BOLBOPORITID.E.  — Bolboporites. 

FAMILY  HELIOPORID.E. — Heliolites,  Lyellia,  Plasmopora. 

FAMILY  MONTICULIPORID^. — Dekayella,    Dekayia,    Diplotrypa,    Monotrypa, 

Monotrypella,  Monticulipora,  Nebulipora,  Nyctopora,  Prasopora. 
FAMILY  STELLIPORID^E.  — Stellipora. 

CLASS    HYDROZOA. 

This  class  is  represented  in  palaeozoic  rocks  by  carbonaceous  horny  skeletons, 
called  Graptolites.  They  are  usually  flattened,  forming  a  thin  film  between  shaly  or 
slaty  layers,  and  generally,  in  whatever  rocks  they  occur,  they  are  more  or  less  com- 
pressed. Specimens  are  found  in  clay  nodules  and  in  calcareous  clay  beds,  at  Cin- 
cinnati and  vicinity,  which  are  cylindrical  branching  bodies,  or  ha vesubquadrate  stipes, 
covered  with  a  thin,  carbonaceous  coating.  The  interior  of  one  species  is  divided 
by  longitudinal  partitions  of  thin,  carbonaceous  films,  into  three  departments,  one 
of  which  is  only  about  half  the  capacity  of  either  of  the  other  two.  The  denticulated 
edges  on  flattened  films  become  projecting  cells  on  more  perfect  specimens.  The 
projecting  cells  may  be  subcircular  or  angular,  and  lead  directly  to  the  interior. 
When  the  interior  substance  is  absent,  and  the  cells  are  pressed  together,  instead 
of  being  pressed  into  the  stipe,  there  is  presented  a  diagrammatic  side  view  of  the 
cells,  which  furnishes  the  usual  saw  or  denticulated  aspect,  but  which  gives  a  very 
imperfect,  and  frequently  a  very  erroneous,  idea  of  the  form  of  the  animal.  This 
was  the  first  Order  of  organisms  to  reach  a  high  state  of  development,  and  the 
first  to  become  extinct. 

ORDER  GRAPTOLIDA. 

FAMILY     CALLOGRAPTID^E. — Acanthograptus,      Callograptus,     Cyclograptus, 

Dendrograptus. 

FAMILY  DICTYONEMHXE. — Calyptograptus,  Dictyonema,  Rhizograptus. 
FAMILY  GRAPTOLITID^. — Cladograptus,    Climacograptus,  Clonograptus,    Di- 

cranograptus,  Didymograptus,  Diplograptus,  Graptolithus. 
FAMILY  GLOSSOGRAPTID^E. — Glossograptus,  Retiograptus. 
FAMILY  NEMAGRAPTED.^. — Nemagraptus. 
FAMILY  MONOGRAPTIDJE. — Monograptus. 
FAMILY  INOCAULED^E. — Inocaulus. 
FAMILY  MEGALOGRAPTIDJE.  — Megalograptus. 
FAMILY  OLDHAMIID^;. — Oldhamia. 
FAMILY.  PHYLLOGRAPTID.E.  — Phyllograptus. 
FAMILY  PTILOGRAPTID^E.  — Ptilograptus. 
FAMILY  RASTRITIDJE. — Rastrites. 
FAMILY  RETIOLITID^E.—  RETIOLITES.  > 


170 


CCELENTERATA. 


[ACA.— AI,V. 


FAMILY  STAUKOGRAPTID^E. — Staurograptus. 

FAMILY  THAMNOGRAPTID^E. — Bythograptus,  Thamnograptus. 

FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Dawsonia. 


ACANTHOGRAPTUS,  Spencer,  1878,  Can.  Nat., 
vol.  8,  p.462. 
[Ety.  akan- 
tha,  spine ; 
grapho,  I 
w  rite.] 
Shrub'-like ; 
one  side 
s  p  i  nous. 
Stronger 
and  more 
bushy  than 
D  e  n  dr o - 
graptus. 
Type  A. 

FIG.  128. — Acanthograptus 
pulcher. 


a 

granti,   Spen- 

cer,      1878, 


Can.  Nat.,vol.  8,  p.  463,  and  Bull.  No.  1, 

Mus.  Univ.,  St.  Mo.,  p.  31,  Niagara  Gr. 
pulcher,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  32,  Niagara  Gr. 
ACERVULARIA,  Schweigger,  1820,  Handb.  der 

Naturg.,  p.  418.     [Ety.  acervus,  a  heap; 

considered    as    a    body.]    Compound, 

massive,  cells  presenting  two  separated 

walls,  as  in  Aulophyllum;  septa  well 

developed  between  the  walls,  but  much 

less  in  the  central  area  ;  no  columella  ; 

tabulse  little  de- 

v  e  1  o  p  e  d  ;  in- 

cr  easing    by 

gemmatio  n. 

Type     A.    bal- 

tica. 
adjunctiva, 

White,       1880, 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 

Mus.,  vol.  2,  p. 

255,  and   Cont. 

to  Pal.  No.  6,  p. 

120,     Carbonif- 

erous. 
clintonensis,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  227,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  129.— Acervularia 
clintoneusis. 


FIG.  130.— Acervularia  davldsoni. 

davidsoni,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol. 
Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  418,  Up.  Held,  and 
Ham.  Gr. 


inequalis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  233,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

pentagons,  Goldfuss,  1826,  (Cyathophyl- 
lum  pentagon um,)  Petref.  Germ.,  p.  60, 
Devonian. 

profunda,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p., 
477,  Ham.  Gr. 

ACROPHYLLUM,  Thomson  &  Nicholson, 
1876,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  4th  ser., 
vol.  17,  p.  455.  [Ety.  akros,  summit ; 
phyUon,  leaf.]  Corallum  simple,  tur- 
binate,  or  sub-cylindrical,  straight,  or 
curved;  septa  numerous,  well-devel- 
oped, coalescing,  and  curving  as  they 
reach  the  tabulse, 
forming  promi- 
nent, tortuous 
ridges  on  the  cen- 
tral, elevated  por- 
tion, and  becom- 
ing complicated 
with  the  tabulse 
to  form  the  con- 
spicuous, central 
prominence, 
which  often  forms 
a  central  axis ; 
fossette  reaches 
from  the  base  of 
the  elevation  to 
the  margin  of  the 
calyx ;  exterior 
usually  constrict- 
ed. TypeA.onei- 


FIG.  131.— Acrophyl- 
lum  oneidaense. 


oneidaense,  Billings, 
1859,  (Clieiophyl- 
lum  oneidaense, 
Can.  Jour.,  p.  128, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

agaricia,  Lamarck, 
1801,  Syst.  des 
Anim.  sans  Vert. 
Not  Palaeozoic. 

swinderniana,  see  Thecia  swinderniana. 
ALVKOLITES,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  des  Anim. 
sans  Vert.,  p.  375.  [Ety.  alveus,  cavity  ; 
lithos,  stone.)  Dendroid,  massive,  or  in- 
crusting;  corallites  short,  prismatic,  or 
cylindrical ;  walls  united  ;  tabulae  com- 
plete ;  mural  pores  large,  usually  near 
the  angles  of  the  tubes,  few  in  number  ; 
calices  oblique,  lower  lip  most  promi- 
nent ;  septa  absent,  or  forming  tooth- 
like  projections.  Type  A.  escharo- 
ides. 

arctica,  Woodward,  1879,  Lond.  Geo.  Mag. 
n.  s.,  yol  5,  Devonian. 

billingsi,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.  n.  s., 
vol.  1,  p.  55,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

confertus,    Nicholson,    1874,    Geo.    Mag. 
n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  54,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


AMP.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


171 


cryptodeos,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

4,  p.  115,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
distans,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.  n.  s., 

vol.  1,  p.  54,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
dubia,  see  Favosites  dubius. 
explanatus,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 
13,  fi>.  16,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  11, 
Low:  Held.  Gr. 

exsul,  see  Cal- 
lopora  ex- 
sul. 

ftscheri,  see 
Pachypora 
fischeri. 
fnmdosus,  see 
Paehypora 
frondosa. 
goldfussi,Bil- 
lings,  1860, 
Can.  Jour., 
vol.  5,  p. 
255,  Ham. 
Gr. 

granulosus, 
James, 
1875,  Ca- 
tal.  Cin. 


FIG.  132.-Alveolites 
goldfussi. 


p.  2. 


Not  defined  so  as  to  be  recognized. 
hemisphericus,  D'Orbigny,  1850,   Prodr.  d. 

Palfeont..  t.  1,  p.  49.    Not  defined  so  as 

to  be  recognized, 
irregularis,    Whitfield,   1878,    Ann.    Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  72,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  251,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
labechi,  Edwards   &   Haime,    1851,   Pol. 

Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  257,  Anticosti  Gr. 
labiosus,   Billings,   1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

4,  p.  114,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
megastoma,   Winchell,   1866,    Rep.   Low. 

Penin.  Mich.,  p.  89,  Ham.  Gr. 
multilamella,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 

40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  25,  Devonian, 
niagarensis,    Nicholson   &    Hinde,    1874, 

Can.  Jour.,  vol.  14,  p.  150,  Niagara  Gr. 
niagarensis,  Rominger,  see  A.  undosus. 
ramulosus,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.  n. 

s.,  vol.  1,  p.  55,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
repens,  Fought,  1749,  (Millepora  repens,) 

Amaen.  Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  99,  Niagara  Gr. 
reticulata,  see  Favosites  reticulatus. 
rockfordensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  229, 

Chemung  Gr. 
roemeri,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  5, 

p.  255,  Ham.  Gr. 
selwyni,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.  n.  s., 

vol.  1,  p.  15,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
squamosus,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

5,  p.  257,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
strigillatus,    Winchell,    1866,    Rep.  Low. 

Peninsula  Mich.,  p.  89,  Ham.  Gr. 

subramosus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Cor- 
als, p.  43,  Ham.  Gr. 

undosus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  Am.  Pal.  Foss., 
2d  ed.,  p.  262,  Niagara  Gr.  Proposed  for 
the  species  described  by  Rominger  in 
1876,  in  Foss.  Corals,  p.  40,  under  the 
preoccupied  name  of  A.  niagarensis. 


vallorum,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  86,  Devonian. 

AMPLEXUS,  Sowerby,  1814,  Mineral  Conch- 
ology,  vol.  1,  p.  165.  [Ety.  amplexus, 
encircling.]  Resembles  Zaphrentis,  ex- 
cept the  septa  do  not  extend  to  the 
center,  they  leave  the  upper  surface  of 
the  tabulae  exposed  in  that  part ;  septal 
fossula  highly  developed  in  the  upper 
portion  of  the  corallum ;  tabulae  well 
developed  ;  surface  usually  constricted. 
Type  A.  coralloides. 

annulatus,    Whitfield,    1878,    Ann.    Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  80,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  314,  Niagara  Gr. 
cingulatus,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  106,  Mid.  Sil. 
coralloides,  Sowerby,  1814,  Min.  Conch., 

vol.  1,  p.  165,  Warsaw  Gr. 
exilis,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  7,  p.  232,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
fieldeni,  Etheridge,  1878,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  589,  Niagara  Gr. 
fenestratus,  Whitfield,    1878,   Ann.   Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  80,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  278,  Niagara  Gr. 
fragilis,  White  &  St.  John,  1868,  Trans. 

Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  116,  Keokuk  Gr. 
hamiltonise,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss., 

pi.  19,  Ham.  Gr. 
intermittens,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss., 

pi.  32,  Ham.  Gr. 

junctus,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Groups,  p.  11,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  415, 
Niagara  Gr. 
laxatus,  Billings, 
(?)  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geol.,  vol. 
(?)  P.  (?)  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
mirabilis,  Bil- 
lings, 1875, 
Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  7, 
p.  232,  Coal 
Meas. 

p  h  r  a  gm  o  ceras, 
Salter,  1852, 
(Calophyllum 
phragmoceras) 


FIG.  133.— Amplexus  yandelll 

Sutherland's   Jour.,    vol.    2,    p.    ccxxx, 
Niagara  Gr. 
shumardi,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  (Cya- 


172 


CCELENTERA  TA. 


[ANI.— AUI,. 


thophyllum  shumardi,)  Pol.  Foss.  Terr. 
Pal.,  p.  370,  Niagara  Gr. 
uniformis,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
&  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  11,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  415,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

yandelli,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol. 
Foss.  d.  Terr,  Pal.,  p.  344.  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
zaphrentiformis,  White,  1876,  Geo.  of 
Uinta  Mountains,  p.  107,  and  Cont.  to 
Pal.  No.  6,  p.  120,  Low.  Aubrey  Gr. 
ANISOPHYLLUM,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851, 
Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  351.  [Ety. 
anisos,  unequal ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Distin- 
guished from  Zaphrentis  by  the  great  de- 
velopment of  three  primary  septa,  one  of 
which  faces  the  septal  fossula ;  this  fos- 
sula  extends  to  the  center  of  the  visceral 
chamber,  and  there  ceases  to  be  dis- 
tinct from  the  bottom  of  the  calycle. 
Type  A.  agassizi. 

agassizi,  Edwards  &  Hairne^  1851,  Pol. 
Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  351,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
bilamellatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  9,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
413,  Niagara  Gr. 

trifurcatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  9,  'and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
273,  Niagara  Gr. 

unilargum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss. 
Corals  Niagara  and  Up.  Held. 
Grs.,  p.  8,  and  12th  Rep.  Ind. 
Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  272, 
Niagara  Gr. 

Anthophyllum,   Schweigger,  1820, 
Handb.  der.  Naturg.,  p.  417, 
Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 
denticulatum,   Goldfuss,   1826, 
Petref.  Germ.,  p.  46,  Niagara 
Gr.    Not  determined. 
expansum,  Owen,  1840,  Rep.  on 
Mineral  Lands,  p.  69.     Not  defined  so 
as  to  be  recognized. 

AHACHNOPHYLLUM,  Dana,  1848,  Zoophytes 
U.  8.  Expl.  Exped.,  vol.  8,  p.  360.  [Ety. 
araehne,  spider;  phyllon, leaf.]  Massive, 
encrusting,  having  obtusely  defined 
polygonal  scars,  with  a  depressed,  flat- 
tened center,  in  which  the  septa  meet ; 
septa  thin,  perforated ;  buds  marginal, 
structure  vesicular,  arranged  in  trans- 
verse undulations,  corresponding  to  the 
form  of  the  cells;  no  defining  walls  to 
the  center  or  between  the  stars ;  center 
marked  by  a  few  vertical  striae,  resulting 
from  the  twisted  edges  of  the  septa. 
Type  A.  baltica.  (Acervularia  baltica  of 
authors.) 
richardsoni,  Salter,  1852,  Sutherland's 

Jour.,  vol.  2.,  p.  ccxxxii,  Up.  Sil. 
Astrsea,  Lamarck,  1816,  Hist.  Nat.  d.  Anim. 
sans    Vert.,    vol.    2,    p.    257.     Not    a 
Palaeozoic  genus. 
gigas,  see  Phillipsastrea  gigas. 
hennahi,  see  Smithia  hennahi. 
helianthoides,  see  Heliophyllum  halli. 
mammillaris,  see  Strombodes  mammillaris. 


mammillaris,  see  Lithostrotion  mammillare. 

rugosa,  see  Cyathophyllum  rugosum. 

te?sellata,  Troost.  Not  defined. 
ASTR^OPHYLLUM,  Nicholson  &  Hinde,  1874, 
Can.,  Jour.,  vol.  14,  p.  152.  [Ety.  aster, 
star';  phyllon,  leaf.]  Corallum  aggregate ; 
corallites  cylindrical  and  united  by  nu- 
merous mural  expansions,  which  form 
complete  floors ;  septa  meeting  in  the 
center,  forming  a  columella;  costal 
radii  prolonged  over  the  successive  ex- 
othecal  floors ;  tabulse  rudimentary  or 
absent  (?).  Type  A.  gracile. 


FIG.  135.— Astneophyllum  gracile,  greatly  en- 
larged, shosving  calices,  couflueut  mural  ex- 
pansions, and  costal  radii. 

gracile,  Nicholson  &  Hinde,  1874,  Can. 
Jour.,  vol.  14,  p.  153  and  Pal.  Ontario, 
p.  57,  Niagara  Gr. 

Astrocerium,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  120.  [Ety.  aster,  star;  kerion,  honey- 
comb.] It  was  supposed  to  be  distin- 
guished from  Favosites  by  the  presence 
of  twelve  or  more  slender  spiniform 
rays,  but  it  is  a  synonym.  Type  A. 
venustum. 

canstrictum,  see  Favosites  constrictus. 

parasiticum,  see  Favosites  parasiticus. 

pyriforme,  see  Favosites  pyriformis. 

vtnustum,  see  Favosites  venustus. 
AULACOPHYLLUM,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850, 
Brit.  Foss.  Corals,  p.  Ixvii.  [Ety.  aulos, 
furrow  ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Resembles  Hal- 
lia,  though  the  septal  fossula  is  not  re- 
placed by  a  primary  septum,  but  forms 
a  narrow  groove  at  the  bottom  where 
the  adjoining  septa  meet.  Type  A. 
sulcatum. 

bilaterale,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  25,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  429, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

convergens,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  22,  and  12th 
Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  281,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cruciforme,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  24,  and  12th 
Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  283,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

pinnatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  23,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  284,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

poculum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  25  and  12th  Rep. 
Ind.  Geo.,  p.  283,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


AUL. — AXO.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


173 


prsecipturn,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  24,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  280,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

prateriforme,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  23,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  282,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  136.— Aulacophyllum  princeps. 

princeps,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held  Grs.,  p.  23,  and  12th  Rep. 
Ind.  Geo.,  p.  281,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

reflexum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  24,  and  12th  Rep. 
Ind.  Geo.,  p.  284,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

sulcatum,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  (Caninia  sul- 
cata,)  Prodr.  d.  Pal.  t,  1,  p.  105,  and  12th 
Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  279,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

tripinnatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  25,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  285,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

trisculcatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  25,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  279,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

AULOPHYLLUM,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850, 
Brit.  Foss.  Corals,  p.  Ixx.  [Ety.  aulos, 
pipe;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Corallum  simple; 
septa  well-developed ;  mural  invest- 
ments double,  the  interior  dividing  the 
visceral  chamber  into  two  parts — one 
central  and  columnar,  the  other  exter- 
nal and  annular;  no  columella  ;  tabulae 
not  well  developed.  Type  A.  proliferum. 

richardsoni,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  81,  Devonian. 

AULOPORA,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Petref.  Germ.,  p. 
82.  [Ety.  aulos,  pipe;  poros,  pore.] 
Creeping,  increasing  by  latero-basal 
gemmation ;  corallites  pyriform,  trum- 
pet-shaped, the  cavity  of  each  commu- 
nicating with  the  one  from  which  it 
springs ;  no  pores ;  septa  absent  or  ru- 
dimentary. Type  A.  serpens. 


annectans,  Clarke,  1885,   Bull,  16.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  p.  63,  Genesee  shales, 
aperta,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  91,  Ham.  Gr. 
arachnoidea,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,vol.  1, 

p.  76,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
canadensis,  see  Hederella  canadensis. 
conferta,Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  91,  and  Rominger's  Foss.  Cor- 
als, p.  88,  Ham.  Gr. 
cornulites,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi.  2, 

figs.  21  and  22,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
cornuta,  see  Romingeria  cornuta. 
cyclopora,  Winchell,  1866.  Rep.  Low.  Pe- 
nin. Mich.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 
elongata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6.,  p. 

5,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
erecta,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p.  88, 

Ham.  Gr. 

filiformis,  see  Hederella  filiformis. 
iowensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  235,  Che- 

mung  Gr. 
precius,  Hall,   1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.,  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  107,  Niagara  Gr. 
repens,  Walch,  et  Knorr,  1775,  (Millepo- 

rites  repens,)   Sammlung  von  Merkw., 

vol.  3,  p.  179,  and  Sil.  Fauna  W.  Tenn., 

p.  28,  Niagara  Gr. 
saxivada,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  235,  Che- 

mung  Gr. 
schoharie,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  110,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
serpens,    Goldfuss, 

1826,   Germ.  Pe- 
tref.,  p.  82,  and 

Rominger's  Foss. 

Corals,      p.     87, 

Ham.  Gr. 
serpuloides,    Win- 
chell, 1866,  Rep. 

Low.          Penin. 

Mich.,      p.      91, 

Ham.  Gr. 
subtenuis,       Hall, 

1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi.  2,  fig.  9-20,  Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
tubiformis,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref., 

p.  82,  and  Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  Up.  Held. 

and  Ham.  Gr. 
tubula,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi.  2,  fig. 

7-8,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
umbellifera,  see  Romingeria  umbellifera. 
vanclevii,  Hall,  1883,  12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo., 

p.  255,  Niagara  Gr. 
Axinura,    Castlenau,     syn.    for    Lithostro- 

tion. 
canadense,  see  Lithostrotion  canadense. 

AXOPHYLLUM,  Ed- 
wards &  Haime, 
1850,  Brit. 
Foss.  Corals,  p. 
Ixxii.  [Ety.  cmm, 
axis;  phyllon, 


FIG.  137.— Aulopora 
serpens. 


FIG.  138.— Axophyllum 

simplertrochoid, 

and  in  structure  resembling  Lithostro- 
tion.   Type  A.  expansum. 


leaf.]    Corallum 
plert 


174 


CCELEN7  ERA  TA. 


[BAR. — CAI,. 


infundibulum,  Worthen,   1875,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  6,  p.  525,  Coal  Meas. 
rude,    White   &    St.    John,   1868,    Trans. 

Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  115,  Coal  Meas. 
BARYPHYLLUM,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850,  Brit. 
Foss.  Corals,  p.  Ixvi.  [Ety.  barys,  heavy ; 
phyllon,  leaf.]  Corallum  short;  calice 
superficial ;  slight  septal  f ossula  corre- 
sponding to  one  of  the  branches  of  a 
cross,  the  other  three  of  which  are  pri- 
mary septa;  younger  septa  inclined 
toward  the  primary  ones.  Type  B.  ver- 
neuilanum. 

arenarium,      Meek     &    Worthen,      1868, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  409,  Onondaga 
Gr. 
fungulus,  White,  1878,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  29,  Niagara  Gr. 
verneuilanum,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851, 
Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  352,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

BLOTHROPHYLLUM,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  4,  p.  130.  [Ety.  blothros,  tall-grow- 
ing ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Corallum  simple, 
turbinate,  or  cylindrical,  having  the 
central  region  occupied  by  flat,  trans- 
verse diaphragms ;  an  intermediate 
area,  with  strong  radiating  septa,  and 
an  outer  area,  in  which  there  are  im- 
perfect diaphragms,  projecting  upward, 
and  having  on  their  upper  surface  ru- 
dimentary septa;  a  thin,  complete  epi- 
theca,  and  a  septal  fossette.  Type  B. 
decor  ticatum. 

approximatum,  Nicholson,  1873,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  7,  p.  140, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 
csespitosum,       Rominger, 
1876,    Foss.    Corals,    p. 
114,  Niagara  Gr. 
decorticatum,        Billings, 
1859,    Can.    Jour.,    vol. 
4,    p.    130,    Up.     Held. 
Gr. 

multicalicatum,  Hall, 
1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held. 
Grs.,  p.  44,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat,  Hist,,  p.  448,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

papulosum,  Hall,  1882, 
Foes.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p. 

44,  and  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
448,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

promissum,  Hall,  1882, 
Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p. 

45,  and  12th  Rep.  Ind. 
FIG.  l39.-Bloth-        Geo.,  p.  304,  Up.  Held. 

rophylJum  pro-         Gr. 

missum.  sinuosum,      Hall,      1882, 

Foss.     Corals     Niagara 

and  Up.   Held.    Grs.,    p.  45,  and  35th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  449, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 


BOLBOPORITES,  Pander,  1830,  Beitr.  zur 
Geognosie  Russlands,  p.  106.  [Ety. 
bolbos,  bulb ;  poros,  pore.]  „.  u 

Small,  globular,  snowing 
basal  attachment;  struc- 
ture dense.  The  type 
of  the  genus  is  said  to  be 
neither  a  coral  nor  bryo- 
zoan,  but  to  belong  to 
the  Echinodermata.  The 
form  which  Billings  re- 
ferred to  the  genus  is 
probably  a  coral.  FIG.  HO.-Bolbo- 

americanus,  Billings,  1859,  porites  ameri- 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  canus.  a,  view 
vol.  4,  p.  429,  Chazy  Sw^ieUs' *' * 
Gr. 

BUCANOPHYLLUM,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am. 
Pal.,  p.  31.  [Ety.  bukane,  trumpet ;  phyl- 
lon, leaf.]  Corallum  trumpet-shaped, 
consisting  of  a  long,  slender,  cylindrical 
stem,  with  the  upper  end  abruptly  di- 
lated into  a  cup,  which  becomes  oblique 
in  older  specimens ;  interior  of  cup  with 
numerous  septal  strise,  which  become 
obsolete  at  the  bottom.  Type  B.  gra- 
cile. 

gracile,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal.,  p. 

31,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

BYTHOGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 
p.  18.  [Ety.  buthos,  in  the  deep;  grnpho, 
I  write.]  Frond  consisting  of  a  central 
stipe,  with  closely  arranged  lateral 
branches,  flexuous  or  recurved ;  cellu- 
liferous  on  one  side ;  substance  corne- 
ous brown  or  black.  Type  B.  laxus. 

laxus,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  19, 

Trenton  Gr. 
Calamopora.  Goldfuss,  syn.  for  Favosites. 

basaltica,  see  Favosites  basalticus. 

cellulata,  Castelnau,  1843.  Not  recog- 
nized. 

cristata,  see  Favosites  cristatus. 

cumberlandica,  see  Favosites  cumberland- 
icus. 

favosa,  see  Favosites  favosus. 

fibrosa,  see  Monticulippra  fibrosa. 

fibrosa,  Roemer,  see  Hindia  fibrosa. 

forbesi  var.  discoidea,  see  Favosites  forbesi 
var.  discoideus. 

goldfussi,  see  Favosites  goldfussi. 

gothlandica,  see  Favosites  gothlandicus. 

heliolitiformis,  see  Favosites  heliolitiformis. 

hemispherica,  see  Favosites  hemispheri- 
cus. 

infundibulifonnis,  Goldfuss,  identified  by 
D'Archiac  and  Verneuil.  Not  an  Amer- 
ican species. 

mackrothi,  see  Chetetes  mackrothi. 

maxima,  see  Favosites  maximus. 

minuta,  Castelnau.     Not  recognized. 

minutissima,  Castelnau.    Not  recognized. 

radians,  Castelnau.    Not  recognized. 

tumida,  see  Chetetes  tumidus. 

verneuili,  Castelnau,  syn.  for  Monticulipora 
fibrosa. 

winchelli,  see  Favosites  winchelli. 
CALAPOECIA,   Billings,   1865,   Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  425.    [Ety.  kalos, 


CAL,] 


CCELENTERATA. 


175 


FIG.  141.— Calapoecia 
cribriformis. 


beautiful ;  poikilos,  spotted.]  Composite, 
hemispherical  or  subspherical,  corallites 
slender,  tubular,  perforated  as  in  Favo- 
sites,  outside  striated  by  imperfectly  de- 
veloped costse  ;  septa  about  24 ;  tabulae 
thin;  when  corallites  are  not  in  contact 
the  space  is  filled  with  vesicular  tissue. 
Type  C.  canadensis. 
anticostiensis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil. 

Foss.  Antic.,  p.  32,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  426,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
cribriformis,  Nichol- 
son, 1874,  (Columno- 
&o  r  a    cribriformis,) 
eo.  Mag.,  vol.  1,  p. 
253,   and   Pal.  Ohio, 
vol.  2,  p.  186,   Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

huronensis,  Billings, 
1865,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2, 
p.  426,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
CALCEOLA,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  des  Anim. 
sans  Vert.,  p.  139.  [Ety.  calceola,  a 
slipper.]  Corallum  simple,  operculated, 
subtriangular,  pyramidal;  calice  deep; 
septa  narrow ;  structure  dense.  Type  C. 
sandalina. 

americana,  Safford,  syn.  for  C.  tennesseen- 
sis. 

attenuata,  Lyon,  1879,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  45,  Niagara  Gr.  Lindstrom 
referred  this  species  to  his  genus  Rhizo- 
phyllum. 

corniculum,  Lyon,  1879,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  43,  Niagara  Gr.  Syn.  (?)  for 
C.  tennesseensis. 
coxi,  Lyon,  1879, 
Proc.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  44,  Niagara 
Gr.     Syn.    (?) 
for  C.  tennes- 
seensis. 

plicata,  Conrad, 
1840,  Ann. 
Rep  N  Y  p. 
9O7  T  r>-iiif  FlG  142. —  Calceola  sanda- 
4  /,'  ^  °  W  '  lina,  showing  deep  calicle. 
Held.  Gr. 

pusilla,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  15,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  419,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

sandalina,  La- 
in a  r  ck.    Not 
American, 
tennesseensis, 
Roemer,     1852, 
Lethse    Geog- 
nost.,  p.   385, 
and  Sil.  Fauna 
FIG.  143.— Calceola  sanda-          W   Tenn    p  73 
lina,  operculum.  NiagaraGr! 

Lindstrom  referred  this  species  to  his 
genus  Rhizophyllum. 

CALLOGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem. 
Decade  2,  p.  133.  [Ety.  kallos,  beautiful ; 
grapho,  I  write.]  Flabellate  fronds,  with 


numerous  slender,  bifurcating  branches 
proceeding  from  a  strong  stem  ;  branches 
and  divisions  celluliferous  on  one 
side,  striate  on  the  other;  sometimes 
distantly  and  irregularly  united  by 
transverse  dissepiments.  Type  C. 


elegans,     Hall,     1865,    Can.     Org.    Rem. 

Decade  2,   p.  134,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 
granti,  Spencer,   1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  21,  Niagara  Gr. 
minutus,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  22,  Niagara  Gr. 
multicaulis,   Spencer,   1884,   Bull.  No.  I, 

Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.  p.  22.  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  141. — Callograptus  uiagareiisi*. 

niagarensis,  Spencer,  1878,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 

8,  and  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo., 

p.  21,  Niagara  Gr. 
salteri,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.  Decade 

2,  p.  135,  Quebec  Gr.,  or  Up.  Taconic. 
Calophyllum,  Dana,  1846,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  p. 

183,  syn.  for  Amplexus. 
phragmoceras,    see    Amplexus    phragmo- 

ceras.  v 

CALYPTOGRAPTUS,  Spencer,  1878,  Can.  Nat., 

vol.  8,  p.  459.     [Ety.  kalyptos,  covered ; 

grapho,  I  write.]     Cyathiform,  bifurcat- 
ing branches,  not  connecting  laterally; 

resembles  Dic'yonema.    Type  C.  cyath- 

iformis. 


FIG.  145.— Calyptograptus  cyathiformis. 

cyathiformis,  Spencer,  1878,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 
"  8,  p.  459,  Niagara  Gr. 
subretiformis,   Spencer,   1878,   Can.   Nat. 
vol.  8,  p.  460,  Niagara  Gr. 


176 


CCELENTERATA. 


[CAM.— CHE. 


CAMPOPHYLLUM,  Edwards   &   Haime,  1850, 
British    Foss.    Corals,    p. 
Ixviii.      [Ety.     kampto,    I 
bend  ;  phyllon,  leaf.]   Sim- 
ple, tall,  protected  by  an  pi 
epitheca;    septa  well   de-   £ 
veloped ;  tabulae  very  large    \- 
and    smooth    toward   the 
center ;     interseptal    area 
vesicular.     Type   C.  flex- 
uosum. 

nanum,  Hall  &  Whitfield, 
1873,  23d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  232, 
Chemung  Gr.  FIG.  146.— Cam- 

texanum,  Shumard,  1859,  ^ex^o^m 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  vertical  sec- 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  388,  Per-  tion^diam. 
mian.  showing 

torquium,  Owen,  1852,  (Cya-    traUabu?^" 
thophyllum  torquium,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  Iowa,  and   Minn.,  pi. 
4,  fig.    2,   Coal 
Meas. 

Caninia,  Michelin, 
syn.  for  Za- 
phrentis. 
bilateralis,  see  Za- 
phrentis bilat- 
eralis. 

punctata,  D'Or- 
bigny,  1850, 
Prodr.  d.  Pale- 
ont.,  1. 1,  p.  105. 
Not  defined  so 
as  to  be  recog- 
nized. 


FIG.  147. — Campophyllum  torquium. 

sulcata,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Paleont., 
t.  1,  p.  105.  Not  defined  so  as  to  be 
recognized. 


tabulae ;    distinguished    from    Syringo- 

pora,  by  the  regular  transverse  external 

tabulae  and  by  the  internal  structure  of 

the  corallites.     Type  C.  junciformis. 
annulata,   Nicholson  &  Hinde,  1874,  Can. 

Jour.,  p.  154,  and  Pal.  Prov.  of  Ontario, 

p.  58,  Niagara  Gr. 
junciformis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  43,  Clinton  Gr. 

Caryophyllia,  Lamarck,  1816.   Not  Palaeozoic. 
cornicula,  see  Zaphrentis  cornicula. 
giganlea,  see  Zaphrentis  gigantea. 
pulmonea,  see  Zaphrentis  pulmonea. 
Catenipora,  Lamarck,  1816,  syn.  for  Halysites. 
michelini,    Castlenau,    syn    for    Halysites 

catenulatus. 
CHETETES,   Fischer,    1837,   Oryct.  du  Gouv. 

Moscou,    p.    159.      [Ety.   chaite,    hair.] 

Corallum  conglomerate  ;  corallites  very 

long,    basaltiform ;    calyces  polygonal ; 

tabulae  not  connected  or  on  the  same 

plane    in    different    corallites;     walls 

amalgamated,  imperforate ;  growth  fis- 

siparous.     Type  C.  radians. 
abruptus,  see  Monotrypella  abrupta. 
aequidistans,    Hall,    1881,    Bryozoans  Up. 

Held  Gr.,  p.  4,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
approximatus,    Nicholson,    syn.    for   Mon- 

ticulipora  dalii. 

arbnsculus,  see  Monotrypella  arbuscula. 
arcticus,  Haughton,  1857,  Jour.  Roy.  Dub. 

Soc.,  vol.  1,  Silurian. 

attritus,  Nicholson,  syn.  for  Dekayia  aspera. 
barrandii,  see  Monticulipora  barrandii. 
briareus,  see  Monotrypella  briareus. 
calicula,  see  Aspidopora  caliculus. 
carbonarius,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  6,  p.  526,  Coal  Meas. 
dncinnatiemis,   see  Monticulipora  cincin- 

natiensis. 
claihratulus,  James  &  Nicholson,  syn.  for 

Monticulipora  pavonia. 
clavacoideue,  see  Leptopora  clavacoidea. 
colliculatus,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi. 

8,  fig.  1-4,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  11, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 

columnaris,  see  Tetradium  columnare. 
compressus,  see  Peronopora  compressa. 
consimilis,  see  Monotrypella  consimilis. 
corticans,   Nicholson,   syn.  for  Spatiopora 

tuberculata. 

corticosa,  see  Trematopora  corticosa. 
crassus,  Lonsdale,  1845,  (Stenoporacrassa,) 

Russ.  and  Ural  Mts.,  vol.  1,  p.  631,  Coal 


FIG.  148.— Campophyllum  torquium. 
Transverse  section. 

CANNAPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
43.  [Ety.  kanna,  reed;  poros,  pore.] 
Massive,  tubular,  united  externally  by 


crebrirama,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  4,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

datei,  see  Monticulipora  dalii. 

decipiens,  see  Monticulipora  decipiens. 

delicatulus,  see  Monticulipora  delicatula. 

discvideus,  see  Amplexopora  discoidea. 

egenus,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  Up.  Held. 
Gr.,  p.  4,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

elegans,  see  Discotrypa  elegans. 

exilis,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geo.,  p.  287, 
(Stenopora  exilis,)  Subcarb. 

expamiis,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  20.  Not  properly  de- 
fined. 


CHO.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


177 


see  Monticulipora  fibrosa. 
'flliasa,  see  Monticulipora  filiasa. 
fletcheri,  Edwards  &  Haime,  as  identified 
in  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  197,  is  Monticu- 
lipora ulrichi. 
frondosus,  see  Monticulipora  frondosa. 

fruticosus,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Foss.,  pi.  38, 
Ham.  Gr. 

fruticosus,  Hall,  1883,  see  Monotrypella 
arbuscula. 

furcatus,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 
pi.  37,  Ham.  Gr. 

fusiformis,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  70,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  248,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Not  a 
Chetetes ;  probably  a  Bryozoan. 

gracilis,  see  Batostomella  gracilis. 

granuliferus,  see  Homotrypella  granu- 
lifera. 

hamiltonensis,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  89,  Ham.  Gr. 

helderbergise,  see  Ptychonema  helderber- 
gise. 

humilis,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 
pi.  37,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

internascens,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  4,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

irregularis,  see  Monticulipora  irregularis. 

jamesi,  see  Batostoma  jamesi. 

lycoperdon,  see  Monticulipora  lycoper- 
don. 

mackrothi,  Geinitz,  1846,  (Calamopora 
mackrothi,)  Grund,  p.  586,  Permian, 
American  (?) 

mammulatus,  see  Monticulipora  mam- 
uiata. 

microscopica,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 

milleporaceus,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851, 
Mon.  d.  Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  272, 
Coal  Meas. 

moniliformis,  see  Monticulipora  monili- 
formis. 

monticulatus,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi. 
8,  fig.  5-7,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  12, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

muscatinensis,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  27,  Devonian. 

newberryi,  see  Prasopora  newberryi. 

nodulosus,  see  Callopora  nodulosa. 

onealli,  see  Callopora  onealli. 

ortoni,  see  Atactoporella  ortoni. 

pavonia,  see  Ptilodictya  pavonia. 

petechialis,  see  Petigopora  petechialis. 

petropolitanus,  Pander,  1830,  Russ.  reiche, 
p.  105.  Not  an  American  species. 

pulchellus,  Edwards  &  Haime,  as  identi- 
fied in  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  195,  is  Mon- 
ticulipora andrewsi. 

quadrangularis,  see  Paleschara  quadran- 
gularis. 

quadratics,  see  Monotrypella  quadrata. 

ramosus,  see  Monticulipora  ramosa. 

rhombicus,  Nicholson,  syn.  for  Monotry- 
pella quadrata. 

rugosus,  see  Monticulipora  rugosa. 

rugosus,  Edwards  &  Haime,  is  a  variety  of 
Monticulipora  ramosa. 

sigillarioides,  see  Callopora  sigillarioides. 


sphsericus,  see  Favosites  sphsericus. 
spinigerus,    Lonsdale,     1845,    (Stenopora 
spinigera,)  Geo.    Russ.  and  Ural  Mts., 
vol.  1,  p.  631,  Coal  Meas. 
subglobosus,  see  Monticulipora  subglobosa. 
subpulchellus,   see    Monticulipora    subpul- 

chella. 

tabuJatus,  see  Ptychonema  tabulatum. 
tuberculatus,  see  Spatioponi  tuberculata. 
tumidus,  Phil- 
lips,  1836, 
(Calamopora 
tumida,)Geo 
Yorkshire,p. 
200,  Subcarb. 
undulatus,  see 
Monticu- 
lipora un- 
dulata. 

venustus,  see 
Mon  ticulip- 
ora  venusta. 
CHONOPHYLLUM, 
Edwards  & 
Haime,  1850,  Brit.  Foss.  corals,  p.  Ixix. 
[Ety.  chtmos,  funnel ;  phyllon,  leaf.] 
Corallum  simple,  cpnstituted,  prin- 
cipally, by  a  series  of  infundibuliform 
tabulee,  superposed  and  invaginated, 
upon  the  surface  of  which,  equally  de^ 
veloped  septal  radii  extend  from  center 
to  circumference ;  no  walls  or  colu- 
mella.  Type  C.  perfoliatum. 
belli,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo. 

vol.  2,  p.  431  Clinton  Gr. 
capax,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara  & 
Up.   Held.   Grs.,   p.   6,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.   Y.    St.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    p.   410, 
Niagara  Gr. 

ellipticum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  233, 
Chemung  Gr. 

magnificum,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  5,  p.  264,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

niagarense,  Hall,  1852, 
(Conophyllum  niaga- 
rense,) Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  114,  Niagara  Gr. 
ponderosum,  Rominger, 
1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p.  117, 
Ham.  Gr. 

sedaliense,White,  1880, 12th 
Rep.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr., 
p.  157,Choteau  limestone, 
vadum,  Hall,  1884,  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  410,  Niagara  Gr. 
validum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss. 
Corals  Niagara  and  Up. 
Held.  Grs.,  p.  6,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  272, 
Niagara  Gr. 
CHONOSTEGITEH,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851, 
Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  299.  [Ety. 
konos,  cone ;  stege,  covering.]  Subhemis- 
pheric;  corallites cylindrical,  annulated, 
connected  at  theexpansions,  imperforate 
at  the  constrictions ;  mural  pores  where 
the  [corallitesj  are  contiguous;  tabulse 


FIG,  150.— Cho- 
nophyllumni- 


178 


CCELENTERATA. 


u. 


FIG.  151.— Chonostegites 
ordlnatus. 


numerous;  septa  consisting  of  short 
spines;  growth  by  gemmation.  Type 
C.  clappi. 

clappi,      Ed- 
wards    & 
H  aime, 
1851,     Pol. 
Foss.         d. 
Terr.    Pal., 
p.  299,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
ordinatus, 
B  i  1  lin  gs, 
1859,   ( Bai- 
rn eoph  yl- 
lum     ordi- 
n  a  t  u  m  ,) 
Can.  Jour., 
vol.  4,  p.  139,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
CLADOGRAPTUS,    Geinitz,   1852,    (Cladograp- 
sus,)   Verst.  Grauw.    Sachs,   and   Em- 
mons,   Am.  Geo.,  p.  107.     [Ety.  klados, 
twig;    grapho,  I  write.]     Serrations,  or 
cells,  arranged  on  the  outer  sides  of 
branching  stipes ;  no  axis, 
dissimilaris,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p. 

107,  Upper  Taconic. 
insequalis,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p. 

107,  Upper  Taconic. 

CLADOPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
137.  [Ety.  klados,  twig;  poros,  pore.] 
Ramose  or  reticulate ;  branches  cylin- 
drical or  compressed ;  terminations 
terete;  corallites  radiating  from  the 
axis,  and  opening  upon  the  surface 
in  rounded  or  subangular  expanded 
mouths ;  tabulae  and  septal  crests  usu- 
ally obsolete,  sometimes  present ;  coral- 
lites connected  by  mural  pores.  Type 
C.  seriata. 
alpenensis,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

51,  Ham.  Gr. 
aspera,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

56,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
csespitosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  138,  Niagara  Gr. 
canadensis,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  49,  syn.  for  Pachypora  frondosa. 
cervicornis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  139,  Niagara  Gr. 
dichotoma,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

478,  Ham.  Gr. 
expatiata,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  57,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
fibrosa,  Hall,   1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

139,  Niagara  Gr. 
imbricata,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  56,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
labiosa,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  4, 

p.  138,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
laqueata,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

46,  Niagara  Gr, 

lichenoides,    Winchell    &    Marcy,    1865, 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  84,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
lichenoides,  Rominger,  1876,  see   C.   win- 

chellana. 

macrophora,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  140,  Niagara  Gr. 


magna,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  230,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
multipora,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  140,  Niagara  Gr. 
palmata,  Hall,   1873,  23d  Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,  p. 

231,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pinguis,         Rominger, 

1876,     Foss.     Corals, 

p.  53,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
prolifica,  Hall  &  Whit- 
field,'  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,     p.    230,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
pulchra,        Rominger, 

1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

54,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

reticulata,  Hall,  1852,  FIG.  152.— Clado- 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  pora  reticulata. 
141,  Niagara  Gr. 

rimosa,   Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
53,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

robusta,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

55,  Up.  Held,  and  Ham.  Gr. 
sarmentosa,  Hall,  1876,  Desc.  New  Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  3,  and  llth  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p. 

230,  Niagara  Gr. 
seriata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

137,  Niagara  Gr. 
turgida,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

49,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
verticillata,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Bost. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  l,p.  84,  Niagara  Gr. 
winchellana,   S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed. 

Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  265,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Proposed  for  the  species  described  by 

Rominger  under  the  preoccupied  name 

of    C.    lichenoides,    in    Foss.     Corals, 

p.  47. 

CLIMACOGRAPTUS,    Hall,    1865, 
Can.  Org.  Rem.  Decade  2, 

§.  111.  [Ety.  klimax,  lad- 
er;  grapho,  I  write.] 
Simple  stipes,  with  sub- 
parallel  margins,  having  a 
range  of  cells  on  each  side  ; 
axis  subquadrate ;  aper- 
tures transversely  oval  or 
subquadrate ;  denticles  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  aper- 
tures. Type  C.  bicornis. 
antennarius.  Hall,  1863, 
(Graptolithus  antenna- 
rius,) Geo.  of  Can.,  p.  955, 
and  Can.  Org.  Rem.  De- 
cade 2,  p.  112,  Quebec  Gr. 
bicornis,  Hall,  1847,  (Grap- 
tolithus bicornis,)  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  268,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

emmonsi,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  No.   30,  p.  93,    Upper 
Taconic. 
parvus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.  Decade 

2,  p.  57,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.     Not  defined, 
typicalis,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.  De- 
cade 2,  p.  57,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.   153.— Cli- 


tus  bicorni 


cu.— coi,.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


179 


CLISIOPHYLLUM,  Dana,  1848,  Explor.  Exped., 
vol.  8,  p.  361.  [Ety.  klision,  tent ;  phyllon, 
leaf.]  Simple,  branched  or  aggregate, 
with  verti- 
cal radiating 
lamellae  or 
septa ;  cen- 
tral area  ve- 
sicular and 
form  ing  a 
conical  boss 
or  colu- 
mella,  exte- 
r  i  o  r  to 
which  the 
vesicular 
p  1  a tes  in- 
cline out- 
ward and 
upward;cal- 
ycle  deep. 
Type  C . 
danianum. 
austini,  Salter, 
1852,  (Stre- 
phodes  aus- 
tini,) Suth- 
er 1  an  d ' s 
Jour.,  vol.  2, 
p.  c  c  xxx  , 
Devonian, 
conigerum  , 
Eominger , 
1876,  (Za- 
phrentis 
conigera , ) 
Foss.  Corals, 
p.  40,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
danian  um, 
Edwards  & 
Haime,1854, 
Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  412,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 
gabbi,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  California,  vol. 

1,  p.  8,  Carboniferous. 
oneidaense,  see  Acrophyllum  oneidaense. 
pluridiale,    Nicholson,    1874,    Pal.    Prov. 

Ont,,  p.  21,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
tumulus,     Salter,    1855,     Belcher's    Last 

Arctic  Voyage,  vol.  2,  p.  383,  Garb. 
CLONOGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1873,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol,  13.  [Ety.  klon, 
twig;  grapho,  I  write.]  Composed  of 
numerous  slender,  regular  branching, 
cylindrical  stipes ;  cells  small,  forming 
small  denticulations  on  one  side.  Type 
C.  rigidus. 

flexilis,  Hall,  1858,  (Graptolithus  flexilis,) 
Geo.  Sur.  Gan.,  p.  119,  and  Can.  Org. 
Rem.  Decade  2,  p.  103,  Quebec  Gr. 
rigidus,  Hall,  1857,  (Graptolithus  rig- 
idus,) Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  121,  and 
Can.  Org.  Rem.  Decade  2,  p.  105, 
Quebec  Gr. 

Co3NiTES,  Eichwald,  1829,  Zoologia  specialis, 
vol.  1,  p.  186.     [Ety.   koinos,  living  to- 
gether.]    Corallurn  incrusting,  massive, 
.    or  ramose  ;  corallites  vertical  or  oblique 


FIG.  154.— Ulisiophyllum  coni 
eeruin. 


to  the  surface,  remote,  imbedded  in  a 
ccenenchyma;  calices  irregular,  promi- 
nent, triangular,  quincuncially  ar- 
ranged ;  lower  margin  most  prominent ; 
interstices  increasing  by  age,  and  reduc- 
ing the  cavity  of  the  cell-tubes;  no 
septa;  taubulse  distinct;  mural  pores 
large  and  few.  Type  C.  clathrata. 
crassus,  Rominger,  1876,  (Limaria  crassa,) 

Foss.  Corals,  p.  45,  Niagara  Gr. 
falcatus,   Prout,   1859,   (Limaria  falcata,) 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.   1,  p. 
445,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

fruticosus,  Steininger,  1834,  (Limaria 
fruticosa,)  Bull.  Soc.  Geo.  France,  vol. 
1,  p.  339,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  143, 
Niagara  Gr. 

laminatus,  Hall,  1852,  (Limaria  lami- 
nata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  143,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

lunatus,    Nicholson    &    Hinde, 

1874,  Can.  Jour.,   p.  149,  and 

Pal.  Prov.  Ont.,  p.  55,  Niagara 

Gr. 
ramulosus,  Hall,  1852,  (Limaria 

ramulosa,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  142,  Niagara  Gr. 
natu?  COLEOPHYLLUM,   Hall,   1883,    12th 

Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  317. 
[Ety.  koleos,  sheath ;  phyllon,  leaf.] 
Corallum  simple ;  substance  composed 
of  closely  arranged,  invaginated  tab- 
ulae, more  or  less  oblique  to  the  axis ; 
rays  obscure ; 
calices  oblique. 
Type  C.  rom- 
ingeri. 

pyriforme,  Hall, 
1883,  12th  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Ind., 
p.318,Up.Held. 
Gr. 

romingeri,  Hall, 
1883,  12th  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Ind., 
p.  317,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

COLUMNARIA,  Gold- 

fuss,  1826, 
Germ.  Petref., 
p.  72.  [Ety. 
columnarius, 
formed  of  col- 
umns.] Aggre- 
gate, corallites 
polygonal, 
longitudinally 
sulcated,  but 
readily  separa- 
ble; no  mural 
pores ;  tabulae 
numerous; 
septa  r  u  d  i  - 
mentary;  in- 
crease by  fis- 
sion. Type  C.  alveolata. 
alveolata,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref., 
p.  72,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  47, 
Black  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.    156.— Coleophyllui 
romiugeri. 


180 


CCELENTERATA. 


[COL.— CYA. 


blainvilli,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  Tol.  3,  and  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  166,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  157.— Columnaria  alveoluta. 

carterenis,    Safford,  1869,  Geo.   of  Tenn., 

p.  285,  Trenton  Gr. 
divergens,   Troost,   1840,  5th    Geo.    Rep. 

Tenn.,  p.  72,  Devonian, 
erratica,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  3,   and   Rep.   of  Progr.   Geo.  Sur. 

Can.,  p.  167,  Trenton  Gr. 
goldfussi,   Billings,  1858,   Can.    Nat,   and 

Geo.,  vol.  3,  and  Rep.   of   Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  166,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
halli,  Nicholson,  1879,  Tabulate  corals,  syn. 

for  C.  alveolata. 
herzeri,  Roininger,  1876,  syn.  for  Favistella 

stellata. 
incerta,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  128,  Chazy  Gr. 
insequalis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

223,  Coralline  limestone. 
intermedia,   Eaton,  1832,  Geo.  Text-book, 

p.  41.     Not  recognized. 
mammillaris,  Castelnau.    Not  recognized. 
mutiiradiata,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

44.    Not    recognized.    Probably    same 

as  Favistella  stellata. 
parva,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  428,  Chazy  Gr. 
rigida,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  3,  and  Rep.    of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur. 

Can.,  p.  167,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
sutherlaadi,    Salter,    1852,    Sutherland's 

Jour.,  vol.  2,  p.  ccxxxii,  Devonian. 
troosti,  Castelnau,  1843,   Svst.  Sil.,  p.  44, 

syn.  for  Lonsdaleia  papillata. 
Columnopora,      Nicholson,     1874,      London 

Geo.  Mag.  N.  S.,  vol.  1,  p.  253,  and  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  186,  syn.  for  Calapoecia. 
cribriformis,  see  Calapoacia  cribriformis. 
COMBOPHYLLUM,  Edwards   &  Haime,   1850, 

Brit.  Foss.  Corals,  p.  Ixvii.    [Ety.  kom- 

bos,  strip  of  cloth  ;  phyllon,  leaf.]    Coral- 

lum,    in  form   like   Cyclolites ;    single 

septal   fossula;  septa  exsert  and  regu- 
larly radiate.    Type  C.  osismorum. 
multiradiatum,   Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi. 

Acad.  Sci.,  p.  84,  Devonian. 
Conophyllum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

syn.  for  Chonophyllum. 
niagarense,  see  Chonophyllum  niagarense. 
ConsteUaria,  Dana,  1848,  syn.  for  Stellipora. 


constellata,  syn.  for  Stellipora  antheloidea. 

facheri,  see  Stellipora  fischeri. 

jtorida,  see  Stellipora  florida. 

polystomella,  see  Stellipora  polystomella. 
CRASPEDOPHYLLUM,  Dybowski,  1873,  Be- 
schreibung  neuen  aus  Nordamerika, 
Stammenden,  Devoniscben  art  der 
Zoantharia  rugosa,  p.  153.  [Ety. 
kraspedos,  an  edge ;  phyllon  leaf.]  Prob- 
ably a  syn.  for  Heliophyllum.  Type  C. 
americanum. 

americanum,  Dybowski,  1873,  Beschr.  n. 
a.  Nord.  Stamm.  Dev.  a.  d.  Zoanth. 
rugosa,  p.  153,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
CREPIDOPHYLLUM,  Nicholson  &  Thomp- 
son, 1877,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinburgh, 
vol.  9,  p.  149.  [Ety.  krepis,  horseshoe; 
phyllon,  leaf.]  Distinguished  from 
Heliophyllum,  by  the  central  part  of 
the  tabulate  area  being  shut  off  from 
the  rest  of  the  visceral  chamber  by  a 
secondary  investment,  in  the  form  of 
a  central  pipe,  which 
is  crossed,  by  tab- 
ulse;  this  pipe  is 
sometimes  open  or 
horses  hoe-shaped . 
Type  C.  archiaci. 

archiaci,  Billings,  1860, 
(D  iph  yph  y  Hum 
archiaci,)  Can, 
Jour.,  vol.  5,  p.  260, 
Ham.  Gr. 

subcsespitosum, Nichol- 
son, 1874,  (Heli- 
ophyllum subcsespi- 
tosum,)  Lond.  Geo. 
Mag.  n.  ser.,  vol.  1, 
p.  58,  Ham.  Gr. 
CYATHAXONIA,  Michelin, 
1846,  Icon.  Zooph., 
p.  258.  [Ety.  kua- 
thos,  cup ;  axones,  a 
tablet  made  to  turn 
on  its  axis.]  Sim- 
ple ;  calice  deep ; 
columella  styliform, 
strong  and  promi-  FlG- 158- 

nent;  septa  extend- CreP^ophy Hum  sub- 
ing  to  the  columella; 
the  place  of  one  of  them  occupied,  by  a 
deep  depression  or  septal  fossula.  Type 
C. cornu. 

columellata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  415,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

cynodon,  Rafinesque  &  Clifford,  1820, 
(Turbinolia  cynodon,)  Monog.  d.  Tur- 
binolides  in  Ann.  d.  Phys.  d.  Brux.,  t. 
5,  p.  234,  Waverly  Gr." 

distorta,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  526,  Coal  Meas. 

herzeri,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  11,  and  12th 
Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  275,  Niagara  Gr. 

profunda,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol. 
Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  323,  Carbon- 
iferous. 


CYA.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


181 


prolifera,  see  Lophophyllum  proliferum. 
wisconsinensie,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 
p.  79,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  vol. 
4,  p.  277,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

CYATHOPHYLLUM, 
Goldfuss,  1826, 
Petref.  Germ.,  p. 
54.  [Ety.  kuathos, 
cup ;  phyllon,\eai .] 
Simple  or  com- 
posite; no  costse; 
septa  extending 
to  the  center  and 
twisting  together, 
giving  the  appear- 
ance of  a  colu- 
mella;  tabulae 
only  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  vis- 

Cyathaxouia  nerzeri.  ceral    chamber, 

the     outer     area 

being  filled  with  vesicular  dissepiments ; 
exterior  wall  provided  with  an  epitheca. 
Type  C.  csespitosum. 
agglomeratum,    Castelnau,  1843.     Not  rec- 
ognized. 

ammonis,    Castlenau,    1843.       Not    recog- 
nized, 
anticostiense,    Billings,    1862,  Pal.   Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  109,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Div.  4. 
arborescens,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

48.     Not  recognized, 
arcticum,   Meek,  1868,   Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  79,  Devonian, 
articulatum,    Wahlenberg,  (Madreporites 
articulatus,)    Nov.    Act.   Upsal.,  vol.  8, 
p.  97,  Up.  Sil. 

arctifossa,    Hall.   1882,   Foss.    Corals    Ni- 
agara, and   Up.  Held.    Gr.,  p.  40,  and 
12th    Rep.     Ind.    Geo.,     p.    297,    Up. 
Held  Gr. 
atlas,    Castelnau,    1843,    Syst.    Sil.,  p.  47. 

Not  recognized, 
billingsi.    Dawson,   1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

287.     Subcarboniferous. 
bullatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  41,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  445,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

bullulatum,     Hall,     1882,     Foss.    Corals 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  12,  and 

35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

412,  Niagara  Gr. 

csespitosum,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Petref.  Germ., 

p.  60,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
calyculare,  Owen,    1840,  Rep.  on  Mineral 

Lands,  p.  69,  Devonian, 
canaliculatum,    Hall.    1882,    Foss.    Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  39,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  443, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

ceratites,  Goldfuss.     Not  American, 
coalitum,    Rominger,   1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  108,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cobserens,    Hall,    1882,    Foss.    Corals  Ni- 


agara  and  Up.  Held  Grs.,  p.  41,  and  35th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  445, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
conatum,    Hall, 

1876,    Illust. 

Dev.   Foss.,  pi. 

31,  Ham.  Gr. 
concen  tricum, 

Hall,  1882,  Foss. 

Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.  Held. 

Gr.,  p.  42,  and 

12th  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Ind.,p.316, 

Up.    Held.  Gr 
conicum,    Castel- 

nau,  1843,  Syst. 

Sil.,  p.  48.     Not 

recognized, 
c  o  r  i  n  t  h  i  u  m, 

Owen,    1840,  Fl«-   160.— Cyathophyllum 

Reo    on    Minn       csespltosum.       6.    trans- 
nn-     verse  section,    c.  vertical 

Lands,    p.    69,    section. 

Devonian, 
cristatum,  Rominger,   1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  108,  Ham.  Gr. 
depressum,     Hall,     1882,    Foss.     Corals 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  40,  and 

12th    Rep.    Ind.    Geol.,    p.    298.    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
dianthus,   Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref., 

p.  54,  Onondaga  Gr. 
dilatatum,    Castelnau,  1843,    Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

48.  Not  recognized. 

distinctum,  Castelnau,   1843,  Syst.    Sil.,  p. 

49.  Not  recognized. 

d'orbignyi,  Castelnau,    1843,  Syst.   Sil.,  p. 

49.     Not  recognized, 
eriphyle,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  Ill,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Div.  4. 
euryone,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  110,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Div.  4. 
excentricum,  Goldfuss.    Not  American, 
exfoliatum,    Hall,    1882,   Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara  and    Up.  Held.   Grs.,  p.  39,  and 

35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

443,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
flexuosum,  Owen,  syn.  for  Campophyllum 

torquium. 
galerum,    Hall,    1876,   Illust.  Dev.   Foss., 

pi.  32,  Ham.  Gr. 
geniculatum,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  103,  Ham.  Gr. 
gigas,   Yandell  &  Shumard,   syn.  for  Za- 

phrentis  gigantea. 
goldfussi,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  47. 

Not  recognized. 
goliath,    Castelnau,   1843,   Syst.  Sil.,  p.  47. 

Not  recognized. 
gracile,  Troost,  5th  Rep.  Tenn.,   Subcarb. 

Not  recognized, 
gradatum,    Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss., 

pi.  31,  Ham.  Gr. 
helianthoides,  Goldfuss,   see  Heliophyllum 

halli. 
houghtoni,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  104,  Ham.  Gr. 

impositum,  Hall,  1882,   Foss.   Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  40.  and 


13 


182 


C(ELENTERATA. 


[CYA.- 


12th   Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  299,  Up. 

Held  Gr. 
interruptum,    Billings,   1862,    Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  109,  Mid.  Sil. 
intertrium,  Hall,  1884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  416,  Niagara  Gr. 
intervesicula,    Hall,    1882,    Foss.    Corals 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  38,  and 

35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

442,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
juvene,  Rominger,  1876,   Foss.  Corals,  p. 

101,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
leseuri,    Edwards   &   Haime,    1851,    Pol. 

Foss.    d.    Terr.    Pal.,    p.    371,    Onon- 

daga  Gr. 
michelini,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  48. 

Not  recognized, 
nanum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi. 

22,  Ham.  Gr. 
nepos,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.   Foss,  pi. 

22,  Ham.  Gr. 
nevadense,   Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 

40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  60,  Carboniferous, 
nymphale,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,   vol. 

1,  p.  Ill,  Mid.  Sil. 
palmeri,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  40th 

Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  33,  Devonian, 
palum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi. 

31,  Ham.  Gr. 
panicum,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low  Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 
partitum,    Winchell,    1866,     Rep.    Low. 

Penin.  Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 
pasithea,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  112,  Mid.  Sil. 
pelagicum,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  108,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Div.  2. 
pennanti,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  107,  Mid.  Sil. 
perfossulatum,   Hall,  1882,  Foss.   Corals, 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  42  and 

35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

446,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
perlamellosum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon. 

Foss.,  pi.  39,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
perplicatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held  Grs.,  p.  42,  and  35th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  447, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
picthorni,  Salter,  1852,  (Strephodes  pic- 

thorni,)   Sutherland's  Jour.,  vol.  2,  p. 

ccxxx,  Devonian. 
plicatulum,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

48.    Not  recognized. 
plicatum,  Goldfuss,   1826,   Germ.   Petref. 

Not  American. 

profundum,  see  Streptelasma  profundum. 
pustulatum,  Conrad,  1848.     Not    properly 

defined. 

quadrigtminum,  Goldfuss.    Not  American, 
radicula,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

109,  Niagara  Gr. 
robustum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 

pi.  22,  Ham.  Gr. 
robustum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  43,  Up.  Held. 

Gr.    The  name  was  preoccupied. 
rottini,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  49. 

Not  recognized. 


rugosum,  Hall,  1843,  (Astrea  rugosa,)  Geo. 
Sur.  4th  Dist,  N.  Y.,  p.  159,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

scalenum,  Hall, 
1882,  Foss.  Cor- 
als Niagara  and 
Up.  Held.  Grs., 
p.  42,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.446,Up.Held. 
Gr. 

scyphus,  Romin- 
ger, 1876,  Foss. 
Corals,  p.  103, 
Ham.  Gr. 

septatum,     Hall, 
1882,  Foss.  Cor- 
als Niagara  and 
Up.  Held.  Grs.,  FlQ    i6i._cyathophyllum 
p.  41,  and  3oth  rueosum 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  445,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

shumardi,  see  Amplexus  shumardi. 

solitarium,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  93,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 

striatulum,  Castelnau,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  48.  Not 
recognized. 

subcsespitosum,  Meek,  1872,  6th  Rep. 
Hayden's  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  470,  and 
U.  S.  Geo.  40  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  60,  Sub- 
carboniferous. 

torquium,  see  Campophyllum  torquium. 

turbinatum,  Goldfuss.     Not  American. 

undulatum  et  multiplicatum,  Owen,  1840, 
Rep.  on  Min.  Lands.  Not  binomial. 

validum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 
pi.  39,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

vanuxeini,  Hall,  1859,  figured  without 
specific  name  in  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  Tab.  49,  fig.  3,  3a,  Ham.  Gr. 

vermiculare,  Owen,  syn.  for  Campophyl- 
lum torquium. 

vesiculatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  41,  and 
12th  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  297,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

vesicutosum,see  Cystiphyllum  vesiculosum. 

vicinum,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  48. 
Not  recognized. 

wahlenbergi,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  108,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Div.  3. 

zenkeri,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  5, 

p.  262,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Cyathopora  iowensis,  Owen,  see  Striatopora 
iowensis.  There  is  no  genus  Cyatho- 
pora, and  if  Dr.  Owen  did  not  intend 
to  refer  his  species  to  Cyathophora, 
then  he  failed  to  establish  a  genus,  by 

neglecting  to  define  it. 
CYCLOGRAPTUS,  Spencer, 
1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  42.  [Ety. 
kuklos,  disk;  grapho,  I 
write.]  A  circular  disk-, 
with  stipes  radiating  from 
the  radicle  to  the  margin 
and  in  a  free  manner  be- 
yond. Type  C.  rotadentatus. 

rotadentatus,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1, 
Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  42,  Niagara  Gr. 


Fio.162.-Cy  do- 


:YS.] 


CCELEN1 ERATA. 


183 


Cyclolites,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  Anim.  sans 
Vert.,  p.  369.     Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 

rotuloides,  see  Paleeocyclus  rotuloides. 
CYSTIPHOROLITES.  Recently  proposed  genus 
but  the  reference  mislaid.  [Ety.  kustis, 
a  small  cavity;  phoros,  bearing;  lithos, 
stone.]  Corallum  compound,  formed  of 
superimposed  series  of  cups,  which  in 
vertical  sections  appear  as  layers  of  un- 
equal, vesiculose  plates,  resembling  Cys- 
tiphyllum;  layers  radiated,  margins  of 
cells  broad,  expanded,  and  confluent. 
Type  C.  major.  Proposed  instead  of 
Vesicularia,  Rominger,  which  was  pre- 
occupied. 

major,  Rominger,  1876,  (Vesicularia  ma- 
jor,) Foss.  Corals,  p.  135,  Niagara  Gr. 

minor,  Rominger,  1876,  (Vesicularia 
minor,)  Foss.  Corals,  p.  136,  Niagara  Gr. 

variolosus,  Rominger,  1876,(  Vesicularia  va- 
riolosa,)  Foss.  Corals,  p.  136,  Niagara  Gr. 
CYSTIPHYLLUM,  Lonsdale,  1839,  Murch.  Sil. 
Syst.,  p.  691.  [Ety.  kustis,  cavity ;  phyl- 
lon,  leaf.]  Simple,  turbinate,  or  cylin- 
drical, rarely  aggregate ;  interior  filled 
with  vesicular  tissue ;  septa  rudiment- 
ary or  absent.  Type  C.  siluriense. 

aggregatum,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  3,  p.  136,  Ham.  Gr. 

americanum,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol. 
Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  464,  Ham.  Gr. 

americanum  var.  arcticum,  Meek,  1868, 
Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  80,  Ham.  Gr. 

bifurcatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  55,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
459,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

bipartitum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  55,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
459,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

conifollis,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss., 
pi.  30,  Ham.  Gr. 

corrugatum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon. 
Foss.,  pi.  29,  Ham.  Gr. 

crateriforme,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  57,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

461,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cylindricum,  Lonsdale.     Not  American, 
fruticosurn,   Nicholson,   1875,  Geo.  Mag., 

vol.  2,  N.  S.,  p.  32,  Corniferous  Gr. 
grande,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  4, 

p.  138,  Corniferous  Gr. 
granilineatum,    Hall,    1882,   Foss.  Corals 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  14,  and 

12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.  p.  274,  Niagara  Gr. 
huronense,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  92,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 
infuudibulum,    Hall.    1882,    Foss.   Corals 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  58,  and 

35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

462,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

latiradius,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  57,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  304,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

maritimum,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  112,  Mid.  Sil. 


mundulum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  -Hist,  p.  234, 
Chemung  Gr. 

muricaturn,  Hall,  1882  Foss.  Corals,  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  56,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
460,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

nanum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  56,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  460, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

obliquum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  58,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p. 


462,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


ohioense,  Nichol- 
son, 1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
234,  Corniferous 
Gr. 

pustulatum,  Hall, 
1882,  Foss.  Cor- 


FIG.  163.  —  Cystiphyllum 
ohioense. 

Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  262,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
quadrangulare,   Hall,   1882,    Foss.    Corals 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  56,  and 

35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

460,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

scalatum,   Hall,    1882,    Foss.   Corals    Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  59,  and 

35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

463,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
senecaense,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

4,    p.    137, 

Devonian, 
squamosum, 

Nicholson, 

1875,  Geo. 

Mag.  N.  S., 

vol.    2,   p. 

31,  Cornif- 
erous Gr. 
striatura , 

Hall,  1882, 

Foss.  Cor- 
als Niag- 
ara and 

Up.  Held. 

Grs.,  p.  59, 

and     35th 

Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.      Mus. 

Nat.  Hist, 

p.  463,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
sulcatum , 

Billings, 

1859,  Can. 

Nat.     and 

Geo.,    vol. 

3,    p.    136, 

Cornifer-FlG 

ous  Gr. 
superbum, 

Nicholson,  1875,  Geo.  Mag.  vol.  2,  N.  S., 

p.  33,  Ham.  Gr. 
supraplanum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 


losum. 


vesicu- 


184 


CCELENTERATA. 


[CYS.— DEN. 


agara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  57,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
461,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

tenuiradius,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs..  p.  56,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,, 
p.  460,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

varians,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 
pi.  29,  Ham.  Gr. 

vesiculosum,  Goldfuss,  1826,  (Cyatho- 
phyllum  vesiculosurn,)  Germ.  Petref., 
p.  58,  Devonian. 

CYSTOSTYLUS,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  273. 
[Ety.  kustis,  cavity ;  stylos,  stalk.]  Aggre- 
gate, cylindrical,  corallites  in  contact  or 
united  by  transverse  filaments ;  increase 
by  bifurcation ,  structure  cystose  as  in 
Cystiphyllum;  formed  by  imperfect 
transverse  plates  arranged  in  circu- 
lar, funnel-formed  order;  septa  and 
tabulae  obsolete.  Type  C.  typicus. 

infundibulum,  Whitfield,  1878,  (Syringo- 
pora  infundibulum,)  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  79,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  274,  Niagara  Gr. 

typicus,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  274, 
Niagara  Gr. 

DANIA,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1849,  Comp. 
Rend.,  t.  29,  p.  261.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Corallum  having  most  of  the  charac- 
ters of  Chetetes,  but  with  the  tabulae 
connected  through  the  corallites  so  as 
to  divide  the  mass  into  parallel  strata. 
Type  D.  huronica. 

huronica,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1849,  Comp. 

Rend.,  t.  29,  p.  261,  Up.  Sil. 
DAWSONIA,  Nicholson,  1873,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  12.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Supposed  to  be  the  ovarian 
vesicles  of  Graptolites.  Type  D.  cam- 
panulata. 

acuminata,  Nicholson,  1873,  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  12,  Quebec  Gr. 

campanulata,  Nicholson,  1873,  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  12,  Quebec  Gr. 

rotunda,  Nicholson,  1873,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  12,  Quebec  Gr. 

tenuistriata,  Nicholson,   1873,  Ann.  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  12,  Quebec  Gr. 
DKKAYELLA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  155.  [Ety.  diminu- 
tive of  Dekayia.]  Ramose,  interstitial 
cells ;  spiniform  tubuli  of  two  kinds, 
larger  ones  arranged  as  in  Dekayia, 
others  more  numerous;  diaphragms  in 
both  sets  of  tubes.  Type  D.  obscura. 

obscura,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  89,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

robusta,  Foord,  1884,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  5th  ser.,  vol.  14,  p.  341,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

DEKAYIA,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon.  d. 
Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  277.  [Ety. 

Soper    name.]      Distinguished     from 
onticulipora  by  having  little  protuber- 
ances on  the  surface  between  the  angles 
of  the  corallites.    Type  D.  aspera. 


appressa,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,,  vol.  6,  p.  152,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

aspera,  Ed- 
wards & 
Haime, 
1851,  Pol. 
Foss.  d. 
Terr.  Pal., 

&27  8  , 
ud.  Riv.      ,«£.. ,.;,.  . 

£& 


Gr. 


—  Dekayia  aspera,  nat- 
ural  size,  and  magnified. 


attnta,  syn. 
for  D.  as- 
pera. 

multispi- 
nosa,     Ul- 
rich, 1883,  Jour.   Cin.   Soc.  Nat,  Hist., 
vol.  6,  p.  154,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

paupera,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  153,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

pelliculata,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  150,  Hud.  Piv.  Gr. 

trentonensis,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  151,  Trenton  Gr. 
DENDROGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  126.  [Ety.  dendron,  tree , 
grapho,  I  write.]  Simple  or  aggregate  ; 
foot-stalk  strong,  sometimes  with  a  root- 
like  bulb  ;  ramified  above  into  slightly 
divergent  branches,  celluliferous  on  one 
side.  Type  D.  hallanus. 

compactus,  Walcott,  1879,  Utica  Slate  and 
related  formations,  p.  21,  Utica  Slate. 

dawsoni,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  18,  Niagara  Gr. 

diffusus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  132,  Quebec  Gr. 

divergens,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  129,  Quebec  Gr. 

dubius,  n.  ap.  Proposed  instead  of  D. 
simplex,  Spencer,  in  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  17,  which  was  preoc- 
cupied. Niagara  Gr. 

erectus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  130,  Quebec  Gr. 

flexuosus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  127,  Quebec  Gr. 

frondosus,    Spencer,    1884,    Bull.    No.    1, 
Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  18,  Niagara  Gr. 
fruticosus,    Hall,    1865, 
Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 


gracilis,  Hall,  1865,  Can. 
Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2, 
p.  132,  Quebec  Gr. 
gracillimus,  Lesquereux, 
1877,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.  p.  164,  (Psilophy- 
ton         gracillimum,) 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hallanus,    Prout,    1851, 
(Graptolithus     h  a  1  - 
lanus,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
2dser.,  vol.  11,  p.  187, 
Potsdam  sandstone. 
novellus,   Hall,    1879,    Desc.    New   Spec. 
Foss.,   p.   2,  and  llth  Rep.    Geo.   Sur. 
Ind.,  p.  225,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIQ.   166.  —  Dendro- 
graptus  hallanus. 


DEN. — DID.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


185 


prjegracilis,    Spencer,    1884,  Bull.   No.    1, 

Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  19,  Niagara  Gr. 
primordialis,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 

Soc.  Can.,  p.  31,  St.  John  Gr. 
ramosus,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  17,  Niagara  Gr. 
simplex,   Walcott,   1879,  Utica  Slate  and 

related  formations,  p.  20,  Utica  Slate. 
simplex,  Spencer,  1S84,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  17.    The  name  was 
preoccupied.    See  D.  dubius. 
spinosus,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  l,Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  19,  Niagara  Gr. 
striatus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  129,  Quebec  Gr. 
tenuiramosus,  Walcott,  1879,  Utica  Slate 
and    related   formations,   p.    21,    Utica 
Slate. 

DENDROPORA,  Michelin,  1846,  Icon.  Zooph., 
p.  187.  [Ety.  dendron,  tree;  poros, 
pore.]  Corallum  arborescent,  with  very 
delicate,  smooth  branches;  calices  dis- 
tant, and  surrounded  by  a  narrow,  ob- 
tuse margin ;  septa  small,  but  distinct. 
Type  D.  explicita. 
alternans,  Roininger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  64,  Ham.  Gr. 
neglecta,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

63,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ornata,  see  Trachyppra  ornata. 
proboscidialis,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Cor- 
als, p.  65,  Ham.  Gr. 
reticulata,  Rominger,   1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  65,  Ham.  Gr. 

Dichograptus,  syn.  for  Graptolithus. 
DICRANOGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  2,  p.  46.  [Ety.  dikranos, 
two  pointed ;  grapho,  I  write.]  The 
lower  part  of  the  stipe  has  a  row  of 
cells  on  each  side,  but  above,  the  stipe 
bifurcates,  and  has  cells  only  on  the 
outer  side  of  each  bifurcation.  Type  D. 
ramosus. 

divaricatus,  Hall,  1859,  (Graptolithus 
divaricatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  513, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

furcatus,  Hall,  1847,  (Graptolithus  fur- 
catusj  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  273,  Utica 
Slate. 

ramosus,  Hall, 
1847,  (Grapto- 
lithus ramo- 
sus,) Pal.N.Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  270, 
Utica  Slate, 
sextans,  Hall, 
1847,  (Grapto- 
lithus sextans,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  273,  Utica 
Slate. 

DlCTYONEMA,     Hall, 

1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
FIG.    167.— Dicranograptus          vol.    2     p.    174. 
ramosus.  [Ety        dictyon, 

net;  nema,  thread.]  Fronds  consisting 
of  flabelliform  or  funnel-shaped  expan- 
sions, composed  of  slender,  radiating 
branches,  which  frequently  bifurcate 


as  they  recede  from  the  base ;  branches 
united  laterally  by  transverse  dissepi- 
ments; exterior  striated;  interior  sur- 
face celluliferous  or  serrate.  Type  D. 
retiforme. 

expansum,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1, 
Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  25,  Niagara  Gr. 

fenestratum,  Hall,  1851,  in  Foster  and 
Whitney's  Rep.  on  Lake  Superior  Land 
Dist.,  p.  223,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

gracile,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
175,  Niagara  Gr. 

grande,  Nicholson,  1873,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  12,  Quebec  Gr. 

irreguiare,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  136,  Quebec  Gr. 

murrayi,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  138,  Quebec  Gr. 

neenah,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  17, 
Trenton  Gr. 

pergracile,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  181, 
and  Acad.  Geo.,  p.  563,  Niagara  Gr. 

quadrangulare,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  138,  Q.ipbec  Gr. 


FIG.  168.— Dictyonema  retiforme. 

retiforme,  Hall,  1843,  (Gorgonia  reti- 
formis.)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 
115,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  174,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

robustum,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  137,  Quebec  Gr. 

splendens,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  12,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  1,  Up.  Sil. 

tenellum,  Spencer,  1878,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 
8,  and  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo., 
p.  26,  Niagara  Gr. 

websteri,  Dawson,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  and  Acad.  Geo.,  p.  563, 
Niagara  Gr. 

DIDYMOGRAPTUS,  McCoy,  1851,  Brit.  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  3-9.  [Ety.  didymos,  double; 
grapho,  I  write.]  Consisting  of  forked 
stipes,  straight  or  curved ;  one  cellu- 
liferous side.  Type  D.  murchisoni. 


186 


CCELENTERATA. 


[DIP. 


caduceus,  Salter,  1853,  (Graptolithus 
caduceus,)  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 
9,  p.  87,  Quebec  Gr. 


FIG.  169.—  Didymograptus  geraiiius. 

geminus,  Hisinger,  1840,  (Prionotus  gemi- 
nus,)  Leth  Suecia,  Supp.  2,  p.  5,  pi.  38, 
Quebec  Gr. 

DIPHYPHYLLUM,  Lonsdale,  1845,  Russ.  and 
Ural  Mts.,  vol.  1,  p.  624.  [Ety.  diphyia, 
division  ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Corallum  sim- 
ple, composite,  increasing  by  lateral 
gemmation;  corallites  tall,  cylindrical, 
connected  by  epitbecal  or  radiciform 
expansions,  with  each  other;  central 
area  occupied  by  tabulae  ;  circumscribed 
by  an  inner  wall;  exterior  vesicular 
zone  occupied  by  septa,  which  are  con- 
fined between  the  outer  and  inner 
mural  investment;  no  columella.  Type 
D.  conicum. 

adnatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held  Grs.,  p.  54,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  303,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

apertum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  54,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  303,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

archiaci,  see  Crepidpphyllum  archiaci. 

arundinaceum,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  4,  p.  134,  Corniferous  limestone. 

breve,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p,  55,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  459, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

csespitosum,  Hall,  1852,  (Diplophyllum 
caespitosum,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  116, 
Niagara  Gr. 

coralliferum,  Hall,  1852,  (Diplophyllum 
coralliferum,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  322, 
Coralline  limestone. 

cylindraceum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  54,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
458,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

fasciculum,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 
40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  29,  Devonian. 

gigas,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
125,  Niagara  Gr. 

gracile,  McCoy,  1854,  Brit.  Pal.  Foss..  p. 
88,  Up.  Held  Gr. 

huronicum,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  121,  Niagara  Gr. 

rectiseptatum,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss. 
Corals,  p.  124,  Ham.  Gr. 

rugosum,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  (Eri- 
dophyllum rugosum,)  Pol.  Foss.  des 
Terr.  Pal.,  p.  424,  Niagara  Gr. 

Bimcoense,  Billings,  1859,  (Eridophyllum 
simcoense,)  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  4,  p.  131, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

stramineum,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  4,  p.  135,  Corniferous  Gr. 

strictum,   Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  (Eri- 


dophyllum strictum,)    Poll.    Foss.    des 
Terr.   Pal.,  p.  424,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


p. 
H 


tumidulum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  55,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  303,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  170. — Dlphypliyllum  stramineum. 

vennori,  fillings,  1865,  (Eridophyllum 
vennori,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  2d  ser., 
vol.  2,  p.  431,  Clinton  Gr. 

verneuilanum,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850, 
(Eridophyllum  verneuilanum,)  Brit. 
Foss.  Corals,  p.  Ixxi,  and  Pol.  Foss.  des 
Terr.  Pal.,  p.  424,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
DIPLOGRAPTUS,  McCoy,  1854,  (Diplograpsus,) 
Brit.  Pal.  Rocks,  p.  3.  [Ety.  diploos, 
duplex;  grapho,  I  write.)  Stipes 
simple,  flattened,  or  quadrangular ; 
cellules,  in  single  series,  on  the  two 
sides  of  a  double  central  axis ;  cellules 
oblique,  opening  toward  the  apex ;  cell 
denticles  prominent,  often  mucronate. 
Type  D.  foliaceus. 

amplexicaulis,  Hall,  1847,  (Graptolithus 
amplexicaulis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
79,  Trenton  Gr. 

angustifolius,  Hall,  1859,  (Graptolithus 
angustifolius,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
515,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

ciliatus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p.  105, 
Up.  Taconic. 

dissimilaris,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p. 
105,  Up.  Taconic. 

foliaceous,  (?)  Murch,  1839,  (Graptolites 
foliaceus,)  Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  p.  695, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


DIP. — FAV.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


187 


foliosus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p.  105, 
Up.  Tacpnic. 

folium,  Hisinger,  1837,  (Prionotus 
folium,)  Leth.  Suec.,  p.  113, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

hudsonicus,  Nicholson,  1875,  Pal. 
Proc.  Ont.,  p.  38,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hypniformis,  White,  1874,  (Grap- 
tolithus  hypniformis,)  Rep.  In- 
vert. Foss.,  p.  12,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
W.  100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  63, 
Trenton  Gr. 

inutilis,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  Ill,  Quebec  Gr. 

laciniatus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p. 
236,  Up.  Taconic. 

marcidus,  Hall,  1859,  (Graptolithus  mar- 
cidus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  514,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

mucronatus,  Hall,  1847,  (Graptolithus 
mucronatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  263, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

obliquus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p. 
106,  Up.  Taconic. 

peosta,  Hall,  1861,  (Graptolithus  peosta,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  17,  Trenton  Gr. 

pristiniformis,  Hall,  1858,  (Graptolithus 
pristiniformis,)  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  133, 
and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p.  110, 
Quebec  Gr. 

pristis,  (?)  Hisinger,  1837,  (Prionotus 
pristis,)  Leth  Suec.,  p.  114,  and  Pal.  N. 
Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  265,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

putillus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  44,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

rugosus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p.  105, 
Up.  Taconic. 

rectangularis,  McCoy,  1851,  Brit.  Pal. 
Rocks,  p.  3,  Low  Sil. 

secalinus,  Hall,  1847,  (Fucoides  secalinus,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  267,  syn.  for  D. 
simplex. 

simplex,  Emmons,  1844,  (Fucoides  sim- 
plex,) Taconic  system,  p.  27,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  267,  Up.  Taconic. 

spinulosus,  Hall,  1859,  (Graptolithus 
spinulosus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  517, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

whitfieldi,  Hall,  1859,  (Graptolithus  whit- 
fieldi,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  516,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

Diplophyllum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  115,  syn.  for  Diphyphyllum. 

csfspitosum,  see  Diphyphyllum  caespitosum. 

coralliferum,    see     Diphyphyllum     coral- 

liferum. 

DIPLOTRYPA,  Nicholson,  1879,  Pal.  Tab. 
Corals,  p.  292.  [Ety.  diploos,  double; 
trypa,  hole.]  Corallites  of  two  kinds, 
the  larger  thin  walled,  polygonal, 
tabulae  remote ;  often  aggregated  in 
clusters,  (monticules);  smaller  coral- 
lites  angular,  thin  walled,  never  com- 
pletely isolating  the  larger  ones ;  tabulae 
numerous.  Type  D.  petropolitana. 

infida,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 
Minn.,  p.  88,  Trenton  Gr. 

milleri,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  245,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  172. 


regularis,  Foord,  1883,  Micropalaeontology, 

p.  13,  Trenton  Gr. 

DISCOPHYLLUM,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  277.  [Ety.  diskos,  disk;  phyllon, 
leaf.]  Discoid  flattened,  rays  numer- 
ous, proceeding  from  the  center  and 
terminating  in  a  thickened  border. 
Type  D.  peltatum. 

peltatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

277,  Up.  Tacpnic. 

DUNCANEI/LA,  Nicholson,  1874,  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  13,  p.  333.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Corallum 
simple,  obconical ;  calycle 
deep,  circular;  rays  strong, 
exsert ;  epitheca  striated 
vertically  ;  closely  allied  to 
Streptelasma.  Type  D. 
borealis. 

bo  real  is,  Nicholson,  1874, 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th 
ser.,  vol.  13,  p.  333,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

ELASMOPHYLLUM,  Hall,  1882, 
Foss.  Corals  Niagara  and 
Up.  Held  Grs.,  p.  38.  [Ety. 
elasma,  lamellae ;  phyllon, 
leaf.]  Simple,  turbinate,  is 

lamellae   extending   to    the    magnified, 
center,  twisted  or  not ;  in- 
terlamellar  cysts  continuing  to  the  cen- 
ter ;  no  tabulse.    Type  E.  attenuatum. 

attenuatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  38,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p. 
442,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

EMMONSIA,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mono- 
graphic des  Polyp.,  Foss.  des  Terr. 
Palaeoz.,  p.  246.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Distinguished  from  Favosites  by  the 
compound  character  of  the  diaphragms, 
but  generally  regarded  as  a  synonym. 
Type  E.  hemispherica. 

hemispherica,  Troost,  1840,  (Calamopora 
hemispherica.)  5th  Rep.  Geo.  Tenn.,  p. 
72,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

hemispherica,  Yandell  &  Shumard,  1847, 
(Favosites  hemisphericus,)  Contrib.  to 
Geo.  of  Ky.,  p.  7.  Same  species  de- 
scribed by  Troost. 

Eiidophyllum,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850,  Brit. 
Foss  Corals,  p.  Ixxi,  syn.  for  Diphy- 
phyllum. 

rugosum,  see  Diphyphyllum  rugosum. 

simcoewe,  see  Diphyphyllum  simcoense. 

strictum,  see  Diphyphyllum  strictum. 

vennori,  see  Diphyphyllum  vennori. 

verneuilanum,  see  Diphyphyllum,  verneui- 

lanum. 

Favastrea,  DeBlainville,  1830,  Man.  d.  Actinol, 
p.  374.  Not  an  American  palaeozoic 
genus. 

striata,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Pale- 
ont.,  1. 1,  p.  48.  Not  denned  so  as  to  be 
recognized. 

Faviphyllum,  as  used  by  Hall,  1852,  Stans. 
Exped.  to  Great  Salt  Lake,  p.  407. 
Not  denned,  and  founded  upon  a  sili- 
cifled,  indeterminate  fragment. 


188 


CCELENTERA  TA. 


[FAV. 


FAVISTELLA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
275.  [Ety.  favus,  honey-comb ;  Stella, 
star.]  Massive,  hemispherical,  coral- 
lites  polygonal,  increasing  by  lateral 
development ;  walls  not  separable  as  in 
Favosites,  nor  perforated  by  pores ; 
tabulae  close ;  septa  of  alternately  larger 
and  smaller  size,  the  larger  reaching  the 
center ;  twelve  or  more  in  each  coral- 
lite.  Type  F.  stellata. 

calicina,  Nicholson,  1874,  Rep.  Brit.  Ass'n. 
and  Pal.  Tab.  Corals,  p.  197,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

favosidea,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
41,  Clinton  Gr. 

franklini,  Salter,  1852,  Sutherland's  Jour., 
vol.  2,  p.  ccxxxi,  Up.  Sil. 

reticulata,  Salter,  1852,  Sutherland's  Jour., 
vol.  2,  p.  ccxxix,  Up.  Sil. 


FIG.  173.— Favistella  stellata. 

stellata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

275,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

FAVOSITES,  Lamarck,  1812,  Cours.  de  Zool.  du 
Mus.  d'Hist.  Nat.  and  Hist,  des  An. 
sans  Vert.,  vol.  2,  p.  204.  [Ety.  favus, 
honey-comb.]  Massive  or  branched, 
composed  of  numerous  more  or  less 
polygonal  corallites;  tabulae  present; 
septa  absent  or  rudimentary  ;  walls  per- 
forated by  one  or  more  rows  of  mural 
pores,  connecting  the  corallites.  Type 
F.  alveolatus. 

alpenensis,    Winchell,    1866,    Rep.   Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  88,  Ham.  Gr. 

alveolaris,  DeBlainville.     Not  American. 

arbuscula,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 
pi.  36,  Ham.  Gr.    . 

argus,  Hall,  1876,  Illust,  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  13, 
Ham.  Gr. 

asper,  D'Orbigny,  1849,  Prodr.  de  Paltont., 
t.  1,  p.  49,  Clinton  Gr. 

basalticus,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref., 

S.  78,  (Calamopora  basal tica,)  Devonian, 
ingsi,  Rominger,  1876,   Foss.    Corals, 
p.  29,  Ham.  Gr. 

canadensi  s , 
Billings, 
1858,  (Fis- 
tulipora 
canaden- 
sis,)  Can. 
Nat.  and 
FIG-.  174.— Favosites  canadensis.  Geol  vol 

4,  p.  98,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
capax,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.   Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  6,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cervicornis,  DeBlainville,  1830,  (Alveolo- 
lites  cervicornis,)  Diet.,  vol.  60,  p.  369, 
Devonian. 

chapmani,    Nicholson,    1874,   Pal.    Prov. 
Ont,  p.  52,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


clausus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

37,  Up.Held.  and  Ham.  Gr. 
conicus,  Hall,   1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  112,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  9,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
constrictus,  Hall,  1852,  (Astrocerium  con- 

strictum,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  123,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
cristatus,    Edwards  &   Haime,  1851,  Pol. 

Foss.  Terr.  Palseoz.,  p.  242,  Niagara  Gr. 
cumberlandicus,  Troost,    1840,    (Calamo- 
pora  cumberlandica,)    5th    Geo.    Rep. 

Tenn.,  p.  70,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
digitatus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

39,  Ham.  Gr. 
divergens,  Winchell,    1862,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  112,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 

Merid.,  vol.  4,  p.  79,  Subcarb. 
dubius,  DeBlainville,  1830,  (Alveolites  du- 

bius,)  Diet.,  vol.  60,  p.  370,  Corniferous 

Gr. 
dumosus,    Winchell,     1866,     Rep.    Low. 

Penin.  Mich.,  p.  89,  Ham.  Gr. 
emmonsi,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  27,  Up.  Held.  Gr.    Syn.  (?)  for  F.  heli- 

olitiformis. 
emmonsi,    Hall,  1876,    Illust.    Dev.  Foss., 

pi.  9.     The  name  was  preoccupied, 
epidermatus,  Rominger,  1862,  Am.  Jour- 

•Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  34,  p.  396,  Cornifer- 
ous Gr. 
epidermatus    var.   biloculi,    Hall,     1876, 

Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  7,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
epidermatus  var.    corticosus,    Hall,  1876, 

Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  10,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
excretus,  Hall,  1876,  28th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  syn.  for  F.  spinigerus. 
explanatus,       Hall, 

1876,  Illust.  Dev. 

Foss.,     pi.     14, 

Ham.  Gr. 
favosus,      Goldfuss, 

1826,       Germ. 

Petref.,  p.  77,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.    126,    (Calamo- 
pora favosa,)  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
flabeUiformis,  Troost, 

1843.      Not   satis- FIQ  175._Favosites  for- 

factonly    defined,   besi  var.  occldentalls. 
forbesi,  Edwards  & 

Haime,  1854,  Brit.  Foss.  Corals,  p.  258, 

Niagara  Gr. 

forbesi  var.  dis- 
coideus,  Roemer, 
1860,  (Calamopora 
forbesi  var.  dis- 
coidea,)  Sil.  Fauna 
W.  Tenn.,  p.  19, 
Niagara  Gr. 
forbesi  var.  occident- 
alis,  Hall,  1876, 
28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
109,  Niagara  Gr. 
forbesi  var.  waldron- 

ensis,  Nicholson,  1879,  syn.  for  F.  forbesi 

var.  occidentalis. 


FIG.    176.  —  Favosites 
goldfussl. 


FAV.— GLO.j 


CCELENTERATA. 


189 


FIG.  177.— Favcr 
sites  gothlan- 
dicus. 


goldfussi,    Castelnau,    1843,    (Calamopora 

goldfussi,)  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  47,  Up.  Sil. 
goldfussi,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  de  Pale- 
ont.,  p.  107,  Devonian.     The  name  was 
preoccupied. 

gothlandicus,  Lamarck,  1816,  Hist.  An. 
sans  Vert.,  vol.  2,  p.  206,  Up.  Held,  and 
Ham.  Grs. 

fiamiltonensis,  Rominger, 
1876,  Foss.  Corals,  syn. 
for  F.  dumosus. 
hamiltoniie,  Hall,  1876, 
Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  34, 
Ham.  Gr. 

helderbergire,   Hall,   1874, 
26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,   p.  Ill,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  8, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
heliolitiformis,  Rominger, 
1862,  (Calamopora  helio- 
litiformis,)    Am.    Jour. 
Sci.,    vol.   34,  2d  series, 
p.  397,  Devonian, 
hemisphericus,  Troost,  1840,  (Calamopora 
hemispherica,)  5th  Geo.  Rep.  Tenn.,  p. 
72,  Up.  Held.  Gr.     Same  as  Emmonsia 
hemispherica. 

hemisphericus  var.  distortus,  Hall,  1876, 
Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  5,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
hemisphericus    var.    rectus,    Hall,    1876, 
Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  2C,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
hisingeri,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,   Pol. 
Foss.    des   Terr.    Palaeoz.,    p.    240,    Ni- 
agara Gr. 
hispidus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

23,  Niagara  Gr. 

infundibuliformis,  as  identified  by  D'Arch- 
iac  &  Verneuil.  Not  American. 

intertextus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  38,  Ham.  Gr. 

invaginatus,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  232,  Corniferous  Gr. 

limitaris,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
36,  Corniferous  Gr. 

lycoperdon,  see  Monticulipora  lycoperdon. 

mammillaris,  Castelnau,  1843.  "Not  recog- 
nized. 

mancus,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  112,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

maximus,  Troost,  1840,  (Calamopora  max- 
ima,) 5th  Rep.  Geo.  Tenn.,  p.  73,  De- 
vonian. 

minimus,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  113,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

niagarensis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.2, 
p.  125,  Niagara  Gr. 

niagarensis  var  spinigerus,  see  F.  spinigerus. 

nitellus,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen. 
Mich.,  p.  89.  Ham.  Gr. 

obliquus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

24,  Niagara  Gr. 

occidens.  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  78,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  313,  Niagara  Gr. 

parasiticus,  Hall,  1852,  (Astrocerium  para- 
siticum,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  122,  Ni- 
agara Gr.  This  name  was  preoccupied 
by  Phillips  in  his  Geol.  of  Yorkshire. 


placenta,  Rominger.  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
34,  Ham.  Gr. 

pleurodictyoides,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  231,  Corniferous  Gr. 

polymorphus,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ. 
Petref.,  p.  79,  Corniferous  Gr. 

prolificus,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  429,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

proximus,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  7, 
fig.  13-15,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  10, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

pyriformis,  Hall,  1852,  (Astrocerium  pyri- 
forme,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  123,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

radiatus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
33,  Ham.  Gr. 

radiciformis,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Cor- 
als, p.  34,  Devonian. 

reticulatus,  DeBlainville,  1840,  (Alveolites 
reticulatus,)  Diet.,  vol.  60,  p.  369,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

sphericus,  Hall,  1874,(Chetetes  sphericus,) 
26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p. 
Ill,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  9,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

spinigerus,  Hall,  1876,  (F.  niagarensis  var. 
spinigerus,)  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,,  p.  108,  Niagara  Gr. 

spongilla,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
24,  syn.  for  F.  spinigerus. 

striatus,  Say,  1818,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1, 
p.  384,  Niagara  Gr. 

troosti,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon.  d. 
Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal  ,  p.  238,  De- 
vonian. 

tuberosus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  31,  Corniferous  Gr. 

turbinatus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 
4,  p.  109,  Up.  Held.  &  Ham.  Gr. 

venustus,  Hall,  1852,  [Astrocerium  ven- 
ustum,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  120,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

verneuili,  Castelnau,  1843,  syn.  for  Mon- 
ticulipora fibrosa. 

whitfieldi,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 
syn.  for  F.  diyergens. 

winchelli,  Rominger,  1862,  (Calamopora 
winchelli,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  34,  2d 
ser.,  p.  397,  Devonian. 

Favositopora,   Kent,   1870,   Ann.   and   Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  384. 

palseozoica,  Kent,  1870,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  384.  Not 
recognized. 

Filicites  gracilis,  see  Plumalina  gracilis. 
Geoporites  americanus,  D'Orbigny,  1850.     Not 

defined  so  as  to  be  recognized. 
GLOSSOGRAPTUS,  Emmons,  (Glossograpsus,) 
1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p.  108.  [Ety.  glosse, 
tongue;  grapho,  I  write.]  Stipe  free; 
thin,  membranacepus,  ligulate,  extrem- 
ities rounded,  axis  distinct.  Type  G. 
ciliatus. 

ciliatus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  pt.  2, 
p.  108,  Up.  Taconic. 

setaceus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,pt.  2, 
p.  236,  Up.  Taconic. 


190 


CCELENTERATA. 


[GRA. 


GRAPTOLITHUS,  Linnaeus,  1736,  Syst.  Nat.,  1st 
Ed.,  but  it  was  not  until  1767,  in  the 
12th  Ed.,  that  any  species  were  defined. 
[Ety.  grapho,  I  write ;  lithos,  stone.]  Stipes 
elongated,  slender,  flattened,  or  quad- 
rangular ;  they  may  be  simple  or  bifur- 
cating; the  cells  enter  the  central  canal 
and  open  their  mouths  upward,  so  as 
to  form  denticles  on  the  margins  when 
compressed.  Type  G.  scalaris. 

abnormis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 
117,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p. 
106,  Quebec  Gr. 

alatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  127, 
and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p.  93, 
Quebec  Gr. 

amplexicaulis,  see  Diplograptus  amplexi- 
caulis. 

angustifolim,  see  Diplograptus  angusti- 
folius. 

annectans,  Walcott,  1879,  Utica  Slate 
and  related  formations,  p.  20,  Utica 
Slate. 

antennarius,  see  Climacograptus  anten- 
narius. 

approximatus,  Nicholson,  1873,(Tetragrap- 
tus  approximatus,)  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  12,  Quebec  Gr. 

arcuatus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  79,  Quebec  Gr. 

bicornis,  see  Climacograptus  bicornis. 

bifidus,  Hall,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  3,  p.  73,  Quebec  Gr. 

bigsbyi,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  86,  Quebec  Gr. 

bryonoides,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 
126,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p. 
84,  Quebec  Gr. 

caduceus,  see  Didymograptus  caduceus. 

clintonensis,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  74,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  39,  Clinton  Gr. 

constrictus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  76,  Quebec  Gr. 

crucifer,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 
125,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p. 
92,  Quebec  Gr. 

dentatus,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  279,  Utica  Slate. 

denticulatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can., 
p.  132,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2, 
p.  88,  Quebec  Gr. 

divaricatus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  513,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  See  Dicranograp- 
tus  divaricatus. 

divergens,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  509,  Hud.  Riy.  Gr. 

ensiformis,  see  Retiolites  ensiformis. 

extensus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 
132,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p. 
80,  Quebec  Gr. 

extenuatus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  75,  Quebec  Gr. 

flaccidus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  143,  Utica  Slate. 

flexilis,  see  Clonograptus  flexilis. 

foliaceus,  see  Diplograptus  foliaceus. 

folium,  see  Diplograptus  folium. 


FIG.  178.— Graptolithus 
logani. 


fruticosup,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 

128  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p.  90, 

Quebec  Gr. 

furcatus,  see  Dicranograptus  furcatus. 
gracilis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

274,  Utica  Slate. 

hallanus,  see  Dendrograptus  hallanus. 
headi,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  127, 

and   Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p.  94, 

Quebec  Gr. 

hypniformis,  see  Diplograptus  hypniformis. 
indentus,    Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 

128,  and  Can.  Org.  Rein.  Decade  2,  p. 

74,  Quebec  Gr. 
laevis,  Hall,  1847,   Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

274,  Utica  Slate, 
logani,  1858, 

Geo.Sur.Can., 

p.    115,    and 

Can.    Org. 

Rem.,  Decade 

2,  p.    100, 
Quebec  Gr. 

marcidus,  see 

D  i  plpgraptus 

marcidus. 
milesi,  Hall, 

1861,  Geo. 

Sur.  Vermont, 

vol.  1.  p.  372, 

Quebec  Gr. 
mucronatus,  see  Diplograptus  muoronatus. 
multifasciatus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  508,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade 
2,  p.  10,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

nitidus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  129, 

and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p.  69, 

Quebec  Gr. 
octobrachiatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can., 

p.  122,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2, 

p.  96,  Quebec  Gr. 
octonarius,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 

124,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p. 

95,  Quebec  Gr. 
patulus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  131, 

and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p.  71, 

Quebec  Gr. 
pennatulus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.   Org.   Rem., 

Decade  2,  p.  82,  Quebec  Gr. 
peosta,  see  Diplograptus  pepsta. 
pri&lis,  see  Diplograptus  pristis. 
putillus,  see  Diplograptus  putillus. 
pristiniformis,    see    Diplograptus    pristini- 

formis. 
quadribrachiatus,    Hall,    1858,    Geo.  Sur. 

Can.,  p.  125,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  91,  Quebec  Gr. 
quadrimucronatus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.   Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  2,  p.  144,  Utica  Slate. 
ramosus,  see  Dicranograptus  ramosus. 
ramulus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  2,  p.  108,  Quebec  Gr. 
ramulus,   White.    The  name   was  preoc- 
cupied.    See  G.  whitianus. 
richardsoni,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  2,  p.  107,  Quebec  Gr. 
rigidus,  see  Clonograptus  rigidus. 
scalaris,   Linnaeus,  as  identified  by   Hall 

in  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  271,  Utica  Slate. 


CCELENTARATA. 


191 


secalinus,  see  Diplograptus  secalinus. 
serratulus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  274,  Utica  Slate. 

Sagittarius,   Linnaeus,  1767,  Syst.  Nat.,  as 
identified  by  Hall  in  Pal.  N.   Y.,   vol. 
1,  p.  272,  Utica  Slate. 
sextans,  see  Dicranograptus  sextans, 
similis,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 2,  p.  78,  Quebec  Gr. 
spinulosus,  see  Diplograptus  spinulosus. 
subtenuis,  Hall,  1877,  Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p. 

244,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
tentaculalus,    see    Retiograptus     tentacu- 

latus. 

tennis,    Hall,  1847,   Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
272.     The    name    was    preoccupied    by 
Portlock  in  1843.     See  G.  subtenuis. 
venosus,  see  Retiolites  venosus. 
whitfieldi,  see  Diplograptus  whitfieldi. 
whitianus,  S.  A.  Miller,   1883,  Am.    Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  269,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.     Proposed 
instead  of   G.   ramulus,    White,    1874, 
which    was    preoccupied.      See    Geo. 
Sur.  W.  100th  Mer.;  vol.  4,  p.  62. 
HADROPHYLLUM,    Edwards  &  Haime,  1850, 
Brit.    Foss.    Corals,     p.     Ixvii.       [Ety. 
hadros,  mighty ;    phyllon,   leaf.]     Coral- 
lum   short;     calicle    super- 
ficial ;  one  very  large  septal 
fossula    and     three    small 
ones  representing  a  cross ; 
radiate  arrangement  of  the 
septa    somewhat   irregular. 
Type  H.  orbignyi. 

jf-ie.  i7».  glans,  White,  1862,  (Zaphren- 
Hadrophyl-  tis  glans,)  Pr-oc.  Bost.  Soc. 
lum  glans.  Nftt  Higt ^  y()1  9>  p  ^ 

and    Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  8,  p.  156,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

orbignyi,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850,   Brit, 

Foss.  Corals,  p.  Ixvii,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
Haimeophyllum,   Billings,  1859,  Can.   Jour., 
vol.    4,    p.    139,    syn.    for    Chonosteg- 
ites. 

ordinatum,  see  Chonostegites  ordinatus. 
HALLIA,  Edwards  &  Haime.  1851,  Mon. 
d.  Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  353. 
[Ety.  proper  name.]  Corallum  tall, 
turbinate  ;  septa  extending  to  the  cen- 
ter; one  large  septum  occupying  the 
place  of  the  septal  fossula,  and  the 
neighboring  septa  directed  toward  it,  so 
as  to  assume  a  pinnate  arrangement; 
no  columella.  Type  H.  insignis. 

divergens,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  8,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
412,  Niagara  Gr. 

divisa,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  8,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  412,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

insignis,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon. 
d.  Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  353,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

pluma,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  8,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  412,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 


FIG.  179. 


scitula,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  7,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  411,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

HALYSITES,  Fischer,  1813,  Zoognosia,  vol.  1, 
p.  387.  [Ety.  halyson,  a  small  chain.] 
Corallites  long,  arranged  in  single 
series,  united  laterally  in  the  form  of 
elliptical  expansions,  presenting  a 
chain-like  arrangement;  epitheca 
thick ;  septa  usually  absent  or  rudi- 
mentary, but,  in  perfect  specimens,  ex- 
tending to  the  center  of  the  visceral 
chamber ;  tabulse  horizontal.  Type  H. 
catenulatus. 

agglomeratus,  Hall,  1843,  (Catenipora  ag- 
glomerata.)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 
Tab.  Foss.  No.  22,  fig.  2,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  129,  Niagara  Gr. 

catenulatus,  Lin- 
nseus,  1767,  (Tu- 
bipora  caten- 
ulata,)  Syst.  Nat. 
12th  Ed.,  p.  1270, 
Niagara  Gr. 

catenulatus      var. 
fieldeni,    Eth-^ 
e  ridge,     1878,' 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,    vol.    34,  p. 
582,  Up.  Sil. 

catenulatus  var. 
harti,  Etheridge, 
1878,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 
34,  p.  583,  Up. 
Sil. 

catenulatus  var. 
microporus, 

Whitfield,  1882,  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  272, 
Niagara,  Gr. 

compactus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
syn.  for  H.  agglomeratus. 

escharoides,  Lamarck,  1816,  (Catenipora 
escharoides,)  Hist,  des  Anim.  sans 
Vert.,  vol.  2,  p.  207,  Niagara  Gr. 

gracilis,  Hall,  1851,  (Catenipora  gracilis,) 
Geo.  Lake  Sup.  Land  Dist.,  vol.  2,  p. 
212,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

labyrinthicus,  Goldfuss,  1826,  (Catenipora 
labyrinthica,)  Petref.  Germ.,  p.  71, 
Niagara  Gr. 

meandrina,  Troost,  1840,  (Catenipora 
meandrina,)  5th  Geo.  Rep.  Tenn., 
Niagara  Gr.  The  definition  is  too 
meagre  for  identification. 

parryi,  Konig,  1824,  (Catenipora  parryi,) 
Supp.  to  App.  of  Capt,  Parry's  Voyage 
for  the  Discovery  of  a  North-west 
Passage,  Up.  Sil. 

sexto-attenuatus,  Owen,  1862,  Geo.  Sur. 
Ind.,  p.  362,  Niagara  Gr. 

Harmodites     rugosus,      D'Orbigny,     1850, 
Prodr.  de  Pal6ont.,  t.  1,  p.  50.    Not  de- 
fined so  as  to  be  recognized. 
HELIOLITES,  Guettard,  1770,  Mem.  3,  p.  454. 

{Ety.  helios,  sun ;  lithos,  stone.]  Coral- 
urn  spheroidal, hemispherical  or  ramose; 
corallites  of  larger  and  smaller  size,  the 


FIG.  180.— Haly sites  ca- 
tenulatus. 


192 


CCELENTERATA. 


FIG.    181.—  Heliolites    inter- 
stinctus. 


larger  ones  cylindrical,  with  twelve  in- 
foldings  of  the  wall  or  septa,  not  reach- 
ing the  center,  the  smaller  ones 
polygonal,  investing  the  larger  ones ; 
walls  amalgamated ;  tabulae  numer- 
ous; no  columella.  Type  H.  inter- 
stinctus. 

affinis,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
2d  ser.,    vol.  2,  p.  427,  Hud.  Riv.  and 
Mid.  Sil. 
elegans.  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

130,  Niagara  Gr. 

exiguus,  Billings,    1865,    Can.   Nat.    and 
Geo.,   2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  428,   Mid.  Sil. 
inters  tinctus, 
L  i  n  n  se  u  s, 
1767,  (Madre- 
ppra     inter- 
stincta,)  Syst. 
Nat, 12th  Ed., 
p.     1276,    Ni- 
agara Gr. 
m  acrostylus, 
Hall,     1852, 
Pal.    N.     Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  135, 
Niagara  Gr. 
rnegastoma,  McCoy,    1846,    Sil.    Foss.    of 

Ireland,  p.  62,  Niagara  Gr." 
pyriformis,  Guettard,  1770,  Mem.  3,  p.  454, 
and  Pal.   N.    Y.,    vol.   2,  p.    133,    Ni- 
agara Gr. 
sparsus,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  428,  Mid.  Sil. 
speciosus,   Billings,   1865,   Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  426,  Mid.  Sil. 
spiniporus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  131,  Niagara  Gr. 

subtubulatus,    McCoy,  as    identified    by 
Rominger,    1876,   Foss.    Corals,   p.   13, 
Niagara  Gr. 
tenuis,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  428,  Mid.  Sil. 
HELIOPHYLLUM,  Hall,  1848,  in  Dana.  Zooph., 
p.  356.  [Ety.  helios,  sun  ;  phyllon,  leaf.] 
Corallum  simple  ;  septa  well  developed 
and  producing  lateral  lamellar  pro- 
longations, which  extend  from  the  wall 
toward  the  center  of  the  visceral  cham- 
ber, so  as  to  represent  ascending  arches 
and  to  constitute  irregular  central  tabulae, 
and  which  are  united  toward  the  cir- 
cumference by  means  of  vertical  dis- 
sepiments. Type  H.  halli. 
acuminaturn,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  46,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  310.  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

sequale,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  47,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  451, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

sequum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  51,  and  12th 
Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  314,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
alternatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  45,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  305,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 


annulatum.  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  48,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  307,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

arachne,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi. 

24,  Ham.  Gr. 

campaniforme,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  53,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
457,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

canadense,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol., 
4,  p.  125,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cancellatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  53,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
457,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cayugaense,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 
4,  p.  124,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

colbornense,  Nicholson,  1875,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  7,  p.  143,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

colligatum,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

4,  p.  126,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
compactum,   Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  48,  and  12th 
Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  308,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

conflueris,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss., 

pi.  26  and  27,  Ham.  Gr. 
degener,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi. 

25,  Ham.  Gr. 

dentatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  48,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  452,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

denticulatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and.  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  52,  and 
12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  313,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

dentiliiieatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  13,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
417,  Niagara  Gr. 

distans,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  50,  and  12th 
Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p.  308,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

eriense,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  4, 
p.  124,  Corniferous  Gr. 

exiguum,  Billings,   1860,  Can.   Jour.,  vol. 

5,  p.  261,  Corniferous  Gr. 
fasciculatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  48,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
452,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

fecundum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  49,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  309,  Up. 
Held  Gr. 

fissuratum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  53,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p. 
457,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

gemmatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  49,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  310,  Up. 
Held  Gr. 

gemmiferum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  13,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  417, 
Niagara  Gr. 


HEX.— INC.] 


CfELENTERA  TA. 


193 


FIG.     182.  —  Heliophylluin 
halli. 


halli,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850,  Brit.  FOBS. 
Corals,  p.  235,  Ham.  Gr. 

halli  var.  obconi- 
cum,     Hall, 
1876,  111  us  t. 
Dev.  Foss.,  pi. 
25,  Ham.  Gr. 
halli     var.    re- 
flexum,     Hall, 
1876,   II  lust. 
Dev.  Foss.,  pi. 
23,  Ham.  Gr. 
imbricatum,Hall, 
1882,  Foss.  Cor- 
als Niagara  and 
Up.  Held.  Grs., 
p.  46,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  p.  450,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
incrassatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.   Held.   Grs.,  p.  46,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  309,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
infundibulnm,  Hall,  1883,  12th  Rep.  Geo. 

Ind.,  p.  305,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
invaginatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.    Held.   Grs.,  p.  47,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  306,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
irregulare,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss., 

pi.  24,  Ham.  Gr. 

latericrescens,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  49,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  314,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
lineolatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  50,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
454,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

mitella,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara  and 
Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  14,  and  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  418,  Niagara  Gr. 
nettlerothi,  Hall,    1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.  p.  51,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  312,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pocillatum,    Hall,  1884,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  50,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
454,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

pravum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  13,  and  12th  Rep. 
Geo.  Ind.,  p.  274,  Niagara  Gr. 
proliferum,   Nicholson,    1874,    Rep.    Pal. 

Ont.  Can.,  p.  27,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
proliferum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss., 
pi.  26,  is  probably  a  syn.  for  H.  pro- 
liferum, Nicholson. 

puteatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  14,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  418, 
Niagara  Gr. 

scyphulus,   Hall,  1882,   Foss.   Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  51,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  306,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
sordidum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  52,  and  12th  Rep. 
Geo.  Ind.,  p.  311,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
subcsespitosum,    see    Crepidophyllum  sub- 

Cfespitosum. 

tenuimurale,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  51,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  307,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


tenuiseptatum,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  4,  p.  126,  Ham.  Gr. 

venatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  46,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  450,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

verticale,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  47,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  451,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

HETEROPHRENTIS,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  7,  p.  235.  [Ety.  heteros, 
irregular;  phren,  midriff  or  lamella.] 
.  Corallum  simple,  turbinate,  calice  large, 
septal  fossette  well-defined,  bottom 
smooth  or  with  a  pseudo-columella , 
septa,  below  the  calice,  sharp  edged; 
often  with  their  inner  edges  twisted 
together,  usually  rounded  on  approach- 
ing the  margin  ;  apparently  only  a  sin- 
gle transverse  diaphratrm,  which  forms 
the  floor  of  the  cup.  Type  H.  spatiosa. 

compta,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  7,  p.  236,  Corniferous  Gr. 

excellens,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  7,  p.  236,  Corniferous  Gr. 

prolifica,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  7,  p.  236,  Corniferous  Gr. 

spatiosa,  Billings,  1858,  (Zaphrentis  spati- 
osa,) Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  3,  p.  430, 
Onondaga  and  Corniferous  Gr. 
Heterotrypa,     Nicholson,    1879,     Pal.    Tab. 
Cor.,  p.  291.    Proposed  as  a  subgenus 
of  Monticulipora-,  making  M.  mammu- 
lata  the  type  which  is  the  type  of  Mon- 
ticulipora.    This  is  a  violation  of   the 
elementary  principles  of  nomenclature. 
Houghtonia,  syn.  for  Calapoecia. 

huronica,  see  Calaprecia  huronica. 
INOCAULIS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
176.  [Ety.  inos,  small  sprouts ;  kaulos, 
stem.]  Expanded,  bifurcating,  fenes- 
trate,  and  usually  indicated  by  simple 
black  rays  connected  by  small  cross 
bars.  Type  I.  plumulosus. 


FIG.  183.— Inocaulis  plumulosus. 

anastomica,  Ringueberg,  1888,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  131,  Niagara  Gr. 


194 


CCELENTERATA. 


[LAM.— LOP. 


arbuscula,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.    Gin.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  28,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
bellus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  122,  Niagara  Gr. 
cervicornis,   Spencer,    1884,  Bull.   No.    1, 

Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  37,  Niagara  Gr. 
diffusus,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  36,  Niagara  Gr. 
divaricatus,  Hall,    1879,    Desc.    New   sp. 

Foss.,  p.  2,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p. 

225,  Niagara  Gr. 
phycoides,   Spencer,   1884,    Bull.    No.    1. 

Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  38,  Niagara  Gr. 
plumulosus,  Hall-,  1851,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  176,  Niagara  Gr. 
problematicus,    Spencer,  1878,  Can.  Nat., 

vol.  8,  and  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus.  Univ.  St. 

Mo.,  p.  36,  Niagara  Gr. 
ramulosus.    Spencer,    1884,   Bull.   No.    1, 

Mus.  Univ.  St.   Mo.,  p.  38,  Niagara  Gr. 
walkeri,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  35,  Niagara  Gr. 
Lamellopora,   Owen,   1840,  Rep.    on    Minn. 

Lands,   p.   70.    Verly   poorly    defined, 

but  a  syn.  for  Stromatapora. 
infundibularia,  Owen,  1840,  Rep.  on  Minn. 

Lands,  p.  70.     A  species  of  Stromata- 
pora, poorly  defined. 
LEPTOPORA.Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  2.     [Ety.  teptos,  shallow; 

poros,  cell.]     Discoidal,   cells  shallow ; 

walls  vertically  striated  ;  interior  vesic- 
ular; cups  elevated  in  the  center,  and 

displaying  radial  septa.    TypeH.  typus. 
typus,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.    Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,p.  3,  Marshall  Gr. 
winchelli,  White,  1879,  Bull.  U.  S.  Sur., 


vol.  5,  p-  211,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.  No.  6, 
p.  121,  Carboniferous. 
Limaria,  Steininger,   1834,  Bull.  Soc.  Geo. 
France,  vol.  1,  p.  339.    The  name  was 
preoccupied  by   Link  in  1807,  and  by 
Rafinesque  in  1815.   See  Ccenites. 
crassn,  see  Ccenites  crassus. 
falcata,  see  Ccenites  falcatus. 
fnUicosa,  see  Coenites  fruticosus. 
laminala,  see  Ccenites  laminatus. 

ramulosa,  see  Ccenites 

ramulosus. 

LIXDSTROMIA,  Nicholson 
&  Thompson,  1877, 
Proc.      Roy.      Soc. 
Edinb.,vol.  9,  p.  149.  I 
[Ety.  proper  name.]  j 
Type  L.  col umnaris.  j 
columnaris,  Nicholson 
&  Thompson,  1877, 
Proc.      Roy.      Soc. 
Edinb.,vol.  9,  p.  149, 
Devonian. 
Linipora  rotunda,  Troost, 

not  defined. 

LITHOSTROTION,  Lhwyd, 
Fiu.  184.-Lithostro-          1869,Lithophyl.Bri- 
tloii  basaltiforme.  tann.  Ichnographia, 

Epistola5,tab.xxiii. 

[Ety.  lithos,  stone ;  stratum,  little  rafter.] 
Corallum  composite,  astreiform ;  cor- 
allites  loosely  approximated,  and  circu- 


lar or  intimately  united,  and  polygonal; 
septa  numerous ;  calices  unequal ;  struc- 
ture   as    in    Clisiophyllum.      Type    L. 
basaltiforme. 
californiense,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  California, 

vol.  1,  p.  6.  Carb. 
canadense,  Castel- 
nau,  1843,  (Axi- 
n  u  r  a  canaden- 
sis,)  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 
49,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
harmodites,  E  d  - 
wards  &  Haime, 
1851,  Mon.  d. 
Pol.  Foss.  d.Terr. 
Pal.,  p.  440,  Car- 
boniferous, 
junceum.  Fleming, 
1828,  (Caryo- 
pliyllsea  juncea,) 
Brit.  Anim.,  p. 

509,  Subcarb.        FlQ    185  _  Ljthostrotion 
mammillare,  Castel-  canadense. 

nau,    1843,    (As- 

trea  mammillaris,)  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  50,  syn. 
for  L.  canadense. 

microstylum,  White,  1880, 12th  Rep.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  158,  Kinderbook  or 
Waverly  Gr. 
pictoense,  Billings,   1868,  Acad.  Geo.,  p. 

285,  Carb. 
proliferum,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

668,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

stokesi,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon.  d. 
Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.,  Pal.,   p.  440,  Car- 
boniferous, 
whitneyi,  Meek,  1875,  Wheeler's  Sur.  W. 

100  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  103  Coal  Meas. 
LONSDALIA,  McCoy,  1849,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  10.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Corallum  aggregate;  "corallites 
circular,  not  laterally  united ;  septa  and 
tabulae  numerous ;  visceral  chamber  sep- 
arated into  two  zones,  the  outer  one 
composed  of 
curved  vesic- 
ular plates 
extending 
upward  and 
outward; 
walls  ru- 
gose and 
striated;  re- 
production 
by  circular 
germs  aris- 
ing from  the 
outer  zone. 
Type  L.  du- 
plicata. 

FIG.    186.— Lonsdalia    Heritor-      p  a  p  i  1  1  a  t  a  , 
mis,  typical  of  the  genus.  Fischer, 

1837,  (Cyathophyllum  papillatum,) 
Oryct.  de  Moscou.,  p.  155,  Carbonif- 
erous. American.  (?) 

LOPHOPHVLLUM,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850, 
Brit.  Foss.  Corals,  p.  Ixvi.  [Ety.  lophos, 
ridge;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Corallum  resem- 
bling Zaphrentis,  excepting  that  a  cres- 


LUN. — MEG.] 


CGELENTERATA. 


195 


centiform  columella 
occupies  the  center 
of  the  calice,  and 
is  in  continuity  by 
one  of  its  ends  with 
a  small  septum 
placed  in  the  middle 
of  the  septal  fossula, 
and  by  the  other  end 
with  the  opposite 
primary  septum. 
Type  L.  konincki. 
calceola,  see  Zaphrentis 

calceola. 

expansum,  White, 
1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  27,  and 
Cont.  to.  Pal.,  No.  6. 
p.  157,  Keokuk  Gr. 

proliferum, 
McChes- 
ney,  I860, 
(Cyathax- 
onia  pro- 
lifera,) 
New  Pal. 
Foss.,  p. 
75,  and  Pal.  E. 


-Megalograptus  welchi.  Cylindrical  part  of  the  boJy 
depressed,  showing  cells. 


Neb.,  p.  144, 
Coal  Meas. 
FIG    187  —  Lo-  LUNATIPORA,   Winchell,  1866, 
pliophyllum      Rep.     Low.    Penin.     Mich. 
proliferum.       p>  89>      [Ety.  lunatus,  cres- 
cent-formed;  poros,  pore.]     Massive  or 
with  corallites  consolidated  ;  corallites 
long,  curving  outward  from  an  imagin- 
ary axis  ;  walls  double  ;  tabulae  present  ; 
no  mural  pores.   Type  L.  michiganensis. 
michiganensis,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 

Penin.  Mich.,  p.  89,  Ham.  Gr. 
LYELLIA,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon. 
Pol.  Foss.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  226.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Corallum  massive  ;  corallites 
cylindrical;  walls  thick,  costulated, 
free  toward  their  terminations,  and 
united  by  vesicular  coenenchyma  ;  septa 
12  ;  tabulae  irregular.  Type  L.  americana. 


FIG.  188.— Lyellia  americana. 

americana,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon. 

Pol.  Foss.  Terr.  Pal., p.  226,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
decipiens,  Rominger,   1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  17,  Niagara  Gr. 
glabra,    Owen,    1840,    (Sarcinula   glabra,) 

Rep.  on  Minn.  Lands,  p.  70,  Niagara  Gr. 


papillata,  Rominger,    1876,    FOPS.   Corals, 

p.    16,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
p  a  rvi  tuba, 

Rominger, 

1876,    Pal. 

Foss.  Cor- 
als, p.   17, 

Niagara 

Gr. 
Madrepora 

r  ep  ens, 

Tr  oost. 

Not    satis- 
factorily 

denned. 
MEQALOGRAP- 

TUS,  S.  A. 

Miller, 

1874,   Gin. 

Quar.Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  1, 

p.      343. 

[Ety.    me- 

gale,  large ; 

grapho,     I 

write.] 

Very  large- 

cylin  d  r  i  - 

cal,    bear- 
ing fronds 

with    spi- 

nous  pro- 


co vered 
with  cellu- 
lar open-  _ 
ings.  Type  FIG.  190.— Megalograptus  welchi. 
M.  welchi.  Frond,  showing  cells  and  spi- 
welchi.S.  noas  processes. 

A.  Miller,  1874,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  343,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


196 


CCELENTERATA. 


[MIC. — MON. 


MICHELINIA,  DeKoninck,  1842,  Descrides 
Anim.  Foss.  Belg.,  p.  20.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Cprallum  composite,  forming 
hemispherical,  depressed,  or  pyriform 
masses  of  prismatic  or  subcylindri- 
cal  corallites;  mural  pores ;  tabulae ;  tubes 
having  striae  or  ridges ;  epitheca  con- 
centrically wrinkled,  with  root-like  pro- 
longations. Type  M.  favosa. 


Fi«.    191.—  Megalograptus  welchi.    Frond,  show- 
cells  and  spiuous  processes. 

convexa,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  de  Pale- 
ont,  t.  1,  p.  107,  Onondaga  and  Cornif- 
erous  Grs. 

dividua,  Hall,  1876,  Illust. 
Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  18,  Ham. 
Gr. 

eugenea?,  White,  1884,  13th, 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  119, 
Coal  Meas. 

expansa,  White,  1880,  12th 
Rep.     U.    S.    Geo.     Sur. 
Terr.,  p.  158,  Waverly  Gr. 
favositoidea,  Billings,  1858, 
Rep.  of  Progr.  Can.  Geo. 
Sur.,    p.   175,   Up.    Held. 
Gr. 
insignis,    Rominger,    1876,    Foss.    Corals, 

675,    Up.    Held,    and 
am.  Gr. 
intermvttens,  Billings,  1859, 

Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.  Sur., 

vol.  4,  p.   113,    Cornifer- 

ous  Gr. 
lenticularis,  Hall,  1874,26th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  113,  Low.  Held. 

Gr. 
placenta,  White,  1880,  12th 

Rep.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr., 

p.  157,  Waverly  Gr. 


FIG. 

Miclieli  n  ia 
ugenere.  An- 


stvlopora,     Eaton,    1832, 
•  ra  )  Geo  . 

40,    and     larger     coral- 


(Astrea  stylopora  )  Geo     •.•*' 


Text    book,    p 
Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  18, 
Ham.  Gr. 

trochiscus,  Rominger,  1876,  Pal.  Foss.,  p. 
76,syn.  for  Pleurodictyum  americanum. 
MICROCYCLUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  420.  [Ety.  mikros, 
small  ;  kuklos,  circle.]  Corallum  free  or 
with  a  minute  central  point  of  attach- 
ment, discoidal;  no  columella;  calice 
shallow,  with  a  single  fossula;  septa 
short,  radiating  regularly,  or  those 
nearest  the  fossette  converging  a  little 


toward    its    sides;    epitheca    well    de- 
veloped.    Type  M.  discus. 

discus,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
3,  p.  420,  Ham.  Gr. 
Millepora  repens,  see  Alveo- 

lites  repens. 

MONOGRAPTUS,   E  m  m  o  n  s , 
1856,    (Monograpsus,) 
Am.  Geo.,  p.  106.    [Ety.  FIG.  l94.-Micro- 
monos,    one;    grapho,    I    cyclus discus' 
write.]    Serrations  confined  to  one  edge 
of  the  stipe;  axis  none.    Type  M.  ele- 
gans. 

convolutus  var.  coppingeri,  Etheridge, 
1878,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  34,  p. 
577,  Silurian. 

elegans,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p.  106, 
Up.  Taconic. 

rectus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p.  107, 

Up.  Taconic. 

MONOTRYPA,  Nicholson,  1879,  Pal.  Tab.  Cor- 
als, p.  320.  [Ety.  monos,  one;  trupa, 
hole.]  Corallites  of  two  kinds;  the 
larger  aggregated  into  clusters  (monti- 
cules); the  smaller  occupying  the  space 
between  the  monticules;  both  larger 
and  smaller  thin-walled,  polygonal  tab- 
ulae remote.  Type  M.  undulata.  This 
was  proposed  as  a  subgenus  for  Monti- 
culipora;  upon  microscopial  examina- 
tion and  upon  such  a  state  of  facts,  I 
prefer,  at  present,  to  leave  the  species 
under  the  genus  Monticulipora. 

(?)spinulosa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  67,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

MONOTRYPELLA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  153.  [Ety.  mono- 
trypa ;  and  illus,  diminutive.]  Ramose, 
smooth  or  tuberculated,  cells  of  one 
kind  only;  walls  thin,  in  the  axial  re- 
gion, and  thicker  toward  the  periphery ; 
diaphragms  straight;  no  spiniform 
tubuli.  Type  M.  aequalis. 

abrupta,  Hall,  1879,  (Chetetes  abruptus,) 
32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p. 
148,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

sequalis,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  247,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

arbuscula,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
12,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

briareus,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Chetetes  bri- 
areus,)0hio 
Pal.,  vol.  2, 

§.  202,  Utica 
late. 

consimilis, 
Hall,  1876, 
(Chetetes 
consimilis,  ) 
28th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  110, 
Niagara  Gr. 
densa,  Hall, 
1874,  (Trem- 

atopora  densa,)    26th  Rep.    N.   Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  105,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  195.— Monotrypella  quad- 
rata,  natural  size  and  mag- 
nified. 


MON.J 


CCELENTERATA. 


197 


quadrata,  Rominger,  1866,  (Chetetes  quad- 
ratus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
3,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  201,  under 
the  name  of  Chetetes  rhombicus,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

subquadrata,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  249,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
MONTICULIPORA,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  de 
Paleont.,  t.  1,  p.  25.  [Ety.  mvnticulus, 
hillock ;  poros,  pore.]  Corallum  of  every 
form  and  shape ;  corallites  usually  of 
two  kinds,  one  minute  ;  tabulae  numer- 
ous ;  walls  separable,  thickened  toward 
the  mouths  of  the  tubes;  corallites 
often  aggregated,  upon  the  surface,  in 
numerous  monticules;  no  septa;  no 
mural  pores;  increase  by  gemmation. 
Lindstrom,  Ulrich,  and  others,  class  this 
genus  with  the  Bryozoa,  while  Nichol- 
son, Edwards  &  Haime,  and  others,  class 
it  with  the  Polypi,  where  it  seems  to 
belong.  Type  M.  mammulata. 

adherens,  Billings,  1859,  (Stenopora  ad- 
herens,) Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  4,  p. 
427,  Chazy  Gr. 

andrewsi,  Nicholson,  1881,  Struct,  and 
Affin.  of  Montic.,  p.  128,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
Ulrich  refers  it  to  Callopora. 

barrandi,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Chetetes  bar- 
randi,)  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  30,  and 
Pal.  of  Ontario,  p.  60,  Ham.  Gr. 

bulbosa,  Billings,  1865,  (Stenopora  bul- 
bosa,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

2,  p.  429,  Mid.  Sil. 

calceolus.  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,  vol.    1,   p.    26,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
cincinnatiensis,    James,    1875,    (Chetetes 

cincinnatiensis,)  Int.  Catal.  Cin.  Foss., 

p.  2,  and  Nicholson,  Struct,  and  Affin. 

Montic.,  p.  226,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
compressa,  Ulrich,  1882,  (Peronopora  com- 

pressa)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 

5,  p.  244,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
consimilis,  Ulrich,  1882,   Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.   Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.   238,  Hud.  Riv. 

Gr. 
dalii,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  (Chetetes 

dalii,)  Pol.   Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  266, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr.     Ulrich  refers  it  to  Cal- 
lopora. 
dawsoni,    Nicholson,    1881,    Struct,    and 

Affin.  Montic.,  p.  141,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
decipiens,  Rominger,  1866,  (Chetetes  de- 

cipiens,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 

3,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

delicatula,  Nichol- 
son, 1874,  (Che- 
tetes delicatulus) 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  30,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  199,  Hud.  Riv. 


FIG.  196.— Monticulipora 
delicatula. 


Bryozoumand 
not  a  Monticuli- 
pora. 


dychei,  James,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  235,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


fibrosa,  Goldfuss,  1826,  (Calamapora 
fibrosa,)  Germ.  Petref.,  p.  82,  Hud.  Riv. 
and  Clinton  Grs. 

filiasa,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Pal.,  t. 

1,  p.  25,  and  Edwards  &  Haime,  Pol. 
Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  266,  Hud.  River  Gr. 

frondosa,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Pal., 

t.  1,  p.  25,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  208. 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

gracilis,  see  Batostomella  gracilis. 
grandis,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 

Minn.,  p.  78,  Trenton  Gr. 
implicata,  see  Batostoma  implicate, 
irregularis,  Ulrich,  1879,  (Chetetes  irregu- 

laris,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2, 

p.  129,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
Isevis,  Ulricb,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,   vol.  ^*mms^ 

5,    p.    236, 

Hud.    Riv. 

Gr. 
lye  operdon, 

Say,  1847,, 

1  v  c  o  t>  e  r    FlG-   197-~ Monticulipora   lyco- 
don,)  Hall,  perdon' 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  64,  Trenton  Gr. 
mammulata,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  de 
Paleont.,  t.  1,  p.  25,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  207,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

molesta,  Nicholson,  1881,  Struct,  and 
Affin.  of  Montic.,  p.  224,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

moniliformis,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Chetetes 
moniliformis,)  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  1,  p.  57, 
and  Pal.  of  Ont.,  p.  60,  Ham.  Gr. 

monticula,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  27,  Devonian. 

multituberculata,  Whitfleld,   1878,    Ann. 


Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  71,  and  Geo. 
Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  250,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
parasitica,  Ulrich,  1882,   Jour.    Cin.   Soc. 


Nat.  Hist,  vol.  5,  p.  238,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
patulus,  Billings,  1859,  (Stenopora  patula,) 

Can.    Nat.    and   Geo.,   vol.   4,    p.  427, 

Chazy  Gr. 

pavonia,  see  Ptilodictya  pavonia. 
petasiformis,  Nicholson,  1881,  Struct,  and 

Affin.  of  Montic.,  p.  190,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
punctata,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  71,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  249,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.    198. — Monticulipora  ramosa,  natural    size 
and  magnified. 

ramosa,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Pal.,  t. 
1,  p.  25,  and  Edwards  &  Haime,  Pol. 
Foss.  deTerr.  Pal.,  p.  266,  and  Ohio  Pal., 


198 


CCELENTERATA. 


[NEB.— PAC. 


vol.  2,  under  the  name  of  Chetetes  dalii, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Ulrich  refers  it  to  Cal- 
lopora. 

rectangularis,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  70,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  249,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

rugosa,  Hall,  1847,  (Chetetes  rugosus,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  67,  Trenton  Gr.  • 

rugosa,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol.  Foss. 
de  Terr.  Pal.,  is  merely  a  variety  or 
form  of  M.  ramosa,  and  associated  with 
it  in  the  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

ielwyni,  see  Prasopora  selwyni. 

selwyni  var.  hospitalis,  see  Prasopora  sel- 
wyni var.  hospitalis. 

solitaria,  Ulrich,  1883,  (Heterotrypa  soli- 
taria,)  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  6, 
p.  88,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

subglobosa,  Ulrich,  1879,  (Chetetes  sub- 
globosus,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  2,  p.  129,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

subpulchella,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Chetetes 
subpulchellus,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
196,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

trentonensis,  Nicholson,  1881,  Struct,  and 
Affin.  Montic.,  p.  149,  Trenton  Gr. 

tuberculata,  see  Spatiopora  tuberculata. 

ulrichi,  Nicholson,  1881,  Struct,  and  Affin. 
Montic.,  p.  131,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

undulata,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Chetetes 
undulatus,)  Pal.  of  Ont.,  p.  10,  and 
Struct,  and  Affin.  Montic.,  p.  170,*Tren- 
ton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

uniformis,  Ulrich,  1882,  (Peronopora 
uniformis,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  5,  p.  244,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

vaupeli,  Ulrich,  1883,  (Heterotrypa  vau- 
peli,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6, 
p.  85,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

venusta,  Ulrich,  1878,  (Chetetes  venustus,) 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  93, 
Utica  Slate. 

westoni,  Foord,  1883,  Cont.  to  Micro-Pal., 
p.  7,  Trenton  Gr. 

wetherbyi,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  History,  vol.  5,  p.  239,  Trenton  Gr. 

whiteavesi,  Nicholson,  1879,  Pal.  Tab. 
Corals,  p.  316,  and  Struct,  and  Affin.  of 
Montic.,  p.  160,  Trenton  Gr. 
NEBULIPORA,  McCoy,  1850,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  284.  [Ety. 
nebula,  thick  mist ;  poros,  pore.]  In- 
crusting  or  forming  lenticular  masses, 
with  a  concentrically  wrinkled  epitheca 
below,  composed  of  small  prismatic 
corallites  perpendicular  to  the  upper 
surface,  with  clusters  of  rather  larger 
size,  all  in  contact ;  tabulfe  at  regular  dis- 
tances ;  no  septa.  Type  N.  explanata. 

papillata,  McCoy,  1850,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  284,  Hudson 
Riv.  Gr. 

NEMAGRAPTUS,  Emmons,  (Nemagrapsus,) 
1856,  Am.  Geo.,  pt.  2,  p.  109.  The 
termination  graptus  is  preferred  be- 
cause grapsus  is  used  in  the  nomen- 
clature of  Crustacea.  [Ety.  nema, 
thread;  grap}io,  I  write.]  Axis  elon- 
gated and  thread-like,  simple  or  com- 


pound branches,  round  at  the  base,  and 
flattened  at  the  extremities ;  cells  ar- 
ranged on  the  flattened  part  of  the  axis 
instead  of  the  margin.  Type  N.  elegans. 
capillaris,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  pt. 

2,  p.  109,  Up.  Taconic. 
elegans,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  pt.  2, 

p.  109,  Up.  Taconic. 

NYCTOPORA,  Nicholson,  1879,  Pal.  Tab. 
Corals,  p.  182.  [Ety.  nuktos,  night; 
poros,  pore.]  Corallum  composite, 
massive ;  corallites  polygonal,  in  con- 
tact; walls  thin,  amalgamated;  mural 
pores  numerous,  small;  septa,  in  the 
form  of  marginal  vertical  ridges ;  10  to 
15  in  each  corallite ;  tabulae  numerous, 
complete,  horizontal.  Type  N.  billingsi. 
billingsi,  Nicholson,  1879,  Pal.  Tab. 

Corals,  p.  184,  Trenton  Gr. 
OLDHAMIA,  Forbes,  1850,  Dub.  Geo.  Jour. 
[Ety.    proper    name.]      Strong    stems, 
with  branches  arranged  in  whorls ;  sub- 
stance corneous ;  cellules  undetermined. 
Type  O.  antiqua. 
antiqua,  Forbes,  1850,  Dub- 
lin   Geo.    Jour.,      Pots- 
dam Gr. 

fruticosa,  Hall,  1865,  Can. 
Org:  Rem.  Decade  2,  p. 
50,  Trenton  Gr. 
OMPHYMA,  Rafinesque,  1820, 
Ann.  des  Sci.  Phys.  d 
Bruxelles,  vol.  5,  p.  234. 
[Ety.  omphax,  precious 
stone.]  Simple,  tur- 
binate,  wall  with  rudi-  FIG.  199.  —  Old- 
men  tary  epitheca,  pro-  ha  mi  a  an- 
ducing  radiciform  ap-  tiqua- 
pendages;  septa  numerous,  equally  de- 
veloped and  divided  into  four  groups 
by  an  equal  number  of  shallow  fos- 
sulae;  tabulae  smooth  toward  the 
center.  Type  0.  turbinata. 

congregata,  Billings,  1866, 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic., 
p.  93,  Clinton  and  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

drummondi,  Billings,  1866, 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic., 
p.  93,  Clinton  and  Ni- 
agara Grs. 

stokesi,  Edwards  &  Haime, 
1851,  (Ptychophyllum 
stokesi,)  Polyp.  Foss. 
Pal.,  p.  407,  "and  Geo. 
Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  279,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

verrucosa,  Rafinesque  & 
Clifford,  1820,  Monog.  d. 
Turbinolides  in  Ann.  d. 
Phys.  d.  Brux.,  t.  5,  p. 
235,  Niagara  Gr. 
PACHYPHYLLUM,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1850, 
Brit.  Foes.  Corals,  p.  Ixviii.  [Ety. 
pachys,  thick;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Corallum, 
composite,  increasing  by  lateral  gem- 
mation ;  corallites  united  by  the  de- 
velopment of  the  costee  and  exotheca  ; 
tabnlre  abundant.  Type  P.  bouchardi. 


FIG.  2CO.  —  Om- 
p  h  y  m  a  tur- 
binata. 


PAC.— PHI.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


199 


solitarium,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  232, 
Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  201-— Pachyphyllum  woodmani. 

woodmani,  White,  1870,  (Smithia  wood- 
mani,) Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  vol.  1,  p.  188, 
Chemung  Gr. 

PACHYPORA,  Lindstrom,  1873,  Ofversight  af 
K.  Vetensk    Akad.   Forhandl.,    p.   14. 

SEty.  pachys,  thick ;  poros,  pore.]  Den- 
roid  or  frondescent;  corallites 
polygonal  or  subcylindrical,  walls 
thickened  toward  their  mouths,  by  con- 
centric layers  of  sclerenchyma  ;  calices 
annular,  oblique,  or  semilunar ;  septa 
obsolete  or  mere  spiniform  projections  ; 
tabulae  complete,  remote ;  mural  pores 
few,  irregular,  and  often  large.  Type 
P.  lamellicornis. 

fischeri, Billings,  1860,(Alveolites  fischeri,) 
Can.  Jour.  n.  s.,  vol.  5,  p.  256,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

frondosa,  Nicholson, 
1874,  (Alveolites 
frondosus,)  Geo. 
Mag.,  vol.  1,  p.  15, 
and  Rep.  Pal.  On- 
tario, p.  57,  Ham.  Gr. 
o  r  n  a  t  a,  Rominger, 
1876,  (Dendropora 
ornata,)  Pal.  Foss. 
Corals,  p.  62,  Ham. 
Gr. 

PAL^EOCYCLUS,    Edwards 
&      Haime,      1849, 
Comptus    rendus,  t. 
29,     p.     71.       [Ety. 
palaios,    ancient; 
kuklos,  circle.]  Coral- 
lum    circular ;    fos- 
sula     deep,    broad, 
circular;  septa  thick,  not  numerous  or 
cemented  together.    Type  P.  porpita. 
kirbyi,  Meek,    1868,   Trans..  Chi.   Sci.,  p. 

85,  Devonian, 
rotuloides,  Hall,  1852, 
(Cycl  elites  rotu- 
loides,) Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  42,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

PAL.EOPHYLLUM,     B  i  1- 
lings,  1858,  Rep.  of 
Prog.    Geo.  Sur.    Can.,    p.    168.     [Ety. 
palaios,  ancient ;  phyllon,  leaf.]    Fascicu- 


FiG.  202.— Pachypora 
froudosa. 


FIG.  203.— Palseocyclus 
rotuloides. 


late  or  aggregate ;  corallites  surrounded 
by  a  thick  wall;  septa  extending  the 
whole  length  ;  tabulae  absent  or  rudimen- 
tary ;  increase  by  lateral  budding.  Dis- 
tinguished from  Streptelasma  by  form- 
ing aggregate  masses.  Type  P.  rugo- 
sum. 


FIG.  204.— Palceophyllum  divaricans. 

divaricans,    Nicholson,    1875,    Pal.  Ohio, 
vol.  2,  p.  220,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

rugosum,  Billings,  1858,    Rep.  of   Progr. 

Can.  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  168,  Trenton  Gr. 
Palseotrochis,     Emmpns,     1856,    Geo.     Rep. 
Midland    counties  of   North    Carolina. 
Two  species  were  mentioned,  P.  major 
and  P.  minor,  both  of  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  concretions,  and  therefore 
inorganic. 
Peronopora,     Nicholson,     syn.    for    Monti- 

culipora. 

PETRAIA,  Munster,  1839,  Beitrage  zur  Petre- 
faktenkunde,  vol.  1,  p.  42.  [Ety. 
petraios,  that  grows  among  rocks.] 
Simple,  turbinate  ;  septa  of  one  or  two 
sizes,  the  larger  extending  from  the 
walls  to  the  center,  where  they  are 
more  or  less  twisted ;  no  tabulae  or  con- 
necting vesicular  plates.  Type-  P. 
decussata.  Streptelasma  is  by  some  re- 
garded as  a  synonym,  by  others  as  a 
subgenus,  and  by  others  "as  quite  dis- 
tinct. The  forms  in  this  country  which 
have  been  referred  to  Petraia  are  all, 
probably,  Streptelasma,  and  for  that 
reason  I  have  so  referred  them. 

angulata,  see  Streptelasma  angulatum. 

aperta,  see  Streptelasma  apertum. 

fanningana,     see    Streptelasma     fannin- 
ganuin. 

forresteri,      Honeyman,      1868,      Acadian 
Geology,  p.  594.     A  catalogue  name. 

latuscula,  see  Streptelasma  latuscula. 

logani,  see  Streptelasma  logani. 

minganensis,     see     Archseocyathus     min- 
ganensis. 

ottawensis,  see  Streptelasma  ottawense. 

pulchella,  see  Streptelasma  pulchellum. 

pygmsea,  see  Streptelasma  pygmseum. 

rustica,  see  Streptelasma  rusticum. 

selecta,  see  Streptelasma  selectum. 

waynensis,  see  Streptelasma  wayneuse. 
PHILLIPSASTREA,  D'Orbigny,  1849,  Note  Sur. 
des  Polypiers  Fossiles,  p.  12.  [Ety. 
proper  name  ;  aster,  star.]  Composite, 
resembling  Strombodes,  but  differing  in 
the  septa  of  neighboring  corallites 


200 


CCELENTERATA. 


[PHY.— POR. 


being  confluent,  and  consequently  the 
calices  are  not  definitely  circum- 
scribed; no  exterior  walls;  interior 
mural  investment  well  characterized  ; 
center  of  tabulae  presenting  a  columel- 
lar  tubercle.  Type  P.  hennahi. 

affinis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  11,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  Devonian. 

gigas,  Owen,  1840,  (Astrrea  gigas,)  Eep. 
on  Mineral  lands,  p.  70,  Devonian. 

hennahi,  Lonsdale,  1840,  (Astrsea  hen- 
nahi,) Geo.  Trans.,  vol.  5,  p.  697, 
Devonian. 

jobanni,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  (Smithia 
johanni,)  23d,Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  234,  Chemung  Gr. 

mammillaris,  see  Strombodes  mammillaris. 

multiradiata,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873, 
(Smithia  multiradiata,)  23d  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  234,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  205.— Phlllipsastrea   verneuli. 

verneuli.  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Poly- 
piers  Foss.  des  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  447, 
Ham.  Gr. 

verrilli,    Meek,   1868,    (Smithia    verrilli,) 
Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  83,  Devonian. 
yanddli,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
130,  Up.  Held.  Gr.     Not  well  defined. 
PHYLLOGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1858,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Can.  Geo.  Sur.  p.   135.     [Ety.  phyllon, 
leaf;    grapho,  I    write.] 
Frond  consisting  of  sim- 
ple or  compound  folii- 
form  stipes,  which  are 
celluliferous  on  the  two 
opposite  sides,  the  mar- 
gins having  a  mucronate 
extension     from     each 
cellule ;  supported  on  a 
slender  radicle,  or  com- 
bined in  groups.    Type 
P.  typus. 

angustifolius,  Hall,  1858, 
Rep.  of  Progr.  Can.  Geo. 
Sur.,  p.  139,  and  Dec.  2. 
Org.  Rem.,  p.  125,  Que- 
bec Gr. 

anna,    Hall,    1865,    Can. 
Org.  Rem.,  Decade  2,  p. 
124,  Quebec  Gr. 
dubius,  Spencer,  1 884,  Bull. 
No.  1,  Mus.   Univ.  St. 
Mo.,  p.  15,  Niagara  Gr. 
illicifolius,  Hall,  1858,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Can. 
Geo.  Sur.,  p.  139,  and  Dec.  2,  Org.  Rem., 
p.  121,  Quebec  Gr. 


loringi,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invertebrate 
Foss.,  p.  9,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 
Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  51,  Quebec  Gr. 

similis,  Hall,  1858.  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.,  4,  syn.  for  Graptolithus  bigs- 
byi. 

typus,  Hall,  1858,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Can. 
Geo.  Sur.,  p.  137,  and  Dec.  2,  Org. 
Rem.,  p.  118,  Quebec  Gr. 
PLASMOPORA,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1849, 
Comptes  rend.,  t.  29,  p.  262.  [Ety. 
plasma,  cast;  poros,  pore.]  Free,  sub- 
hemispheric;  basal  epitheca,  con- 
centrically 
folded ;  cali- 
ces  im- 
mersed; 
septa  rudi- 
mentary ; 
tabuke  hor- 
i  zon  t  a  1; 
walls  thin  ; 
coanench  y  - 
ma  com- 
posed of 
vertical 
radiate  la- 
minse  uni- 
t  e  d  by 
small  e  r 
horizontal 
plates. 
Type  P.  pe- 
taliformis. 

follis,    Ed- 

M  &a  \  ™  *     FlG-   207-  —  Plasmopora   follis. 
±1  a  i  m  e  ,    Natural  size,  aud  magnified. 
1851,    Mon. 

Pol.    Foss.   de   Terr.    Pal.,  p.   220,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

PLEURODICTYUM,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Petref. 
Germ.,  vol.  1,  p.  209.  [Ety  pleura,  side; 
dittyon,  net.  Corallum  discoidal,  upper 
surface  convex ;  corallites  diverging 
from  the  center  of  the  base,  polygonal 
or  subcylindrical ;  walls  thick;  mural 
pores  irregular ;  tabulte  not  numerous, 
but  sometimes  inosculating;  septa  rudi- 
mentary, in  the  form  of  marginal  ridges. 
There  is  usually  a  vermiform  body  at  the 
central  part  of  the  base.  Type  P.  prob- 
lematicum. 

americanum,  Roemer,  1876,  Lethte  Palse- 
ozoica,  pi.  33,  figs.  2a  and  2b.  Ham.  Gr. 
problem  a  t  i  c  u  m  , 
Goldfuss,     1826, 
Petref.      Germ., 
vol.    1,    p.     113, 
Onondaga  Gr. 
Polydilasma,   Hall, 
1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.   2,    syn.  for 
Zaphrentis. 
turbinatum,  see 
Zaphrentis    tur- 
binata. 

PoriUs,  Lamarck,  1816,  Hist.  desAnim.  sans 
Vert.,  t.  2,  p.  267.  Not  an  American 
Palaeozoic  genus. 


Fio.  208.-Pleurodictyum 
problematicum.  Under 
side,  showing  serpula 
like  body. 


PRA.— PTY.J 


CCELENTERA  TA. 


201 


astrseiformis,  Owen,  1840,  Rep.  on  Min- 
eral lands,  Devonian.  This  may  be  the 
same  species  subsequently  described  as 
Pachyphyllum  woodmani. 

pyriformis,  as  identified  by  d'Archiac  & 
Verneuil,  not  American. 

vetustus,  see  Protarea  vetusta. 
PKASOPOKA,  Nicholson  &  Etheridge,  1877, 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol. 
20,  p.  38.  [Ety.  prason,  sea-plant ;  poros, 
pore.]  Corallum  compound,  concavo- 
convex  or  hemispheric  ;  corallites  radi- 
ating from  a  wrinkled  basal  epitheca ; 
larger  and  smaller  corallites  intermin- 
gled throughout  the  colony  ;  no  monti- 
cules ;  corallites  thin-walled,  prismatic ; 
large  ones  with  an  exterior  zone  of 
vesicular  tabulae  surrounding  a  vacant 
central  tube,  which  may  be  crossed  by 
an  occasional  tabula ;  smaller  ones  ar- 
ranged in  a  zone  around  the  larger  ones, 
and  crossed  by  numerous,  close-set,  com- 
plete, horizontal  tabulse.  Type  P.  gravse. 

affinis,  Foord,  1883,  Cont.  to  Micropalseon- 
tology,  p.  12,  Trenton  Gr. 

conoidea,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Stir.  Minn.,  p.  87,  Trenton  Gr. 

contigua,  Ulrich,  1886  ,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  87,  Trenton  Gr. 

newberryi,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Chetetes 
newberryi,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  212, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

nodosa,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  245,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr, 

oculata,  Foord,  1883,  Cont.  to  Micro- 
paljeontology,  p.  11,  Trenton  Gr. 

selwyni,  Nicholson,  1881,  (Monticulipora 
selwyni,)  Struct,  and  Affin.  of  Montic., 
p.  206,  Trenton  Gr. 

selwyni  var.  hospitalis,  Nicholson,  1881, 
(Monticulipora  selwyni  var.  hospitalis,) 
Struct,  and  Affin.  of  Montic.,  p.  206, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

simulatrix,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Minn,,  p.  85,  Trenton  Gr. 
Prionotus,  Nilsson,  1835,  Leth.  Suec. 
folium,see  Diplograptus  folium. 

pristis,  see  Diplograptus  pristis. 
PROTAREA,   Edwards  &   Haime,    1851,    Pol. 
Foss.    des   Terr.    Pal.,    p.  208.      [Ety. 


FIG.  209.— Protarea  vetusla,  on  Strophomena 
alternate. 

protos,  first;   araios,  porous.]    Thin,  in- 
crusting  ;    calices     equal,     hexagonal, 


shallow ;  septa  12,  extending  but  slightly 
into  the  visceral  chamber  ;  walls  thick. 
Type  P.  vetusta. 

vetusta,  Hall,  1847,  (Porites  vetustus,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1.  p.  71,  Trenton  &  Hud. 
Riv.  Grs. 

verneuili,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol. 
Foss.  des  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  209,  Silu- 
rian. (?) 

PROTOGRAPTUS,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  31.  [Ety.  protos,  first; 
grapho,  I  write.]  Stipes  thin,  flat, 
elongate,  dichotomously  branched ; 
having  a  central  axis,  and  being  alate 
on  each  side ;  pores  arranged  along  the 
axis  of  the  stipe ;  axis  and  margin  of 
the  stipe  connected  by  delicate  nerv- 
ules.  Type  P.  alatus. 

alatus,  Matthew,   1885,  Trans.  Roy.   Soc. 

Can.,  p.  32,  St.  John  Gr. 
PTILOGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  2,  p.  139.  (Ety.  ptilpn,  feather ; 
grapho,  I  write.]  Plant-like,  rooted, 
simple  or  branching ;  branches  plumose, 
pinnules  alternate  on  opposite  sides; 
celluliferous  on  one  face  only  ;  branches 
cylindrical  or  flattened.  Type  P.  plu- 
mosus. 

foliaceus,  Spencer,  1878, 
Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8,  and 
Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  41, 
Niagara  Gr. 

geinitzanus,  Hall,  1865, 

Can.  Org.   Rem.,  De-  Fm.  aio.-Pttiograp- 
cade  2,  p.  140,  Quebec       tus  foliaceus. 
Gr. 

plumosus,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 2,  p.  140,  Quebec  Gr. 
PTYCHONEMA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  xiv.  [Ety.  ptyche,  wrinkle ;  nema, 
thread.]  Massive  or  ramose,  composed 
of  thin- walled,  strongly  corrugated  cells, 
which  are  apparently  without  dia- 
phragms. Type  P.  tabulatum. 

helderbergias  Hall,  1874,  (Chetetes  helder- 
bergiee,)  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  110,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

tabulatum,  Hall,  1876,  (Chetetes  tabula- 
turn;)  Illus.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  37,  and  figs. 
16-19,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  14,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

PTYCHOPHYLLUM,  Lonsdale,  1839,  Sil.  Syst., 
p.  691,  and  E.  &  H.  Brit.  Foss.  Corals, 

K.  Ixix.  [Ety.  ptyche,  ridge,  phyllon, 
>af.]  Corallum  simple,  having  infun- 
dibuliform  tabula-  superposed  and  in- 
vaginated  ;  septa  strongly  twisted  to  ward 
the  center  of  the  tabulse  so  as  to  con- 
stitute a  spurious  columella.  Type  P. 
stokesi. 

canadense,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  107,  Mid.  Sil.  Anticosti  Gr., 
Division  4. 

floriforme,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  5,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
409,  Niagara  Gr. 


202 


CCELENTERATA. 


[PVC.— RHI. 


fulcratum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  6,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  410,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

infundibilum,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 
40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  28,  Devonian. 


FIG.  211.— Ptychophyllum  knappi. 

knappi,  Hall,  1883,  12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind., 

p.  278,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
stokesi,    Edwards  &  Haime,    1851,   Brit. 

Foss.  Corals,  p.  Ixix,  Niagara  Gr. 
striatuni,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and   Up.    Held.   Grs.,   p.  22,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  426, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

versiforme,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  22,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
426,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

PYCNOSTYLUS,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  2.  [Ety.  puknos,  dense ; 
stylos,  column.]  Corallum  aggregate ; 
corallites  slender,  divided  by  calicular 
gemmation,  at  distant  intervals,  into 
sets  of  three  or  more  ascending 
flexuous  branches ;  structure  similar  to 
Amplexus,  but  tabulae  horizontal  and 
uot  embracing.  Type  P.  guelphensis. 
elegans,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  4, 
Guelph  Gr. 
g  u  e  1  p  h  e  nsis, 
Whiteaves, 
1884,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  3, 
p.  3,  Guelph 
Gr. 

Quenstedlia,  Ro- 
minger,  1876, 
Foss.  Corals, 
p.  71.  Being 
preoccupied , 
Nicholson 


KIQ.  212.  —  Pycnostylus 
guelpheusis ;  two  brunches 
are  brokeu  off  at  C,  C. 


proposed  Romingeria. 
niagarensis,   see    Romingeria    niagarensis. 


RASTRITES,  Barrande,  1850,  Graptolites  de 
Boheme,  p.  64.  [Sig.  a  rake.]  Small, 
almost  linear, 
very  long, 
stipe  slightly 
curved  ;  in- 
terior canal 
connecting 
the  cellules, 
which  are  on 
the  convex 


each    other. 

Type  R.  peregrinus. 
barrandi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol..  3,  p 

521,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
RETIOGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1865,  Dec.  2,  Org.  Rem., 

p.  115.     [Ety.  rete,  net  ;  grapho,  I  write.] 

Frond    simple    or    compound  ;     stipes 

numerous   arranged  bilaterally  on   an 

axis,   elongate,  oval  or  lanceolate  with 

longitudinal    axis  and  reticulate  struc- 

ture ;  margins  with  mucronate  points. 

.Type  R.  tentaculatus. 
barrandi,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  61,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
eucharis,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 

ade 2,  p.  146,  Utica  Slate. 
geinitzanus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  518,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
tentaculatus,    Hall,    1858,    (Graptolithus 

tentaculatus,)  Rep.  of  Prog.  Can.  Geo. 

Sur.,  p.  134,  and  Dec.  2,  Org.  Rem.,  p. 

116,  Quebec  Gr. 

RETIOLITES,  Barrande,  1850,  Graptolites  de 
Boheme,  p.  68.  [Ety.  rete, 
net;  lithos,  stone.]  Stipes 
thin,  flat,  elongate,  triangu- 
lar, composed  of  two  series 
of  cellules  symmetrically 
arranged,  in  regard  to  the 
axis;  orifices  on  the  sides  of 
the  triangle.  Type  R.  gei- 
nitzanus. 

ensifprmis,  Hall,  1858,  (Grap- 
tolithus ensiformis,)  Rep.  of 
Prog.  Can.  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  133, 
and  Decade  2,  Org.  Rem.,  p. 
114,  Quebec  Gr. 
venosus,  Hall,  1852,  (Graptolithns  veno- 

sus.)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  40,  Clinton  Gr. 
RHIZOGR  APTUS, 

Spencer,  1878, 

Can.     Nat., 

vol.  8,  p.  460. 

[Ety.      rhiza, 

root  ;    grapho, 

I  write.]   Cy- 

athiform,   bi- 

fu  rcating 

branches 

with  dichoto- 

mous    termi- 

nations    and 

more    or    less  FlG    215.—  Rhizograptus  bul- 

reticulate; 

stem  terminating  in  a  bulb.    Type  R. 

bulbosus. 


FIG.  2H.-Re 
tlolltes  ve- 
nosus. 


ROM. — STE.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


203 


bulbosus,  Spencer,  1878,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  8, 
p.  460,  and  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus.  Univ.  St. 
Mo.,  p.  30,  Niagara  Gr. 
ROMINGERIA,  Nicholson,  1879,  Tab.  Corals, 
p.  114.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Coral- 
lum lax,  spreading;  corallites  cylin- 
drical, annulated,  multiplying  by 
lateral  gemmation,  and  typically  pro- 
ducing new  tubes,  in  umbellate  whorls 
or  verticils,  at  short  intervals ;  where 
the  walls  are  in  contact  with  the 
visceral  chambers  they  are  connected 
by  mural  pores;  tabulae  complete,  re- 
mote; septa  represented  by  vertical 
rows  of  spinules.  It  resembles  Aulo- 
pora, but  is  only  attached  basally,  and 
is  therefore  free  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  its  extent.  Type  R.  umbel- 
lifera. 

cornuta,  Billings,  1859,  (Aulopora  cor- 
nuta,)  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  4,  p.  119,  Up. 
Held,  and  Ham.  Grs. 
niagarensis,  Rominger,  1876,  (Quenstedtia 
niagarensis,)  Foss.  Corals,  p.  72,  Ni- 
agara -Gr. 

umbellifera,  Billings,  1859,  (Aulopora 
umbellifera.)  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  4,  p.  119, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Sarcinula,  Lamarck,  1816,    Hist,  des  Anim. 
sans  Vert.,  t.  2,  p.  222.    Not  an  Ameri- 
can Palaeozoic  genus. 
glabra,    Owen,    1840,    Rep.    on     Mineral 

Lands.    See  Lyellia  glabra. 
C?)obsoleta,  Hall,  1857,  Geo.  Lake  Sup.  Land 
Dist.,  vol.  2,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.     Not  recog- 
nized. 
ramosa,  Eaton,  1832,  Geo.  Text  Book,  p. 

41.     Not  properly  defined. 
Smithia,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol.  Foss. 
des  Terr.  Pal.    The  name    was   preoc- 
cupied for  a  genus  in  botany,  and  is  a 
syn.  for  Phillipsastrea. 
johanni,  see  Phillipgastrea  johanni. 
multiradiata,     see      Phillipsastrea      mul- 

tiradiata. 

woodmani,  see  Pachyphyllum  woodmani. 
verrilli,  see  Phillipsastrea  verrilli. 
SPH^EROLITES,  Hinde,  1875,  Proc.  Geo.  Soc. 
Lond.,  vol.  31,  p.  514.    [Ety.  from  the 
spheroidal    form.]     Type  S.  nicholsoni. 
nicholsoni,  Hinde,  1875,  Proc.  Geo.  Soc. 
Lond.,  vol.    31,    p.    514,    Low.    Held. 
Gr. 

STAUROGRAPTUS,  Emmons,  1856,  (Staurograp- 
sus,)  Am.  Geo., 
pt.  2,  p.  108. 
[Ety.  stauros, 
cross;  grapho,  I 
write.]  Disk 
free,  cruciform, 
arms  four 
dichotomous, 
cells  terminal, 
substancemem- 
branaceo  us. 
Type  S.dichot- 
ornus. 

dichotomus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo., 
p.  109,  Up.  Taconic. 


FIG.  216.  —  Staurograptus 
dichotomus. 


STELLIPORA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  79.  [Ety.  stella,  star;  poros,  pore.] 
Corallum  dendroid  or  incrusting;  cor- 
allites dimorphic ;  apertures  subcircular ; 
no  septa;  tabulae  abundant;  surface 
covered  with  conspicuous  star-shaped 
elevations  and  depressions.  Type  S. 
antheloidea. 

antheloidea,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  79.  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

fischeri,Ulrich,1883,(Constellariafischeri,) 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  270, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

florida,  Ulrich,  1882,  (Constellaria  florida,) 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  257, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

limitaris,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  126,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
Syn.  (?)  for  S.  polystomella. 


FIG.  217. — Stellipora  polystomella,  natural  size 
and  magnified  star. 

polystomella,  Nicholson,  1873,  (Constel- 
laria polystomella,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
215,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

STENOPORA,  Lonsdale,  1844,  App.  to  Dar- 
win's Volcanic  Islands,  p.  161,  and  Geo. 
Russ.  and  Ural  Mts.,  vol.  1,  p.  631.  [Ety. 
stenos,  narrow;  poros,  pore.]  Corallum 
very  similiar  to  Chetetes,  but  having 
small  styliform  processes  at  the  angles  of 
the  calices,  as  understood  by  Edwards 
&  Haime.  Nicholson  defines  the  genus, 
and  restricts  it  to  specimens  from  Aus- 
tralia and  Van  Diemen's  Land,  which,  as 
in  the  type,  have  constricted  corallites 
and  minute  mural  pores.  Type  S.  ovata. 

bulbosa,  see  Monticulipora  bulbosa. 

adhertns,  see  Monticulipora  adherens. 

crassa,  see  Chetetes  crassus. 

fibrosa,  see  Monticulipora  fibrosa. 

exilis,     Dawson, 

1868,  Acad. 
Geo.,    p.    287, 
Subcarbonifer- 
ous. 

huronensi8,see  Te- 

tradium  hu- 

ronense. 
lib  ana,  Safford, 

1869,  Geo.    of 
Tenn.    Not  de- 
fined. 

patula,  see  Mon- 
ticulipora patula. 
spinigera,  see  Chetetes  spinigerus. 


FIG.  218.— Stenopora  exilis. 


204 


CCELENTERATA. 


[STR. 


StrepJiodes,  McCoy,  1849,  syn.  for  Cyatho- 
phyllum. 

austini,  see  Clisiophyllum  austini. 

pickthorni,     see      Cyathophyllum      pick- 

thorni. 

STREPTELASMA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.,  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  17.  [Ety.  streptos,  twisted ;  elasma, 
lamella.]  Turbinate,  gradually  or  ab- 
ruptly expanding;  cup  deep;  lamellse 
or  septa  longitudinal,  spirally  twisted 
toward  the  center;  no  tabulae  or  fos- 
sette.  Type  S.  expansum. 

sequidistans,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  20,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
424,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

ampliatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  19,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
423,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

angulatum,  Billings,  1862,  (Petraia  an- 
gulata,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  103,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

apertum,  Billings,  1862,  (Petraia  aperta,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  102,  Black 
Riv.  Gr. 

calyculus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  Ill,  Niagara  Gr. 

coarctatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs ;  p.  21,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p.  275,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

conspicuum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  19,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p. 

423,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

conulus,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
144,  Niagara  Gr. 

corniculum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  69,  Treuton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

crassum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
70,  Trenton  Gr. 

crateriforme,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  20,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

424,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

dissimile,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  17,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  421,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  219.— Streptelasma  inflaium,  transverse 
section. 

expansum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  17,  Chazy  Gr. 


extans,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  5,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  409,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

fanningana,  Safford,  1869,  (Petraia  fan- 
ningana,)  Geo.  Tenn.,  p.  320,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

fossula,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  19,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  423,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

inflatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  18,  and  12th  Rep. 
Geo.  Ind.,  p.  276,  Up.  Held.  Ur. 

involutum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p,  20,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

424,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

lamellatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  17,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p. 
421,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

laterarium,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  (Irs.,  p.  18,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  422, 
Corniferous  limestone. 

latuscula,  Billings,  1862,  (Petraia  latus- 
cula,1)  Pal.,  Foss.,  voi.  1,  p.  104,  Mid. 
Sil.  Anticosti,  Div.  4. 

limitare,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  5,  and  35th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  409,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

logani,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Petraia  logani,) 
Can.  Nat.,  vol.  7,  p.  143,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

mammiferum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  21,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

425,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

minimum,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  106,  syn.  for  Dun- 
can ella  borealis. 

multilamellosum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  70.  Trenton  Gr. 

ottawensis,  Billings,  1865,  (Petraia  otta- 
wensis,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  2d  ser., 
vol.  2,  Trenton  Gr. 

papillatum,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  21,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  276,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

parvulum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
71,  Trenton  Gr. 

patuluin,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
143,  Niagara  Gr. 

profundum,  Conrad,  1843,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  335,  (Cyathophyllum 
profundum,)  and  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  49,  Birdseye,  Black  Riv.  and 
Trenton  Grs. 

pulchellum,  Billings,  1865,  (Petraia  pul- 
chella,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,2d  ser.,  vol. 
2,  p.  424,  Mid.  Sil. 

pygmaMirn,  Billings,  1862,  (Petraia  pyg- 
mrea,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  103,  Mid.  Sil. 
Anticosti,  Div.  4. 

radicans.  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  106,  Niagara  Gr. 


STR.— SYR.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


205 


FIG.  220.      Strep- 
telasma  rectum. 


rectum,  Hall,  1843,  (Strombodes  rectus, 
Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  200,  an 
Illust.Dev.Foss.,  pi.  19, 
Ham.  Gr. 

rnsticum,    Billings,    1858, 
(Petraia   rustica,)    Rep. 
of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  Cau., 
p.  168,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
selectum,    Billings,    1865, 
(Petraia   selecta,)  Can. 
Nat.  and  Geo.,  2d  ser,, 
vol.  2,  p.  429,  Mid.  Sil. 
simplex,  Hall,  1882,  Foss. 
Corals  Niagara  and  Up. 
Held.   Grs.,  p.  18,  and 
12th    Rep.    Geo.    Ind., 
p.  277,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
spongiaxis,        Rominger, 
1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p.  144,  Niagara  Gr. 
strictum,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  114,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tenue,  Hall,   1882,  Foss.    Corals   Niagara 
and    Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  17,  and   12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  278,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ungula,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi. 

19,  Ham.  Gr. 

waynensis,  Safford,  1869,  (Petraia  way- 
nensis,)  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p.  314,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

STRIATOPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  156.  [Ety.  striatus,  striated ;  poros, 
pore.]  Ramose;  corallites thick-walled, 
angular,  conical ;  cells  opening  upon 
the  surface  in  expanded,  angular,  cup- 
like  depressions,  which  are  longitudi- 
nally striated,  and  between  the  striae  the 
bands  may  bear  spinules ;  tabulae  and 
mural  pores  common.  Type  S.  nVxuosa. 
carbonaria,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  Burlington  Gr. 
cavernosa,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  60,  Corniferus  Gr. 
flexuosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

156,  Niagara  Gr. 
formosa,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  5, 

p.  254,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
huronensis,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 

p.  58,  Niagara  Gr. 

iowensis,  Owen,  1840,  (Cyathoporaiowen- 
sis,)  Rep.  on  Min.  Lands  of  Iowa,  etc., 
p.  69,  Ham.  Gr. 
issa,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  114,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
limbata,  Eaton,  1832,  (Madreporalimbata,) 
Geo.  Text  Book,  p.  30,  and 
Illust.  Dev.   Foss.,  pi.  33, 
Ham.  Gr. 

linna>ana,  Billings,  1860.  Can. 
Jour.,  vol.  5,  p.  253,  Ham. 
Gr. 

mis«ouriensis,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1868,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  369,  Low. 

Held.  Gr.  pIG  221 stri- 

rugosa,    Hall,   1858,    Geo.   of     atopora  lin- 
lowa,  p.   479,  syn.    for  S.     uaiana. 
iowensis. 

STROMBODES,  Schweieger,  1820,  Handb.  der 
Naturg.,  p.  418.  [Ety.  strombos,  twisting.] 


Composite,  increasing  by  calicular  gem- 
mation ;  corallites  constituted  prin- 
cipally by  a  series  of  superposed,  in- 
vaginated,  infundibuliform  tabulae, 
united  by  ascending  trabiculae,  so  as  to 
form  a  columnar  mass ;  calices  pen- 
tagonal, well  circumscribed,  and  com- 
pletely covered  with  the  septal  radii; 
outer  walls  not  well  developed,  and  inner 
mural  investment  rudimentary.  Type 
S.  pentagonus. 

alpenensis,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  133,  Ham.  Gr.  Is  this  a  syn.  for  S. 
mammillaris? 

diffluens,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol. 
Fos.  des  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  431,  AuticostiGr. 

distortus,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  209,  Ham.  Gr.  Too  imper- 
fectly described  for  recognition.  Prob- 
ably a  Heliophyllum. 

eximius,  Billings,  1866,  Catal,  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  93,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 

gracilis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  113,  Mid.  Sil. 

helianthoides,  (?)  Heliophyllum  halli. 

mammillaris,  Owen,  1840,  (Astrea  mam- 
millaris,) Rep.  on  Min.  Lands,  p.  70,  and 
Rominger,  in  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  133,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 


FIG.  222. — Strombodes  pentagonus. 


pentagonus,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref. 
p.  62,  Niagara  Gr. 

pygnueus,  Rominger,  1876,   Foss.  Corals, 
p.  132,  Niagara  Gr. 

(?)  rectus,  see  Streptelasma  rectum. 

separatus,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 
p.  32,  Niagara  Gr. 

simplex,  see  Zaphrentis  simplex. 

striatus,     D'Orbigny,      1850,     Prodr.    de 

Paleont.,  p.  48  Niagara  Gr. 
STYLASTREA,  Lonsdale,  1845,  Geo.  and  Pal. 
of  Russia,  and  Ural  Mts.,  p.  621.  [Ety. 
slyjos,  pillar ;  axter,  star.]  Composite, 
large;  corallites  prismatic;  easily  sepa- 
rable ;  walls  thick,  striated  longitudi- 
nally, and  wrinkled  transversely ;  within 
the  walls  there  is  a  narrow,  vesicular, 
perithecal  zone,  and  within  it  alamellif- 
erous  area;  septa  numerous,  not  reach- 
ing the  center ;  tabulae  abundant.  Type 

5.  inconferta. 

anna,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.   Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  199,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
SYRINGOLITES,  Hinde,  1879,  Geo.  Mag.,  vol. 

6,  p.   244.      [Ety.  syrinx,  pipe;    lithos, 
stone.]     Composite,    large    with    basal 
epitheca;     corallites    polygonal,    thin- 


206 


CCELENTERATA. 


[SYR.— TET. 


walled,  with  mural  pores,  and  a  cylin- 
drical tube  in  the  center  of  each  coral- 
lite.    Type  S.  huronensis. 
huronensis.  Hinde,  1879,  Geo.  Mag.,  vol. 

6,  p.  246,  Niagara  Gr. 
SYRINGOPORA,  Goldf uss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref., 

&.  75.  [Ety.  syrinx,  pipe ;  poros,  pore.] 
orallum  aggregating,  at  first  creeping 
after  the  manner  of  Aulopora,  then 
sending  up  numerous  vertical,  cylin- 
drical corrallites,  usually  flex  nous,  sub- 
parallel,  and  connected  laterally  by 
more  or  less  transverse  processes ; 
septa  rudimentary;  tabula?  close  set, 
infundibuliform ;  epitheca  well  de- 
veloped. Type  S.  reticulata. 

alectiformis,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 

annulata,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  81,  Niagara  Gr. 

aulopora,  Salter,  1855,  Belcher's  Last  of 
the  Arctic  Voyages,  vol.  2,  p.  385,  Car- 
boniferous. 

cleviana,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol. 
Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  295,  Cornifer- 
ous  Gr. 

compacta,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  3,  p.  422,  Up.  Sil. 

crassata,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 
Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 

dalmani,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  3,  p.  423,  Up.  Sil. 

debilis,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  3,  p.  423,  Up.  Sil. 

elegans,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  3,  p.  425,  Corniferous  Gr. 

fenestrata,  Winchell,  1866.  Rep.  Low. 
Penin  Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 

fibrata,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
82,  Niagara  Gr. 

harveyi,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  32,  Waverly  or  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. : 

hisingeri,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  116,  Corniferous  Gr. 

infundibulum,  see  Cystostylus  infundi- 
bulum. 

intermedia,  Nicholson,  1874,  Rep.  Pal. 
Prov.  Ont.  Can.,  p.  126,  Ham.  Gr. 

laxata,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  4, 
p.  118,  Corniferous  Gr. 

maclurii,  Billings,  1860,  Can. 
Jour.,  vol.  5,  p.  258,  Cor- 
niferous Gr. 

multattenuata,  McChesney, 
1860,  New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  75, 
and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  144, 
Coal  Meas. 

multicaulis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  119, 
Niagara  Gr. 

nobilis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  118,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

parallel:!,  Etheridge,  1878,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  583,  Up.  Sil. 

perelegans,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 
4,  p.  117,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

retiformis,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  3,  p.  424,  Up.  Sil. 


Syringopora 
maclurii. 


reticulata,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Petref.  Germ., 


p.  76,  Devonian, 
tabu 


ulata,   Edwards  &  Haime,   1851,    Pol. 
Foss.  des  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  288,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

tenella,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
81,  Niagara  Gr. 

tubiporoides,  Yandell  &  Shumard,  1847, 
Cont.  to  Geo.  of  Ky.,  p.  8,  Corniferous  Gr. 

tubiporoides,  Billings,  see  S.  maclurii. 

verneuli,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851, 
Polyp.  Foss.  de  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  289,  Cor- 
niferous Gr. 

verticillata,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Petref.  Germ., 

p.  76,  Niagara  Gr. 

TETRADIUM,  Dana,  1848,  Wilkes.  Expl. 
Exped.  Zooph.,  vol.  8,  p.  701.  [Ety. 
tetra,  four.]  Aggregate,  massive,  sub- 
hemispheric  ;  corallites  long,  prismatic, 
in  close  contact ;  septa  few,  not  reaching 
the  center  of  the  visceral  chamber 
(typically  four) ;  tabula;  numerous, 
complete  ;  calices  generally  petaloid  ; 
no  mural  pores ;  increase  by  fission. 
Type.  T.  fibratum. 


FIG.  224.— Tetradium  flbratum. 

columnare,  Hall,  1847,  (Chetetes  colum- 

naris.)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.   68,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
fibratum,    Safford, 

1856,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.22,  p.  237,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
fibratum     var.    aper- 

tum,   Safford,  1856, 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 

22,     p.     237,    Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
fibratum    var.    m  i  - 

nus,    Safford,   1856, 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 

22,  p.  238,  Hud.  Riv. 

Gr.  FIG.    225.— Ted  radium 

huronense,      Billings,     fibratum.  Corallites 

1865,     (Stenopora    f^S     through 

huronensis,)    Pal. 

Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  185,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
peachi  var.  canadense,  Foord,  1883,  Cont. 

to  Micro.  Pal.,  p.  24,  Trenton  Gr. 
Tetragraptm,  Salter,  1863,  Quar.   Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  19.     [Ety.  tetra,  four;  grapho, 

I  write.]    This  genus  is  not  regarded 

with  much   favor.     Graptolithus  bryo- 

noides  is  made  the  typical  species.    G. 

quadribrachiatus  is  also  placed  in  it. 


THA.— VER.] 


CCELRNTERATA. 


207 


approximatus,  see    Graptolithus   approxi- 

matus. 

THAMNOGRAPTUS,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  519.  [Ety.  thamnus,  shrub ;  grapho, 
I  write.]  Fronds  consisting  of  straight 
or  flexuous  stipes,  with  alternating  or 
widely  diverging  branches;  branches 
long,  "simple,  or  ramose,  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  stipe ;  the  main  stipe 
and  branches  are  marked  by  a  central 
longitudinal,  depressed  line,  indicating 
the  axis.  Type  T.  typus. 
anna,  Hall,  1865,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 2,  p.  141,  Quebec  Gr. 
bartonensis,  Spencer,  1878,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 
8,  and  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus.  St.  Univ.  Mo., 
p.  39,  Niagara  Gr. 

capillaris,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  520,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

multi  form  is, 
Spencer,  1884, 
Bull.  No.  1, 
Mus.  Univ.  St. 
Mo.,p.40,Ni- 
ajrara  Gr. 
typus,  Hall, 
"1859,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  519,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

THECIA,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1849,  Comptes 
rend.,  t.  29,  p.  263.  [Ety.  theke,  sheath,] 
Corallum  massive,  with  an  abundant, 
compact,  spurious  coenenchyma,  pro- 
duced by  the  septa  becoming  cemented 
together  laterally ;  septal  system  highly 
developed  :  tabulae  numerous  ;  calices 
shallow,  with  a  small  deep  fossula. 
Type  T.  swindernana. 


FIG.    226.  —  Thamnograptus 
typus. 


FIG.  227.— Thecia  major. 

major,    Rominger,    1876,   Foss.  Corals,  p. 

67,  Niagara  Gr. 

minor,    Rominger,   1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

68,  Niagara  Gr. 

ramosa,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

69,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

swindernana,  Goldfuss,  1829,  (Agaricia 
swindernana,)  Petref.  Germ.,  p.  109, 
Niagara  Gr. 

THBCOSTEGITES,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1849, 
Comptes  rend.,  t.  29,  p.  261.  [Ety. 
theke,  sheath ;  siege,  covering.]  Coral- 
lites  cylindrical,  short  and  united  by 
short  mural  expansions  situated  at 


various    heights :      tabulae   horizontal. 
Type  T.  bouchardi. 

bouchardi,  Michelin,  1845,  (Harmodites 
bouchardi,)  Icon.  Zpoph.,  p.  185.  This 
species  was  described  from  France, 
and  is  probably  not  American. 


FIG.    228.— Thecostegites  hemisphericus,  natural 
size  and  magnified. 

hemisphericus,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil.  Fauna 

W.  Tenn.,  p.  25,  Niagara  Gr. 
TRACHYPORA,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol. 

Foss.    d.    Terr.    Pal.,    p.    305.      [Ety. 

trachys,  rough  ;  poros,  pore.]     Dendroid  ; 

calices    slightly    salient;      no      septa; 

coenenchyma     abundant,    solid,     and 

surface   marked  by    strong,    irregular, 

vermicular,  subechinulated'strise.   Type 

T.  davidsoni. 
austini,    Worthen,    (in  press,)   Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  81,  Coal  Meas. 
elegantula,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

5,  p.  254,  Ham.  Gr. 
ornata,     Rominger,      1876,    (Dendropora 

ornata,)  Foss.  Corals,  p.  62,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  229.— Trachypora  elegantula.  Portion  of 
two  corallites  —  a  longitudinal  section  and  a 
corallite  enlarged. 

TROCHOPHYLLUM,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851, 
Mon.  d.  Pol.  Foss.  de  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  356. 
[Ety.  trochos,  wheel ;  phyllon,  leaf.]  Sim- 
ple, trochoid;  calice  shallow;  septa 
thick,  not  denticulate,  extending 
almost  to  the  center  of  the  visceral 
chamber,  where  a  small  tabula  is 
visible;  fossula  rudimentary  and  oc- 
cupied by  a  small  septum.  Type  T. 
verneuilanum. 

verneuilanum,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851, 
Mon.  d.  Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  357, 
Subcarboniferous. 

Tubipora,    Linnaeus,  1758,  Syst.    Nat.,   10th 

Ed.,  p.  789.    Not  American  Palaeozoic. 

lamellosa,    Owen,     1840,     Rep.     on    Min. 

Lands,   p.  78.     Not  denned.     Probably 

a  Syringopora. 

VERMIPORA,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  109.  [Ety.  vtrmis, 
worm  ;  poros,  pore.]  Ramose ;  coral- 
lites cylindrical,  close,  increasing  by 
lateral  gemmation,  and  projecting  at 
the  surface ;  tabulae  remote;  no  mural 
,  pores  connecting  corallites.  Type  V. 
serpuloides. 


208 


CCELEN1 ERATA. 


[VES.— ZAP. 


fasciculata,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  70,  Ham.  Gr. 

niagarensis,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  70,  Niagara  Gr. 

robusta,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi.  2,  I 
figs.  32,  33,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

serpuloides,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  110,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

tortuosa,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi.  2, 

fig.  23,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
Vesicularia,   Rominger,  1876,  Foss.   Corals, 
p.    135.    This    name    was   preoccupied  < 
among      the     Bryozoa.      See      Cysti-  j 
phorolites. 

major,  see  Cystiphorolites  major. 

minor,  see  Cystiphorolites  minor. 

variolosa,  see  Cystiphorolites  variolosus. 
ZAPHRENTIS,    Rafinesque,    1820,    Ann.    des  ; 
Sci.  Phys.  Brux.,  vol.  5,  p.  234.     [Ety.  j 
za,  very  ;  phrentis,  diaphragm.]    Simple,  : 
turbinate ;    lamellse  simple,    alternate, 
extending   from   the    epitheca   to  the 
center  of  the  visceral  chamber ;  tabulae  ! 
well  developed,  extending  from  wall  to  j 
wall,  and   deflected  downward  around  ; 
the    periphery  ;    no    columella  ;  calice  < 


deep,  with  a  single  strongly  developed  , 

upying  the  pla 
the  lamellae.     Type  Z.  pnrygia. 


fossula   occupying  the  place  of  one  of 


acuta,    White  &   Whitfield,    1862,    Proc. 

Bost.   Soc.   Nat.    Hist.,   vol.   8,  p.  306, 

Waverly  or  Choteau  Gr. 
affinis,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  430,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
ampla,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi. 

21,  Ham.  Gr. 
annulata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara  \ 

and    Up.    Held.  Grs.,  p.  33,  and   35th  ! 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  437,  j 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
bellistriata,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and  i 

Geo.,    2d    ser.,    vol.    2,    p.    430,   Hud.  j 

Riv.  Gr. 
bigsbyi,   Billings,   1866,   Catal.  Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,    p.    92,    Clinton    and    Niagara  | 

Grs. 
bilateralis,  Hall,  1852,  (Caninia  bilateralis,)  ! 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  41,  Clinton   and 

Niagara  Grs. 
calcariformis,    Hall,    1882,    Foss.    Corals 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  33,  and 

12th  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  293,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
calceola,    White  &  Whitfield,   1862,  (Lo- 

pbophyllum  calceola,)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  305,  and  1880,  Cont. 

to    Pal.    No.    6,    p.    156,    Waverly    or 

Choteau  Gr. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  j 

1,-p.  105,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cannonensis,    Winchell,     1869,    Geo.    of 

Tenn.,    p.    442,    Waverly    or    Kinder- 

hook  Gr. 
carniatas,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  75,  Keokuk  Gr. 
cassedayi,    M.    Edwards,    1860,    Hist,    d 

Corallaires,  t.  3,  Warsaw  Gr. 
celator,  Hall,   1876,  28th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  107,  Niagara  Gr. 


centralis,  Edwards  &  Hairne,  1851,  Mon. 
d.  Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  328,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

chesterensis,  Worth  en,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  73,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

cinctosa,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  92,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 

cingulosa,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  10,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8, 
Devonian. 

clappi,  syn.  for  Z.  gigantea. 

cliffordana,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon. 
d.  Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  329,  Sub- 
carboniferous. 

colletti,  Hall,  1882;  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  28,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  315,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

complanata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  26,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

430,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

compressa,  M.  Edwards,  1860,  Hist.  d. 
Corallaires,  t.  3,  Warsaw  Gr. 

compressa,  see  Z.  davisana. 

concava,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  35,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  291,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

conigera,  see  Clisiophyllum  conigerum. 

constricta,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  33,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p. 
437,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

contorta,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  37,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  441, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

convoluta,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  37,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.  p.  294,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

cornicula,  Lesueur,  1820,  (Caryophyllia 
cornicula,)  Mem.  du  Mus.,  vol.  6,  p. 
297,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

corrugata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  27,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

431,  Schoharie  Gr. 

corticata,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  9,  Low.  Devonian. 

cristulata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  10,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
414,  Niagara  Gr. 

cruciformis,  Hall,  1883,  12th  Rep.  Geo. 
Ind.,  p.  315,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

curvata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  35,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  439, 
Up.  Held  Gr. 

cyathiformis,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  27,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  290,  Up. 
Held.  Grf 

cylindraceas,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  78,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

cystica,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 
Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 

dalei,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851 ,  Mon.  d.  Pol. 
Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  329,  AVarsaw  Gr 


ZAP.] 


CCELENTERATA. 


209 


davisana,  n.  sp.  Up.  Held.  Gr.     Proposed 

instead    of  Z.   compressa  of  Rominger, 

1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p.  151,  pi.  53,  which 

was  preoccupied, 
deformis,  Hall,  1883,  12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind., 

p.  290,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
denticulata,  Eichwald,  1857.     Probably  not 

American, 
desori,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon.  d. 

Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.   333,   Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
duplicata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and   Up.   Held.   Grs.,  p.   32,    and  12th 

Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  293,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
edwardsi,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  235,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
egeria,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  7,  p.  234,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
elegans,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.   Held.    Grs.,    p.   37,  and  12th 

Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  287,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
elliptica,  White,    1862,   Proc.    Bost.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  31,  and  1880,  Cont. 

to  Pal.,  No.  6,  p.  155,  Burlington  Gr. 
eriphyle,   Billings,    1875,   Can.    Nat.    and 

Geo.  vol.  7,  p.  233,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
excentrica,  Meek,  1873,  Haydens,  6th  Rep. 

TJ.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  495,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  W.  100th  Her.,  vol.  4,  p.  101,  Coal 

Meas. 
fastigata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  30,  and  35th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.   Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  434,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
feuestrata,  Nicholson,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  7,  p.  138,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
foliata,  Hall,   1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.  Held.   Grs.,    p.   34,    and  12th 

Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  286,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
frequentata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.   Held.   Grs.,  p.  31,   and 

35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

435,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
fusiformis,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.   Held.  Grs.,  p.   29,  and  12th 

Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  296,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
genitiva,    Billings,    1875,   Can.   Nat.    and 

Geo.,  vol.  7,  p.  235,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
gibsoni,  White,  1884,  13th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind., 

p.  117,  Coal  Meas. 
gigantea,  Lesueur,  1820,  Mem.  du.   Mus., 

vol.  6,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
glans,  see  Hadrophyllum  glans. 
gravis,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Nigara  and 

Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  36,  and  35th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  440,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
gregaria,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 

149,  Niagara  Gr. 
halli,   Edwards  &  Haime,   1851,   Mon.  d. 

Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  341,  Ham.  Gr. 
haysi,   Meek,  1865,   Am.   Jour.   Sci.   and 

Arts,    2d  ser.,    vol.    40,    p.    32,    Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
hecuba,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  7,  p.  234,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
herzeri,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.    Held.   Grs.,  p.  35,  and  12th 

Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  292,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


ida,  Winchell.  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  117,  Waverly  or  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 

illinoisensis,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.  vol.  8,  p.  77,  Keokuk  Gr. 

inxqualis,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  syn.  for  Palseo- 
phyllum  divaricans. 

inclinata,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  34,  syn.  for 
Cyathophyllum  angnstatum. 

incondita,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  7,  Devonian. 

invenusta,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  vol.  7, 
p.  233,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

irregularis,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  34,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
438,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

knappi,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  34,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  438, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

lanceolata,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  76,  Warsaw  Gr. 

latisinus,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  10,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  414, 
Niagara  Gr. 

macfarlani,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 
Sci.,  p.  83,  Devonian. 

marcoui,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon.  d. 
Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  337,  Ni- 
agra  Gr. 

minas,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geo.,  p.  286, 
Subcarboniferous. 

multilamella,  Hall,  1852,  Stans.  Ex.  to  Gt. 
Salt  Lake,  p.  408,  Coal  Meas. 

multilamellata,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  236.  The  name  was  preoc- 
cupied, and  the  definition  is  very  im- 
perfect. 

nitida,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  31,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  288,  Up.  Held 
Gr. 

nodulosa,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  148,  Corniferous  Gr. 

offleyensis,  Etheridge,  1878,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  588,  Up.  Sil. 

ovalis,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara  and 
Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  29,  and  12th  Rep. 
Geo.  Ind.,  p.  294,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

ovibus,  Salter,  1855,  Belcher's  Last  of  the 
Arctic  Voyages,  vol.  2,  p.  382,  Car- 
boniferous. 

parasitica,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  79,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

patens,  Billings,  1865,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo. 
2d.  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  430,  Mid.  Sil. 

pellaensis,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  74,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

planima,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  29,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  292,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

ponderosa,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  27,  and 
12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  288,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 


210 


CGELENTERATA. 


[ZAP. 


pressula,  Hall.  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and   Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.   10,  and    35th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  414, 

Niagara  Gr. 
profunHa,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and    Up.  Held.    Grs-,  p.  31,    and  12th 

Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  287.  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
prolifica,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Jour.  N.  S., 

vol.  4,  p.  121,  Up.  Held,  and  Ham.  Grs. 
prona,  M.  Edwards,  1860,  Hist.  d.  Coral- 

laires,  t.  3,  Warsaw  Gr. 
pulmonea,   Lesueur,  1820,    (Caryophyllia 

pulmonea,)  Mem.  du.  Mus.,  vol.  6,  Car- 
boniferous, 
racinensis,   Whitfield,    1880,   Ann.    Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p. 

277,  Niagara  Gr. 
rafinesquii,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon. 

d.  Pol.  Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  329.  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
recta,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 

p.  82,  Devonian, 
reversa,  Worthen,   (in   press,)  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  78,  Warsaw  Gr. 
rigida,  Hall,   1882,  Foss.   Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  9,  and  35th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  413,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
roemeri,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Mon.  d. 

Pol.  Foes.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  341,  Delthyris 

Shale,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
rugatula,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  8,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  1,  Up.  Sil. 
sentosa,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.   Held.   Grs.,   p.   32,  and  35th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  436, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 

simplex,    Hall,    1843,   (Strombodes    sim- 
plex,) Geo,  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  200, 

and  Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  21,  Ham.  Gr. 
solida,  Hall  &  Whitfield,   1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  231,  Che- 

mung  Gr. 

spatiosa,  see  Heterophrentis  spatiosa. 
spergenensis,  Worthen,  (in   press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  77,  Warsaw  Gr. 
spinulifera,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

650,  Warsaw  Gr. 
spinulosa,  Edwards  &  Haime,   1851,   Pol. 

Foss.   d.  Terr.    Pal.,   p.    334,    Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
spissa,  Hall,   1882,   Foss.  Corals  Niagara 

and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  30,  and  12th  Rep. 

Geo.  Ind.,  p.  289,  Corniferous  limestone, 
stansburyi,  Hall,  1852,  Stans.  Ex.  to  Gt. 

Salt  Lake,  p.  408,  Coal  Meas. 
stokesi,    Edwards    &   Haime,    1851,   Pol. 

Foss.  d.  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  330,  Niagara  Gr. 
subcompressa,    Hall,   1882,    Foss.    Corals 

Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  28,  and 

12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  286,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


subrecta,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  7,  p.  235,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

subvada,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  11,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
415,  Niagara  Gr. 

subyesicularis,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals 
Niagara  and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  10,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
414,  Niagara  Gr. 

tabulate,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  27,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  431, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

terebrata,  Hall,  1883,  12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind., 
p.  316,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

torta,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara  and 
Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  30,  and  12th  Rep. 
Geo.  Ind.,  p.  285,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

transversa,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Ni- 
agara and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  36,  and 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
440,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

transversensis,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 

trisutura,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  30,  and  12th 
Rep.  Geo.  Ind.,  p.  289,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

turbinata,  Hall,  1852,  (Polydilasma  turbi- 
natum,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  112,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

ulrichi,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  p.  76,  Warsaw  Gr. 

umbonata,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals, 
p.  146,  Ham.  Gr. 

undata,  Hall,  1883,  12th  Rep.  Geo.  Ind., 
p.  291,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

ungula,  Rominger,  1876,  Foss.  Corals,  p. 
151,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

varsoviensis,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  78,  Keokuk  Gr. 

venusta,  Hall,  1882,  Foss.  Corals  Niagara 
and  Up.  Held.  Grs.,  p.  38,  and  35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  442, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  230. — Zaphrentis  wortheni. 

wortheni,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2.  p.  235,  Corniferus  Gr. 


ECHINODERMATA.  211 


SUBKINGDOM  ECHINODERMATA. 


THIS  Subkingdom  is  represented,  in  the  Palaeozoic  rocks,  by  the  Classes 
Crinoidea,  Stellerida,  and  Echinida. 

The  word  "Crinoidea"  was  first  used  in  1821,  by  J.  S.  Miller,  who  pub- 
lished a  book  entitled  "A  Natural  History  of  the  Crinoidea."  He  used  it  as  a 
family  name,  but  later  investigations  raised  it  to  the  rank  of  a  Class.  The 
Palaeozoic  Orders,  into  which  the  Class  is  divided,  are  Palseocrinoidea,  Blastoidea, 
Cystoidea,  Lichenocrinoidea,  Agelacrinoidea,  Cyclocystoidea  and  Myelodactyloidea. 
The  Stellerida  are  represented  by  the  Orders  Asteroidea  and  Ophiuroidea,  and  the 
Echinida  by  the  Order  Perischoechinida. 

The  fossils  consist  of  plates,  variously  arranged  and  connected,  all  of  which  are 
composed  of  peculiar  crystalline  lime.  The  principal  parts  of  the  Palseocrinoidea 
are  the  calyx  or  body,  arms,  pinnules,  column,  and  base  or  root.  The  Agelacrinoidea 
and  Lichenocrinoidea  were  attached,  by  one  side,  to  some  foreign  substance.  The 
Cyclocystoidea  were  free  or  attached  in  like  manner.  Whether  the  Myelodacty- 
loidea were  free  or  attached  to  other  bodies  is  unknown.  Some  of  the  Cystoidea 
were  sessile,  others  possessed  columns  tapering  to  a  point,  and  others  had  bases  or 
roots  for  attachment.  The  Blastoidea  possessed  columns,  but  whether  or  not  any 
of  them  attached  by  bases  or  roots  is  unknown.  All  Palseocrinoidea  had  columns, 
but  some  did  not  have  bases  or  roots.  The  Orders  bearing  pinnules  are  the 
Blastoidea,  Palseocrinoidea,  and  part  of  the  Cystoidea. 

Prof.  Wachsmuth  has  claimed  the  construction  of  the  vault  affords  good 
characters  for  the  separation  of  the  Palseocrinoidea  into  families,  and  has  dis- 
tinguished three  plans  upon  which  the  summit  is  constructed,  viz.: 

1.  The   summit    composed    of  a   more    or   less    pliable,    sometimes    perhaps 
squamous  integument,  yielding  to  motion,  in  the  body  and  arms. 

2.  The  summit  composed   of  solid   plates,  with  a  porous  ventral  sac,  located 
posteriorly,  on  the  disk,  and  closed  at  the  top.     Anal  opening  rarely  observed,  but, 
probably,  lateral. 

3.  The  summit  composed  of  heavy  immovable  plates,  closely  joining  and  form- 
ing a  dome  arching  the  entire  oral  side.     Anal  opening  directly  through  the  wall  of 
the  dome  or  at  the  extremity  of  a  tube,  the  so-called  proboscis. 

Without  underestimating  his  work,  a  single  illustration  will  show  that  families 
can  not  always  be  distinguished  by  the  construction  of  the  vault ;  for  in  the  family 
Heterocrinidse,  there  is  no  resemblance  between  the  vaults  of  Ectenocrinus, 
Heterocrinus,  locrinus,  and  Ohiocrinus.  Ectenocrinus  has  no  tube  or  proboscis, 
Ohiocrinus  has  a  large  spiral  tube,  and  locrinus  has  a  long  cylindrical  one,  extending 
beyond  the  ends  of  the  arms  and  flowing  pinnules. 

We  believe  the  separation  of  the  Palseocrinoidea  into  families  must  be  based 
upon  the  construction  of  the  calyx  and  vault,  but  chiefly  upon  the  former.  Prob- 
ably no  family  should  be  made  to  include  genera,  some  of  which  have  subradials 


212  ECHINODERMATA. 

and  others  do  not.  It  is  therefore  of  the  first  importance  to  ascertain  whether^the 
crinoid  has  one  or  two  circles  of  plates  below  the  radials.  Those  having  only  one 
circle  have  been  called  monocyclic,  and  those  having  two  circles  dicyclic.  The  circle 
at  the  base  is  composed  of  what  we  call  the  "  basal  plates,"  and  the  second  circle, 
whenever  it  has  an  existence,  is  composed  of  "  subradial  plates."  In  this  we  follow 
Billings,  Meek,  Agassiz,  and  most  other  standard  authors.  Carpenter  and  Wachs- 
muth  call  the  "subradials"  the  "basals"  in  all  cases  where  they  occur,  and  the 
lower  plates  "underbasals  ;"  but  where  there  are  no  "subradials,"  they  follow  the 
well-established  nomenclature  in  calling  the  first  circle  of  plates  "  basals." 

The  presence  or  absence  of  regular  interradials,  it  seems,  should  always  be  re- 
garded as  of  family  importance. 

The  number  of  basal  plates  should  also  be  regarded  as  of  family  importance. 
If  not  in  all  cases,  then  in  connection  with  the  general  structure  of  the  calyx  and 
vault  the  families  will  be  sufficiently  well-defined.  Those  characters  upon  which 
genera  are  founded,  when  combined,  in  certain  associations  will  form  families ;  and 
under  this  head  several  important  families  have  been  created. 

Generic  characters,  as  a  matter  of  course,  are  to  a  certain  extent  included  in 
the  family  characters ;  but  the  form  and  construction  of  the  column  is  of  generic 
importance.  The  general  form  of  the  calyx  and  vault,  and  the  number  of  primary 
radials,  and  the  construction  of  the  azygous  area,  are  always  of  generic  importance. 
Beside,  certain  combinations  and  associations  of  what  are  usually  regarded  as 
specific  characters  have  been  made  the  basis  for  establishing  genera. 

Wachsmuth,  speaking  from  experience,  says  in  young  crinoids  the  basals  are 
the  most  perfectly  developed  parts;  they  attain  nearly  their  full  size  in  young  in- 
dividuals, greater  in  proportion  than  the  subradials  and  radials,  which  are  com- 
paratively early  developed,  and  at  a  time  when  the  interradial  and  anal  plates  have 
scarcely  made  their  appearance.  The  latter  develop  the  slowest,  and  in  some 
genera  increase  continually,  both  in  size  and  number,  during  the  growth  of  the 
individual.  Abnormal  growths,  or  sudden  modifications  of  specific  characters, 
almost  always  take  place  in  the  interradial  and  azygous  areas,  the  azygous  rays  and 
dome.  His  experience  is  corroborated  by  others,  and  the  author  never  saw  a  small 
specimen  that  did  not  have  its  basals  or  first  circle  of  plates  as  distinctly  marked  as 
they  occur  in  large  specimens  of  the  same  species. 

The  columns  of  crinoids  very  frequently  show  injuries  received  by  the  animal 
in  its  life-time.  The  column  is  sometimes  much  swollen  on  one  side  and  depressed 
on  the  other;  sometimes  a  parasite  that  attached  to  the  column  is  found  imbedded 
or  enveloped  in  the  crinoid  column.  The  animal  could  also  repair  its  arms  and 
other  parts  of  its  body  by  secretions  of  lime  in  the  same  way. 

Some  of  the  Cystoidea  may  be  arranged  into  families,  upon  characters  similar 
to  those  upon  which  families  are  founded  in  the  Palaeocrinoidea ;  but,  generally, 
this  is  not  the  case.  Some  of  the  Cystoidea  possessed  an  arabulacral  opening  and 
two  other  orifices,  the  purposes  of  which  may  not  be  fully  understood ;  in  others, 
the  two  openings  referred  to  are  absent.  In  addition  to  these,  many  bear  openings 
called  "pectinated  rhombs,"  and  all  have  pores  passing  through  the  plates.  These 
pores  passed  to  organs  called  ' '  hydrospires,"  which  were  largely  developed  within 
the  calyx  of  the  Cystoidea  and  Blastoidea.  The  communication,  through  the  test, 
with  the  outside  water  is  supposed  to  show  the  hydrospires  belonged  to  the  respira- 


ECHINODERMATA.  213 

tory  system.  The  number  and  position  of  the  larger  orifices  and  the  pectinated 
rhombs  constitute  the  principal  basis  for  family  classification.  The  Blastoidea  have 
orifices  at  the  summit  of  the  calyx  which  are  important  in  classification.  Some  have 
fissures  at  the  summit,  others  have  slits  along  each  side  of  the  ambulacra,  and  others 
have  five  pairs  surrounding  an  oral  center.  These  openings  connect  with  hydro- 
spires  situated  beneath  the  ambulacra.  These  orifices  are  of  family  importance,  and 
some  have  regarded  the  number  of  hydrospires  as  of  generic  importance. 

In  the  nomenclature  of  the  Blastoidea  the  calyx  consists  of  the  basals,  radials 
or  forked  plates,  and  orals  or  deltoid  plates.  The  suture  between  the  basals  and 
radials  is  the  basi-radial  suture.  The  ridge  at  the  median  line  of  an  oral  is  an  oral 
or  interradial  ridge.  In  the  forked  plates  the  lower  part  is  the  body  of  the  radial, 
and  the  two  prongs  are  the  limbs.  Between  the  limbs  is  the  radial  sinus,  which  is 
occupied  by  the  ambulacrum,  consisting  of  a  lancet-piece,  which  is  excavated  length- 
wise by  the  food-groove  or  ambulacrum,  and  against  it  rest- side  plates  or  pore  pieces, 
marked  by  pinnule  pits  or  sockets,  and  there  are  also  side  plates.  Beneath  the 
ambulacra  there  are  interradial  systems  of  lamellar  tubes  or  hydrospires.  The  open- 
ings of  these  tubes  on  the  ventral  surface  of  the  calyx,  as  in  Codaster,  are  called 
hydrospire  slits ;  if  they  are  concentrated  beneath  the  ambulacra,  as  in  Codonites, 
the  gap  between  the  edge  of  the  lancet-plate  and  the  sides  of  the  radial  sinus  is  the 
hydrospire  cleft,  which  leads  downward  into  the  hydrospire  canal.  The  canals  open 
externally  by  spiracles,  sometimes  called  ovarian  openings.  The  spiracles  of  the 
anal  iuterradius  may  be  confluent  with  the  anal  opening  to  form  the  anal  spiracle. 
The  plates  covering  the  mouth  and  peristome,  and  which  are  sometimes  continued 
down  the  ambulacra  covering  the  food-grooves,  are  the  summit  plates  or  the  vault. 

The  Cyclocystoidea  have  tubes  radiating  from  the  center  of  the  disk,  which 
connect  with  a  circular  tube  in  the  rim.  It  is  evident  there  was  both  a  circular 
and  radiate  system  of  circulation  in  this  order  of  animals.  The  Myelodactyloidea 
also  had  a  compound  internal  system  of  both  circular  and  radiate  circulation.  The 
Lichenocrinoidea  attached  by  a  base  that  appears  to  have  been  a  single  solid  plate. 
Internally  there  are  numerous  thin,  upright  septa  radiating  from  the  center,  which 
supported  the  very  small  external  plates,  and  the  sarcode  between  which  must  have 
been  connected  with  the  tube  in  the  column  to  have  given  support  to  it,  and  to 
have  maintained'  it  in  an  upright  position.  The  column  tapered  to  a  point,  and  no 
evidence  has  been  found  of  any  external  opening  of  these  animals.  The  affluent 
and  effluent  openings  that  abound  in  all  other  Echinoderms,  and  even  among  the 
sponges,  have  thus  far  never  been  discovered  in  the  Lichenocrinoidea.  The  notice 
of  this  order  in  Wachsmuth's  Palseocrinoidea  seems  to  be  wholly  erroneous.  The 
three  orders — Cyclocystoidea,  Myelodactyloidea  and  Lichenocrinoidea — are  unknown 
in  rocks  later  than  the  Upper  Silurian. 

The  Class  Stellerida  is  composed  of  animals  with  a  flattened  and  more  or  less 
pentagonal  body  and  central  disk.  The  mouth  opens  in  the  center  of  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  disk;  the  skin  is  coriaceous,  the  whole  body  more  or  less  flexible,  and 
along  the  lower  surface  of  each  arm  or  prolonged  ray  from  the  central  disk,  there 
is  a  more  or  less  distinct  furrow  from  which  the  ambulacra  are  protruded.  The  Pal- 
aeozoic orders,  Asteroidea  and  Ophiuroidea,  are  exceedingly  abundant  in  all  existing 
seas.  In  the  common  starfish  the  arms  are  mere  prolongations  of  the  disk,  and  the 
plates  from  which  the  ambulacra  are  exserted  are  in  deep  furrows  along  the  lower 

15 


214  ECHINODERMATA. 

surface  of  the  arms.  The  mouth  is  in  the  center  of  the  disk,  and  the  ramifications 
of  the  stomach  extend  a  greater  or  less  distance  into  the  arm-furrows.  In  the 
Ophiuroidea  [Op/its,  snake;  oura,  tail]  there  are  usually  five  simple  curving  or  flow- 
ing arms  with  undefined  furrows  and  furnished  with  cirri,  which  give  them  a  ragged 
and  tangled  exterior. 

The  class  Echinida  is  composed  of  animals  having  a  complete  exterior  calcare- 
ous shell  of  closely-fitting  plates,  which  prevents  all  flexion  of  the  body.  The  animal 
has  no  arms,  but  the  holes,  through  which  the  sucking  feet  are  protruded,  are 
arranged  upon  five  rows  of  plates  running  from  the  center  of  the  top  of  the  shell  to 
the  angles  of  the  mouth  at  the  bottom ;  or,  when  they  are  confined  to  the  dorsal  sur- 
face, they  form  a  distinct  five-rayed  star  surrounding  the  apex  of  the  shell.  A 
striking  character  in  this  class  is  the  manner  in  which  spines  are  articulated  upon 
tubercles  on  the  surface  of  the  shell ;  the  base  of  the  spines  being  hollowed  for  the 
reception  of  the  convex  surface  of  the  tubercle,  and,  being  sustained  in  place  by  a 
ligament,  the  spines  are  movable,  and  serve  economical  purposes.  The  Palaeozoic 
order  Perischoechineda  is  extinct,  but  some  of  them  had  an  internal  masticatory 
apparatus  that  will  compare  with  any  that  exists  in  the  living  representatives. 

CLASS    CRINOIDEA. 
ORDER  PAL^OCRINOIDEA. 

FAMILY  ACROCRINID^E. — Acrocrinus. 

FAMILY    ACTINOCRINID^E. — Actinocrinus,    Agaricocrinus,     Alloprosallocrinus, 

Amphoracrinus,  Batocrinus,  Dorycrinus,  Eretmocrinus,  Genuseocrinus,  Me- 

gistocriuus,    Melocrinus,   Physetocrinus,    Saccocrinus,    Siphonocrinus,  (?) 

Steganocrinus,  Stereocrinus,  Strotocrinus,  Teleiocrinus. 
FAMILY  AGASSTZOCRINID.E. — Agassizocriuus. 
FAMILY  ALLAGECRINID.E. — Allagecrinus. 
FAMILY  ANCYROCRINID^E. — Ancyrocrinus. 
FAMILY  ARTHRACANTHID^E. — Arthracantha. 
FAMILY  BELEMNOCRINID^E. — Belemnocrinus. 
FAMILY  CALCEOCRINIDJE. — Calceocrinus,  Deltacrinus. 
FAMILY  CAMAROCRINID^. — Camarocrinus. 
FAMILY  CATILLOCRINID^;. — Catillocrinus. 
FAMILY  CUPRESSOCRINHWE.  — Aspidocrinus. 
FAMILY  CYATHOCRINIDJE. — Ampheristocrinus,  Arachnocrinus,  Atelestocrinus, 

Barycrinus,     Carabocrinus,     Cyathocrinus,     Erisocrinus,    Eupachycrinus, 

Euspirocrinus,  Menocrinus,  Palseocrinus,  Vasocrinus. 
FAMILY  DICHOCRINID^E. — Cotyledonocrinus,    Dichocrinus,  Pterotocrinus,  Tal- 

arocrinus. 

FAMILY  DIMEROCRINID^;. — Coronocrinus,  Cytocrinus. 
FAMILY  EDRIOCRINFDJE. — Edriocrinus. 
FAMILY  EUCALYPTOCRINID^E. — Eucalyptocrinus. 
FAMILY  GASTEROCOMID^K. — Myrtillocrinus. 
FAMILY  GAUROCRINID^E. — Gaurocrinus,  Retiocrinus,   Rhaphanocriuus,  Thysa- 

nocrinus. 
FAMILY  GLYPTASTERIDJE. — Glyptaster,  Lampterocrinus. 


ECHINODERMA  TA.  215 

FAMILY  GLYPTOCRINID^:. — Archseocrinus,  Compsocrinus,  Glyptocrinus,  Pycno- 

crinus,  Schizocrinus. 

FAMILY  HAPLOCRINID^E. — Coccocrinus,  Haplocrinus. 

FAMILY  HETEROCRINIDJE. — Ectenocrinus,  Heterocrinus,  locrinus,  Ohiocrinus. 
FAMILY  HYBOCRINID^:. — Anomalocrinus,  Hybocrinus. 
FAMILY  ICHTHYOCRINID^E. — Cleiocrinus,  Ichthyocrinus,  Lecanocrinus,  Mespilo- 

crinus,  Nipterocrinus,  Onychocrinus,  Taxocrinus. 
FAMILY  MELOCRINID./E. — Allocrinus,    Dolatocrinus,    Macrostylocrinus,    Maria- 

crinus,  Technocrinus. 
FAMILY  PISOCRINID^S. — Pisocrinus. 
FAMILY  PLATYCRINID^E. — Cordylocrinus,  Eucladocrinus,  Marsupiocrinus,  Platy- 

crinus. 
FAMILY  POTERIOCRINID^K. — Bursacrinus,  Coeliocrinus,  Dendrocrinus,  Graphio- 

crinus,  Homocrinus,  Hydreionocriuus,  Merocrinus,    Ottawacrinus,  Poter- 

iocrinus,  Stemmatocrinus,  Zeacrinus. 
FAMILY    RHODOCRINIDJE. — Goniasteroidocrinus,      Hadrocrinus,     Lyriocrinus, 

Rhodocrinus. 

FAMILY  SYNBATHOCRINIDJE. — Synbathocrinus. 
FAMILY  TAXOCRINID^E. — Cupulocrinus,  Forbesiocrinus,  Taxocrinus. 
FAMILY  XENOCRLNID.K. — Xenocrinus. 
FAMILY  AFFINITY  UNCERTAIN. — Brachiocrinus,  Closterocrinus,  Cystocrinus. 

ORDER  CYSTOIDEA. 

FAMILY  AMYGDALOCYSTID^S. — Amygdalocystites,  Palseocystites. 

FAMILY  ANOMALOCYSTID^E. — Anomalocystites. 

FAMILY  CARYOCRINID^E.  — Caryocrinus. 

FAMILY  COMAROCYSTID^E.  — Comarocystites. 

FAMILY  ECHINOCYSTID^E. — Echinocystites. 

FAMILY  EOCYSTID^E. — Eocystites. 

FAMILY  GOMPHOCYSTID^;. — Gomphocystites,  Hemicosmites. 

FAMILY  HOLOCYSTID^E. — Allocystites,  Crinocystites,  Holocystites. 

FAMILY  H YBOC YSTID^S.  — Hy bocystites. 

FAMILY  LEPADOCRINID^E. — Apiocystites,  Callocystites,  Glyptocystites,  Lepado- 

crinus,  Pleurocystites,  Sphaerocystites,  Strobilocystites. 
FAMILY  PL  AT  YC  YSTID^.  — Platycystites. 
FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Heterocystites,  Lysocystites,  Malocystites,  Porocrinus. 

ORDER  BLASTOIDEA. 

FAMILY  BLASTOIDOCRINID^. — Blastoidocrinus. 

FAMILY  CODASTERID^:. — Codaster,  Heteroschisma. 

FAMILY  CODONITID^K. — Codonites. 

FAMILY  ELEUTHEROCRINID^E. — Eleutherocrinus. 

FAMILY  GRANATOCRINID^S. — Granatocrinus,  Schizoblastus. 

FAMILY  NUCLEOCRINID^E.  — Nucleocrinus. 

FAMILY  PENTREMITID.E. — Pentremites,  Pentremitidea. 

FAMILY  STEPHANOCRINID^E.  — Stephanocrinus. 

FAMILY  TROOSTOCRINID-E. — Troostocrinus,  Tricoelocrinus. 


216 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


ORDER  AGELACRINOIDEA. 

FAMILY  AGELACRINID^E. — Agelacrinus,  Echinodiscus,  Edrioaster,  Lepidodiscua. 
FAMILY  HEMICYSTID^. — Heraicystites. 

ORDER    MYELODACTYLOIDEA. 
FAMILY  MYELODACTYLIDTE. — Myelodactylus. 

ORDER  CYCLOCYSTOIDEA. 
FAMILY  CTCLOCTSTOIDEDJB. — Cyclocystoides. 

ORDER  LICHENOCRINOIDEA. 
FAMILY  LICHENOORIN  m  JR.  — Ijichenocrinus. 

CLASS  STELLERIDA. 
ORDER  ASTEROIDEA. 

FAMILY  ONYCHASTERID^E. — Oaychaster. 

FAMILY    PAL^EASTERID^:. — Cholaster,    Compsaster,    Palseaster,    Palaeasterina, 
Petraster,  Schoenaster,  Stenaster,  Tremataster. 

ORDER   OPHIUROIDEA. 
FAMILY  PROTASTERID^E. — Eugaster,  Palseocoma,  Pro  taster,  Tseniaster. 


CLASS  ECHINIDA. 
ORDER  PERISCHOECHINIDA. 

FAMILY  ARCHJEOCIDARIDJE. — Archseocidaris,  Eocidaris,   Lepidocidaris,    Peris- 

chodomus,  Pholidocidaris. 

FAMILY  LEPIDECHINID^. — Hybochinus,   Lepidechinus. 
FAMILY  PAL^CHINIDJE. — Lepidesthes,  Melonites,  Oligoporus,  Palsechinus. 


ACROCRINUS,  Yandell,  1855,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  20,  p.  135.  [Ety. 
akros,  extreme,  from  the  great  number 
of  plates  covering  the  body ;  krinon, 
lily.]  Body  goblet  or  urn-shaped,  con- 
sisting of  many  series  of  plates ;  two 
basals,  the  suture  from  the  anterior  to 
the  posterior  side,  followed  by  a  series 
of  small  plates,  and  these  again  by 
another  and  another,  so  that  the  plates 
reach  the  5th  to  10th  series  before  the 
arms  become  free ;  the  size  of  the  plates 
increase  as  they  approach  the  arms ; 
arms  20,  long,  composed  of  two  series 
of  plates  bearing  pinnules ;  column 
round.  Type  A.  shumardi. 

ghumardi,  Yandell,  1855,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  20,  p.  135,  Kas- 
kaskia  Gr. 

urniformis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 
690,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


wortheni,  Wachsmuth,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  4,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  343,  Coal  Meas. 
ACTINOCRINUS,  Miller,  1821,  Nat.  Hist. 
Crinoidea,  p.  95.  [Ety.  aktin,  ray ; 
krinon,  lily.]  Body  turbinate,  plates 
sculptured;  basals  3;  primary  radials 
3x5;  secondary  1  x  10,  axillary ;  suc- 
ceeding radials  having  a  single  series 
to  each  division,  one  axillary,  the  other 
simple;  arms  20  to  50  or  more;  pin- 
nules ;  regular  interradials,  one  in  the 
first  series,  two  in  the  second,  and  one 
or  two  in  the  third ;  azygous  inter- 
radials, one  in  line  with  the  first 
primary  radials,  and  pi  the  same  size, 
two  in  the  second  series,  and  one,  two, 
or  three  in  succeeding  series;  vault 
variable,  plates  nodose;  tube  or  pro- 
boscis large,  subcentral ;  column  long. 
Type  A.  triacontadactylus. 


ACT.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


217 


abnormis,  see  Megistocrinus  abnormis. 
xgilops,  see  Teleiocrinus  aegilops. 
tequalis,  see  Batocrinus  sequalis. 
xquibrachiatus,  see  Batocrinus  sequibrach- 

iatus. 

aequibrachiatus  var.   alatus,  syn.   for  Bato- 
crinus eequibrachiatus. 
agassizi,  Troost,  1850,  Catal.     Not  defined. 
althea,  see  Teleiocrinus  althea. 
amplus,  see  Saccocrinus  amplus. 
andretusianus,  see  Batocrinus  andrewsanus. 
araneolw,  see  Steganocrinus  araneolus. 
arnoldi,     Wacbsmuth     &     Springer,    (in 

press,)    Geo.  Sur.    111.,   vol.    8,    p.'  168, 

Kinderhook  Gr. 
asterias,       McChes- 

ney,  1860,   Desc. 

New.   Pal. 

Syn .     for 

crinus     verruco- 

8U8. 

asteriscus,  see  Bato- 

crimis  asteriscus. 
biturbinatus,        see 

Batocrinus 

turbinatus. 
brevicornis,  see  Me- 

gistocrinus  brevi- 
cornis. 
brevis,  see  Agarico- 

crinus  brevis.         i 
brontes,  Hall,  1860,  j 

Sup.  to  Geo.  Sur.  i 

Jowa,  p.  47,  and  \ 

Geo.     Sur.     111.,   ; 

vol.     5,    p.     341, 

Warsaw  Gr. 
caelatus,  Hall,  1858, 

Geo.  Sur.    Iowa, 

p.  585,  and  Geo. 

Sur.   111.,    vol.  5, 

p.    341,    Burling- 
ton Gr. 
calyculoides,  see 

Eretmocrinus  cal- 

yculoides. 
calyculus,  see  Bato- 

criuus  calyculus. 
calypso,    see    Gen- 

neeocrinus        ca- 
lypso. 

cassedayi,  see  Gennseocrinus  cassedayi. 
carica,  see  Eretmocrinus  carica. 
caroli,  see  Batocrinus  caroli. 
cauliculus,  see  Genmeocrinus  cauliculus. 
chloris,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New   Crinoidea, 

syn.  for  A.  tenuisculptus. 
christyi,  Shumard,    1855,    see   Batocrinus 

christy  i. 

christyi,  Hall,  see  Saccocrinus  christyi. 
darns,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  2,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  341, 

Burlington  Gr. 

clavigerus,  see  Batocrinus  clavigerus. 
clio,  see  Eretmocrinus  clio. 
clivosus,  see  Teleiocrinus  clivosus. 
clcelia,  see  Eretmocrinus  ckclia. 
clypeaiw,  see  Batocrinus  clypeatus. 
concavus,  see  Dorycrinus  concavus. 


concinnus,  see  Steganocrinus  concinnns. 
copei,  see  Physetocrinus  copei. 
corbulis,  see  Eretmocrinus  corbulis. 
coreyi,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1859,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and   Arts,   2d  ser.,  vol.  29,  p.  76, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
corniculum,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.   566,   Burlington   Gr.      Wachsmuth 

says  it    is    a    syn.    for    Agaricocrinus 

brevis. 
cornigerus,     Hall,    see     Dorycrinus    cor- 

nigerus. 
cornigerus,   Lyon   &   Casseday,  see    Gen- 

naeocrinus  cornigerus.  -H 

cornutus,  Troost,  1850,  Catal.     Not'defined. 


FIG.  231.— Acrocrinus  wortheni ;  diagram. 


coronatus,  see  Eretmocrinus  coronatus. 

dalyanus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  4,  p.  309,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

daphne,  Hall,  1864,  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  52,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  162,  Waverly  Gr. 

decornis,  see  Dorycrinus  decornis. 

delicatus,  Meek  &  Worthen  ;  the  young  of 
Teleiocrinus  umbrosus. 

desideratus,  Hall,  syn.  for  Dorycrinus 
missouriensis. 

discoideus,  see  Batocrinus  discoideus. 

divaricalus,  Hall,  syn  for  Dorycrinus  cor- 
nigerus. 

divergens,  see  Amphoracrinus  divergens. 

dodecadactylus,  see  Batocrinus  dode- 
cadactylus. 


218 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[ACT. 


don's,  see  Batocrinus  doris. 

erodus,  see  Teleiocrinus  erodus. 

eryx,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea,  p. 

12,  Burlington  Gr. 
eucharis,  see  Gennseocrinus  eucharis. 
evansi,  see  Megistocrinus  evansi. 
excerptus,    Hall,    1861,   Desc.   New    Cri- 


Foss.,  p.  24,  and  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 
p.  17,  Burlington  Gr. 

•icosidactylus,  see  Batocrinus  icosidactylus. 

indianensis,  see  Batocrinus  indianensis. 

inflatus,  see  Amphoracrinus  inflatus. 

infrequens,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Cri- 
noidea, p.  14,  Burlington  Gr.  . 


noidea,  p.  3,  and , 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
5,  p.  341,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

fibula,  Troost,  1850, 
Catal.  Not  defined. 

fiscellus,  see  Agarico- 
crinus  fiscellus. 

fosteri,  McChesney, 
1860,  Desc.  New  Pal. 
FOBS.,  p.  19,  and 
Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 
Sci.,  p.  14,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

forrnosus,  see  Batocri- 
nus formosus. 

gemmiformis,  see  Eret- 
mocrinus  gemmiformis. 

gibbosus,  Troost,  1850.     Not  defined. 

glans,  Hall,  1860,  Sup.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  16,  Burlington  Gr. 

>tU8. 


FIG.  232— Actlnocrinus 
urnoldi. 


helice,  see  Agaricocrinus  helice. 
Mice  var.  eris,  see  Agaricocrinus  eris. 
humboldti,  Troost.    Not  defined, 
hurdanus,    McChesney,    I860.   New   Pal. 


inornatus,    see  Batocri- 
nus inornatup. 
insculptus,    see    Teleio- 
crinus insculptus. 
irregularis,  see  Batocri- 
nus irregularis. 
jugosus,     Hall,     1860, 
Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  49,  Keokuk  Gr. 
kentuckiensis,  Shumard, 
syn.  for  Gennseocrinus  cornigerus. 
konincki,  see  Eretmocrinus  konincki. 
lagena,   Hall,   1861,  Desc.  New  Crino- 
idea, p.  13,  Burlitigtpn    Gr. 
lagunculus,  see  Batocrinus  lagunculus. 
laura,  see  Batocrinus  laura. 
lepidus,  see  Batocrinus  lepidus. 
leucosia,  see  Eretmocrinus  leucosia. 
limabrachiatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New 
Crinoidea,  p.  2,  and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  268,  Burlington  Gr. 
liratus,  see  Teleiocrinus  liratus. 
lobatus,   Hall,    1860,  Supp.   Geo.   Sur. 

Iowa,  p.  51,  Keokuk  Gr. 
locellus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  15,  Burlington  Gr. 
longirostris,  see  Batocrinus  longirostris. 
longus,    Meek  &  Worthen,   Proc.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  156,   and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  345,  Burlington  Gr. 
lowii,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  611, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
lucina,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  11,  Burlington  Gr. 
'matuta,  see  Eretmocrinus  matuta. 


ACT.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


219 


matuta  var.   attenuatus,   see  Eretmocrinus 

attenuatus. 

meeki,  see  Macrostylocrinus  meeki. 
minor,  Hall,   1858,    Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,   p. 

573,  Burlington  Gr. 
mississippiensis,  see    Dorycriuus    misissip- 

piensis. 
mismsippiensis  var.  spiniger,  see  Dorycrinus 

mississippiensis  var.  spiniger. 
missouriensis,  see  Dorycrinus  missouriensis. 
moniliformis,  Miller,  cited  by  Troost.     Not 

American. 

mortoni,  Troost,  1850.     Not  defined, 
multibrachiatus,    Hall,    1858,    Geo.    Rep. 

Iowa,  p.  580,  Burlington  Gr. 
multibrachiatus  var.  echinatus,  Hall,  1861, 
Desc.  New  Crinoidea,  p.  10,  Warsaw  Gr. 
multicornis,  see  Centrocrinus  multicornis. 
mundulw,  see  Batocrinus  mundulus. 
multiradiatus.  Shumard,  1857,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  75,  and  Geo.  Rep. 
Iowa,  p.  579,  Burlington  Gr. 
nashvillx,  see  Batocrinus  nashvillae. 
nashvillse   var.    subtractus,   see    Batocrinus 

nashvillae  var.  subtractus. 
novobrachiatus,    Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
(in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  165, 
Kinderhook  Gr. 
nysxa,  see  Gennaeocrinus  nyssa. 
oblatus,  see  Batocrinus  oblatus. 
obpyramidalis,     see     Melocrinus     obpyr- 

amidalis. 
olla,  McCoy,  1849.     Not  American. 

ivn.  for  Megistocrinus  whitii. 

opusculum,    Hall,     1861, 
Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  264,  Burlington  Gr. 
ornatissimus,     W  a  c  h  s- 
muth   &  Springer,    (in 
press),   Geo.   Sur.    111., 
vol.  8,  p.  163,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
ornatiis,  see  Physetocrinus 

ornatus. 

ovatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc. 
New  Crinoidea,  p.  19, 
Burlington  Gr. 
l»ij>i/I>itnx,  see  Batocrinus  papillatus. 
parvux,  see  Dorycrinus  parvus. 
pendent,  see  Dorycrinus  pendens. 
penicillus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  155,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  342,  Burlington  Gr. 
pentagonus,  see  Steganocrinus  pentagonus. 
pentaspinus,  see  Centrocrinus  pentaspinus. 
pernodosus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.   Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  608,  Keokuk  Gr. 

perambrosus,  see  Strotocrinusperumbrosus. 
•fiixtilliformis,  see  Batocrinus  pistilliformis. 
pistillus,  see  Batocrinus  pistillus. 
planobaxalis,   see    Amphoracrinus    plano- 

basalis. 

planodiscus,  see  Batocrinus  planodiscus. 
plumosw,  Hall,  1843,  Geo  Rep.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  72,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
180,  Clinton  Gr.    Not  an  Actinocrinus, 
and  the  fragments  too  poor  for  deter- 
mination. 
poeillum,  see  Gennseocrinus  pocillum. 


FIG.  233.  —  Acti- 
nocrinus orna- 
tissimns. 


polydactylus,  see  Mariacrinus  polydactylus. 

precursor,  see  Dorycrinus  precursor. 

proboscidialis,  Hall,  1858, 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  584, 
Burlington  Gr. 

pyriformis,  see  Batocrinus 
pyriformis. 

pyriformis,  var.  rudis,  Meek 
&  Worthen,  see  Bato- 
crinus pistilliformis. 

pyramidalm,  see  Agarico- 
crinus  pyramidatus. 

quadrispinus,  see  Ampho- 
racrinus quadrispinus. 

quaternarius,  Hall,  1860,  FIG.  2^-Actino- 
Supp.  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  crinus  probos- 
p.  22,  Burlington  Gr.  cidialis. 

quaternarius  var.  spiniferus,  Hall,  1861, 
Desc.  New  Crinoidea,  p.  11,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

quinquelobus,  see  Dorycrinus  quinque- 
lobus. 

ramutosus,  see  Eretmocrinus  ramulosus. 

regalis,  see^strotocrinus  regalis. 

remibrachiatus,  see  Eretmocrinus  remibra- 
chiatus. 

reticulatus,  see  Physetocrinus  reticulatus. 

rotundus,  see  Batocrinus  rotundus. 

rudis,  see  Teleiocrinus  rudis. 

rusticus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 
p.  2,  syn.  for  A.  scitulus. 


FIG.  235.— Actinocrinus  scitulus.     Diagram x2. 

scitulus,  Meek   &  Worthen,    1860,   Proc. 

Acad.   Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  386,  and  Geo. 

Snr.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  202,  Burlington  Gr. 
sculptus,  see  Steganocrinus  sculptus. 
securis,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  14,  Burlington  Gr. 

semiradiatus,  see  Saccocrinus  semiradiatus. 
senarius,  see  Physetocrinus  senarius. 
sexarmatus,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  Geo.  Rep. 

Iowa,  p.  21,  Burlington  Gr. 
sillimani,  Meek  &  Worthen,  syn.  for   A. 

scitulus. 

similis,  see  Batocrinus  similis. 
sinuosus,  see  Batocrinus  sinuosus. 
spfdosus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  syn.  for  Stro- 

tocrinus  regalis. 
spinobrachiatus,  see  Amphoracrinus  spino- 

brachiatus. 


220 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[AGA. 


spinotentaculus,   Hall,   1860,  Supp.  Geo. 

Rep.  Iowa,  p.  86,  Burlington  Gr. 
spinulosus,  see  Dorycrinus  spiuulosus. 
steropes,  see  Batocrinus  steropes. 
subaeuleatus,  see  Dorycrinus  subaculeatus, 
subsequalis,  see  Batocrinus  subsequalis. 
gubturbinatuLS,    see    Dorycrinus    subturbi- 

natus. 
subumbrosus,  Hall,   syn.    for  Teleiocrinus 

liratus. 
subventricosus,  see  Physetocrinus  subven- 

tricosus. 

superlatus,  see  Megistocrinus  superlatus. 
symmetricus,  see  Dorycrinus  symmetricus. 
tenuidiscus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin- 

oidea,  p.  14,  Burlington  Gr. 
tenuiradiatus,  Hall,  1847,  see  Palaeocystites 

tenuiradiatus. 
tenuiradiatw,  Hall,  1861,  see  Teleiocrinus 

tenuiradiatus. 
tenuisculptus,    McChesney,    1860,    Desc. 

New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  15,  and  Trans.  Chi. 

Acad.  Sci.,  pi.  5,  fig.  11,  Burlington  Gr. 
thalia,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  13,  Burlington  Gr. 
themis,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  11,  Burlington  Gr. 
thetis,  Hall,  1861,   Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  11,  Burlington  Gr. 
thoas,  Hall,  syn.  for  A.  reticulatus. 
tholus,  syn.  for  A.  glans. 
tricorniy,  see  Dorycrinus  tricornis. 
Irinodux,  see  Dorycrinus  trinodus. 
turbinatus,  see  Batocrinus  turbinatus. 
turbinatus  var.  elegans,  see  Batocrinus  tur- 
binatus var.  elegans. 
umbrosus,  see  Teleiocrinus  umbrosus. 
unicarinatus,   Hall,    1860,  Supp.  to  Geo. 

Sur.  Iowa,  p.  48,  Keokuk  Gr. 
unicornis,  see  Dorycrinus  unicornis. 
unispinus,  see  Dorycrinus  unispinus. 
urna,  Troost,  1850*     Not  defined. 
urniformis,    McChesney,    1860,   New    Pal. 

Foss.,    p.    23,    syn.    for    Eretmocrinus 

konincki. 
validm,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  syn.  for 

Steganocrinus  concinnus. 
ventricosus,  see  Physetocrinus  ventricosus. 
ventricosus  var.  cancellatus,  see  Physetocri- 
nus ventricosus  var.  cancellatus. 
ventricosus  var.  internodtis,  see  Physetocri- 
nus ventricosus  var.  internodus. 
verneuili,  see  Melocrinus  verneuili. 
verneuilianw,   see    Eretmocrinus   verneu- 

ilanus. 
verrucosus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

578,  Burlington  Gr. 
viaticus,  White,  18J4,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 

p.  16,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Merid., 

vol.  4,  p.  82,  Subcarboniferous. 
viminalis,  see  Amphoracrinus  viminalis. 
wachsrnuthi,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Boat.  Soc. 

Nat.   Hist.,   vol.   9,  p.  17,  syn.   for  A. 

scitulus. 
wachsmuthi,  White,  1880,  see   Batocrinus 

wachsmuthi. 

whitfteldi,  see  Saccocrinus  whitfieldi. 
whitii,  see  Megistocrinus  whitii. 
yandelli,  see  Batocrinus  yandelli. 


AGARICOCRINUS,  Troost,  1850,  Catal.  in  Proc. 
Am.  Ass'n,  and  Hall  in  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  560.  [Ety.  Agaricus,  mushroom ; 
krinon,  lily.]  The  form  of  the  calyx  is 
that  of  an  inverted  basin  or  mushroom ; 
plates  smooth  ;  dome  composed  of  large 
nodose  plates  and  smaller  convex  ones, 
the  central  plate  being  the  largest  in 
the  body;  basals  3,  small;  primary 
radials  3x5;  secondary  radials  1  or 
2x10,  which  are  succeeded  by  shorter 
arm-plates ;  regular  interradials  3 ;  azy- 
gous  plates  4  to  7,  or  more  ;  aperture,  at 
the  upper  part,  directed  laterally ;  arms 
long,  constructed  of  two  rows  of  plates 
bearing  pinnule ;  columns  round.  Type 
A.  americanus. 

americanus,  Roemer,  1854,  (Amphoracri- 
nus americanus,)  Bronn's  Leth.  Geog., 
vol.  2,  p.  250,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
617,  Keokuk  Gr. 

bellitrema,  Hall,  1861,  Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  281,  Burlington  Gr.  Wachs- 
muth  says  it  is  a  syn.  for  A.  ornotrema. 

brevis,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  brevis.) 
Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  567,  Burlington  Gr. 

bullatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
562,  Burlington  Gr.  Wachsmuth  says 
it  is  a  syn.  for  A.  americanus. 

convexus,  Hall,  1860,  (A.  pentagonus  var. 
convexus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
58,  Burlington  Gr. 


Flo.  236.— Agaricocrinus  crassus,  azygous  view  of 
calyx. 

corrugatus,  Hall,  1861,   Desc.  New  Spec. 

Crin.,  p.  4,  and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

283,  Burlington  Gr.     Wachsmuth  says 

it  is  a  syn.  for  A.  pyramidatus  founded 

upon  a  mature 

specimen, 
crassus,  Wether- 

by,  1881,  Jour. 

Cin.   Soc.   Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  4,  p. 

178,  Keokuk 
Gr. 

elegans,  Wether- 
by,  1881,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  4,  p. 

179,  Keokuk 

Gr  FIG.  237.— Agaricocrinus  el- 

eris,  Hall,  1864,  egans,  view  of  the  vault, 
(Actinocrinus  helice  var  eris,)  17th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  53, 


AGA.— AGE.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


221 


IG.  238. — Agaricocriiius 
elegans,  basal  view. 


and    Ohio    Pal.,    vol.    2,    p.    164,  Wa- 

verly  Gr. 

exca  vat  us,  Hall, 
1861,  (Actinocri- 
nus  excavatus,) 
Desc.  New  Spec. 
Grin.,  p.  3,  and 
Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  282,  Bur- 
1  i  n  g  t  o  n  Gr. 
Wachsmuth  says 
it  is  a  syn.  for  A. 
americanus. 
fiscellus,  Hall,  1861, 
(  Actinocrin  us  fis- 
cellus,) Desc. 

New  Spec.    Grin.,  p.  2,  and  Bost.  Jour. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  272,  Burlington  Gr. 
geometricus,   Hall,    I860,  Supp.   to   Geo. 

Sur.  Iowa,  p.  56,  Burlington  Gr. 
gracilis,  Meek    &   Worthen,   1861,   Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.   Phil.,  p.   135,  Burling- 

ton Gr. 
helice,  Hall,  1864,  (Ac- 

tin  ocrinus  h  el  ice,) 

17th  Rep.   N.    Y.   St. 

Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,  p. 

53,    and     Ohio    Pal., 

vol.    2,  p.    163,     Wa- 

verly  Gr. 
inflatus,     Hall,     1861, 

Desc.  New  Criniodea, 

&.  4,  and  Bost.  Jour. 
at.    Hist.,     p.    284, 
Burlington  Gr. 
macadamsi,     Worthen, 
(in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 
111.,    vol.    8,     p.    94, 

K^nkiifc-  Pr 

Keokuk  trr  crinus  h 

nodosus,    ;Meek     & 

Worthen,  1869,   Proc.    Acad.   Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  167,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5, 

p.    387,    Burlington    Gr.      Wachsmuth 

says  it  is  a  syn.  for  A.  americanus. 
nodulosus,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  94,  Keokuk  Gr. 
ornotrema,   Hall,   1861,   Desc.  New  Crin- 

oidea,  p.  3,  Burlington  Gr. 
pentagonus,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  Geo.  Rep. 

Iowa,  p.  57,  Burlington  Gr. 
pentagonus  var.  convexus,  see  A.  convexus. 
planpconvexus,    Hall,    1861,    Desc.    New 

Crinoidea,  p.  3,   and  Bost.   Jour.   Nat. 

Hist,  p.  280,  Burliugton  Gr. 
pyramidatus,    Hall,    1858,    (Actinocrinus 

pyramidatus,)  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  565, 

Burlington  Gr. 
springeri,   White,  1882,    llt.h   Rep.    Geo. 

and    Nat.   Hist.    Indiana,  p.   363,  Keo- 

kuk Gr. 
stellatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

564,  Burlington  Gr. 
tuberosus,  Troost,    1850,  Catal.  Hall,  1858, 

Geo.    Rep.  Iowa,  p.   617,  syn.    for   A. 

americanns. 
whitfieldi,  Hall,  1858,    Geo.    Rep.    Iowa, 

p.  621,  Keokuk  Gr. 
wortheui,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

619,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FlG-  '^39—  Agarlco- 
hellce. 


AGASSIZOCBINUS,  Troost,  1850  Mss.,  Shu- 
mard,  1853,  Marcy's  Rep.  Red  Riv.,  and 
Hall,  1S58,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  684. 
[Ety.  proper  name ;.  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
conical  or  semielliptical ;  notor»amental ; 
basals  5,  usually  anchylosed,  very 
small  inner  cavity;  subradials  5,  thick, 
usually  anchylosed;  radials  2x5;  arms 
10 ;  azygous  plates  3  or  4 ;  column  evi- 
denced by  a  small  cylindrical  tube  ex- 
tending from  a  minute  cicatrix  at  the 
center  of  the  basals  to  the  interior  of 
the  cup.  Type  A.  dactyliformis. 

carbonarius,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  566,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

chesterensis,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  558,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

conicus,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1851,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  Phil.,  2d.  ser.,  vol.  2,  p. 
93,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  557, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

constrictus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
p.  687,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

dacty  lif  or  mi  s  , 
Troost,  1850, 
described  by 
Shumard,  1853, 
Marcy's  Rep. 
Red.  Riv.,  p. 
199,  Kaskaskia 
Gr. 

gibbosus,  Hall, 
1858,  Geo.  Rep. 
Iowa,  p,  686, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

globosus,  Wort!  i - 
en,  1873,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5, 
p.  557,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

gracilis,  Troost, 
1850.  Not  de- 
fined. 

hemispheric  us, 
Worthen,  1882, 
Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  37,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  316,  FIQ  24Q  _  Agasslzocrinu8 
Kaskaskia  Gr.  dactyiiformis. 

occide  ntalis, 

Owen  &  Shumard,  1852,  (Poteriocrinus 
occidentalis,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  vol.  2,  p.  92,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

papillatus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  36,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol,  7,  p.  315,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

pentagonus,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  556,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

tumidus,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1852,  (Poteri- 
ocrinus tumidus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  vol.  2,  p.  90,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
AGELACRINUS,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Agelacri- 
nites,)  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  158. 
[Ety.  agele,  herd  ;  krinon,  lily.]  A  thin, 
circular,  parasitic  disk  ;  upper  face  more 
or  less  convex,  and  composed  of  thin 
imbricating  plates ;  ambulr  era  consist- 


222 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[ALL. 


FIG.  241.— Agelacri- 
nus  ciucinnatien- 
sis. 


ing  of  a  double  series  of  alternating 
plates,  forming  convex  ridges,  consti- 
tuting part  of  the  upper  face,  and  bear- 
ing two  or  more  rows  of  ambulacral 
pores*  ovarian  or  anal  aperture  is  situ- 
ated within  the  azygous  interambula- 
cral  area,  surrounded  by  cuneiform 
plates.  Type  A.  hamiltonensis. 
billingsi,  Chapman,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 
5,  p.  358,  Trenton  Gr. 

cincinnatieusis,  Roemer, 
1851,  Verb.  Naturh, 
Rhem.  Westph.,  vol. 
8,  p.  372,  and  Ohio 
Pal.  vol.  1,  p.  55,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

dicksoni,  Billings,  1857, 
Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo, 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  294,  and 
Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec. 
ade3,p.84,TrentonGr. 
hamiltonensis,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep. 

3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  158,  Ham.  Gr. 
holbrooki,   James,    1887.   Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  10,  p.  25.  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
kaskaskiensis,  see   Echinodiscus  kaskaski- 

ensis. 

pileus,  Hall,  1866,  Adv.  sheets,  24th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  214,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  56,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
septembrachiatus,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  27, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

squamosus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  357,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  573,  Keokuk  Gr. 
stellatus,  see  Hemicystites  stellatus. 
vorticellatus,  Hall/1866,  Adv.  sheets,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  215, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  57,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
ALLAGECRINUS,  Etheridge  &  Carpenter,  1881, 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  281.  [Ety. 
allage,  change;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
minute,  pyriform,  without  ornamenta- 
tion ;  baeals5,  anchylosed ;  radials  1x5; 
arms  10;  interradials  none;  column 
round.  Type  A.  austini. 
carpenteri,  Warhsmnth,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
III.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  40,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  341,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
ALLOCRINUS,  Wachstnuth  and  Springer,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  206. 
[Ety.  allos,  another  ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
small ;  arms  stout ;  basals  3,  small ;  pri- 
mary radials  3x5,  first  large,  others 
smaller ;  secondary  radials  2  or  3, 
rounded,  quadrangular ;  arms  composed 
of  transverse  plates;  interradials  two 
or  more  deeply  impressed;  column 
small;  canal  pentangular.  Type  A. 
typus. 

typus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  207,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

ALLOCYSTITES,  n.  gen.  [Ety.  allos,  another; 
kustis,  bladder.]  Small,  irregularly  sub- 
elliptical,  tapering  below  to  a  small 
column ;  plates  polygonal,  without  defi- 
nite order  of  arrangement  and  of  very 


unequal  size  ;  all  the  plates  poriferous ; 
mouth  near  the  margin  of  the  summit; 
the  plates  which  form  it  coyer  part  of 
the  body,  and  on  approaching  the  ori- 
fice curve  up  so  as  to  form  part  of  the 
opening.  The  collector  says  when 
found  it  projected  an  eighth  of  an  inch, 
and  the  plates  forming  the  projection 
were  accidentally  broken  off.  The  am- 
bulacral opening  is  upon  the  extreme 
height  of  the  summit,  and  projects 
above  the  body,  where  it  is  covered  by 
minute  plates  forming  a  pentagonal  star. 
Type  A.  hammelli. 

hammelli,  n.  sp.,  Niagara  Gr.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  characters  above  ascribed  to 
the  genus,  the  ranges  of  plates,  if  in 
regular  series,  would  form  about  six 
series;  the  first  series  are  ancliylosed 
so  that  two  plates  only  can  be  distin- 
guished;  in  the  second  range  there  are 
seven  plates ;  above  this  the  plates  are 
extremely  variable  in  form  and  size,  no 
two  of  them  being  alike;  onlv  four 
plates  are  distinguished  as  forming  the 
mouth,  but  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt 
there  are  five,  and  that  one  is  narrow, 
and  situated  between  the  mouth  and 
ambulacral  orifice,  as  is  usual  in  this 
lamily  of  Cystidians.  The  projecting 
mouth-plates  and  elevated  ambulacral 
opening  specially  characterize  thisgenus 
and  species.  The  specific  name  is  in 
honor  of  Mr.  J.  F.  Hammell,  of  Madison. 
Indiana,  who  collected  it  in  Jefferson 
County. 


FIG  242.— Allocystites  bammelli.    Side  and  sum- 
mit view. 

ALLOPROSALLOCRINUS,  Casseday  &  Lyon, 
1860,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci., 
vol.  5,  p.  29.]  Ety.  alloprosallos,  inclin- 
ing first  to  one  side  and  then  to  another  ; 
krinon,  lily.]  Turbinate ;  basals  3 ; 
primary  radials  3x5;  secondary  radials 
2  x  10 ;  regular  interradials  1 ;  azygous 
plates  3;  vault  elevated,  bearing  a  cen- 
tral tube  or  proboscis;  arms  11  to  13; 
distinguished  from  Agaricocrinus  by 
general  form  and  fewer  interradials. 
Type  A.  conicus. 

conicus,  Casseday  &  Lyon,  1860,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  Arte  and  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  29, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

euconus,  see  Batocrinus  euconus. 

depressus,  Casseday  &  Lyon,  1860,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  31, 
Warsaw  Gr. 


AMP.— ANO.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


223 


AMPHERISTOCRINUS,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New 
Spec.  Foss.,  p.  11,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo. 
and  Nat.  Hist.  Indiana,  p.  278.  [Ety. 
ampheristos,  disputed ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Turbinate,  base  attenuate;  azygous 
area,  large ;  plates  6 ;  basals  3 ;  subradi- 
als  5 ;  radials  1x5,  with  a  narrow  cica- 
trix  on  the  middle  of  the  top  of  each 
for  the  attachment  of  the  arms;  no 
regular  interradials.  Type  A.  typus. 


FIG.  243. — Ampheristocrinus   typus.     Basal   and 
side  view  of  calyx. 

typus,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec.  Foss., 
p.  11,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and  Nat.  Hist. 
Indiana,  p.  278,  Niagara  Gr. 
AMPHORACRINUS,  Austin,  1848,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  4,  p.  292,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  386.  [Ety.  amphora, 
cup ;  krinon,  lily.]  Body  short,  lobed, 
dome  elevated,  with  tube  or  proboscis 
excentric  on  the  azygous  side;  basals 
3;  primary  radials  3x5;  secondary  ra- 
dials 1x10;  arms  numerous,  variable, 
composed  of  a  double  series  of  plates ; 
regular  interradials  3 ;  azygous  inter- 
radials, 3  or  4  large  ones  and  a  few 
smaller  ones;  column  round.  Type  A 
gilbertsoni. 

americamis,  see  Agaricocrinus  americanus. 

bellatrema,  see  Agaricocrinus  bellitrema. 

divergens,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  di- 
vergens,)  Supp.  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  36, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  388,  Burl- 
ington Gr. 

excavatus,  see  Agaricocrinus  excavatus. 

inflatiix,  gee  Agaricocrinus  inflatus. 

jerseyensis,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  96,  Kinderhook  Gr. 


FIG.  244. — Amphoracrinus  virainalis. 

planobasalis,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus 
planpbasalis, )  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  19, 
Burlington  Gr.  Wachsmuth  says  it  is 
a  syn.  for  A.  divergens. 


quadrispinus,  White,  1862,  (Actinocrinus 
quadrispinus,)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  15,  Burlington  Gr. 
Wachsmuth  says  it  is  a  syn.  for  A.  di- 
yergens. 

spinpbrachiatus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus 
spinobrachiatus,)  Supp.  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
p.  6,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol,  5,  p.  389, 
Burlington  Gr. 

viminalis,  Hall,  1864,  (Actinocrinus  vimi- 
nalis,)  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  54,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2.  p. 
165,  Waverly  Gr. 

AMYGDALOCYSTITES,  Billings,  1854,  Can. 
Jour.,  vol.  2,  p.  270,  and  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  3,  p.  63.  [Ety.  amygdalos, 
almond ;  kustis,  bladder.]  Body  flat- 
tened, ovate,  covered  with  nonporifer- 
ous  plates  arranged  without  order; 
ambulacral  opening  at  the  apex,  mouth 
near  by ;  arms  recumbent,  composed  of 
a  double  series  of  plates;  column  round. 
Type  A.  florealis. 

florealis,  Billings,  1854,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  2, 
p.  270,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3,  p. 
63,  Trenton  Gr. 

florealis  var.  lajvis,  W.  R.  Billings,  1883, 
Trans.  No.  4,  Ottawa  Field  Nat.  Club, 
p.  52,  Trenton  Gr. 

huntingtoni,  Weth- 
erby,  1881,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  4,  p. 
177,  Trenton  Gr. 

radiatus,  Billings, 
1854,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  2,  p.  271,  and 
Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  65, 
Trenton  Gr. 

tenuistriatus,  Bil- 
lings, 1854,  Can. 


Rem.,    Decade  3, 
p.  64,  Trenton  Gr. 

ANCYROCRINUS,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  89.  [Ety.  ankura, 
grapnel;  krinon,  lily.]  A  bulb  with 
lateral  ascending  processes  and  a  central 
column.  But  little  is  known  of  this 
genus.  Type  A.  bulbostrs. 
bulbosus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 
spinosus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  90,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

ANOMALOCRINUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868, 
Geo.  of  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  327.  [Ety.  anom- 
alos,  irregular;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  de- 
pressed, irregularly  saucer-shaped;  ba- 
sals 5 ;  sometimes  a  6th  intercalated  one ; 
radials  1x3  and  2x2,  the  last  ones 
truncated  in  the  central  part  for  the 
free  arms,  and  curving  over  on  the 
vault  on  either  side,  thus  widely  sepa- 
rating the  arms ;  arms  irregular,  fre- 
quently bifurcating,  composed  of  a 
single  series  of  plates,  round  on  the  ex- 
terior; pinnules  strong;  vault  convex 


224 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[ANO.— ARC 


and  supposed  to  possess  a  tube  or  pro-  I 
boscis;  column  large  and  longitudinally  I 
from  5  to  20  partite.  Type  A.  in-  j 
curyus. 

caponiformis,  Lyon,  1869,  (Ataxocrinus 
caponiformis,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  13,  p.  464,  and  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  109,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


V  ^^ 


FIG.  246.—  Anomalocriiius  iucurvus.    Diagram. 

incurvus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Hetero- 

crinus  incurvus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  148,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3, 

p.  327,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

ANOMALOCYSTITES,   Hall,    1859,    Pal.    N.   Y 


tical,  sides  unequal,  vertical  outline  oval 
or  ovoid  ;  first  series  of  plates  3  on  the 
convex  and  2  on  the  flat  or  C9ncave 
side;  second  series  4  or  5  on  the  convex 
side  and  2  on  the  concave  side  ;   third 
series  4  on  the  convex  and   1  on   the  j 
other;  succeeding  series  have  smaller  j 
plates    and    the    apex    is    unknown  ;  i 
column  large   at   the   body   and    very  ! 
rapidly   tapering;    no   pores  or   pecti-  I 
nated  rhombs.  Type  A.cornutus.  Weth- 
erby  supposed  this  to  be  a  Crustacean  j 
and  gave  it  the  name  of  Enoploura. 


Fia.  247.— Anomalocystites  balanoides. 
Convex  and  flattened  sides. 

balanoides,  Meek,  1872,  Am.   Jour.  Sci., 

3d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  423,  and   Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  41,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cornutus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  133,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
disparilis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  145,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
huxleyi,    Billings',    1858,    (Ateleocystites  I 

huxleyi,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3,  p. 

72,  Trenton  Gr. 


Anomaloidex,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  92.  A  word  con- 
structed of  adjectives  making  it  mean- 
ingless, contrary  to  the  ruks  of  nomen- 
clature, and  the  attempt  to  found  a 
genus  was  made  on  a  fossil  fragment 
not  understood. 

reticulatus,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  92,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
A  fossil  fragment  not  understood. 
APIOCYSTITES,  Forbes,  1848,  Mem.  Geo.  Sur. 
Great  Brit.,  vol.  2,  p.  502.  [Ety.  apwn, 
pear;  kustis,  bladder.]  Body  oVoid,  or 
oblong  oval,  angular  and  covered  by 
four  series  of  plates  ;  first  series  has  4 
plates:  second  series  5;  third  series  5 
or  6  ;  fourth  series  5  or  more  ;  arms  4, 
recumbent  and  filling  shallow  grooves 
at  the  angles  of  the  body  ,  column  rap- 
idly tapering;  ovarian  aperture  near 
the  summit,  on  the  anterior  side;  all 
the  plates  bearing  calycine  pores;  a 
pectinated  rhomb  upon  each  side  in 
the  3d  and  4th  series,  and  one  on  the 
anterior  side  in  the  2d  series,  but  these 
may  be  variable.  Type  A.  pentrermt- 
oides. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  90,  Niagara  Gr. 

elegans,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
243,  Niagara  Gr. 

huronensis,    Billings,    1866,     Catal.    Sil. 

Foss.  Antic., 
mag 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  358,  Niagara     r 

tecumseth,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  91,  Niagara  Gr. 
ARACHNOCRINUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  177.  [Ety. 
arachne,  spider  ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
small,  resembling  Cyathocrinus,  but 
more  depressed  ;  basals  5  ;  subradials 
5  ;  radials  3x5;  arms  long,  robust, 
spreading,  furrow  deep  ;  no  pinnules  ; 
azygous  plate  supporting  a  lateral  tube  ; 
column  round.  Type  A.  bulbosus. 

bulbosus,  Hall.  1860,  (Cyathocrinus  bulb- 
osus,) 15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  123,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

extensus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1879, 
Revis.  Palreocrinoidea,  p.  93,  Ham.  Gr. 

knappi,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1879, 
Revis.  Palseocrinoidea,  p.  93,  Ham.  Gr. 

pisiformis,  Roemer,  1860,  . 
(Poteriocrinus  pisifor- 
mis,) Sil.  Fauna  W. 
Tenn.,  p.  54,  Niagara  (ir. 
Wachsmuth  says  it  is  a 
Lecanocrinus. 

ARCH^OCIDARIS,  McCoy, 
1844,  Carb.  Foss.  Ireland, 
p.  173.  [Ety.  archaios,  ancient;  f-iduris, 
turban.]  Spherical  ;  ambulacra  narrow, 
each  composed  of  two  ranges  of  plates, 
with  two  pores  in  each  plate  ;  interam- 
bulacral  plates  large,  thin,  each  with  a 
large,  perforated,  central  tubercle,  sur- 
rounded, at  its  base,  by  a  smooth  ring, 
and  rounded,  at  the  base,  for  the  artic- 


'MAI.OCYS™,    nan,    wow    rau    s».    i.  Fosg   Antic         91    Ni agara  (-r 

vol  3,p  132.    [Ety .  ono/wotos,  irregular;        im          Hal,    18F67    20th    Re      N    Y.   St. 

kitstis,   bladder.]    Somewhat  semiellip-  !          Mus.  Nat,  Hist,.  D.  358.  Niaeara  <Jr. 


FlQ 

Arachn'ocrinus 
pisiformis. 


ARC. — ASP.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


225 


FIG.  249.  —  Archueoci- 
daris  agassizi,  show- 
ing spines. 


ulation  of  a  primary  spine,  and  the 
whole  surrounded  by  smaller  tubercles 
for  the  articulation  of  secondary  spines ; 
mouth  surrounded  by  numerous  imbri- 
cating plates  ;  jaws  strong  with  mesial 
suture ;  primary  spines  large,  variously 
ornamented.  Type  A.  urii. 
aculeata,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  223,  Permian  Gr. 
agassizi,  Hall,  1858, 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 
698,  Burlington  Gr. 
biangulata,  Shumard, 
1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  224,  Coal 
Meas. 

cratis,    White,    1876, 
Geol.      of      Uinta 
Mountains,  p.  109, 
and   Cont.  to  Pal., 
No.  6,  p.  130,  Lower 
Aubrey  Gr. 
dininni,  White,  1880, 
Proc.    U.    S.     Nat. 
Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  260, 
and   Cont.  to  Pal., 
No.  6,  p.  131,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
edearensis,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.    111.,    vol.    7,    p.    337,    Up.    Coal 
Meas. 
gracilis,    Newberry,    1861,  Ives  Col.  Ex. 

Ex.,  p.  117,  Up.  Carb. 
illinoisensis,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  338,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
keokuk,   Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

699,  Keokuk  Gr. 

longispina,  Newberry,  1861,  Ives  Col.  Ex. 

Ex.,  p.  116,  Up.  Carb. 
megastylus,    Shumard,    1858,    Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  225,  Up.  Coal 

Meas. 
mucronata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  395,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  295,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
newberryi,    Hambach,     1884,    Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,   p.  548,   Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 
norwoodi,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

701,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
ornata,  Newberry,  1861,  Ives  Col.  Ex.  Ex., 

p.  116,  Up.  Carb. 
shumardana,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  699,  Warsaw  Gr. 
spinoclavata.    Worthen   &    Miller,    1883, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  337,  Coal  Meas. 
triplex,  White,  1882,  Rep.  Carb.  Invert. 

Foss.  New  Mex.,  p.  xxii,  Coal  Meas. 
triserrata.  Meek,    1872,    Pal.   E.  Neb.,  p. 

151,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
trudifera,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 

?.  17,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer.,  vol. 
,  p.  104,  Carb. 

verneuiliana,    Swallow,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.    This  name  was  pre- 

occupid  by  King.    The   species   is   A. 

aculeata. 

wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

700,  St.  Louis  Gr. 


AHCH^EOCRINUS.  Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
1881,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  and  Rev. 
Paleeocrinoidea,  p.  189.  [Ety.  archaios, 
ancient;  krinon,  lily.]  Basals  5;  sub- 
radials  5 ;  primary  radials  3x5;  second- 
ary radials  3  or  4x10;  median  line  of 
radial  plates  keeled  as  in  Glyptocrinus  ; 
interradial  areas  wide ;  arms  composed 
of  a  double  series  of  plates ;  column 
round.  Type  A.  lacunosus. 

desideratus,  Billings,  1885,  Trans.  Ottawa 
Field  Nat.  Club,  p.  248,  Trenton  Gr. 

lacunosus,  Billings,  1857,  (Glyptocrinus 
lacunosus,)  Rep.  of  Prog.  Geo.  Sur. 
Can.,  p.  261,  and  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  4,  p. 
61,  Trenton  Gr. 

marginatus,  Billings,  1857,  (Glyptocrinus 
marginatus,)  Rep.  of  Prog.  Geo.  Sur. 
Can.,  p.  260,  and  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  4, 
p.  59,  Trenton  Gr. 

microbasalis,  Billings,  1857,  (Rhodocrinus 
microbasalis,)  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur. 
®an.,  p.  264,  and  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  4, 
p.  63,  Trenton  Gr. 

pyriformis,  Billings,  1857,  (Rhodocrinus 
pyriformis,)  Rep.  of  Prog.  Geo.  Sur. 
Can.,  p.  262,  and  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  4, 
p.  61,  Trenton  Gr. 


PIG.  250.— Archseocrinus  sculptus. 

sculptus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  83  and  117, 
Trenton  Gr. 

ARTHRACANTHA,  Williams,  1883,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  84.     [Ety.  arthron,  joint ; 

akantha,  spine.]  Calyx  bowl-shaped ; 
plates  of  body  and  arms  covered  with 
spine-bearing  tubercles ;  basals  3 ; 
primary  radials  3x5,  the  lower  one 
large,  the  others  small;  an  azygous  in- 
terradial as  large  as  the  primary  radials 
rests  upon  the  basals,  and  is  followed 
by  numerous  small  plates;  regular  in- 
terradials  small;  arms  10,  bearing  pin- 
nules; column  round.  Type  A. 
ithacensis. 

carpenteri,  Hinde,  1885,  (Hystricrinus 
carpenteri,)  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  162,  Ham.  Gr.  Probably  a  syn.  for 
A.  punctobrachiata. 

ithacensis,  Williams,  1883,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  83,  Ham.  Gr. 

punctobrachiata,    Williams,    1883,    Proc. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  83,  Ham.  Gr. 
ASPIDOCRINUS,  Hall,  1859.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.    122.       [Ety.    aspis,    shield;    krinon, 
lily.]       Calyx      broadly    circular,    de- 
pressed,   hemispheric  or  scutelliform  ; 
upper      margin    plain    or    plicate    ex- 
teriorly ;    articulating  edges    irregular  ; 
¥oint  for  attachment  of  column  small, 
ype  A.  scutelliformis. 


226 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[AST. — BAR. 


callosus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
123.  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

digitatus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  123,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

scutelliformis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  122,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
Asterias,  Lamarck,  1815,  Hist.   Nat.    Anim. 
sans  Vert.    Not  Palaeozoic. 

anthonyi,  see  Palseaster  jamesi. 

antiqna,  see  Palseaster  antiqua. 

antiqnata,  see  Palseaster  antiquata. 

matutina,  see  Palseaster  matutina. 
Asterocrinus,   Lyon,    1857,    Geo.    Sur.    Ky., 
vol.  3.    This  name  was  preoccupied  by 
Munster.    See  Pterotocrinus. 

capitalis,  see  Pterotocrinus  capitalis. 

coronarius,  see  Pterotocrinus  coronarius. 
Astrios,   Troost,  1850,    Catalogue.     Not    de- 
nned. 

tenneweie,  Troost,  1850.     Not  defined. 


FIG.  251. — Baryerinus  wachsmathl.    Diagram. 


Aatrocrinites,  Conrad  in  Catalogue  Ann.  Geo. 
Rep.,  1840-'41.  This  name  was  pro- 
posed, but  not  defined  ;  moreover  it  was 
preoccupied. 

pachydactylm,  see  Mariacrinus  pachydac- 

tylus. 

Astylocrinus,  Roemer,  1854,  Leth.  Geo.,  p. 
229,  syn.  for  Agassizocrinus. 

lams,     syn.    for    Agassizocrinus    dactyli- 
foftnis. 

Ataxocrimis,   Lyon,    1869,   syn.  for  Ano- 
malocrinus. 

capontformit,   see   Anomalocrinus  caponi- 

formis. 

Ateleocystites,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  72,  syn.  for  Anomalocys- 
tites. 

huxleyi,  see  Anomalocystites  huxleyi. 
ATELKSTOCRINUS,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
1886,  Rev.  Pal.,  pt.  3,  p.  221.  [Ety. 
attlestos,  incomplete ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
elongate,  bell-shaped,  sides  concave, 
restricted  along  the  suture  between 


basals  and  subradials ;  basals  5 ;  sub- 
radials 5;  long,  narrow,  irregular;  3 
hexagonal,  2  heptagonal ;  azygous 
radial,  non-arm  bearing,  the  other  four 
supporting  each  from  2  to  5  brachials ; 
the  eight  arms  give  off  branching  arm- 
lets; azygous  plate  large,  resting  upon 
two  subradials;  column  pentangular. 
Type  A.  delicatus. 

delicatus,    Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1886, 

Rev.  Pal.,  pt.  3,  p.  223,  Burlington  Gr. 

robustus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1886, 

Rev.   Pal.,  pt.   3,  p.  223,  Burlington  or 

base  of  Keokuk  Gr. 

Balanocrinus,  Troost,  1850.    This  name  was 

preoccupied.    See  Lampterocrinus. 
inflatus,  see  Lampterocrinus  inflatus. 
BARYCRINUS,  Wachsmuth,  1868,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.   Sci.,  p.  338.     [Ety.  barm,  heavy; 
krinon,      lily.]        Distinguished      from 
Cyathocrinus  by  be- 
ing    more     robust, 
having  thicker 
plates,  and   a   shal- 
lower    cup ;     there 
are  usually  two  azy- 
gous plates,  while  in 
Cyathocrinus    there 
is  never  more  than 
one;  there  are  never 

^__^  more    than    two 

j  brachials,  and  these 

are  shorter  and  wider 
than  in  Cyathocri- 
nus; the  arms  are 
shorter,  heavier,  and 
have  narrower 
grooves;  the  column 
is  stouter;  subpen- 
tagonal  and  longi- 
tudinally five  partite, 
with  a  highly  or- 
ganized central  ca- 
nal. Type  B.  an- 
gulatus. 

angulatus,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1860,  (Cyathocrinus  angu- 
latus,) Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
391,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  234, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

bullatus,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyathocrinus  bul- 
latus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  624,  Ke- 
okuk Gr. 

cornutus,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850,  (Cy- 
athocrinus cornutus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  63,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  591,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

crassibrachiatus,  Hall,  1860,  (Cyathocrinus 
crassibrachiatus,)  Sup.  to  Geo.  Sur. 

Iowa,  p.  60,  Keokuk  Gr. 
geometricus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1873,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  485,  Keokuk  Gr. 
herculeus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,   Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.   Phil.,  p.  341,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  485,  Keokuk  Gr. 
hoveyi,  Hall,  1861,  (Cyathocrinus  hoveyi,) 
Desc.  New  Grin.,  p.  5,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  486,  Keokuk  Gr. 


BAT.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


227 


kelloggi,  White,  1862,  (Cyathocrinus  kel- 
loggi,)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  8, 
Kt-okuk  Gr. 

magister,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyathocrinus 
magister,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  628, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

magnificus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  340,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  483,  Keokuk  Gr. 

mammatus,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  486,  Keokuk  Gr. 

pentagonus,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  487,  Keokuk  Gr. 

protuberans,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyathocrinus 
protuberans,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  626, 
Keokuk  Gr.  Wachsmuth  says  it  is  a 
syn.  for  B.  bullatus. 

rhombiferus,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850, 
(Poteriocrinus  rhombiferus,)  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2, 
and  Geo.  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p. 
595,  Burlington  Gr. 

scnlptilis,  Hall,  1860,  (Cyathocrinus 
sculptilis,)  Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  59, 
Burlington  Gr. 

solidus,  Hall,  1861,  (Cyathocrinussolidus,) 
Desc.  New  Grin.,  p.  5,  and  Bost.  Jour. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  293,  Burlington 
Gr. 

spectabilis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  530,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

spurius,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyathocrinus  spu- 
rius,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  625,  Ke- 
okuk Gr. 

stellatus,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyathocrinus  stel- 
latus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  623,  Ke- 
okuk Gr. 

striatus,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  515,  Keokuk  Gr. 

thomae,  Hall,  1860,(Cyathocrinusthomae,) 
Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  61,  Warsaw  Gr. 

tumidus,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyathocrinus  tumi- 
dus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  624,  Keokuk  Gr. 

wachsmuthi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861, 
(Cyathocrinus  wachsmuthi,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  136,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  482.  Burlington  Gr. 
BATOCRINUS,  Casseday,  1854,  •  Deutsche 
Zeitschr,  d.  Geol.  Gesellsch,  vol.  6,  p.  237, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  150.  [Ety. 
batos,  prickly  bush ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
biturbinate  or  globose;  basals  3;  pri- 
mary radials  3x5;  secondary  radials 
2x10;  tertiary  radials  2  x  2  x  10 ;  regular 
interradials  1  to  5;  azygous  plates  6  to 
12  or  more ;  tertiary  radials  meet  so  as 
to  cut  off  the  connection  of  the  inter- 
radials with  the  dome  plates;  vault  ele- 
vated ;  tube  or  proboscis  nearly  cen- 
tral ;  arms  18  to  26  or  36  to  40  ;  pinnules  ; 
column  round,  distinguished  from  Ac- 
tinocrinus by  the  quadrangular  second 
radial  instead  of  hexagonal ;  by  the 
number  of  plates  in  the  interradial 
areas;  by  the  number  of  secondary 
radials ;  and  by  having  a  double  series 
of  plates  in  each  arm  from  the  begin- 
ning. Type  B.  icosidactylus. 


Tialis,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus sequalis,) 
eo.     Rep.     Iowa,    p.    592,     Burling- 
ton Gr. 

sequibrachiatus,  McChesney,  1860,  (Acti- 
nocrinus ffiquibrachiatus,)  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  25,  and  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 
p.  18,  Burlington  Gr. 

sequibrachiatus,  var.  alatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Ac- 
tinocrinus sequibrachiatus  var.  alatus,) 
Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  263. 
Wachsmuth  says  it  is  a  syn.  for  B. 
sequibrachiatus. 

andrewsanue,  McChesney,  1859,  (Actino- 
crinus andrewsanus,)  New  Pal.  Foes., 
p.  27,  and  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  20, 
Burlington  Gr. 

asteriscus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Acti- 
nocrinus asteriscus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  385,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  207,  Burlington  Gr. 

biturbinatus,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus 
biturbinatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  616, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

calyculus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus,  caly- 
culus,) Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  55, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

calyculus  var.  hardinensis,  Meek  &  Worth- 
en,  1866,  (Actinocrinus  caylculus  var. 
hardinensis,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  253,  Warsaw  Gr. 

caroli,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  caroli,) 
Supp.  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  54,  War- 
saw Gr. 

cassedayanus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  353,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  370,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

christyi,  Shumard,  1855,  (Actinocrinus 
christyi,)  Geo.  Sur.  Mo.,  p.  191,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

clavigerus,  Hall,  1860,  ('Actinocrinus 
clavigerus,)  Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
44,  Burlington  Gr.  Wachsmuth  says 
it  is  a  syn.  for  B.  similis. 

clypeatus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  cly- 
peatus,)  Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  12, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  150,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

discoideus,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  dis- 
coideus,)  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  594,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

1  dod  ecadactyl  u  s,   j-,\^,        /\ 
Meek  &  Worthen,   " 
1861,    (  A  c  t  i  n  o  - 
crinus   dodecadac- 
tylus,)  Proc.  Acad. 


£3* 


13,  and   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  205, 

Burlington  Gr. 
doris,    Hall,    1861, 

(Actinocrinus 

doris,)  Desc.    New     grunT. 

Crinoidea,    p.    15, 

Burlington  Gr.     Wachsmuth  eays  it  is 

a  syn.  for  B.  sequalis. 
euconus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Allo- 

Srosallocrinus    euconus,)    Proc.    Acad. 
at.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  164,  Warsaw  Gr. 


228 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[BAT. 


formosus,  Hall,  1860,  ( Actinocrinus  for- 
nciosus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  30, 
Burlington  Gr.  Wachsmutli  says  it  is 
a  syn.for  B.  discoideus. 
hageri,  McChesney,  1860,  (Actinocrinus 
hageri,)  New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  28,  and 
Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  21,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

icosidactylus,  Casseday,  1854,  (Actino- 
crinus icosidactylus,)  Zeitsch.  Deutsch. 
Geol.  Gesellsch,  vol.  6,  p.  238,  War- 
saw Gr. 

indianensis,  Casseday  &  Lyon,  1859,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  29,  p. 
75,  Keokuk  Gr. 

inornatus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  inor- 
natus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  34, 
Burlington  Gr.  Wachsmuth  says  it  is 
a  syn.  for  B.  clypeatus. 
irregularis,  Casseday,  1854,  Zeitsch. 
Deutsch.  Geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  6.  p.  238, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

lagunculus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus 
lagunculus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  41,  Warsaw  Gr. 

laura,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  laura,) 
Desc.  New  Crinoidea,  p.  15,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

lepidus,  Hall,  1860,  ( Actinocrinus  lepid us,) 
Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  32,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

longirostris,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus 
longirostris,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  589, 
Burlington  Gr. 

lovii,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1881, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  342,  Burl- 
ington Gr. 

macbridii,     Wachsmuth 
&  Springer,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p. 
172,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
montgomeryensis, 
Worthen,    1884.    Bull. 
No.  2,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  35,  and  Geo. 
Sur.    111., 
vol.    8,    p. 
83,  Keokuk 
Gr. 

mund  ulus, 
Hall,  I860, 
(Actinocri- 
nus mun- 


FIG.  253.—  Batocrinus : 
bridii. 


dulus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  39, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

nashvillae,  Tropst,  Hall,  1858,  (Actino- 
crinus nashvillae,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
609,  Keokuk  Gr. 

nashvillae  yar.  subtractus,  White,  1863, 
(Actinocrinus  nashvillse  var.  subtrac- 
tus,) Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9, 
p.  16,  Keokuk  Gr. 

neglectus,  see  Eretmocrinus  neglectus. 

oblatus, Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  oblatus,) 
Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  38,  Burling- 
ton Gr.  Wachsmuth  says  it  is  a  syn. 
for  B.  rotundus. 


_, 
Ffriuus~rotmt 


papillatus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  pa- 

pillatus,)   Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

29,    Burlington    Gr.     Wachsmuth    says 

it  is  a  syn.  for  B.  clypeatus. 
pistilliformis,    Meek    &    Worthen,   1865, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  153,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  151  Waverly  or 

Kinderhook  Gr. 
pistillum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Acti- 

nocrinus   pistillus,)    Proc.    Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.    152,   and    Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  3,  p.  472,  Burlington  Gr. 
planodiscus,    Hall,    1860,     (Actinocrinus 

planodiscus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.  45,  Warsaw  Gr. 
pyriformis,  Shumard,  1855,  (Actinocrinus 

pyriformis,)  Geo.  Sur.  Mo.,  p.  192,  Bur- 

lington Gr. 
quasillus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 

Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,     p.    352,    and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,   vol.  5.  p.  369,  Burling- 

ton Gr. 
rotundus,  Yandell    &  Shu- 

mard, 1855,  (Actinocrinus 

rotundus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Mo., 

p.  191,  Burlington  Gr. 
similis,  Hall,  1860,  (Actino- 

crinus similis,)   Supp.  to 

Geo.   Sur.    Iowa,    p.    40, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
sinuosus,  Hall,  1860,  (Acti- 

nocrinus  sinuosus,)  Supp. 

to    Geo.    Sur.    Iowa,    p.    26    Burling- 

ton Gr. 
steropes,  Hall,  1860,   (Actinocrinus  ster- 

opes,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  43, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
subsequalis,    McChesney,    1860,    (Actino- 

crinus   subsequalis,)    New    Pal.    Foss., 

p.  17,  and  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  13, 

Burlington  Gr.     Wachsmuth  says  it  is 

a  syn.  for  B.  discoideus. 
subconicus,   Worthen,  1884,  Bull.   No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p,  26,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  84,  Keokuk  Gr. 
trochiscus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  354,  and  Geo. 

Sur.    111.,    vol.    5,    p.    372,    Burlington 

Gr. 
turbinatus  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  tur- 

binatus,) Geo.  Rep.   Iowa,  p.  587,  Bur- 

lington Gr. 
turbinatus    var.     elegans,    (Actinocrinus 

turbinatus    var    elegans,)     Geo.     Rep. 

Iowa,  p.  588,  Burlington  Gr. 
unionensis,    Worthen,    (in   press,)    Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  84,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
wachsmuthi,  White,  1880,  (Actinocrinus 

wachsmuthi,)  12th  Rep.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 

Terr.,  p.  162,  and  2d  Rep.Ind.  Geo.  Sur., 

p.  510  Keokuk  Gr. 
whitii,    Wachsniuth    &    Springer,     1881, 

Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.,    Phil.,    p.    343, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
yandelli,    Shumard,    1857,    (Actinocrinus 

yandelli,)  Trans.  St.  Louis   Acad.  Sci., 

vol.  1,  p.  76,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.    5, 

p.  341,  Keokuk  Gr. 


BEL.— CAC.] 


ECHINODERMATA. 


229 


BELEMNOCRINUS,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  14. 
[Ety.  belemnon,  dart, 
javelin ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Basals  5,  large,  long, 
narro  w  and  of  irregular 
shape;  radials 5;  arms 
10,  with  one  or  two 
syzygies  in  each  joint; 
pinnules  long,  arm- 
like,  and  bifurcating; 
azygous  plate  rests  be- 
tween radials,  and 
upon  one  of  the  basals, 
and  supports  a  large 
ventral  sac  composed 
of  numerous  hexago- 
nal plates ;  column 
pentagonal,  with  or 
without  lateral  cirrhi. 
Type  B.  typus. 

florifer,  Wachsmuth  & 
Springer,  1877,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 
3d  ser.,  vol.  13,  p.  256, 
Burlington  Gr. 

pourtalesi,  Wachsmuth 
&  Springer,  1877,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 
3d  ser.,  vol.  13,  p.  258, 
Burlington  Gr. 

typus,     White,     1862, 
Proc.    Bost.   Soc.  Nat. 
FIG.    255.-Belem-          Hi  t      vol      9     p-    14 
nocrmus  typus.  BurlingtOn  Gr. 

whitii,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  251,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  463,  Burlington  Gr. 


cavity ;  the  deltoids  occupy  the  whole 
space    between   the    pseudambulacra ; 
the  orifices  unknown;  column  round. 
Type  B.  carcharidens. 
carcharidens,  Bill- 
ings,    1859,    Geo. 
Sur.  of  Can.,  Dec- 
ade 4,  p.  18,  Chazy 
Gr. 

BBACHIOCRINUS,  Hall, 
1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  118.  [Ety. 
brachium,  an  arm ; 
krinon,  lily.] 

Founded  u  p"o  n  FIG.  257.— Blastoldocri- 
arms  rounded  at  n^chariden,^ 
the  base,  com-  tending  the  whole 
posed  of  single  ar-  length  of  the  pseud- 
ticulating  plates  ambulacra, 
having  thickened,  node-like  joints,  and 
bearing  pinnules.  Type  B.  nodosarius. 
nodosarius,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  118,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

BURSACRINUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  136.  [Ety. 
bursa,  purse ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  some- 
what like  Graphiocrinus,  but  arms 
widely  different ;  basals  5 ;  subradials 
5 ;  radials  2x5;  regular  interradials  0 ; 
azygous  interradial  1  ;  arms  wide,  flat, 
jointing  below,  in  compact  series,  and 
bifurcating  above.  Type  B.  wach- 
smuthi. 

confirmatus,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  11,  Burlington  Gr. 

wachsmuthi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  137,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  479,  Burlington  Gr. 


Fro.  2.56.— Beleraiiocrinus  whitii. 
Diagram  x  2. 

BLA.STOIDOCRINUS,  Billings,  1859,  Can. 
Org.  :Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  18.  [Ety. 
blastos,  a  bud ;  eidos,  form ;  krinon, 
lily.]  The  general  form  is  like  a 
Pentremites ;  basals  do  not  rest 


FIG.  258. — Bursacrinus  wachsmuthi.     Diagram. 


upon  the  top  of  the  column,  but  have 
their  inner  edges  turned  upward,  and 
the^column  passes  on  into  the  visceral 


Cacabocrinus,  Troost,  1850.  Never  de- 
scribed. The  fossils  referred  to  it  be- 
long to  Dolatocrinus. 


230 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[CAI,.— CAR. 


Calathocrinw,  Hall,  1861.  The  name  was 
preoccupied  by  Von  Meyer  in  1848.  See 
Tel-  iocrinus. 

CALCEOCRIXUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  352,  and  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  122.  [Ely.  cakew,  shoe; 
krinon,  lily.]  Base,  a  single  subtrian- 
gular  or  semioval  plate,  composed  of 
four  arichylosed  pieces,  with  dcatrix, 
for  columnar  attachment  at  lower  an- 

§le;  body,  above  the  ba.se,  consisting  of 
or  7  plates,  of  which  two  are  much 
tb'e  laiger;  a  central,  elongated  pl:ite 
separates  the  two  large  lateral  radial 
plates,  and  bears  an  arm  ;  lateral  radial 
plates,  each,  support  brachials  that 
bear  bifurcating  arms;  azygous  side 
arched  and  composed  of  4  or  more 
platep,  alter  which  a  free  arm  arises. 
Type  C.  chrysalis. 

articulosus,  Billings,  1859,  (Heterocrinus 
articulofeu*,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade 
4,  p.  51,  Trenton  Gr. 

barrandii,  Walcott,  1883,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  212,  Trenton  Gr. 

frorrw,  see  Peltacrinus-  barrisi.    • 

bradleyi,  see  Delta<'rinus  btadleyi. 

chrysalis,  Hall,  1860,  (Cheirocrinus  chrys- 
alis,) 13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  123,  Niagara  Gr. 

clarus,  see  Deltacrmus  clarus. 

dactylus,  see  P-ltacrinus  dactylus. 

furcillatus,  Billings,  1887,  Trans.  Ottawa 
Fi*  Id  Nat.  Club,  vol.  3,  p.  51 ,  Trenton  Gr. 

insequaMs,  Billing?,  1859,  (Heterocm.us 
iusequalip,)  Can.  Org.  Rein.,  Dtcade  4, 
p.  51,  Trenton  Gr. 

lamellosus,  Hall,  1860,  (Cheirocrinus  la- 
mellosus,)  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  123,  Burlington  Gr.  Not 
well  defined. 

nodogut,  see  Drltacrinus  nodosus. 

perplexus,  Shnmard,  1866,  (Cheirocrinus 
peiplexus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  2,  p.  358,  Keokuk  Gr. 

punctatus,  Ulrich,  1886,  (Cremacrinus 
punctatus,)  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Minn., 


p.  107,  Trenton  Gr. 
idic 


radicula,  Ringuebenr,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hibt.,  vol.  5,  p.  120,  Niagara  Gr. 

robustus,  Worlhen, 
(in    press,)    Geo. 
Sur.   III.,   vol.    8, 
p.  92,  lOokuk  Gr. 
rugosus,  Billings, 
1887,    Trans.    Ot- 
tawa  Field    Nat. 
Club,    vol.    3,   p. 
53,  Trenton  Gr. 
sliymalu*,  see  Dt-lta- 
crinu.s  stigmatus. 
tunicatus,     Hall, 
1860,    (Cheiroc.i- 
mus     tunicatu0,) 
13th   Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  124,  Ke.,kuk  Gr. 
ventricosus,     Hall,     1860,    (Chf-irocrimis 
veil  trie,  .bus,)  13ih  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,  p.  123,  Burlington  Gr. 


Fio.  259.— CalceccHnus 
ragabus. 


waclismutlii,  see  Delt*crinus  wflchsmuthi. 
CALLOCYSTITES,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  238.  [Ely.  kallos,  beau- 
tiiul ;  ku*lis,  bladder.] 
Ovoid ;  1st  series  of  plates 
4;  2.1  seiies  8;  3d  series  i 
about  the  same  number  ;| 
email  plates  at  the  apex  ; 
arms  r-  cumbent,  resting 
in  a  email  shallow  groove  ; 
pectinated  rhombs  in  three 
pairs ;  oral,  ovarian  and 
anal  apertures.  Type  C. 
jewttti. 

jewett',  Ha1!,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y. 
vol.  2,  p.  239,  Niagara  Gr. 

trip* -clinatus.  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  12,  Niagara  Gr. 
CAMAROCKINUS,  Hall,  1879,  28;h  R.  p.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  205.  [Ety. 
knmara,  arching  chambtrs;  krim>n, 
lily.]  Body  large,  un.-ymnietric«l,  ex- 
ternally k-bed,  chainbeud  within  and 
bearing  no  aims;  wall  of  the  dome 
composed  of  two  laytr?,  the  in- 
folding of  the  inner  one  forming 
the  partitions  dividing  the  chambers; 
subcirculttr  area  in  the  basal  portion 
compost  d  of  spreading,  radicifi  mi,  bi- 
furcating rays,  composed  of  plates  re- 
tembiing  those  of  a  crinoid  column,  and 
connected  by  it  r-  gular  polygonal  plates ; 
ambulacral  op  nings  between  bifurca- 
tions near  the  outer  lim  of  the  area; 
column  cylindrical,  internal  canal  five- 
rayed.  Type  C.  steilatus. 

clarki,   Hi-li,    1879,   28th  Rtp.  N.   Y.  St. 
Mu*.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  209.  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

saffordi.  Hall,  1879,  28ih  Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  N».t.  Hist.,  p.  208,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

Btellatus,  Hall,  1879,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  lli*t.,  ],.  207,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
Carnpanulitts,  Troost,  1850.     Not  denned. 

tfi-Sf-l/atu!>,  Tro<  st,  1850.     Nut  defined. 

CanistrvcrinuB,     AVrch^muth     &     Springer, 

1885,  Pal^ociinidge,  vol.  1,  pt.  3,  p.  94. 

Founded  uponGlyptocrinumichai'dsoni 

ai>d  G.  pattersoni,  t\v<i  widely  oiff<  rent 

spei  i-  s.     ']  he  generic  characters  are  not 

satisfactorily  pointed  out. 

CARABOCRIM'S,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  C<n.,  p.  275,  and   Can.  Org. 

Rrm..  D  cmlp   4,  p.  30.     [Kty.  karabos, 


Fio.  ^«l.— Carabocriuu 


Jjlagram. 


a  crab;  krinon,  lily-]  Calyx  globular  or 
ovoid  ;  basals  5  ;  subradials  6;  piimary 
radials  5;  arms  five,  and  frequently 


CAR. — CLE.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


231 


dividing;  regular  interradials 0 ;  azygous 
interradials  3,  the  first  one  resting  on  a 
basal  plate  ;  five  calycinal,  ambulacra! 
grooves  on  the  dome;  opening  in  the 
margin  over  the  azygous  plates.  Type 
C.  radiatus. 

radiatus,    Billings,    1857,   Rep.  of   Progr. 
Geo.    Sur.     Can.,    p.    276,    and    Can. 
Org.    Rem.,    Decade    4,    p.    31,    Tren- 
ton Gr. 
tuberculatus,    Billings,    1859,    Can.   Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  33,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
vancortlandti,    Billings,   1859,   Can.    Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  32,  Trenton  Gr. 
CARYOCRINUS,  Say,  1825,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  289.  [Ety.  karyon,  a  nut; 
krinon,  lily.]  Body  ovoid  or  subglobns^; 
1st  series  of  plates  4 ;  2d  s  ries  6 ;  3d 
series  6,  which  bear  9  to  13  arms  more 
or  less ;  vault  covered  by  polygonal 
plates  of  moderate  size;  upon  the  azy- 
gous side,  near  the  outer  edge  of  the 
vault,  6  triangular  plates,  forming  a 
conical  elevation,  represent  the  mouth 
or  anal  orifice;  calyrine  pores  numer- 
ous, and  also  in  double  rows  radiating 
from  the  center  of  the  body  plates ;  no 
pectinated  rhombs;  column  round. 
Type  C.  ornatus. 

glnbomu,  Troost,  1850.     Not  defined. 
granul'ittis,  Troost,  1850.     Not  defined. 
hexagonus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 
insculptux,  Troost.     Not  defined. 
loric'itus,  Say,  1825,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

vol.  4.  syn.  for  C.  ornatus. 
meconoideus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

ornatus,  Say,  1825, 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  289, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  216, 
Clinton  and  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

Gary  ocyst ites,  Von 
Buch,  as  cited 
by  H=U1  in  1861, 
in  Geo.  Rep. 
Wis.  See  Holo- 
cystites. 

alternntus,  see  Holo- 
cystites  alterna- 
tus. 

cylindricus,  see  Hol- 
ocyslites  cylindricus. 

CATILLICRINUS,  Troost,  1850,  Cat.  Foss.  de- 
scribed by  Shumsird,  1866,  Tranp.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  357.  [Ety. 
catillus,  a  small  bowl;  krinan,  lily.] 
Ca'yx  hemispherical  concave  at  the 
bottom  ;  basils  5  ;  primary  radials  1x5; 
secondary  radials  1x5,  very  irregular; 
arms  numerous,  rising  directly  from  the 
summit,  of  the  radials;  column  round. 
Tvpe  C.  tennesseese. 

bra<lleyi,    Meek    &    Worthen,  1868,  Proc. 

Arad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  342,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  504,  Keokuk  Gr. 

tennesseeee,  Troost,  1850,  Catalogue,  but 

described  by  Shumard,  in  1866,  in  Trans. 


bl 

FIQ.  262.— Caryocrinus 
ornatus. 


FIG.    263.— 


wachsiuuthi. 


loci-inns 


St.  Louis  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  358, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

wachsmuthi,    Meek    &    Worths,    1866, 
(Synbathocrinus    wachsmuthi,)     Proc. 
Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  251,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  465,  Burlington  Gr. 
Centrocrinus,     AVachs- 
mutli  &  Springer, 
1881,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.     Sci.      Pro- 
posed as    a   sub- 
genus  under  Ac- 
tinocrinus,  to  in- 
clude A.  multicor- 
nis   and    A.  pen- 
taspinus,  but  the 
name    was     pre- 
occupied by  Aus- 
tin in  1843. 

tennesseensis,  Worth- 
en,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  II!.,  vol. 
8,  p.  95,  Niagara 
Gr. 

Ceriocrinus,  White, 
1880,  proposed  as 
a  subgenus  of 
Erisocnnus,  but 
the  name  was  pre- 
occupied. 

Chevocrmus,  Hnll,  1860,  13th  R°p.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  122.  This  name  was 
preoccupied  by  Eichwald  in  1856,  and 
is  a  syn.  for  Calceocrinus. 

chrysalis,  see  Calceocrinus  chrysalis. 

clams,  see  Deltacrinus  clarus. 

dactylus,  see  Deltacrinus  dai-tylus. 

lamel/osus,  see  Calceocrinus  lamellosus. 

noiioms,  see  Deltacrinus  nodosus. 

perpfexus,  see  Calceocrinus  perplexus. 

stigmatus,  see  Deltacrinus  stigmatus. 

twiicatus,  sje  Deltacrinus  tunicatus. 

ventricosus,  see  Calceocrinus  ventricosus. 
CHOLASTER,  Wort!  en  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  328.  Ety.  du>lo*,  defect- 
ive; aster,  star.]  Body  truncated  p-n- 
tagonal ;  central  area  circular,  large, 
deep;  rays  distant,  small,  short,  trun- 
cated ;  centro-dorsal  plate  large,  sur- 
rounded by  five  plates  in  the  position 
of  radials.  Type  C.  ppculiaris. 

peculiaris,     Worthen    &     Miller,     1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  328,  Kaskas- 
,       kia  Gr. 

CLEIOCRINUS,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  276,  and  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  52.  [Ety.  kleio,  I 
close;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  conical  or 
pvriform;  basals  5;  primary  radials 
3x5;  secondary  radials  4x10;  tertiary 
radinls  numerous;  azygous  interradials 
forming  a  single  series  from  the  base  to 
the  top  of  the  calyx;  regular  inter- 
radials none ;  arms  numerous  and  com- 
pact. Type  C.  regius. 

gnindis,   Billings,   1869,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
De«  ade  4,  p.  54,  Trenton  Gr. 

libanus,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.     Not 
defined. 


232 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[CIX>.— COD. 


magnificus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  4,  p.  54,  Trenton  Gr. 
regius,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Prog.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  277,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  4,  p.  53,  Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.  284. — Cleiocrinus  regius.    Diagram. 


CLOSTEROCRINUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  79.  [Ety.  kloster,  a  spindle ;  krinon, 
lily.]  Body  obconic;  basals  3;  sub- 
radials  1x5;  number  of  radials  un- 
known ;  azygous  interradials  present ; 
arms  composed  of  a  single  series  of 
plates;  column  round.  Type  C.  elon- 
gatus. 

elongatus,  Hall,   1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  179,  Clinton  Gr. 

COCCOCRINUS,  Muller,  1855,  Verhand,  Natur- 
hist.  Vereins  Rhein  und  Westph.,  Jahr. 
12,  p.  20.  [Ety.  kokkos,  a  berry  ;  krinon, 
lily.]  Basals  3;  radials  2x5;  inter- 
radials 1;  column  round;  distinguished 
from  Haplocrinus  by  the  characters  of 
the  first  radials  and  the  oral  plates,  and 
from  Platycrinus  by  the  character  of 
the  vault  which  is  composed  of  five 
oral  plates  resting  upon  the  five  inter- 
radials, and  by  the  character  of  the 
column.  Type  C.  rosaceus. 


FIG.  265.— Coccocrinus  bacca. 

bacca,   Roemer,   1860,   Sil.    Fauna  West 

Tenn.,  p.  57,  Niagara  Gr. 
CODASTER,  McCoy,  1849,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  250.  [Ety.  korton, 
a   bell ;    aster,   star.]     Calyx   inverted 
conical ;  summit  broad ;  basals  3,  one 


tetragonal  and  two  pentagonal,  each 
having  its  inner  apex  notched  to  form 
part  of  the  round  columnar  canal ; 
radials  1x5,  large,  equal,  reaching  to 
the  truncated  summit,  to  which,  from 
their  mesial  gibbosity,  they 
give  a  pentagonal  outline; 
deltoid  plates  on  the  sum- 
mit; mouth  central,  and 
from  it  five  prominent 
ambulacra  diverge,  one  to 
each  angle,  each  being  on 
a  thick  tapering  ridge, 
divided  by  a  mesial  sul- 
cus ;  from  the  re-entering 
angles  of  these  interradial 
ridges  four  other  ridges 
extend  to  the  middle  of 
the  four  straight  sides,  the 
fifth  space  having  no  ridge, 
but,  instead,  a  large  ovate 
opening ;  hydrospire  slits 
in  four  interradial  areas, 
but  no  hydrospire  canals, 
and  no  pores.  Type  C. 
acutus. 

alternalus,  Lyon,  1857,  Geo. 
Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p.  493.  A 
misprint  for  C.  attenuatus. 
americanus,  Shumard,  1858, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  239,  Up. 
Held.  Gr.  Syn.  (?)  for 
C.  pyramidatus. 

attenuatus,  Lyon  ,1857,  „ 

Geo.   Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  M% 

3,    p.    493-498,    Up.  ™ 

Held  Gr. 
canadensis,  Billings. 

Not  defined, 
gratiosus,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1880,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  Kio.266.-Cod  aster 
9^7  Kpntntrr    Th»     gratiosus.  Summit 

£&7.*eoKQK<*r.  ine  and  side  vlew  of 
hydrospire  slits  are  cast,  the  latter 
visible  on  the  casts  showing  an  aper- 
but  are  very  fine.  ture  at  the  summit. 

hindii,  Etheridge  &  Carpenter,  1882,  Ann. 
and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  235,  Ham.  Gr. 
C.  canadensis.  (?) 

kentuckiensis,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  239,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

pentalobus,  see  Stephanocrinuspentalobus. 


FIG.  2«7.— Codaster 


;r  pulcn 
side  vie 


Ichellus.    Summit  and 
ws. 


pulchellus,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  35,  Niagara 

Gr.    Possibly  a  Stephanocrinus. 
pyramidatus,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,   vol.   1,   p.   238.  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 


COD. — COM.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA 


whitii,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 
p.  10,  and  Boat.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  7, 
p.  237,  Burlington  Gr. 

CODONITES,  M«ek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p,  84,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  463.  [Ety.  kodon, 
bell;  Mhos,  stone.]  Calyx  truncate- 
obpyramidal,  elongate  below,  which 
distinguishes  it,  in  form,  from  Pentrem- 
ites  and  allied  genera;  deltoid  plates 
constricted  in  the  middle ;  anal  opening 
large,  remote  from  the  center;  ambu- 
lacra narrow,  without  marginal  pores; 
side  plates  large,  their  apposed  edges 
having  pinnule  sockets;  ten  spiracles 
parallel  or  subparallel  to  the  ambulacra ; 
the  slits  are  equally  developed  in  all 
the  interradial  areas,  while  they  are 
absent  in  the  azygous  interradius  of 
Codaster.  Type  C.  stelliformis. 

campanulatus,  Ham  bach,  1884,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.  4,   p.  548, 
Burlington  Gr. 


dilatatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Poteriocrinus  dilat- 
atus,)  Desc.  New  Crinoidea,  p.  6,  and 
Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  300,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

lyra,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  (Zeacrinus 
lyra,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  152,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  432,  Burling- 
ton Gr.  •££ 

subspinosus,  White,  1863,  Jour.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  7,  p.  501,  Burling- 
ton Gr.  j^ 

ventricosus,  Hall,  1861,  (Poteriocrinus 
ventricosus,)  Desc.  New  Crinoidea,  p. 
6,  and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  301, 
Burlington  Gr. 

Ccelocrinus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  214,  syn.  for  Dorycrinus. 

concavus,  see  Dorycrinus  concavus.      ^=! 

COMAROCYSTITES,  Billings,  1854,  Can.  Jour., 

vol.    2,   p.    269,  and  Can.   Org.   Rem., 


FIG.  268.— Codonites  conicus. 

conicus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  (in 
press,)     (Orophocrinus    conicus,) 
Geo.    Sur.   111.,    vol.    8,    p.    201, 
Waverly  or  Kinderhook  Gr. 
gracilis,    Meek    &   Worthen,    1869, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.5,  p.  467,  Burlington  Gr. 
fusiformis,Wachsmuth 
&Springer,  (in  press, ) 
(Orophocrinus    fusi- 
formis, )  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  p.  203,  Waverly 
or  Kinderhook  Gr. 
stelliformis,    Owen    & 
S  h  u  m  a  r  d  ,     1850. 
(Pentremites     stelli- 
formis,) Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,    2d 
ser.,    vol.    2,    p.    67, 
Burlington  Gr. 
COSLIOCRINUS,     White, 
1863,  Jour.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p. 
499.        [Ety.     koilia, 
belly ;    krinon,  lily.] 
Distinguished    from 
Hydreionocrinus  and  Zea- 
crinus    by    its     balloon- 
shaped  ventral   sac   or  proboscis,  and 
from    the    former,   also,    by    the    less 
robust  body  and  comparatively  longer 
arms.    Type  C.  dilatatus. 
cariniferus,    Worthen,    1873,    (Zeacrinus 
wortheni,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  535, 
St.  Louis  Gr. 


FIG.  269.  — Co- 
donites fusi- 
formis. 


\ 


FIG  270.—  Comarocystites  shumardi. 
Diagram  of  part  of  it. 

Decade  3,  p,  61.  [Ety.  komaron,  straw- 
berry; kustis,  bladder.]  Body  ovate; 
1st  series  of  plates  3,  above  which 
there  are  from  5  to  11  series,  in  irreg- 
ular order;  mouth  or  valvular  orifice 
near  the  summit;  arms  free,  grooved, 
bearing  pinnules;  ambulacra!  orifice  at 
the  apex ;  column  round ;  all  the  plates 
poriferous.  Type  C.  punctatus. 


234 


ECHINODERMATA. 


[COM.— CTB. 


obconicus,   Meek  &  Worthen,   1865,    (C. 

ehumardi  var.  obconicus,)  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.   144,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  3,  p.  294,  Trenton  Gr. 
punctatus,  Billings,  1854,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

2,  p.  270,  and  Can.  Org.  Hern.,  Decade 

3,  p.  61,  Trenton  Gr. 

shumardi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  143,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  292,  Trenton  Gr. 
COMPSASTER,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  327.  [Ety.  kompsos, 
elegant ;  aster,  star.]  Central  disk  small ; 
rays  laige,  long,  fusiform ;  grooves 
deep,  bordered  by  numerous  adambu- 
lacral  plates;  several  rows  of  disk- 
plates  upon  each  side  of  the  ambula- 
cral  furrows.  Type  C.  formosus. 
formosus,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,  vol.  7,  p.  327,  Kaekaskia  Gr. 
COMPSOCKINUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  233.  [Ety. 
kompsos,  elegant;  krinon,  lily.]  Basals 
4;  primary  radials,  3x5;  secondary 
radials  2  or  more  by  10;  tertiary  radi- 
als more  or  less  numerous ;  median 
line  of  radials  keeled ;  interradials  nu- 
merous; column  four-sided.  Type  C. 
harrisi. 

harrisi,    S.    A. 

Miller,       1881, 

(Glyptocrinus 

harrisi,)    Jour. 

Cin.  Soc.   Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  4,  p. 

74,   Hud.   Riv. 

Gr. 
Conocrinus,   Troost. 

Not  defined. 

CORDYLOCRINUS, 

Angelin,  1878, 
Icon.  Grin. 
Suec.,  p.  3. 
[Ety.  kordyle, 
a  cudgel ;  kri- 
non, lily.]  Body 

resembling  Platycrinus ;  basals  3 ;  un- 
equal;  radials  3x5;  arms  single  or 
branching;  pinnules  long;  interradials 
between  the1  upper  edges  of  the  first 
radials ;  followed  by  3  or  4  more ; 
column  cylindrical.  Type  C.  comtus. 


FIG.    271.  —  Compsocrinus 
harrisi.    Mag.2diam. 


Fio.  272. — Compsocrinus  harrisi.  Diagram  of 
basal  part  and  a  specimen  flattened,  natural 
size. 

parvus,  Hall,  1861,  (Platycrinus  parvus,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  114,  Low 
Held.  Gr. 


plumosus,  Hall,  1861,  (Platycrinus  plu- 
mosus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol  3,  p.  113,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

ramulosus,  Hall,  1861,  (Platycrinns  ram- 
ulosus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  115,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

CORONOCRINUS,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  124.  [Ety.  Icorone,  a  crown;  krinon, 
lily.]  Founded  upon  the  fragment  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  calyx  showing 
great  breadth,  probably  hemispheric 
form,  and  as  many  as  40  arm  openings 
in  the  circumference.  Wactismuth 
says  it  is  a  syn.  for  Dolatocrinus,  but 
as  that  genus  is  not  known,  in  rocks,  so 
low  as  this  is  found,  there  is  great 
doubt  about  the  synonymy.  Type  C. 
polydactylus. 
polydactylus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  124,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
COTYLEDONOCRINDS,  Casseday  &  Lyon,  1860, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  5, 
p.  26.  [Ety.  kotylfdon,  any  cup-shaped 
cavity  ;  krtnon,  lily.]  Basals  2  ;  radials 
3x5;  secondary  radials  2x10;  arms 
10;  interradials  3x5.  Distinguished 
from  Dichocrinus  by  having  no  azygous 
plate  in  line  with  the  first  radials,  and 
believed,  by  Wachsmuth,  to  have 
been  founded  upon  an  abnormal  Dicho- 
crinus.  Type  C.  pentalobus. 
pentalobus,  Casseday  &  Lyon,  1860, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  5, 
p.  26,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
Cremacrinus,  Ulrich,  syn.  for  Calceocrinus. 

punctatus,  see  Calceocrinus  punctatus. 
CRINOCYSTITES,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  361.  [Ety. 
krinon,  lily ;  kustis,  bladder.]  Elongate, 
swelling  in  the  upper  third  of  the 
azygous  side,  and  contracting  below  the 
arms;  covered  by  five  or  more  ranges 
of  irregularly  disposed  plates ;  central 
and  submarginal  apertures.  Type  C. 
chrysalis, 
chrysalis,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  362.     Niagara  Gr. 
(?)  rectus,  Hall,  1864,  see  Rhodocrinus  (?) 

rectus. 
Grinosoma   antiqua,    Castelnau,    1843,    Syst. 

Sil.     Probably  a  fucoid. 
Cromyocrinus,    Trautschold,    1867,    syn.    for 

Eupachycrinus. 

gracilis,  see  Eupachycrinus  gracilis. 
Crumensecrinites,  Troost,  1850.     Not  defined. 

ovalis,  Troost,  1850.  Not  defined. 
Oryptoblnstus,  Etheridge  &  Carpenter,  1886, 
Catalogue  of  Blastoidea,  p.  229.  This 
genus  is  founded  upon  Granatocrinus 
melo,  and  distinguished  from  Granato- 
crinus, by  a  slight  difference,  in  the 
hydrospires.  They  also  referred  to  it 
G.  pisum,  and  two  other  species,  about 
which  they  had  very  little  informa- 
tion. 
Cienocrinus,  Bronn,  1840,  Leonh.  und 

Bronn.  Jahrb,  syn.  for  Melocrinus. 
bainbridgensis,  see  Melocrinus  bainbridgen- 


CUP.— CYA.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


235 


breviradiatus,  see  Melocrinus   breviradia- 

tu«. 

Cupdlxcrinus,  Troost,  1850.  Not  d<  fined. 
CUPULOCHINUS,  D'Orbigny,  1830,  Prodr.  d. 
Pal.,  t.  1,  p.  23.  Prop  >sed  instead  of 
Scyphocrinus,  Hall,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  85,  that  was  preoccupied,  by 
Z-nker.  Bisals  5;  radials4xo,  regular 
interradials  3  ;  azygous  interradials  4  ; 
arms  10;  column  round.  Type  C.  het- 
erocostalis.  Wachsmuth  regards  it  as 
a  syn.  for  Taxocriuus. 

heterocostaMs,  Hall.,  1847.  (Scyphocrinus 
heterocostalis,)  Pal.- N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  85, 
Trenton  Gr. 

CYATHOCRINUS,  Miller,  1821,  Nat.  Hist. 
Oinoidea,  p.  85.  [Ety.  cyathos,  cup  or 
goblet;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  saucer- 
shaped;  basals  5  ;  subradials  5  ;  radials 
1  x  5 ;  as  large  or  larger  than  the  basals, 
with  articulating  facet  occupying  only 
part  of  the  width  of  a  plate ;  brachials 
irregular  in  number;  arms  long, 
branching  ;  column  round  ;  no  regular 
interradials ;  azygous  interradial  1, 
which  is  followed,  in  the  ventral  sac  or 
proboscis,  by  other  plates.  Type  C. 
planus.  • 

semulus,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  new  spec,  foss., 
p.  10,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and  Nat. 
Hist.,  Indiana,  p.  266,  Niagara  Gr. 

angulatu*,  see  Barycrinus  angulatus. 


g 

8 

FIG.  273.— Cyathocrinus  arboreus.    Diagram. 

arboreus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  160,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  520,  Keokuk  Gr. 

barrisi,  Hall,  1861,  (Poteriocrinus  barrisi,) 
Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  5,  and  Bost.  Jour. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  303,  Burlington  Gr. 

barydactylus,  AVachsmuth  &  Spnnger, 
1878,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  257,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

bulbosus,  see  Arachnocrinus  bulbosus. 

bullatus,  see  Barycrinus  bullatus. 

conglobatus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 


cora,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Eep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  366,  Niagara  Gr. 
cornulus,  see  Barycrinus  cornutus. 
cvrrugalus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 
crassibiariiiatus,    see     Baryciinus     crassi- 

brachiatu*. 

crassws,  see  Eupachycrinus  craesus. 
crateriformis,  Troost.  Not  defined, 
crawfordsvillensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882, 

Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  79, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
decadactylus,    Lyon    &    Casseday,    1860, 

Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  29,  p.  73, 

Keokuk  Gr. 

depressus,  Troost,  see  Zeacrinus  depressus. 
divaricatus.  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

554,  Burlington  Gr. 

enormis,  Meek  &  AVorthen,  1865,  (Poteri- 
ocrinus enormis,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  152,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3, 

p.  481,  Burlington  Gr. 


FIG. 274— Cyathocrinus  larleyi.    Diagram. 

farleyi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  252,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  517,  Keokuk  Gr. 

fasciatus,  see  Macrostylocrinus  fasciatus. 

ftorealis,  see  Zeacrinus  florealis. 

fragilis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  237,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  401,  Burlington  Gr. 

globosw,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

gilesi,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1878, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  259,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

granuliferus,  Shumard,  1854,  Red  Riv. 
Expl.  Louisiana,  p.  199,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

hamiltanentis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  32,  syn.  for 
C.  parvibrachiatus. 

harrisi,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  255,  Keokuk 
Gr.  As  suggested  at  the  time  of  de- 
scribing this  species,  it  may  become 
the  type  of  a  new  genus. 

harrodi,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1879, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  87,  Keokuk  Gr. 

hexadactylus,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1860,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  29,  p.  74,  syn.  for  Vas- 
ocrinus  lyoni.  The  name  was  essen- 
tially incorrect  and  definition  wrong. 

hoveyi,  see  Barycrinus  hoveyi. 


236 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[CYA. 


intequidactylus,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann. 
N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  219,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

incipiens,    Hall,    1861,    Desc.    New    Cri- 
noidea,  p.  5,  and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  7,  p.  296,  Burlington  Gr. 
inflatus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 
inflexus,  see  Erisocrinus  inflexus. 
inspiratus,  Lyon,  1860,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  457,  Keokuk  Gr. 
intermedius,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  627,  Keokuk  Gr. 

iowensis,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  63, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Minn., 
p.  591,  Burlington  Gr. 
kelloggi,  see  Barycrinus  kelloggi. 
Iseviculus,    Lyon,   1861,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  409,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
latus,  Hall,  1861,   Desc.   New  Crinoidea, 

p.  5,  eyn.  for  Barycrinus  sculptilis. 
lamellosus,  White,  1863,  Jour.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  504,  Burlington  Gr. 
tyoni,  see   Vaso- 

crinus  lyoni. 
macropleurus,  see 
Vasocrinus 
macropleurus. 
magister,see  Bary- 
crinus   magis- 
ter. 

magn  oliiformis, 
see  Zeacrinus 
m  a  gno  1  i  i- 
formis. 

malvaceus,  Hall, 
1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  554, 
Burlington  Gr. 
Wa  c  h  s  m  uth 
says  it  is 
founded  on  a 
depressed  spe- 
cimen of  C. 
iowensis. 
maniformis,  see 
Zeacrinus  ma- 
niformis. 
marsh  allensis, 
Worthen,1882, 
Bull.  No.  1,111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  33,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  310, 
Waverly  or 
K  i  n  d  e  rhook 
Gr. 

multibrachiatus,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1859, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  28,  p.  245,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 

nucleus,      Hall,      1876,      (Dendrocrinus 
nucleus,)   28th    Rep.    N.    Y.    St.    Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  136,  Niagara  Gr. 
ornatissimus,  Hall,   1843,  Geo.   Rep.  4th 

Dist.  N  Y.,  p.  247,  Portage  Gr. 
parvibrachiatus,  Hall,    1861,   Desc.   New 
Crinoidea,  p.    6,  and   Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  7,  p.  294,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  275.— Cyathocrinus 
multibrachiatus. 


pentalobus,  see  Eupachycrinus  pentalobus. 

planus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

polyxo,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 

4,  p.  199,  and  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  135,  Niagara  Gr. 
poterium,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,  p.  24,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  489,  Keokuk  Gr. 
protuberans,  see  Barycrinus   protuberans. 
pusillus,  see  Lecanpcrinus  pusillus. 
pyriformis,    Murchison    as    identified    by 

Hall.    See  Ichthyocrinus  laevis 


FIG.  276.— Cyathocrinns  quinquelobus. 

quinquelobus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865. 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  150,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  519,  Ke- 
okuk Gr. 

rarus,  Lyon,  1869,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  13",  p.  453,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

rigidus,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  8,  Burlington  Gr. 

robwtus,  Troost.    Not  defined. 

roemeri,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

rotundatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
p.  555,  Burlington  Gr. 


FIG.  277.— Cyathocrinus  saffordi.    Diagram. 

saffordi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  371,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  336,  Keokuk  Gr. 

sangamonensis,  see  Eupachycrinus  san- 
gamonensis. 

scitulus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  syn.  for  Bary- 
crinus scitulus. 

sculptilis,  see  Barycrinus  sculptilis.  Not 
defined. 

tculptus,  Troost.    Not  defined. 

solidus,  see  Barycrinus  solidue. 


CYC.— DEL.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


237 


somersi,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  226,  Coal  Meas. 

spurius,  see  Barycrinus  spurius. 

stellatus,  see  Barycrinus  stellatus. 

stillativus.  White,  1880,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  258,  and  Cont.  to  Pal. 
No.  6,  p.  125,  Up.  Coal.  Meas. 

subtumidns,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci  Phil.,  p.  151,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  487,  Keokuk  Gr. 

tennesseese,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

tenuibrachiatus,  Lyon,  1869,  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  460,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

tenuidactylus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  238,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  403,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

thomse,  see  Barycrinus  thomee. 

tiarssformis,  see  Ichthyocrinus  tiariformis. 

tumidut,  see  Barycrinus  tumidus. 

vanhornii,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  261,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

viminalis,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin., 
p.  5,  syn.  for  C.  iowensis. 

wachsmuthi,   see  Barycrinus    wachsmuthi. 

waldronensis,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont. 
to  Pal.  No.  2,  p.  6,  Niagara  Gr.  Wachs- 
muth  refers  it  to  Macrostylocrinus. 

waukoma,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  367,  Niagara  Gr. 

wortheni,  Lyon,   1861,    Proc.   Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  410,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
Cyclaster,     Billings,    1857,    Rep.     of    Progr. 
This  name  was  preoccupied.    See  Ed- 
rioaster. 

bigsbyi,  see  Edrioaster  bigsbyi. 
CYCLOCYSTOIDES,  Billings  &  Salter,  1858, 
Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3,  p.  86.  [Ety. 
kuklos,  circle ;  kustis,  bladder ;  eidos, 
form.]  Body  consisting  of  a  circular 
disk,  surrounded  by  a  series  of  short, 
cylindrical,  perforated,  porous  plates ; 
the  interior  is  covered  by  an  integu- 
ment of  small  plates,  with  radiating 
channels,  which  bifurcate  and  connect 
with  the  channel  in  the  marginal  series, 
which  makes  a  complete  circle ;  mouth 
supposed  to  be  central ;  mammillary 
elevations  on  the  exterior  of  the  rim  as 
if  for  the  attachment  of  small  spines. 
Type  C.  halli. 

anteceptus,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  219,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 


FIG.  278.— Cyclocystoides  magnus. 

bellulus,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  34,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 


halli,    Billings,    1858,    Can.    Org.    Rem., 

Decade  3,  p.  86,  Trenton  Gr. 
huronensis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  393,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
magnus,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  32,  and  vol.  4, 

p.  70,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
minus,  Miller  &  Dyer,   1878,   Jour.   Cin. 

Soc.    Nat,  Hist.,   vol.    1,  p.    33,    Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
mundulus,    Miller    &   Dyer,    1878,   Jour. 

Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  34,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
nitidus,  Faber,  1886,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  17,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
parvus,    Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,   Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,    vol.    1,  p.    33,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
salted,    Hall,   1866,   24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.     Nat.     Hist.,    p.     218,     Trenton 

Gr. 
CYSTOCRINUS,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil.  Fauna  West 

Tenn.,   p.    56.      [Ety.    kustis,  bladder; 

krinon,  lily.]     A   cylindrical   body,  the 

interior  of   which  looks  like  a  crinpid 

column,  but  the  external  part  consists 

of  a  compact  mass  of  tubes  connecting 

with   the    central    canal.     Wachsmuth 

has  called  it  a  detached  column,  but  it 

is  anomalous,  and  I  retain  the  genus. 

Type  C.  tennesseensis. 
tennesseensis,     Roemer, 

1860,   Sil.    Fauna  West 

Tenn,  p.  56,  Niagara  Gr. 
Cytocrinus,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil. 

Fauna    West   Tenn.,    p. 

46,  syn  for  Melocrinus. 
Isevis,  see  Melocrinus  Isevis. 
D  a?  m  o  n  icri- 


Not    de-    r--^^h 
fined. 
Dec  adactylo- 

rWan*  l^nt   FlG-  279.  — Cystocrinus  tennes- 
uwen.  i>ioi/  seensis. 

defined. 

Decadocrinus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
1879,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  and 
Revis.  Palseocrinoidea,  pt.  1,  p.  119.  It 
was  described  as  a  subgenus  of  Po- 
teriocrinus,  but  it  hardly  arises  to  that 
dignity.  Their  type  is  Scaphiocrinus 
scalaris. 

DELTACKINUS,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  109.  [Ety.  delta,  Greek 
letter;  krinon,  lily.]  Basal  piece  tri- 
angular, composed  of  anchylosed plates; 
four  plates  form  the  dorsal  side 
above  the  base;  lower  central  plate  tri- 
angular and  separated  from  the  upper 
triangular  plate  by  the  union  of  the 
two  lateral  radial  plates.  Distinguished 
from  CalceocrinuSjWhich  hasa  long  plate 
on  the  dorsal  side  between  the  lateral 
radials  instead  of  the  two  triangular 
plates  separated,  as  above  described  by 
the  union  of  the  two  radials.  Type  D. 
clarus. 


238 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[DEN. 


barrisi,  Worthen,  1875,  (Calceocrinus  bar- 
risi,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  510,  Ham.  Gr. 
bradleyi,      Meek    <i 
Worthen,     1869, 
(Calceocri  nus 
bradleyi,)       Proc. 
Acad.  '   Nat.      Sci. 
•^•"•^^•^          Phil.,    p.   73,    and 
FIG.  280.  — Deltacrinus  Geo.Sur.  III., vol. 5, 

bwrrtii.  p.  502,  Keokuk  Gr. 

clarus,  Hall,  1862,  (Cheirocrinus  clarus,) 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
88,  Niagara  Gr. 

dactylu^i,  Hall,   1860,   (Cheirocrinus  dac- 
tyjus,)   13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  123,  Burlington  Gr. 
nodosus,    Hall,    1860,   (Cheirocrinus    no- 
dosus,)    13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  124,  Keokuk  Gr. 
stigmatus,  Hall,  1863,  (Chei- 
rocrinus stigmatus,)Trans. 
Alb.  Inst.,    vol.  4,  p.  225, 
Niagara  Gr. 

tuniaitus,  Hall,  1660,  (Chei- 
rocrinus tunicatus,)  13th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  124,  Keokuk  Gr. 
wachsmuthi,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1869,  (Cal- 
ceocrinus wachsmuthi,) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat-  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  74,and  Geo.  Sur.  111., vol. 

5,  p.  444,  Burlington  Gr. 
DENDROCRINUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

8.  193.  [Ety.  dendrm,  tree;  krinon, 
ly.]  Calyx  obconoidal ;  basals  5 ;  sub- 
radials  5;  radials  1x5,  and  an  ad- 
ditional one  caused  by  a  division  of  the 
plate  on  the  left  side  of  the  large  azy- 
gous  one ;  reg- 
ular interradi- 
als  0;  nzygous 
interradial  1 ; 
•  large  and  long 
proboscis  or 
ventral  sac 
rises  from  the 
azygous  inter- 
radial ;  arms 
long,  branch- 
ing; ambula- 
cral  furrow  deep  ;  pinnules  wanting ; 
column  round  or  pentagonal ;  without 
base  or  roots  for  attachment.  Type  D. 
longidactylus. 

acutidactylus,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  266,   and  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  37,  Trenton  Gr. 
ancilla,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec.  Foss., 
p.  9,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and  Nat.  Hist. 
Indiana,  p.  271,  Niagara  Gr. 
alternatus,   Hall,  1847,  (Poteriocrinus  al- 
ternatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  83,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

angulatus,  see  Palseocrinus  angulatus. 
angustatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  (Ho- 
mocrinus  angustatus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  30,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

6,  p.  492,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  282  — Dendrocrinus. 
Diagram. 


caduceus,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rpp.  N.  Y.  St. 

MUP.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  208,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
casii,  Meek,  1871,  Am.  Jonr.Sri.  and  Arts, 

3d  ser.,  vol.   2.  p.  295,  «nd  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  28,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cincinnatiensis,  Meek,  1872,  Proo.  Aoad. 

Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,  p.  312,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  20,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
conjugans,   Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  268,  and   Can.  Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  41,  Trenton  Gr. 
celsus,  RinguebHn:,  1888,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  132,  Niagara  Gr. 
curtus,  see  Merocrinus  curt  us. 
cylindricus,     Billings,     1859,    Can.    Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  44,  Trenton  Gr. 
dyeri,  Meek,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  310,  and  Ohio,  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

24,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
erraticus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,   Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.   Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,   p.    316,    Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
gracilis,  Hall,  1847,(Poteriocrinusgracilis,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  84,  Trenton  Gr. 
gregarius,  Billings,  1857,  R^p.   of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  265,  and  Can.  Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  36,  Trenton  Gr. 
humilis,    Billings,    1857,    Rep.   of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.    265,  and  Can.   Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  39,  Trenton  Gr. 
jewetti,  Billings,  1859, 

Can.     Org.     Rem., 

Decade    4,    p.    43, 

Trenton  Gr. 
latibrachiaius,      Bill- 
ings,   1857,    Rep. 

Prog.    Can.    Geo. 

Sur.,    p.    270,    and 

Can.  Org.    Rem., 

Decade    4,    p.    39, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
longidactylus,     Hall,  _ 

1852,     Pal.    N.    Y.,      FlQ.283.-Dendro- 

VOl.    2,    p.    193,  Nl-         criu us  jewetti. 

agara  Gr. 

modtstns,  Safford.     Not  defined, 
navigiolum,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Gin. 

Soc.   Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,   p.   235,    Utica 

Slate  Gr. 
nucleus,  see  Cyathocrinus  nucleus. 


Fio.  281.— Dendrocriuus  oswegoensis.    Diagram. 

oswegoensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  333,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


DIC.] 


ECH1NODERMA  TA. 


239 


polydactylus,  Shumard,  1857,  (Honio- 
crinus  polj-dactylus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  78,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  22,  Hnd.  Riv.  Gr. 
pos-ti< us,  Hall,  1872,  (Poteriocrinus  posti- 
cus,)  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  209,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 
22,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

proboscidiatus,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of 
Progr.  Can.  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  207,  and  Can. 
Org.  Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  38,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

retractilis,  Walcott,  1883,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hibt.,  p.  211,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

rusticus,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Prog.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  270,  and  Can.  Org.  Bern., 
Decade  4,  p.  41,  Trenton  Gr. 

similis,  Billings,  1857,  Kep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  267,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  40,  Trenton  Gr. 

tener,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Autic.,  p.  9,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
DICHOCRINUS,  Munster,  1839,  Beitrag.  Zur. 
Petref.,  vol.  1,  p.  2.  [Ety.  dicha,  in 
two  parts;  kriwsn,  lily*]  Calyx  deep, 
cup  shaped  ;  plates  delicate ;  basals  2  ; 
primary  radials  5,  large,  resting  two 
upon  each  basal,  and  the  other  in  a 
notch  at  one  end  of  the  basal  suture, 
opposite  which  there  is  a  large  azygous 
plate  in  line  with  the  first  radials;  suc- 
ceeding radials  1  to  3,  in  each  ray,  the 
last  supporting  arms ;  arms  10,  long, 
bifurcating  and  bearing  stout  pinnules; 
interradials  4  or  5,  small,  situate 
above  the  first  radials;  vault  slightly 
elevated,  with  a  small  opening  upon 
the  azygous  side;  column  round.  Type 
D.  radiatus. 

angustus.  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost,  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  19,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

chesterensis,  see  Pterotocrinus  chesterensis. 

constrict  us,  Meek  &  AVorthen,  1860, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sd.  Phil.,  p.  381,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  263,  War- 
saw Gr. 

con  us,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  381,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  169,  Burlington  Gr. 

cornigerus,  see  Talarocrinus  cornigerus. 

coxanus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  35,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  313,  Keokuk  Gr. 

crassitestus,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  19,  Burlington  Gr. 

crassus,  see  Pterotocrinus  crassus. 

dichotomus,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo. 
Sur.  Iowa,  p.  85,  Warsaw  Gr. 

elegans,  Casseday  &  Lyon,  see  Talarocrinus 
elegans. 

expansus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868.  The 
name  was  preoccupied  by  DeKoninck 
&  LeHon,  but  the  name  is  probably  a 
synonym  for  D.  polydactvlus. 

ficus,  Casseday  &  Lyon,  1860,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  24,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  502,  Keokuk  Gr. 


inornatus,  Wachsmuth    &   Springer,    (in 

press,)  Geo.  Sur.   III., 

vol.  8,  p.  190,  Waverly 

or  Kindertiook  Gr. 
hamiltonensis,  Worthen, 

18S2.    Bull.  No.  'I,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

35,  and  G'O.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  7,  p.  313,  Keokuk 

Gr. 
laclirymosus,  Hall,  1860, 

Supp.    to     Geo.     Sur. 

Iowa,  p.  84,  Burlington 

Gr.     Wachsmuth  says 

it  is  a  syn.  for  Platy- 

crinus    subsp!nul<>sus. 
Isevis,   Hall,  1860,  Supp. 

Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  83, 

Burlington  Gr. 
lineatus,  Meek  &  Worth- Flo    285.  —  Dicho- 

en,   1869,    Proc.   Acad.   crinus  inornatus. 

Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,  p.  69, 

and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  440,  Burl- 
ington Gr. 
liratus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  5,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7, 

p.  290,  Burlington  Gr. 
ornatus,    Wachsmuth   &  Springer,    1881, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  and  Revis. 

Palseocrin.,  p.  84,   Keokuk.    Gr.     This 

name  was  proposed  instead  of  D.  sculp- 

tus,  Casseday  &  Lyon,  because  the  latter 

was  preoccupied, 
ovatus,   Owen  &  Shumard,    1850,    Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.   2,  p.   61, 

and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  Wis.,  and  Minn.,  p. 

590,  Burlington  Gr. 
pisnm,    Meek"  &    Worthen,    1869,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  69,  and    Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  441,  Burlington  Gr. 
plicatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  4,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.   Hist., 

vol.  7,  p.  288,  Burlington  Gr. 
pocillum,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  5,  and  Jour.   Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  7,  p.  291,  Burlington  Gr. 
polydactylus,   Casseday    &    Lyou,    1860, 

Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  5, 

p.  20,  Keokuk  Gr. 
protubrraw,  Hall,  see  Pterotocrinus   pro- 

tuberans. 
scitulus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.   4,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  7,  p.  289,  Burlington  Gr. 
sculptus,  Casseday  &   Lyon,  1860,  Proc. 

Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  25. 

The  name  was  preoccupied  by  DeKo- 
ninck &  LeHon  in  1853.  See  D.  or- 
natus. 

sexlobatus,  see  Talarocrinus  sexlobatus. 
simplex,  Shumard,  1857,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  p.  74,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.  654,  Warsaw  Gr. 
striatus,   Owen  &  Shumard,    1850,   Jour. 

Acad.  Nat,  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  and  Geo. 

Sur.   Iowa,    Wis.,   and   Minn.,  p.  590, 

BurlingtontOr. 
symmeiricus,    see    Talarocrinus    symmet- 

ricus. 


240 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[DIC. — DOR. 


Dictyocrinus.  Conrad.  1841,  (Dictuocrinites,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  135,  syn.  for  Receptaculites. 
squamifer,  Hall,  see  Receptaculites  squam- 
ifer. 

DOLATOCRINOS,  Lyon,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 
vol.  3,  p.  482.  [Ety.  dolaius,  hewn  or 
tooled ;  krinon,  lily.]  Body  subsphe- 
roidal;  calyx  basin-shaped  ;  vault  hem- 
ispherical, depressed  in  the  interradial 
areas ;  basals  anchylosed  and  probably 
numbering  5;  radials  3x5;  secondary 
radials  2  x  10 ;  sometimes  tertiary 
radials  2  x  20 ;  arms  20  to  40,  bifurcat- 
•  ing  and  bearing  pinnules ;  interradials  5 
or  more,  the  first  one  large ;  aperture  sub- 
central;  column  round.  Type  D.  lacus. 
canadensis,  Whiteaves,  1887,  Cont.  to  Can. 

Pal.  vol.  1,  p.  99,  Ham.  Gr. 
glyptus,   Hall.,  1862,  (Cacabocrinus  glyp- 
tus,) 15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  140,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  286.— Dolatocriuus       FIG.  287.— Dolalocrinus 
lacus.    Side  view.  lacus.    Ventral  view. 

glyptus  yar.  intermedius,  Hall,  1862,  (Ca- 
cabocrinus glyptus  var.  intermedius.) 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
141,  Ham.  Gr. 

lacus,  Lyon,  1857,  Geo.  Sur. 
Ky.,  vol.  3,  p.  482,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

lamellosus,      Hall,      1862, 
(Cacabocrinus     lamello- 
sus,)   15th    Rep.   N.   Y. 
St.    Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  p. 
141,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
liratus,  Hall,  1862,   (Caca- 
bocrinus   liratus,)    15th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  139,  Ham.  Gr. 
liratus  var.  multilira,  Hall, 
1862,    (Cacabocrinus    li- 
ratus var.  multilira,)  15th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  p.  139,  Ham.  Gr. 
marshi,  Lyon,  1869,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

vol.  13,  p.  461,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ornatus,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  57,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

speciosus,  Hall,  1862,  (Cacabocrinus  speci- 
osus,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  137,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
triadactylus,  Barris,  1885,  Proc.  Dav.  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  100,  Ham.  Gr. 
troosti,  Hall,  1862,  (Cacabacrinus,  troosti,) 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
138,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  288.— Dola- 
tocrinas  lacus. 
Diagram  of  a 


Donacicrinites,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

simplex,  Troost.  Not  defined. 
DORYCRINUS,  Roemer,  1854,  Archiv.  f.  Natur- 
gesch  Jahrg.  19,  p.  207.  [Ety.  dory, 
spear ;  krinon,  lily.]  Body  turbinate 
or  subglobose,  truncate  at  the  base,  de- 
pressed in  the  interradial  spaces  so  as 
to  make  it  pentalobate;  dome  convex 
and  usually  bearing  from  1  to  6  spines ; 
basals  3  ;  primary  radials  3x5;  second- 
ary radials  2x2;  or  where  there  are 
tertiary  radials,  there  are  only  1x2 
secondaries;  arms  24  to  40;  interradials 
2  or  3,  in  two  series ;  azygous  area  very 
different  from  the  interradial  areas,  and 
having  several  more  plates  and  an 
aperture  near  the  top  directed  laterally ; 
readily  distinguished  from  Batocrinus 
and  Eretmocrinus  by  the  lobed  form 
of  the  body,  by  the  azygous  area  and 
lateral  opening,  and  by  the  shortness 
of  the  arms.  Type  D.  mississippi- 
ensis. 

canaliculatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  166,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  381,  Burlington  Gr. 

concavus,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1861, 
(Actinocrinus  con- 
cavus,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
131,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  215, 
Low.  Burlington 

coSigems,  Hall,1858, 
(Actinocrinus   cor- 
nigerus,)  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  576,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

gouldi,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  gouldi,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  613,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  290. — Dorycrinus  imma- 
turus.  Posterior  and  ante- 
rior views. 


immaturus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  175, 
Waverly  or  Kinderhook  Gr. 

kelloggi,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111. 
vol.  6,  p.  513,  Keokuk  Gr. 


ECH.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


241 


lineatus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  310,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

mississippiensis,  Roemer,  1853,  Archiv. 
fur  Nat.  Jahr.  19,  p.  207,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 

mississippiensis,  var.  spiniger,  Hall,  1860, 
Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  53,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 

missouriensis,  Shumard,  1858,  (Actinocri- 
nus missouriensis,)  Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p. 
190,  Burlington  Gr. 

parvibasis,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  177,  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 


FIG.  291.-Dorycrinus  parvibasis.    Anterior, 
terior,  and  ventral  views. 


parvus,  Shumard,  1855,  (Actinocrinus  par- 
yus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Mo.,  p.  193,  Upper  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

pendens,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  pen- 
dens,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  31, 
Burlington  Gr. 

precursor,  Hall,  1862,  (Actinocrinus  prse- 
cursor,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  131,  Ham.  Gr. 

quinquelobus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus 
quinquelobus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
p.  15,  Burlington  Gr. 


FIG.  292.— Dorycrinus   radiatus.     Posterior   and 
anterior  views. 


quinquelobus  var.  intermedius,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p. 
346,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  385, 
Burlington  Gr. 

radiatus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  176,  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 

roemeri,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  346,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  383,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

spinulosus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus 
spinulosus,)  Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
52,  Keokuk  Gr. 


subaculeatus,  Hall,  1858,(  Actinocrinus  sub- 
aculeatus,)  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  570,  Burl- 
ington Gr. 

subturbina- 
tus,  Meek  & 

Worthen, 
1860,  (Acti- 
n  o  c  r  i  n  u  s 
subturbina- 
tus,)  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.Phil.,p. 
388,  and 
Geo.  Sur. 

Til       vnl      9  '. 

o%o    ri      'FiG.    293.— Dorj  crinus    subtur- 
p.  212,  Bur-  binatus.    Diagram, 

lington  Gr. 

symmetricus,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus 
symmetricus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  574, 
Burlington  Gr. 

trinodus,)  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  tri- 
nodus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  575,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

unicornis,  Owen  &  Shu- 
mard, 1850,  (Actinocri- 
nus unicornis,)  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
vol.  2,  new  ser.,  p.  67, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
5,  p.  380,  Burlington 
Gr. 

unispinus,  Hall,  1861,  Ac- 
tinocrinus unispinus,) 
Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 
p.  2,  and  Bost.  Jour. 
Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  7,  p.  270, 
Burlington  Gr. 
Echinocystites,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  360.  The  name 
was  preoccupied  by  Wyville  Thompson. 
See  Lysocystites. 
nodosus,  see  Lysocystites  nodosus. 
ECHINODISCUS,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  335.  [Ely.  echinos, 
sea  urchin ;  diskos,  quoit,]  Body  dis- 
coid ;  depressed  convex,  larger  plates  in 
the  center  of  the  interradial  areas,  none 
imbricating;  narrow  elongate  plates 
form  the  border  and  pass  to  the  under 
side  forming  a  non-sessile  rim ;  ambu- 
lacra 5,  connected  near  the  center, 
and  composed  of  numerous  interlocking 
plates;  mouth  central  or  subcentral. 
Type  E.  optatus. 

kaskaskiensis,  Hall,  1858,  (Agelacrinus 
kaskask'ensis,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  696, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

optatus,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7.  p.  336,  Kaskaskia 
Gr. 

Echino-encrinites,  Meyer,  1826,  Karst.  Archiv. 
Nat.,  vol.  7.  [Ety.  echinos,  sea  urchin  ; 
krinon,  lily.] 

anatifoi-mis,  see  Glyptocystites  anatiformis. 
fenestratus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 
Echinus  drydenensis,  see   Eocidaris  dryden- 

ensis. 
gyracanthus,  see  Tentaculites  gyracanthus. 


FIG.  294.— Dorycri- 
nus  unicornis. 


242 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[ECT. — ERE. 


ECTENOCRINUS,  n.  gen.  [Ety.  ekleino,  I 
stretch  out;  krinon,  lily.]  General 
form  very  elongate ; 
calyx  small,  subcylindri- 
cal,  moderately  expand- 
ing; basals  5,  unequal; 
radials  irregular,  four 
plates  in  three  series, 
before  the  bifurcation  of 
the  free  arms,  and  three 
in  each  of  the  other  two 
series ;  arms  10,  long ; 
pinnules  strong;  azygous 
plates  3,  following  each 
other,  but  not  in  a  direct 
line;  vault  unknown; 
column  very  long,  round, 
tripartite,  and  attaching 
by  an  expanded  base. 
Type  E.  simplex.  This 
genus  is  founded  upon 
Heterocrinus  simplex, 
Hall,  as  the  type,  be- 
cause the  genus  Hetero- 
criuus  was  founded  upon 
H.  heterodactylus,  as 
rhich  is  quite  widely  re- 


FIG.  295. 
Ectenocriuus 

graixlis. 


the   type, 

moved  from  H.  simplex. 

canadensis,  Bill- 
ings, 1859, 
(Heterociinus 
can  ad  en  sis,) 
Can.  Org. 
Reno.,  Decade 
4,  p.  48,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

grandis,      Meek, 
1873,   (Hetero- 
crinus   sim- 
plex var.  gran- 
dit>,)  Pal.  Ohio, 
vol.    1,     pi.    1,  Fm.296.— Ectenocrinus 
fig.     7,      Hud.     simplex.    Diagram. 
Riv.  Gr. 

simplex,  Hall,  1847,  (Heterocrinus  sim- 
plex,) Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  280,  Trenton 
and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

EDKIOASTER,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  82.  [Ety.  edriun,  seat ; 
asttr,  star.]  A  substitute  for  Cyclasrer, 
proposed  in  1857,  the  latter  name  hav- 
ing been  preoccupied.  Body  sess-ile, 
discoid;  plates  numerous,  irregular, 
polygonal;  ambulacral  grooves  5, 
tapering,  composed  of  two  series  of 
oblong  ossicles;  with  four  rows  of 
ambulacral  pores  in  each  ;  mouth 
large,  termed  of  five  oral  and  five  in- 
ternal ossicles.  Type  E.  bigsbyi. 

bigsbyi,  Billings,  1857,' (Cyclaster  bigsbyi,) 
Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  293, 
and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dtcade  3,  p.  82, 
Trenton  Gr. 

EDHIOCIUXUH,  Hull,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  119.  [Ety.  edrion,  seat;  krinun,  lily.] 
Body  obconic;  base  solid,  without 
column  ;  mdials  5,  resting,  in  depres- 
sions, in  the  base ;  azygous  plates  2, 
on*e  large,  resting  in  a  basal  depres- 


sion, the  other  smaller  and  succeeding 
the  first;  arms  composed  of  trans- 
versely linear  plates  and  bifurcating. 
Tvpe  E.  pocilliformis. 

pocilliformis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  121,  Low.  Hel.l.  Gr. 

pyriformis,  Hall,  1862,  loth  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  88.  Up.  Held.Gr. 

sacculus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

143,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
Else-icrinus,  Roemer,  1852,  syn.  for  Nucleo- 
crinus. 

kirkivoodensis,  see  Nucleocrinus  kirkwood- 
ensis. 

verneuili,  see  Nucleocrinus  verneuili. 
ELEUTIIEROCRINUS,  Shumard  &  Yandell, 
1856,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8, 
p.  73.  [Ety.  eltutheros,  free;  krinon, 
lily.]  Calyx  subelliptical,  resembling 
Nucleocrinus  in  form  but  depressed  on 
the  azygous  side ;  trunca  e«l  at  the 
summit  and  bulged  on  one  side ;  sub- 
triangular  at  the  base  and  prolonged 
on  one  of  its  sides  ;  basals  3,  one  small, 
two  irregular  and  much  elongated ; 
radials  1  x5,  four-forked,  occupying 
nearly  the  length  of  the  calyx,  one 
short  and  not  forked ;  inte'rradials 
1x5;  pseudambulacral  areas  5,  four 
linear,  extending  nearly  the  entire 
length  of  the  calyx,  one  short,  subtri- 
angular,  situated  on  the  summit  plane  ; 
apertures  8  (?).  Type  E.  cassedayi. 

cassedayi,  Shumard  &  Yandell,  1856, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Piiil.,  vol.  8,  p. 
74,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

whitfieldi,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y,  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  A  pp.  C,  p.  123,  Ham.  Gr. 
EOCIDARIS,  Desor,  1858,  Synopsis  de.s  Echi- 
nides  Fossiles.  [Ety.  eos,  dawn  ;  cilaris, 
turban.]  Plates  hexagonal ;  one  large 
tubercle  on  each  plate,  smooth  at  the 
base  and  perforated  at  the  summit; 
distinguished  from  Archseocidaris  by 
the  absence  of  a  second  ring.  Type  E. 

drydenensis,   Vanuxem,    1842,    (Echinus 

drydenensis,)   Geo.    Rep.    3d    Dist.    N. 

Y.",  p.   184,  and   20th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  343,  Chemung  Gr. 
hallanns,  Geinitz,  1866,  Garb,  und    Dyas. 

in  Neb.,  p.  61,  and  Pal.   E.  Neb.,  p. 

152,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

sqnamosus,  see  Lepidocidaris  squamosus. 
EOCYSTITKS,  Billings,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

643.     [Ety.  eos,  dawn;  kustis,  bladder.] 

Plates  numerous,  varying  in  size,  form, 

and   ornamentation,    usually  radiately 

sculptured.    Type  E.  primsevus. 
longidactvlus,    Walcott,    1886, 

Bull.  U.   S.   Geo.  Sur.,  No. 

30,  p.  94,  Upper  Tnconic. 
primaevus,  Billings,  1868,  Acad. 

Geol.   p.   643,    Up.  Taconic, 

St.  John's  Gr. 
ERKTMOCRIXCS,  Lyon  &  Casseday, 

1859,    Am.    Jour.    Sci.    and 

Arts,  vol.  28.  p.  241.     [Ety. 

eretmoK,  oar;  krinon,  lily.]     Body  bitur- 


ERI.— EUC.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


243 


binate  or  subglobose,  vault  exceeding 
the  calyx  in  size ;  basals  3,  forming  a 
•wide  riin ;  primary  radials  3x5;  arm 
openings  12  to  22  ;  arms  simple  or  com- 
pound, long,  flattened  in  the  upper 
portions;  iuterradials  1  to  3;  azygous 
intenadials,  8  or  more;  tube  or  pro- 
boscis acentric  and  extending  beyond 
the  infolding  arms;  column  round. 
Type  E.  magnificus. 

adu'ltus.  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1881, 
Proe.  Arad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  349, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

attenuatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  ma- 
tuta  var.  attenuatus,)  Desc.  New  Crin., 
p.  14,  Burlington  Gr. 

calyculoides,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus 
calyculoides,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  17,  Burlington  Gr. 

carica,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  carica,) 
Desc.  New  Crin..  p.  10,  Builington  Gr. 
clio,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  clio,)  Desc. 
New  Crinoidea,  p.  1,  and  Bost.  Jour. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  262,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

cloelia,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  clcelia,) 
Drsc.  New  Crinoidea,  p.  1,  and  Bost. 
Jour.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  7,  p.  266,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

corbnlis,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  cor- 
bulis,)  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  1,  and  Bost. 
Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  265,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

coronatus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  coro- 
natus.)  Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  28, 
Burlington  Gr. 

gemmiformis,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus 
gemmiformis,)  Supp.  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  23,  Burlington  br. 

intermedius,  Wachsmuth 
&  Springer,  1881,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  348, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

konincki,  Sliumard,  1855, 
( Actinocrinus  kon- 
incki,) Geo.  Sur.  Mo., 
p.  194,  Burlington  Gr. 
leucosia.  Hall,  1861,  (Ac- 
tinocrinus leucosia,) 
Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  1, 
and  Bust.  Jour.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  261, 
Burlington  Gr. 
mHgnin'cus,  Lyon  &  Gas- 
seday,  1859,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 
vol.  28.  p.  241,  Keokuk  Gr. 
matuta,  ILdl,  1861,  (Actinocrinus matuta,) 
Desc.  New  Crinoidea,  p.  14,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

mntuta  var.  attenuate,  see  E.  attenuatus. 
neglectus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  (Bato- 
crinus    neglectus,)    Proc.    Acad.    Nat. 
Sci.,  ]>.  355,  and  GPO.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5. 
p.  377,  Burlington  Gr. 
originarius,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1881, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci..  p.  348,  K<  okuk  Gr. 
ramulosus,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  ram- 
ulosns,)  Geo.  Sur.   Iowa,  p.  615,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 


Fio.  298. 

Eretinocrinus 

kouiucki. 


[Et 
Cal 


remibrachiatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus 
remibiachiatus,)  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 
p.  11,  Burlington  Gr. 
varsouviensis,  Worthen, 
1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
30,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  306,  Warsaw  Gr. 
verneuilanus,  Shumard, 
1855,  (Actinocrinus  yer- 
neui.'ianus.)  Geo.  Sur. 
Mo.,  p.  193,  Burlington 
Gr.  | 

ERISOCRIXCS,  Meek  &  Wortben,  1865,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  89,  p.  174. 
~Ety.  ms,  contention;  krinon,  lily.] 
Jalyx  saucer-shaped;  basals  5,  small; 
subradial.s  5,  large;  radials  2x5,  large; 
no  interradials;  atms  10;  column 
round.  Type  E.  typus. 
antiquus,  Mt-tk  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  71,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  5,  p.  447,  Burlington  Gr. 
coynatus,  Wachs- 
muth &  Spiinger, 
1887,  Note  to  p. 

[ -i  255,  Revis.  Palseo- 

^^^      _  crinoidea,        syn. 

for  E.  plan  us. 
conoideus,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  150, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  318,  Up. 
Coal  Mtas. 


FIG. 


—  Erisocrinus 


inflexus,        Geinilz, 
'  ' 


conoideus.  Hide  view, 
natural  size;  ft,  dia- 
gram^ diam.  .  . 

crintis     mnexus,) 

Carb.  und    Dyas,  in   Neb.,  p.  62,  and 

White's  Cont.  to  Pal.,   No.  6,  p.  128, 

Coal.  Meas. 
nebraskensis,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1865, 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  89,  p.  174,  Up.  Coal 

Meas.     Regardtd  a  vaiiety  oi  E.  typus. 
planus,   White,   1880,    Prcc.    U.   S. "  Nat. 

Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  257,  and  Gout,  to  Pal., 

No.  6,  p.  127,  Coal  Meae. 


FIG.    SOI. — Erisocrinns   typns.    Two  side  views, 
basal  view,  uud  lop  view  oi  calyx. 

typus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  J  865,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  89,  p.  174,  and  Gto. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  319,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
tubercnlatus,  see  Eupachycrinus  tuheicu- 

latus. 
whitii.    Meek    &    Worthen,   1869,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  St-i.  Phil.,  p.  72,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  448,  Burlii  gton  Gr. 
EUCALYPTOCKIXUS,   Goldt'uss,    1826,    Petief. 

Germ.,  p.  212.     [Ety.  eu,  well ;  kulyplos, 

covered  ;  krinon,  lily.]     Body  turbmate 


244 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[EUC. — BUG. 


or  bowl-shaped  from  base  to  arms, 
and  with  arms  and  interbrachial  plates 
subovate  or  subelliptical ;  basals  4, 
concealed  in  basal  cavity  and  developed 
in  the  interior;  primary  radials  3x5, 
the  first  large ;  secondary  radials  2  x  10  ; 
interradials  3,  one  very  large  ;  arms  20, 
composed  of  a  double  series  of  plates, 
which  fill  the  interbrachial  spaces ;  in- 
terbrachial plates  solid,  extending  from 
the  interradial  plates  as  high  as  the 
arms  reach,  and  uniting  at  the  summit ; 
proboscis  or  tube  extending  to  the  top, 
and  sometimes  far  beyond ;  column 
round ;  attaching  by  branching  roots. 
Type  E.  rosaceus. 

armosus,  see  Siphonocrinus  armosus. 

cselatus,  Hall,  1843,  (Hypanthocrinites 
cselatus,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 
113,  and  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  142,  Niagara  Gr. 

chicagoensis,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865, 
Mem.  Bos.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  90,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

conictts,  Troost.    Not  denned. 

constrictus,  Hall,  1879,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  10  (Abstract,  p.  10),  and  llth  Rep. 
Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  273,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

cornutus,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  363,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

cornutus  var.  excavatus,  Hall,  1864,  20th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  364, 
Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  302.— Eucalyptocrinus  crassus. 

crassus,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
4,  p.  197,  and  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  141,  Niagara  Gr. 

decorus,  Phillips,  1839,  (Hypanthocri- 
nites decorus,)  Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  p. 
672,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  207,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

depressus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  3,  p.  232,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

egani,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  140,  Niagara  Gr. 

extenws,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

gibbosus,  Troost.    Not  defined. 


goldfttssi,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

inconspectus,  Ringueberg,  1884,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  148.  Not  properly  defined. 

Isevis,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

magnus,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  501,  Niagara  Gr. 

nashvillse,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

obconicus,  Hall,  1864,  20tu  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  365,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

ornatus,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  of  Wis.,  p.  20,  Niagara  Gr. 

ovalis,  Troost,  as  figured  by  Hall,  1876, 
28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
143,  Niagara  Gr. 

papulosus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  211,  Niagara  Gr. 

phillipsi,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

proboscidalis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  224,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

ramifer,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil.  Fauna  West 
Tenn.,  p.  51,  Niagara  Gr. 

rotundus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  82,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

splendidus,  Troost,  Catal.  Hall  &  Whit- 
field,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  128,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

tennesseese,  Troost.    Not  defined. 

tuberculatus, 
Miller  &  Dyer, 
1878,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  1,  p.  36,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

turbinatus,  S.  A. 
Miller,  1882, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5, 

F  IT  ri  ?n  n!?f  TJ  IT  «' 
Meek,  °l87l!  US.' 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  373.  [Ety.  eu,  very  ; 
klados,  branch  ;  Jcrinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
like  Platycrinus,  and  distinguished  by 
having  the  radial  series  extended  in 
the  form  of  tubular  free  rays,  which 
bear  arms,  alternately,  on  either  side, 
throughout  their  length;  arms  com- 
posed of  a  double  series  of  interlock- 
ing plates.  Type  E.  montanensis. 

millebrachiatus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
1878,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  245, 
Burlington  and  Keokuk  Gr. 

montanensis,  Meek,  1871,  Hayden's  Rep. 
U.  8.  Geo.  Sur.  Ter.,  p.  373,  Subcar- 
boniferous. 

pleuroviminus,  White,  1862,  (Platycri- 
nus pleuroviminus,)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  17,  Up.  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

EUOASTER,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  332.  [Ety.  euge, 
pre-eminent,  remarkable;  aster,  star.] 
A  central,  alated  disk,  with  five  long, 
slender  flexuous  rays;  disk  composed 
on  the  ventral  side  of  small  polygonal 


EUP.] 


ECHINODERMA  7  A. 


245 


plates ;  rays  consisting  of  •  a  double 
series  of  alternating,  subquadrate,  am- 
bulacral  ossicles,  with  curved  ambula- 
cral  plates ;  oral  plates  10  ;  pores  large, 
two  rows  in  each  ray ;  adambulacral 
and  disk-plates  spine-bearing.  Type  E. 
logani. 

concinnus,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buff. 
Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  8,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

logani,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  333,  Ham.  Gr. 
EUPACHYCRINUS,  Meek  &  Worthem,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,  p.  159. 
[Ety.  eu,  very  ;  pachys,  thick  ;  krinon, 
lily.]     Calyx  saucer  or  bowl  shaped  ; 
plates  heavy,  tumid  ;  sutures  strongly    / 
defined ;  basals  5 ;   subradials  5 ;    ra-  ' 
dials  2x5,  and  sometimes  there  are 
third   radials  in   some  of  the  rays  ; 
the  second  radials  are  often   spine- 
bearing;  azygous  interradials  3 ;  arms 
5  or  10,  composed  of  a  double  series 
of  plates,  bearing  pinnules  ;   column 
round.    Type  E.  quatuordecembrach- 
alis. 

asperatus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  34,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  311,  Kas- 
kaskia  Gr. 

bassetti,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  528,  Coal  Meas. 

boydi,    Meek    &  Worthen,   1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,    p.     30,     and 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    5,    p.   554,   Kas- 
kaskia   Gr. 

craigi,  Wortben,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol. 
6,  p.  527,  Coal  Meas. 

crassus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  (Cyatho- 
crinus  crassus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  392,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  314,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  304.— Eupachycrinus  crassus.    Diagram. 

fayettensis,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
Vol.  5,  p.  565,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

formosus,  Worthen,  1873,  (Zeacrinus 
formosus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  549, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

germanus,  S  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  40,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 


gracilis,  Wetherby,  1880,  (Cromvocrinus 
gracilis,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
2,  p.  248,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

hemisphericus,  Shumard,  1858,  (Poterio- 
crinus  hemisphericus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis, 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  221,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  561,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  305.— Eupachycrim 
Diagram. 

monroensis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  30,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

orbicularis,  Hall,  1861,  (Scaphiocrinus  or- 
bicularis,)  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  311, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

pentalobus,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyathocrinus 
pentalobus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  687, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

platybasis,  White,  1876,  Geo.  Uinta 
Mountains,  p.  108,  and  Cont.  to  Pal., 
No.  6,  p.  124,  Low.  Aubrey  Gr. 

quatuordecembrachialis,  Lyon,  1857, 
(Graphiocrinus  quatuordecembrachi- 
alis,) Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p.  477,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

sanctiludovici,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  98,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

sangamonensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861, 
(Cyathocrinus  sangamonensis,)  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  392,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  310,  Up. 
Coal  Meas. 

spartarius,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  38,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

subtumidus,  Worthen,  1867,  (Zeacrinus 
subtumidus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p. 
548,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

tuberculatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865, 
(Erisocrinus  tuberculatus,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  150,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  319,  Coal  Meas. 

verrucosus,  White  &  St.  John,  1869,  Trans. 
Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  117,  Coal  Meas. 


246 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[BUS.— GAU. 


EUSPIROCRINUS,  Angelin, 
1878,  Iconogr.  Cri- 
noid  Suec.,  p.  24. 
[Ety.  euspeires, 
winding;  krinon, 
lily.]  Calyx  cyathi- 
form  ;  basals  5;  sub- 
radials  5,  large ; 
radials  1x5,  wider 
than  high,  excavated 
for  the  attachment 
of  the  arms; 
azygous  area  wide, 
plates  large  ;  ventral 
tube  composed  of 
large  plates ;  vault 
covered  with  'arge  plates; 
arms  bifurcate.  Type  E. 
spiralis. 

obconicus,  W.  R.  Billings, 
1885,  Ottawa  Field  Nat. 
Club,  vol.  2,  p.  248,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 


FIG.    306.  —  Eospiro- 
crinus  obconicus. 


O^O^O 


FIG.  307. — Euspirocrinus   obconicus.      Diagram. 

FORBESOCRINUS,  DeKoninck  &  LeHon,  1854, 
Resch.  Grin.  Carb.  Belg.,  p.  118.  [Ety. 
proper  name;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
large,  plates  heavy ;  basals  3 ;  sub- 
radials  5;  primary  radials  3  or 
4x5;  secondary  radials  2  to 
4  x  10 ;  tertiary  radials  2  to  4  x  20 ; 
arms  50  to  60,  long  and  sometimes 
dividing;  regular  interradials  10 
to  20  or  more  ;  azygous  interradi- 
als numerous;  interaxillaries  10 
to  20. or  more.  Type  F.  nobilis. 

agassizi,  Hall,  1858  and  1860,  Geo. 
Sur.  of  Iowa,  p.  631,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

agassizi  var.  giganteus,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1861,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  131,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  495,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

atteriformis,  see  Onychocrinus  as 
teriformis. 

cestriensis,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo. 
Iowa,  p.  68,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

communit,  see  Taxocrinus  corn- 
munis. 

giddingi,  see  Taxocrinus  giddingi. 

juvenis,  see  Taxocrinus  juvenis. 

kettoggi,  see  Taxocrinus  kelloggi. 

lobatus,  see  Taxocrinus  lobatus. 

lobatus  var.  tardus,  see  Taxocrinus 
lobatus  var.  tardus. 

meeki,  see  Taxocrinus  meeki. 

monroensis,  see  Onychocrinue  monroensis. 


multibrachiatus,      see    Taxocrinus      mul- 

tibrachiatus. 

norwoodi,  see  Onychocrinus  norwoodi. 
nuntius,  see  Taxocrinus  nuntius. 
parvus,   Wetherby,  1879,  Jour.  Gin.   Soc. 

Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  138,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


FIG.  308.— Forbesocrinus  wortlieni. 

pratteni,  see  Melocrinus  pratteni. 

ramulosus,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  see  Ony- 
chocrinus ramulosus. 

ramulosus,  Hall,  see  Taxocrinus  ramulosus. 

saffordi,  see  Taxocrinus  saffordi. 

semiovatus,  see  Taxocrinus  semiovatus. 

shumardanus,  see  Taxocrinus  shumardanus. 

spiniger,  see  Taxocrinus  spiniger. 

subramulosus,  Shumard,  1866,  syn.  for 
Taxocrinus  ramulosus. 

thiemii,  see  Taxocrinus  thiemii. 

whitfieldi,  see  Taxocrinus  whitfieldi. 

wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 
632,  Keokuk  Gr. 


i 


-,- 


FIG.  309.-Qaurocrlnus  nealll.    Diagram. 

GAUROCRINUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  228.  [Ety. 
gauron,  haughty  ;  proud ;  krinon,  lily.] 


GEN.— GI,Y.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


247 


Calyx  having  strong  radial  ridges  and 
depressed  interradial  and  intersecond- 
ary  radial  areas ;  basals  5  ;  subradials  5  ;• 
primary  radials  3x5,  or  the  left 
posterior  ray  only  2 ;  secondary  radials 
10  to  16  x  10 ;  interradial  plates  numer- 
ous and  small ;  azygous  area  supported 
by  a  ridge  up  the  middle  series  of 
plates ;  vault  covered  by  small  plates, 
which  are  continued  as  a  covering  over 
the  arm  furrows ;  arms  20  or  more, 
bearing  pinnules.  Type  G.  nealli. 
angularis,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  (Glypto- 
crinus  angularis,)  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  28,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cognatus.S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  (Glyptocrinus 

cognatus,)    'Jour. 

Cin.Soc.Nat.Hist., 

vol.  4,  p.  75,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
m  agnific  us,  S.  A. 

Miller,  1883,  Jour. 

C  i  n.     Soc.      Nat. 

Hist.,    vol.    6,    p. 

230,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
nealli,    Hall,    1866, 

(Gly  pt  o  c  rinus 

nealli,)      Adv. 

Sheets    24th    Rep. 

N.    Y.    St.    Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  206, 

and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  34,  Hud.  Riv. 

Gr. 
splendens,    S.    A. 

Miller,  1883,  Jour. 

Cin.     Soc.      Nat. 

Hist,    vol.    6,    p. 

230,    Trenton    Gr. 

GENN^OCRINUS,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
1882,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  334.  [Ety. 
gennaios,  of  noble  birth  ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Body  wider  than  high,  lobed,  striated ; 
vault  low;  basals  3 ;  primary  radials 
3x5;  secondary  radials  1x10;  inter- 
radials  5  to  7 ;  azygous  interradials  more 
numerous,  and  having  three  plates  in 
the  second  row  instead  of  two,  as  in 
Actinocrinus;  interaxillaries  1  to  3. 
Type  G.  cornigerus. 

calypso,  Hall,  1862,  (Actinocrinus  calypso,) 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
133,  Ham.  Gr. 

cassedayi,  Lyon,  1861.  (Actinocrinus  cas- 
sedayi,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
410,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cauliculus,      Hall,      1862,    (Actinocrinus 
cauliculus,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,  p.  132,  Ham.  Gr. 
cornigerus,      Lyon    &    Casseday,      1859, 
(Actinocrinus    cornigerus,)  Am.    Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  28,  p.  238,  Ham.  Gr. 
eucharis,    Hall,    1862,    (Actinocrinus    eu- 
charis,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.   Nat. 
Hist,  p.  130,  Ham.  Gr. 
kentuckiensis,     Shumard,     1860,     (Actino- 
crinus kentuckiensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.    Sci.,   p.   345,    syn.    for   G.  cor- 
nigerus. 


FIG.   310,-Gaurocrinu 
nealli. 


nyssa,  Hall,  1862,  (Actinocrinus  nyssa,) 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
129,  Ham.  Gr. 

pocillum,  Hall,  1862,  (Actinocrinus  pocil- 
Inm,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  134,  Ham.  Gr. 

GLYPTASTER,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  187.  [Ety.  glyptos,  sculptured ;  aster, 
star.]  Calyx  obconical,  depressed  be- 
tween the  arm  bases,  radial  portion 
ridged  ;  basals  5  ;  subradials  5 ;  primary 
radials  3x5;  secondary  radials  2  or 
more  by  10 ;  interradials  6  or  more  ; 
azygous"  interradials  more  numerous ; 
arms  10,  composed  of  double  series  of 
plates.  Type  G.  brachiatus. 

brachiatus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  187,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  311.— Glyptaster   egani.     Natural  size  and 
enlarged. 

egani,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Naf  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  261,  Niagara  Gr. 
inornatus,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst, 

vol.  4,  p.  205,  and  2Sth  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  134,  Niagara  Gr. 
occidentalis,  Hall, 

1863,    Trans.    Alb. 

Inst,  vol.  4,  p.  204, 

and  28th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  134,  Niagara  Gr. 
occidentalis    var.    ere-  ^ 

bescens,  Hall,   1879, 

28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,  p. 

133,  Niagara  Gr. 
pentangularis,    Hall,  FlQ 

1867,    20th     Rep. 

N.   Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  369,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
GI.YPTOCRINUS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.    280.      [Ety.      glyptos,      sculptured; 


FIG.  313.  —  Glypt«crinus  decadactylus.  Part  of 
vault  mag.  6  diam,  showing  excurrent 
opening. 

krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  obconoidal,  inter- 
radial areas  flattened  or  depressed  ;  sur- 
face sculptured  and  having  radial 
ridges ;  basals  5 ;  primary  radials  3x5; 


248 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


scondary  radials  1  or  more  by  10 ; 
tertiary  radials  usually  present ;  arms 
10  to  20  or  more,  bearing  pinnules; 
first  interradial  resting  upon  the  first 


Fio.  314.— Glyptocrinus  decadactylus.    Diagram. 

primary   radials,  and    followed  by  sue-  I 
ceeding  ranges  of  two  or  more,  which  I 
graduate  into  the  vault;  vault  slightly 
convex,  with  sunken  in- 
terradial   areas ;     plates 
becoming  smaller  as  they 
approach  the  inner  face 
of  the  arms,  and  becom- 
ing a  somewhat  granular 
continuous    cover   over 
the  ambulacral  furrows ; 
excurrent  opening  sub- 
central  on  the  upper  face 
of    the    vault;    column FlG 315...Glypto. 
round,  without  base   or     crinus    deca- 
roots     for     attachment,    dactylus. 
Type  G.  decadactylus. 
angularis,  see  Gaurocrinus  angularis. 

argutus,  Walcott,    1883, 
35th   Rep.    N.    Y.  St.  j 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  207, 
Trenton  Gr. 
armosus,  see  Siphonocri- 

nus  armosus. 
baeri,     see     Xenocrinus 

baeri. 
carkyi,  see  Mariacrinus  I 

carleyi. 
cognatus,  see  Gaurocrinus 

cognatus. 

decadactylus.  Hall,  1847, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
281,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
dyeri,  Meek,  1872,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 

FIG.  316.  —  Glyp-  314, and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

tocriuus     Torn-  1    p.  32  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  I 

8he111-  dyeri  var.  sublaevis,  S.  j 

A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.   Gin.   Soc.   Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  103,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


fimbriatus,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Sur.  Mo., 

p.  194,  Trenton  Gr. 

fornshelli,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Gin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  348,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
gracilis,  Wetherby,  syn.  for  Gaurocri- 
nus angularis. 

harrisi,  see  Compsocrinus  harrisi. 
lacunosus,  see  Archseocrinus  lacunosus. 
libanus,   Safford,    1869,   Geo.  of   Tenn. 

Not  defined. 
marginatus,     see     Archseocrinus     mar- 

ginatus. 
miamiensis,   S.   A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour. 

Gin.  Soc.   Nat.    Hist,,  vol.  5,  p.  34, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

nealli,  see  Gaurocrinus  nealli. 
nobilis,  see  Siphonocrinus  nobilis. 
ornatus,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  260,  and  Can.  Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  60,  Trenton  Gr. 
parvus,   Hall,   1872,    24th   Rep.  N.    Y. 

St.  Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,   p.   207,    Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
pattersoni,    S.   A.    Miller,    1882,    Jour. 

Cin.  Soc.   Nat.   Hist.,  vol.  5,   p.  80, 

Utica  Slate  Gr. 
plumosus,    Hall,    1843,    (Actinocrinus 

plumosus,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 

p.  72,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  180, 
Clinton  Gr.  Founded  upon  fragments 
too  poor  for  even  generic  determina- 
tion. 

priscus,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  257,  and  Can.  Org  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  56,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Grs. 

quinquepartitus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  4,  pi.  8,  fig.  4a,  4b,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

ramulosus,  Billings,  1856,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 
vol.  1,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  4, 
p.  57,  Trenton  Gr. 

richardsoni,  Wetherby,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  245,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

sculptus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  5,  p.  37,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

shafferi,  see  Pycnocrinus  shafferi. 
shafferi  var.  germanus,  see  Pycnocrinus  ger- 

manus. 

siphonatus,  Hall,  1861,  syn.  for  Siphono- 
crinus armosus. 

subglobosus,   Meek,  1873,   (G.  dyeri  var 
subglobosus,)   Pal.  Ohio,   vol.  1,  p.  34, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
mbnodosus,   see   Rhaphanocrinus    subno- 

dosus. 

GLYPTOCYSTITES,  Billings,  1854,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  2,  p.  215,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  53.  [Ety.  glyptos,  sculptured ; 
kustis,  bladder.]  Body  elongate,  cylin- 
drical; four  series  of  plates,  4  in  the 
basal  and  5  in  each  succeeding  series; 
mouth  in  one  of  the  plates  of  the  sec- 
ond series;  ambulacral  orifice  at  the 
center  of  the  summit  where  it  receives 
the  five  ambulacral  grooves;  arms  re- 
cumbent upon  the  apex  of  the  fossil, 


COM.— GON.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


249 


and  grooves  beset  with  small  plates  ;  10 
to  13  pectinated  rhombs ;  column  short, 
tapering  to  a  point.  Type  G.  multiporus. 
anatiformis,  Hall,  1847,  (Echinoencrinites 
anatiformis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  89, 
Trenton  Gr. 

forbesi,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  283,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  59,  Chazy  Gr. 
logani,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progress, 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  282,  and  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  3,  p.  57,  Trenton  Gr. 

logani  var.  gra- 
cilis,  Billings, 
1858,  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  3, 
p.  59.  Trenton  Gr. 
multiporus,  Bill- 
ings, 1854,  Can. 
Jour.,  vol.  2,  p. 
215,  and  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  3, 
p.  54,  Trenton  Gr. 

GOMPHOCYSTITES, 

Hall,  1869,  20th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  351, 
[Ety.  gomphos,  nail  or  rudder;  kustis, 
bladder.]  Elongate  pyriform,  narrow 

r 


FIG.  317.— Glyptocy 
tites  multiporus. 


indianensis  n.  sp.,  Niagara  Gr.  Upper 
part  elliptical  in  outline  and  regularly 
convex;  five  ambulacral  grooves  curve 
spirally  outward  from  an  ambulacral 
orifice  within  the 
groove  near  the 
mouth ,  and  extend 
below  the  summit ; 
mouth  round,  sit- 
uate between  two 
of  the  ambulacral 
grooves ;  each  am- 
bulacral groove 
has  a  suture  in  the 
bottom  of  it,  but 
there  is  no  other 
evidence  of  the 
subdivision  of  the 
top  into  plates ; 
even  the  mouth 
appears  as  a  hole  through  a  solid  test; 
whole  surface  tuberculated,  and  each 
tubercle  pierced  with  a  pair  of  pores. 
Collected  by  J.  F.  Hammell  in  Jeffer- 
son County,  Indiana, 
tenax,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  352,  Niagara  Gr. 
GONIASTEROIDOCRINUS,  Lyon  &  Casseday, 
1859,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  28, 
2d  series,  p.  233.  [Ety.  like 
the  recent  genus  Goniaster; 
krmon,  lily.]  Body  short,  cyl- 
indrical, or  subglobose ;  basals 
5 ;  subradials  5,  often  protuber- 
ant; primary  radials  3x5: 
secondary  radials  2  to  4  x  10  ; 
arms  numerous,  delicate,  pend- 


mmit  view 


FIG.  318.— Goniasteroidocrinus  flscellus.    Diagram  2  diam. 


FIG.  320.  —  Dia- 
grammatic view 
of  Gilbertsocri- 
nus  bursa  to 
show  it  is  dis- 
tinct from  Goni- 
asteroidocrinus. 


below,  inflated  above  ;  plates  spirally  ar- 
ranged ;  ambulacral  orifice  central  on  the 
upper  surface ;  mouth  excentric ;  arms 
sessile,  and  curving  from  the  ambulac- 
ral orifice  outward  to  or  below  the  point 
of  greatest  diameter.  Type  G.  glans. 

clavus,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  353,  Niagara  Gr. 

glans,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  352,  Niagara  Gr. 


ent,  supporting  pinnules ;  interradials 
10  to  18  in  each  area ;  vault  depressed  and 
extending  in  five  or  six  pseudo-brachial 
appendages  star-like,  which  bifurcate, 
then  spread,  curve,  and  terminate  each 
in  a  point ;  these  brachial  appendages 
separate  the  interradial  areas  from  the 
dome  ;  excurrent  orifice  sublateral,  not 
protruding.  Type  S.  tuberosus.  There 
are  some  who  use  Ollacrinus  as  the 


250 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[GRA. 


generic  name,  but  it  was  not  denned  or 
established;  there  are  others  who  use 
Gilbertsocrinw,  but  it,  probably,  is  a 
distinct  genus,  and,  so  far,  not  known 
in  America. 

fiscellus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  (Trema- 
tocrinus  fiscellus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  383,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  222,  Burlington  Gr. 


FIG.  32l.-Gouiasteroidocrinus  tuberosus.  A  is  the  vault: 
O,  the  opening;  B,  side  view  of  vault;  C,  under  side  of 
false  arms;  D,  enlargement  of  base  of  arms. 


FIG.  322. — Three  views  of  G-ilbertsocrinus  cal- 
caratus,  to  show  the  genus  is  distinct  from 
Goniasteroidocrinus. 

obovatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 

Acad.   Nat.   Sci.,   Phil.,  p.  76,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  391,  Burlington  Gr. 
papillatus,    Hall,     1860,     (Trematocrinus 

papillatus,)   Supp.  to  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  76,  Burlington  Gr. 
reticulatus,    Hall,    1861,    (Trematocrinus 

reticulatus,)  Desc.  New  Crinoidea,  p.  9, 

and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  vol.  7,  p.  325, 

Burlington  Gr. 


robustus,  Hall,  1860,  (Trematocrinus  ro- 
bustus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 
77,  Keokuk  Gr. 

spinigerus,    Hall,    1862,    (Trematocrinus 
spinigerus,)   15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  128,  Ham.  Gr. 
ten uiradiatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  75,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  389,  Burlington  Gr. 
tuberculosus,  Hall,  I860,  (Tremato- 
crinus  tuberculosus,)    Supp.   to 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  75,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

tuberosus,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1859, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  28,  2d  ser., 
p.  233,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
typus,  Hall,  1860,  (Trematocrinus 
typus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
p.  73,  Burlington  Gr. 
GRANATOCRINUS,   Troost,    1850,   Cat. 
Foss.  in  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 
p.  420,  and   described  by  Hall, 
1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  146.      [Ety.  gran- 
atos,  granular ;  krinon,  lily.]     Ca- 
lyx subglobose  oval  or  elliptic ; 
the    proportions   of    the    plates 
giving  a  very  different  outline 
to  the  calyx  from  that  of  a  Pen- 
tremites ;  summit  depressed  con- 
vex ;  base  flattened  or  concave  ; 
ambulacra!   areas  like  those  in 
Pentremites,  but  narrower,  and 
extending  nearly  or   quite    the 
entire  length  ;  basals  3,  sunken 
so   as  not   to    be  visible    in    a 
side  view ;   radials  and  deltoids 
similar  to  those  of  Pentremites 
and  proportionally  as  variable  ; 
slender,    thread-like     arms,    or 
pinnules,    as    in    Pentremites; 
ambulacra  and  lancet-plates  in 
narrow   sinuses;    anal    opening 
as  in  Pentremites ;  central  open- 
ing and  spiracles   often   closed 
by   small    plates;    ten    narrow 
hydrospiral  canals  open  exter- 
nally by  either  five  or  ten  aper- 
tures.   Type  G.  norwoodi. 
cidariformis,  Troost.     Not  defined, 
cornutus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  (Pen- 
tremites  cornutus,)    Proc.    Acad.    Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  141,  and  Geo.   Sur.   111., 
vol.  2,  p.  276,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
curtus,  Shumard,  1855,  (Pentremites  cur- 
tus,)    Geo.    Rep.    Mo.,    p.    187,    War- 
saw Gr. 

glaber,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,,  p.  91,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  537,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
granulatus,  Roemer,  1852,  ( Pentatremat- 
ites  granulatus,)  Monog.  Blast.,  p.  43, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

granulosus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  165,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  508,  Keokuk  Gr. 
leda,  Hall,  1862,  (Pentremites  leda,)  15th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  149, 
Ham.  Gr. 


GRA.j 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


251 


lotoblastus,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert. 
Foss.,  p.  15,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 
Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  80,  Subcarb. 


FIG.  323. — Granatocrinus  melo. 

melo,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850,  (Pentre- 
mites  melo,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  65,  Burlington 
Gr.  Etheridge  &  Carpenter  made  this 
species  the  type  of  a  new  genus,  Cryp- 
toblastus,  and  referred  to  the  same 
genus  G.  pisum.  The  generic  charac- 
ters, however,  are  not  apparent. 
melo  var.  projectus,  see  Granatocrinus  pro- 
jectus. 

melorwides,  see  Schizoblastus  melonoides. 
missouriensis,  Shumard,  1866,  Trans.  St. 
Louis.Acad.Sci.,vol.2,p.375,WaverlyGr. 
neglectus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  90,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  471,  Burlington  Gr. 
norwoodi,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850,  (Pen- 
tremites  norwoodi,)    Jour.   Acad.   Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  64,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

pisum,  Meek  & 
Worthen, 
1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  89, 
and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p. 
470,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

projectus,  Meek 
&  Worthen, 
1861,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  42,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p. 
496,  Burlington  Gr. 

roemeri,  Shumard,  1855,  (Pentremites  roe- 
meri,)  Geo.  Rep.  Mo., p.  186,Waverly  Gr. 
sayi,  see  Schizoblastus  sayi. 
shumardi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  257,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  498,  Burlington  Gr. 
GRAPHIOCRINUS,  DeKoninck  &  LeHon,  1853, 
Rech.  Crin.  Garb.  Belg.,  p.  115. 
[Ety.  graphion,  writing  instrument; 
krinon,  lily.]  The  authors  described 
this  genus  as  having  only  basals  and 
radials,  but  as  re-defined,  by  Wachs- 
muth,  there  are  five  basals  concealed 
by  the  column  ;  subradials  5  ;  radials 
1x5,  upper  margins  straight ;  brachials 
1x5;  sutures  gaping  ;  arms  10,  long, 
heavy,  short  joints,  parallel  sutures ; 
pinnules  long ;  azygous  interradial  1, 
small,  but  extending  above  the  radials ; 
strong  ventral  sac  or  proboscis.  Type 
G.  encrinoides. 

carbonarius,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  (Sca- 
phiocrinus    carbonarius.)    Proc.    Acad. 


FIG.  324.— Granatocrinus 
projectus.    Diagram. 


Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  140,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  562,  Coal  Meas. 
dactylus,  Hall,   1860, 
Supp.  to  Geo.  Rep. 
Iowa,    p.    80,    and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
5,    p.     559,     St. 
Louis  Gr. 

longicirrifer,    Wachs- 
muth    &   Springer, 
(in      press,)      Geo. 
Sur.,  111.,  vol.  8,  p. 
193,KinderhookGr. 
macadamsi,  Worthen 
1873,    (Scaphio- 
crinus  macadamsi,) 
Geo.  Sur.   111.,  vol. 
5,p.495,KeokukGr. 
quatuordecembrachialis, 
see  Eupachycrinus 
decembrachialis. 
rudis,  Meek  &  Wor- 1 
then,  1869,  (Scaphi- 
O  C  r  i  n  u  s      rudis  )  FlGL  325.-Graphlocri- 
Proc.     Acad      Nat.      »« ^ngicimfer. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  39,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
5,  p.  412,  Burlington  Gr. 
simplex,   Hall,   1858,  (Sca- 
phiocrinus   simplex,) 
Geo.   Sur.  Iowa,   p.  551, 
Burlington  Gr. 
spinobrachiatus,  Hall,  1861, 
( Scaphiocrinus     s  p  i  n  o  - 
brachiatus,)     New     Pal. 
Crin.,    p.    8,    and     Bost. 
Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  306, 
Burlington  Gr. 
striatus,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
FIG.  326. -Gra-         1869,  (Scaphiocrinus  stri- 
ph  ocrinus         atus  )    prOc.    Acad.   Nat. 
Sci.    Phil.,    p.    142,    and 
Geo.  Sur.  111. , vol.  5,  p.  418,  Burlington  Gr. 


FIG.  327.— Graphiocrlnus  wachsmutht. 
Diagram,  2  diam. 

tortuosus,  Hall,  1861,  (Scaphiocrinus  tor- 
tuosus,)  Desc.  New  Crin..  p.  7,  and  Bost. 
Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  309,  Burlington  Gr. 


252 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[HAD.— HET. 


wachsmuthi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861, 
(Scaphiocrinus  wachsmuthi,)  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  141,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  488,  Burlington  Gr. 
HADROCBINUS,  Lyon,  1869,  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  445.  [Ety.  adros, 
full  grown ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  broad, 
low  vasiform,  dome  hemispherical ;  ba- 
sals  3,  hidden  by  the  column  ;  primary 
radials  2x5;  secondary,  tertiary,  and 
higher  orders  of  radials,  having  2  in  each 
series;  arm-openings  numerous,  and 
not  separated  by  interradials ;  inter- 
radials  3  or  4 ;  column  round.  Type 
H.  plenissimus. 

discus,  Lyon,  1869,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  13,  p.  448,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

pentagonus,  Lyon,  1869,  Trans.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  13,  p.  446,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

plenissimus,    Lyon,    1869.    Trans.    Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  445,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
Halysiocrinus,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  110,  syn.  for  Deltacrinus. 
HAPLOCEINUS,  Steininger,  1834,Bul.  Soc.Geol. 
France,  t.  8,  1st  series,  p.  232.  [Ety. 
haploos,  simple;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
small  subturbinate ;  basals  5;  radials 
2x3  plus  1x2,  protruding  at  the  center 
of  the  superior  face  for  the  attachment 
of  arms ;  dome  convex,  composed  of  5 
plates,  having  sutures  from  the  center 
of  the  arm-openings  toward  the  central 
part  of  the  dome.  Type  H.sphaeroideus. 

clio,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  App.  C.,  p.  115,  Marcellus 
shale. 

granulatus,  Troost,     Not  defined. 

fumisphericus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

maximus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 

ovalis,  Troost.  Not  defined. 
HEMICOSMITES,  Von  Buch,  1840,  Monatsber. 
d.  Berlin  Akad.,  p.  129,  and  Geol.  Rus- 
sia, vol.  2,  p.  31.  [Ety.  hemi,  half; 
kosmos,  sphere.]  Body  having  four 
series  of  plates;  basals  4;  second  series 
6;  third  series  9;  ovarian  orifice  be- 
tween second  and  third  series ;  mouth 
central.  Type  H.  malum. 

subglobosus,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  359,  Niagara  Gr. 
HEMICYSTITBS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  245.  [Ety.  hemi,  half;  kustis,  blad- 
der.] Parasitic,  circular,  more  or  less 
convex  on  the  upper  surface  and  some- 
times sac-like  in  form ;  composed  of 
numerous  imbricating  plates ;  ambu- 
lacra 5,  straight,  radiating  from  the 
center  and  composed  each  of  a  double 
series  of  alternating  plates,  forming 
part  of  the  upper  surface ;  aperture  ex- 
centric.  Type  H.  parasiticus, 

altus,  syn.  for  H.  granula- 

tus. 

granulatus,  Hall,  1872, 24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
FIG. 328.-Hemi-         Hist.,  pi.  6,  fig.  164,  Hud. 

cystites  stella-          Riv.  Gr. 

tas-  parasiticus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  246,  Niagara  Gr. 


stellatus,  Hall,  1866,  Adv.  Sheets  24th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  215,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

HETEKOCRINUS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  278.  [Ety.  heteros,  irregular; 
krinvn,  lily.]  Calyx,  small,  slightly  ex- 
panded ;  basals  5  ;  radials  irregular,  two 
or  three  of  the  rays  having  two  plates 
each,  and  the  others  only  one ;  four 
radials  supported  on  the  basals ;  the 
other  is  smaller  and  rests  on  the  azy- 
gous  plate,  and  supports  the  ventral  sac 
on  one  side  and  the  brachials  on  the 
other ;  brachials,  generally,  four  to  each 
ray,  the  last  one  axillary,  and  support- 
ing two  arms,  which  sometimes  branch 
at  irregular  distances ;  pinnules  strong ; 
azygous  plate  pentagonal ;  column  pen- 
tagonal, pentapartite ;  attaching  base 
small.  Type  H.  heterodactylus. 

ariicalosus,  see  Calceocrinus  articulosus. 

bellevillensis,  W.  R.  Billings,  Trans.  No. 
4,  Ottawa  Field  Naturalists  Club,  p.  49, 
Trenton  Gr. 

canadensis,  see  Ectenocrinus  canadensis. 

constrictus,  see  Ohiocrinus  constrictus. 

constrislus  var.  compactus,  see  Ohiocrinus 
compactus. 

crassus,  see  locrinus  crassus. 

exilis,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  213,  Trenton  and  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

exiguus,  Meek,  syn.  for  H.  exilis. 

gracilis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
280,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Not  properly  de- 
fined. 

eeniculatus,  Ulricb,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  16,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 

heterodactylus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  279,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

insequalis,  see  Calceocrinus  insequalis. 

incurws,  see  Anomalocrinus  incurvus. 

isodactylw,  syn.  for  Ohiocrinus  com- 
pactus. 

juvenis,  Hall,  1866,  24th 
Rep.  N.Y.  St.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  212,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

laxus,  see  Ohiocrinus  laxus. 

milled,  Wetherby,  1880, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  3,  p,  153,  Trenton 
Gr. 

cehanus,  see  Ohiocrinus 
oehanus. 

pentagonus,  Ulrich,  1882, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  pIG.  329.— Heter- 
vol.  5,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  o  c  r  i  n  u  s  J  u- 

polyxo,    syn.    for   locrinus    venis. 
subcrassus. 

simplex,  see  Ectenocrinus  simplex. 

simplex  var.  grandis,  see  Ectenocrinus 
grandis. 

mbcrastus,  see  locrinus  subcrassus. 

tenuis,  Billings,  1557,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  273,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  50,  Trenton  Gr. 

vaupeli,  syn.  for  H.  constrictus. 


HET. — HOI,.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


253 


HETEROCYSTITES,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  229.  [Ety.  heteros,  irregular ;  kustis, 
bladder.]  Basals  4,  irregular  in  size; 
second  series  10,  large;  higher  plates 
numerous,  but  exact  order  and  number 
undetermined.  Type  H.  armatus. 
armatus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

229,  Niagara  Gr. 

HETEROscHisMA,Wachsmuth,  1883,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  352.  [Ety.  heteros,  irregu- 
lar; schisma,  slit.]  It  is  distinguished 
from  Codaster  by  the  sunken  hydro- 
spiral  areas  and  ex- 
posure of  the  orals, 
only,  immediately 
contiguous  to  the 
mouth ;  the  limbs 
are  extended  inter- 
radially,  into  pyra- 
midal ridges,  which 
the  hydrospires  en- 
ter obliquely.  Type 
H.  gracile. 

alternatum  var.  elon- 
gatum,  Wachsmuth, 
1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.       7,      p.      354. 
Founded     upon     a 
magnified    view     of 
Codaster  attenuatus. 
gracile,  Wachsmuth,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  354,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  330.-Hetero 
schisma  gracile 
Side  view,  3  diam 


FIG.    331. —  Heteroschisma    gracile.      Horizontal 
section  of  hydrospires,  5  diam. 

HOLOCYSTITES,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Eep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  353.  [Ety.  holos, 
entire ;  kustis,  bladder.]  Body  cylin- 
drical, subovate  or  globose,  free,  sessile, 
or  attaching  by  roots,  and  covered  by 
numerous  ranges  or  irregular  series  of 
larger  and  smaller  poriferous  plates; 
ambulacral  opening  central  or  sub- 
central;  mouth  excentric ;  smaller  open- 
ing between  these;  arms  mere  spinous 
processes.  Type  H.  cylindricus. 

abnormis,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  355,  Niagara  Gr. 

alternatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Caryocystitesalter- 
natus,)  Rep.  of  Progress  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 

623,  and  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
ist,  p.  355,  Niagara  Gr. 
baculus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  105,  Niagara  Gr. 


brauni,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  130,  Niagara  Gr. 

canneus  n.  sp. 
Niagara  Gr. 
Body  long,  ir- 
regularly sub- 
c  y  1  i  n  drical ; 
summit  pro- 
longed on  the 
flattened  side 
in  the  direc- 
tion of  the 
a  m  b  u  1  a  cral 
orifice ;  plates 
long,  polygo- 
nal, of  irregu- 
lar size;  eight 
ranges  may  be 
counted  in 
ourspecimen, 
and  one  or 
tw  o  have 
been  broken 
from  the 
lower  end; 
the  ambula- 
cral orifice  is 
su  r  rounded 
by  six  plates ; 
below  this 
there  is  a 
range  of  eight 
plates,  three 
of  which 
reach  the  mouth,  and  one  of  which  bears 
the  anal  orifice  ;  there  are  no  arms,  am- 
bulacral spines,  or  cicatrices ;  there  are 
eight  plates  in  the  next  range,  two  of 
which  join  the  mouth  ;  the  mouth  in 
this  genus  is  generally  upon  the  flat- 
tened side  of  the  specimen  and  opposite 
the  posterior  bulge,  but  not  so  in  this 
species,  for  the  ambulacral  area  is  pro- 
longed on  the  flattened  side,  and  the 
bulge  is  opposite  thereto,  while  the 
mouth  is  on  the  side  of  the  summit  be- 
tween the  bulge  and  the  flattened  side  ; 


FIG.  332.— Holocystites  can- 
neus. 


FIG.  333.— Holocystites  canneus.     Summit  view. 

all  the  plates  are  very  poriferous,  the 
pores  penetrating  the  plates  in  clusters 
of  from  two  to  seven  instead  of  by  pairs 
as  is  usual  in  this  genus ;  the  flattened 


254 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[HOL. 


aide  is  covered  by  numerous  pits  and  j 
a  thickening  of  the  plates;  these  pits  do 
not  pass  through  the  plates,  though  they 
cover  a  series  of  plates,  sutures  and  all ; 
such  pits  have  been  found  on  different 
species,  and  it  is  probable  they  repre- 
sent a  disease  of  the  test,  as  they  seem 
to  destroy  the  pores  and  anchylose  the 
sutures.  Collected  by  J.  F.  Hammell, 
of  Madison, in  Jefferson  County,  Indiana, 
cylindricus,  Hall,  1861,  (Caryocystites 
cylindricus,)  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  Wis.,  p. 
23,  and  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  p.  354,  Niagara  Gr. 
dyeri,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  108,  Niagara  Gr. 
elegans,  8.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  136,  Niagara  Gr. 
faberi,  n.  sp.  Niagara  Gr.  Body  somewhat 
obo  v  a  te;  \ 
large  axial 
canal  passes 
down  into 
the  column; 
seven  plates 
in  the  first 
range ;  two 
small  inter- 
c  a  1  a  t  e  d 
plates  on  the 
posterior 
sidebetween 
the  first  and 
second 
ranges; 
seven  plates 
inthe  second 
range;  above 
the  second  range  the  plates  are  polyg- 
onal, of  all  sizes,  and  not  disposed  in 
ranges;  if  they  were  in  ranges  there 
would  be  about  seven  below  the  sum- 
mit ;  ambulacral  orifice  on  the  posterior 
side  of  the  summit,  elliptical,  sur- 
rounded by  six  plates,  four  of  which 
are  protuberant  or  swollen  at  the  orifice, 
but  no  arms  ever  attached,  nor  are  there 
cicatrices  for  spines ;  mouth  pentagonal, 
on  the  anterior  side  of  the  summit,  sep- 
arated from  the  ambulacral  orifice  by 
two  plates,  one  of 
which  bears  the  anal 
orifice;  on  the  pos- 
terior side,  below  the 
summit,  there  are 
three  circular  pits, 
which  do  not  seem 
to  have  been  of  any 
economical  use ;  en- 
tire surface  porifer-  FIG.  335.— Holocys- 
ous  in  pairs,  which  tltes  faberi- 
open  through  small  tubercles.  Col- 
lected by  Charles  Faber,  of  Cincinnati, 
(in  whose  honor  I  have  given  the 
specific  name,)  in  Jefferson  County, 
Indiana. 

globosus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  133,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 


G.  334.—  Holocystltes  faberi. 


hammelli  n.  sp.   Niagara  Gr.    Body  sub- 

globose,  flattened  on  the  anterior  side  ; 

sessile,   no  perforation    for   a  column  ; 

basals  seven  ;    between    the    first   and 

second    se- 

ries  there 

are    five 

plates      in- 

serted on 

the     poste- 

rior side  ; 

ten     plates 

in  the  sec- 

ond series  ; 

ten    in  the 

third  ;  nine 

in       the 

fourth,  and 

nine     in 

t  h  e     fifth, 

which    s  e  - 

ries  reaches 

the  mouth;  above  these  there  are  eight 

plates  in  the  series  which  bore  the  am- 

bulacral spines,  and  some  smaller  plates 

surrounding  the  ambulacral  orifice  on 

the  summit;  four  cicatrices  for  ambu- 

lacral spines;  mouth  at  the  margin  of 
the  sum- 
mit ;  anal 
opening  in 
the  plate 
adjoining 
the  mouth 
and  be- 
tween it 
and  the 
ambula- 
cral orifice; 
all  th  e 
plates  po- 
riferous in 


FIG.  336 .— Holocystites  ham- 
mellli.    Anterior  side. 


FIG.  337.  —  Holocystit.es  ham- 
melli. Summit  view ;  mouth 
on  the  lower  side. 


pars  ;  o  n 
the  ante- 
rior side  below  the  mouth  there  is  one 
plate  in  the  third  series,  and  one  in  the 
fourth  series,  each  bearing  a  prominent 
tubercle,  with  a  circle  of  pores  passing 
through  it,  giving  it  a  radiate  appear- 
ance on  top  ;  this  character  may  not  be  of 
specific  importance,  but  the  tubercles  are 
different  from  those  observed  on  other 
specimens.  Collected  by  J.  F.  Hammell, 
in  Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  in  whose 
honor  I  have  given  the  specific  name. 

jolietensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  223,  Niagara  Gr. 

ornatus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  132,  Niagara  Gr. 

ovatus,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  357,  Niagara  Gr. 

perlongus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  132,  Niagara  Gr. 

plenus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  135,  Niagara  Gr. 

pustulosus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  134,  Niagara  Gr. 

rotundus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  107,  Niagara  Gr. 


HOM. — HYB.j 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


255 


scutellatus,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  357,  Niagara  Gr. 
sphgericus,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  Ill,  Ni- 
agara   Gr.    Not   defined    so   as   to   be 
recognized. 

subglobosus  n.  sp.  Niagara  Gr.  Body 
globose;  no  axial  canal,  hence  the 
species  was  sessile;  seven  plates  in  the 
first  range ;  above  this  there  are  four 
ranges  below  the  summit  of  fourteen 
plates,  each  with  an  additional  plate  in 
the  third  range  on  the  posterior  side ; 
ambulacral  orifice  in  the  center  of  the 
summit,  elongated  transversely,  sur- 
rounded by  six  plates,  four  of  which 
have  cicatrices  for  attaching  spines ;  anal 
orifice  near  a  cicatrix  and  near  the  oral 
orifice  ;  the  whole  surface  is  poriferous 
in  pairs  which 
open  on  the  sur- 
face in  o  r  n  a  - 
mental  sculp- 
tured figures, 
somewhat  like 
the  Greek  letter 
w,  (Omega) . 
Collected  by 
Charles  Faber, 
in  Jefferson 
County,  Indi- 
ana, 
subrotundus,  S.  A. 


FIG.  338.— Holocystites 
subglobosus. 


Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  2,  n.  107,  Niagara  Gr. 
tumidus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  104,  Niagara  Gr. 


PIG.  339.— Holocystites  turbinatus. 


turbinatus,  S.  A.  Miller.  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  259,  Niagara  Gr. 
ventricosus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  108,  Niagar.i  Gr. 
wetherbyi,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  131  Niagara  Gr. 
winchelli,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  356,  Niagara  Gr. 
HOMOCRINUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  185.     [Ety.  homos,  like ;  krinon,  lily.] 

Basals   5 ;  subradials    5 ;    radials   1x5; 

azygous    interradials    2;    proboscis    or 

ventral  sac  long  and  large ;  arms  bifur- 


cating; pinnules  wanting;  column 
round.  Distinguished  from  Dendro- 
crinus  by  the  proportionally  larger 
basals,  and  absence  of  one  radial,  and 
from  Poteriocrinus  by  the  arrangement 
of  the  azygous  plates  and  absence  of 
pinnules.  Type  H.  parvus. 

angustotus,  see  Dendrocrinus  angustatus. 

crassus,  Whiteaves,  1887,  Cont.  to  Can. 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  95,  Ham.  Gr. 

cylindricus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol. 

2,  p.  186,  Niagara  Gr. 

parvus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  2,  p. 

185,  Niagara  Gr. 
polydactylus,  see  Dendrocrinus  polydacty- 

lus. 
proboscidialis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3.  p.  38,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
scoparius,  Hall. 

1859,     Pal. 

N.  Y..  vol.  3, 

p.   102,    Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
HYBOCHINUS, 

Worthen      & 
•  Miller,    1883, 

Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  7,  p.  331. 

[Ety.      hubos, 

humpbacked ; 

echinos,    s  e  a  - 

urchin.]  Test 

flexible,    sub- 

sphe  roidal, 

five  ambula- 
cral areas, 

with  numer- 
ous ranges  of 

i  n  t  e  rlocking 

plates  imbri- 
cating up- 
ward, and 

each   perforated    with  a  pair  of  pores ! 

interambulacral  areas  narrower;  plates 

imbricate  downward ;  surface  granular ; 

jaws  strong.    Type  H.  spectabilis. 
spectabilis,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  332,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
HYBOCRINUS,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can,,  p.  274,  and   Can.  Org. 

Rem.,    Decade  4,    p.    23.     [Ety.   hubos, 

humpbacked ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  pro- 
tuberant on  the 
azygous  side ; 
basals  5 ;  radials 
1x5;  azygous 
interradials  2 ; 
arms  5 ;  no  pin- 
nules; column 
round.  Type  H 
conicus. 
conicus,  Billings,  18^7,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  274,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  4,  p.  29,  Trenton  Gr. 
pristinus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  4,  p.  23,  Chazy  Gr. 
tumidus,    Billings,    1857,   Rep.   of   Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  275,  and  Can.  Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  28,  Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.  340.— Homocrinus 
scoparius. 


FIG.  341. — Hybocrinus  coni- 
cus.   Diagram. 


256 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[HYB.— IOC. 


HYBOCYSTITES,  Wetherby.  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.    Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  150.     [Ety. 
hubos,    humpbacked ;    kustis,    bladder.] 
Calyx  like   Hybocrinus,  and  order    of 
arrangement  of  the 
two  series  of   plates 
is  the  same,  but  dis- 
tinguished by    hav- 
ing   three    arm-like 
projections,  and  two 
or  more  recumbent 
arms  with   ambula- 
cral  opening  central ; 
from  the  peristome, 
the  five    ambulacra 
diverge ;     three    are 
directed  to  the  arm- 
FiG.  342.— Hybocy-  i-k     nrnWtirmq    and 

stites  problematicus.          llKe  projections,  ana 
are  supposed  to  pass 
over  the  top  of  them  and  extend  down- 
ward upon  the  exterior;  valvular  open- 
ing between  the  upper  azygous  plate 
and  the  mouth.    Type  H.  problematicus. 
problematicus,     Wetherby,    1880,    Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  150,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

HYDREIONOCRINUS,  DeKoninck,  1858,  Bull. 
Acad.  Royale  Belgique,  vol.  8,  pt.  2,  p. 
13.  [Ety.  hydreion,  water-bucket;  kri- 
non,  lily.]  Calyx  short,  rounded  be- 
low ;  basals  5 ;  subradials  5 ;  radials 
1x5;  brachials  1x4  +  2x1;  arms  as  in 
Zeacrinus,  and  pinnules  short ;  distin- 
guished from  Zeacrinus  by  the  ventral 
sac,  which  extends  beyond  the  arms 
and  covers  them  like  a  roof ;  the  upper 
plates  are  convex  or  spinous ;  respira- 
tory pores  in  the  sutures  of  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  the  sac,  which  is  covered, 
by  the  arms.  Type  H.  woodanus. 
acanthophorus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870, 
(Zeacrinus  acanthophorus,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  28,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  563,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
armiger,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  (Zea- 
crinus artniger,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  27,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5, 
p.  547,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
depressus,  Troost,  as  defined  by  Hall, 
1858,  (Zeacrinus  depressus,)  Geo.  Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  546,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
discus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Zeacri- 
nus discus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
),  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  312, 
Pp.  Coal  Meas. 
mucrospinus,  McChesney,  1859,  (Zeacri- 
nus mucrospinuB,)  Desc.  New  Pal. 
FOBS.,  p.  10,  and  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 

)7,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  563, 
al  Meas. 

verrucosus,  see  Eupachycrinus  verrucosus. 
wetherbyi,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1886, 
Revis.    Palseocrinoidea,   pt.    3,    p.   245, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

HYPANTHOCRINITES,   Phillips,  1839,  Murch. 
Sil.    Syst.     [Ety.    upo,    under ;    anthos, 
flower ;  krinon,  lily.] 
cxlatus,  see  Eucalyptocrinus  cselatus. 
decorus,  see  Eucalyptocrinus  decorus. 


&, 


fci 


Hystricrinus,  Hinde,  1885,   Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  158,  syn.  for  Arthracantha. 
carpenteri,  see  Arthracantha  carpenteri. 
ICHTHYOCRINUS,  Conrad,   1842,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,  vol.   8,  p.   279.    [Ety. 
ichthys,    fish ;    krinon,     lily.]      General 
form,  including  incumbent  arms,  ovoid 
or  pear-shaped  ;  calyx  cup-shaped  ;  ba- 
sals 3  ;  subradials  1x5  jjprimary  radials 
3  or  4  x  5,    short    and    increasing,    in 
width,  upward  ;  secondary  and  tertiary 
radials  similar  in  form  to  the  primaries ; 
arms  40  to  60  or  more.    Type 
I.  laevis. 

burlingtonensis,  Hall,  1858, 
Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  557,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

clintonensis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N. 
Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  181,  Clinton  Gr. 
corbis,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865, 
Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat,  Hist,, 
vol.  1,  p.  89,  and  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  175,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
he  vis,  Con- 
rad, 1842, 
Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  8,  p. 
279,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p. 
195,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
n  o  b  i  1  i  s  . 
Wach- 
smuth & 
Springer, 
1878,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat, 
Sci.,  p.  254, 
Upper  Bur- 
lington and 
K  e  o  k  u  k 
Qr  FIG.  344  — Ichtbyocrinns  Isevis. 

subangularis,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  207,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  Ind., 
p.  268,  Niagara  Gr. 

tiariformis,  Troost,    as  defined  by   Hall, 
1858,    (Cyathocrinus  tiariformis,)  Geo. 
Sur.  Iowa,  p.  558,  Subcarboniferous. 
Icosidactylocrinites.    Not  defined. 
IOCRINUS,  Hall,  1866,  Advance  sheets,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  212. 
[Ety.    io,    in    triumph ;    krinon,    lily.] 
Calyx  pentag- 
onal,      pyra- 
midal     sides 
deeply     con- 
cave ;     basals 
5,      indented 
downthemid- 
dle ;     radials 
3   to   6   x  5 ; 
arms    long, 
frequently  bi- 
furcating,   but    bearing    no    pinnules; 
ventral  sac  very  long,   extending  be- 
yond  the  arms,   subcylindrical    longi- 


FiG.345.— locrinus.  Diagram; 
b,  basals  ;  r,  radials ;  a,  azy- 
gous  plate;  t,  plates  of 
tube. 


.— LEP.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


257 


tudinally,  five  partite,  and  corrugated 
transversely ;  column  sharply  pentag- 
onal. Type  I.  subcrassus. 
crassus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Hete- 
rocrinus  crassus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  147,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p. 

325,  Hud.  Eiv.  Gr. 
polyxo,    syn.     for    I.    sub- 


KIG.  346.-  locri- 
n us  subcrassus. 


subcrassus,  Meek  &  Wor- 
then, 1865,  (Heterocri- 
nus,  subcrassus,)  Proc. 
Aead.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
148,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  j 
vol.  3,  p.  325,  Hud. 
Eiv.  Gr. 

trentonensis,  Walcott,  1884, 
35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  210,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

LAMPTEROCRINUS,  Roemer, 
1860,  Sil.  Fauna  West 
Tenn.,  p.  37.  [Ety.  lamp- 
ter,  lamp;  krino'n,  lily. 
Calyx  urn-shaped,  con- 
tracted between  the  arm- 
bases,  and  bulged  out  on 
the  azygous  side;  basals 
5 ;  subradials  5  ;  primary 
radials  3x5;  secondary  radials,  1  x  10; 
interradials  8  or  10,  graduating  into  the 
vault ;  azygous  interradials  more  numer- 
ous; vault  unsymmetrical,  and  bearing  a 
subct-ntral  proboscis  or  veniral  sac;  arms 
unknown.  Type  L.  tt-nnesseensis. 
inflatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Balanocrinus  in- 
flatus,)  Rep.  of  Progr.  Sur.  of  Wis.,  p. 
22,  and  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  328,  Niagara  Gr. 
parvus,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec.  Foss., 
p.  9,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  Nat.  Hist. 
Ind.,  p.  272,  Niagara  Gr. 
sculptus,  syn.  for  L.  tennesseensis. 
ten  nesseensis, 
Roemer, 
1860,  Sil. 
Fauna  West 
Tenn.,  p.  37, 
Niagara  Gr. 

L  K  C  A  N  OCRINUS, 

Hall,  1852, 
Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  199. 
[Ety.  lekane, 
basin;  kri- 
non,  lily.] 
Body  and 
arms  subglo- 
bose  ;  plates 
heavy ;  ba- 
sals 3 ;  subra- 
dials 1x5; 
primary  ra- 
dials 2  or 
3x5;  sec- 
ondary r  a  - 
dials  1  to  3x10;  azygous  interradials 
2 ;  arms  as  in  Ichthyocrinus ;  column 
round.  Type  L.  macropetalus. 


FIG.  347.— Lampterocriuus 
tennesseensis. 


FIG.   348. — Lecanocrinus 
macropelalus. 


caliculus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  2, 

p.  203,  Niagara  Gr. 
elegans,  see  Taxocrinus  elegans. 
excavatus,  Ringuebtrg,   1886,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  11,  Niagara  Gr. 
incisus,     Ringueberg,     Bull.     Buf.    Soc. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  10,  Niagara  Gr. 
Isevis,  see  Taxocrinus  hevis. 

macropetalus,  Hall, 
1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  199,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

nitidus,  Ringue- 
berg, 1886,  Bull. 
Buf.  Soc.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  9. 
Niagara  Gr. 
ornatus,  Hall,  1852, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  201,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

pusillus,  Hall,  1863, 
(Cyathocrinus 
pusillus,)  Trans.   Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  200, 
and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Ind., 
p.  267,  Niagara  Gr. 
pusillus,  Winchell  &  Marcy,   syn.  for  L. 

pusillus. 

puteolus,   Ringueberg,    1886,    Bull.    Buf. 

Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  11,  Niagara  Gr. 

simplex,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

202,  Niagara  Gr. 
solidus,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  8,  Niagara  Gr. 
LECYTHIOCRINUS,   White,  1880,  Proc.   U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  257.    This  name 
was  preoccupied   by    Muller  in    1858, 
and  by  Zittel  in  1879.     See  Menocrinus. 
adamsi,  see  Menocrinus  adamsi. 
olliculiformis,     see     Menocrinus    olliculi- 

formis. 

LEPADOCRINUS,  Conrad, 
1840,  (Lepocrinites,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p. 
207.  [Ety.  from  the 
resemblance  to  the 
Lepas  or  Barnacle  An- 
atifa ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Body  oblong  or  ovoid, 
consisting  of  four 
series  of  plates ;  first 
series  4  ;  second  series 
5;  third  series  4; 
fourth  series  5;  pec- 
tinated rhombs  3  to  5  ; 
arms  3  or  4,  recum- 
bent, and  consisting 
of  a  double  series  of 
interlocking  plates, 
resting,  in  shallow 
grooves ;  plates  porif- 
erous, column  taper- 
ing. Type  L.  geb- 
hardi. 

gebhardi,  Conrad,  1840,  FIG.  349.— Lepado- 
(Lepocrinites  g  e  b  -  crlnus  gebbardi. 
hardi,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  207,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  127,  Low.  Held. 
Gr. 


258 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


moorii,  Meek,  1871,  (Lepocrinites  moorii,) 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  series,  vol.  2,  p.  296, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  39,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

LEPIDECHINUS,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Crinoidea,  p.  18.  [Ety.  lepis,  scale ; 
echinus,  sea-urchin.]  Subspheroidal ; 
ambulacral  area  having  a  double  row  of 
plates  imbricating  downward,  with  two 
pores  in  each  plate,  near  the  outer  end  ; 
interambulacral  areas  wide,  and  having 
numerous  ranges  of  plates,  imbricating 
from  below  upward,  and  from  the  cen- 
ter outward.  Type  L.  imbricatus. 

imbricatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Cri- 
noidea, p.  18,  Burlington  Gr. 

rarispinus,  Hall,   1867,   20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  340,  Waverly  Gr. 

LEPIDESTHES,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,    vol.    3,    p.  522.      [Ety.    lepis, 

scale ;  esthes,  garment.]    Subspheroidal ; 

i 


FIG.  350.— Leptdesthes  coreyi.      Diagram    3   diam.;  (a.)  ambulacrals 
(6.)  section  of  them  ;  position  of  interambulacrals. 


ambulacral  areas  wide,  having  numer- 
ous plates,  and  imbricating  from  above 
downward,  and  having  two  pores  in 
each  plate,  nearly  central;  interam- 
bulacral areas  narrow,  plates  im- 
bricating from  below  upward,  as 
well  as  outward  from  the  middle; 
jaws  well  developed ;  surface  granular. 
Type  L.  coreyi. 

colletti,  White,  1878,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  33,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No. 
8,  p.  163,  Keokuk  Gr. 

coreyi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  525.  Keokuk  Gr. 

formosus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  41,  Ke- 
okuk Gr. 

LEPIDOCIDARIS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1873,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  478.  Ety.  lepis, 
scale;  Cidaris,  a  genus.]  Body  large, 
globose,  eight  or  more  rows  of  im- 
bricating plates  in  the  middle  of  each 
interambulacral  area,  but  only  two  reach 
the  oral  apertures;  plates  hexagonal  or 
pentagonal ;  tubercles  for  the  support 
of  primary  spines  smooth  and  in  the 
center  of  each  plate ;  pustules  near  the 
outer  edge  of  the  plates  for  the  second- 
ary spines;  ambulacra  narrow;  plates 
slightly  imbricating  in  the  opposite 
direction  from  the  interambulacral 
series,  and  each  pierced  by  two  pores ; 
jaws  strong.  Type  L.  squamosus. 


squamosus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1873,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  478,  Burlington  Gr. 
LEPIDODISCUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  573.  [Ety.  lepis, 
scale;  diskos,  quoit.]  A  proposed  sub- 
genus  for  Agelacrinus,  founded  upon 
A.  squamosus. 

Lepocrinites,  Conrad,  1840.  The  correct 
orthography  seems  to  be  Lepadocrinus. 
rnoorei,  Meek,  see  Lepadocrinus  moorii. 
LICHENOCEINUS,  Hall,  1866,  Adv.  sheets  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  216. 
[Ety.  lichen,  tree-moss;  krinon,  lily.]  Body 
parasitic,  discoid,  more  or  less  crateri- 
form,  from  the  center  of  which  arises  a 
long  tapering  column,  each  ring  of 
which  is  composed  of  small  interlock- 
ing plates;  upper  surface  of  body 
covered  with  polygonal  plates,  which 
are  supported  in  the  interior  by  numer- 
ous radiating  lamellse.  Type  L.  dyeri. 
„  affinis.S.  A." Miller,  1882, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  229, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
crateriformis,  Hall,  1866, 
Adv.  sheets  24th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,,  p.  217,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

dubius,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1880,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  3.  p. 
234,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
dyeri,  Hall,  1866,  Adv. 
sheets,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Hist.,  p.  216,  Hud. 


Mus.    Nat, 


FIG.  351.— Licheiiocrinus  ttiberculatus  ;  one  speci- 
men shows  the  radiating  lamelice. 

pattersoni,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.   Nat.   Hist.,   vol.  2,  p.  118,    Utica 

Slate  Gr. 
tuberculatus,S.A. 

Miller,    1874, 

Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.   1,   p- 

346,  Hud.  Riv. 

Gr. 
LYRIOCRINITS,   Hall, 

1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.    2,   p.  197. 

[Ety.    lyrion, 

small     lyre; 

krinon ,  lily.] 

Calyx     h  e  m  i  - 

spherical;  bapals 

5 ;  subradials  5 ; 

primary  radials 

3x5; secondary  Fl 

radials   2  x  10 ; 

interradial  areas  4  or  5,  which  are  in 

closed  above  by  the  secondary  radials ; 


352  — Lyriocrinus  dac- 
tylus.    Side  view. 


I,YS.— MAR.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


259 


azygous  area  similar  to  the  regular 
interradial  areas;  vault  almost  flat, 
depressed  interradially,  composed  of 
small  plates ;  opening  excentric ;  arms 
10,  composed  of  a  double  series  of  inter- 
locking plates.  Tvpe  L.  dactylus. 

dactylus,  Hall, 
1843,  (Mar- 
supiocrinites(?) 
dactylus,)  Geo. 
Rep.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  114, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  197, 
Niagara  Gr. 
m  e  1  i  ssa,  Hall, 
1863,  (Rhodo- 
crinus  melissa,) 
FIG.  353.  —  Lyriocrinus  T  Aih 

dactylus.    Basal  view.  1  ran  S.     Alb. 

Inst.,  vol.   4,  p. 

198,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and  Nat, 
Hist,  Ind.,  p.  269,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  354.—  Lyriocrinus  melissa.    Basal  view. 

sculptilis,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  368,  Niagara  Gr. 
sculptus,     see 

Archseocri- 

nus   sculp- 

tus. 

L  Y  S  O  CYSTITES, 

n  .      gen  . 

[Ety.    lysis, 

setting  free; 

kustis,  blad- 

der.] Body 

subsphe- 

roidal,  com- 

posed   of 

four  ranges 

of     plates  ; 

basal  plates 

probably  4, 

succeeded 

b  y       two 

ranges  of  5 

plates  each 

and    dome 

plates; 

mouth  cen- 

tral ;     ova- 

rian   aper-  __ 

ture  lateral. 

Fl°-     355.  —  Macrostylocrinus 
'-ibrachiatus. 


generic   name    is   proposed   instead  of 


Echinocystites,  Hall,  which  was  pre- 
occupied. The  genus  is  known  only 
from  casts. 

nodosus,  Hall,  1864,  (Echinocystites  no- 
dosus,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist,, 
p.  360,  Niagara  Gr. 

MACROSTYLOCRINUS,  Hall,  1862,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  203.  [Ety.  mokros,  long; 
stylos,  an  arm  ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  urn- 
shaped  ;  basals  3 ;  primary  radials  3x  5  ; 
secondary  radiajs  1  or  more  by  10 ; 
regular  interradials  3 ;  azygous  inter- 
radials 4 ;  arms  10.  Type  M.  or- 
natus. 

fasciatus,  Hall,  1876,  (Cyathocrinus  fas- 
ciatus,)  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  130,  Niagara  Gr.  Probably  a 
syn.  for  M.  meeki. 

fusibrachiatus,  Ringueberg,  1882,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  5,  p.  119, 
Niagara  Gr. 

meeki,  Lyon,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  meeki,) 
Proc.    Acad.   Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,    p.    411, 
Niagara  Gr. 
ornatus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

204,  Niagara  Gr. 
striatus,  Hall,  1868,  Trans. 
Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  207, 
and  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  327, 
Niagara  Gr. 

striatus  var.  granulosus, 
Hall,  1879,  28th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  129  Niaaara  Gr. 
MALOCYSTITBS,  Billings,  nus  striatus. 
1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  66.  [Ety.  malum,  apple ; 
kustis,  bladder.]  Body  ovate  or  globu- 
lar ;  plates  nonporiferous  and  in  very 
irregular  series ;  first  series  3 ;  second 
series  10  or  12,  and  in  all  the  series  40 
or  50 ;  mouth  apical :  ambulacral  ori- 
fice near  the  upper  part ;  arms  recum- 
bent, 8  or  more.  Type  M.  murchisoni. 
barrandi,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  67,  Chazy  Gr. 

murchisoni,  Billings,  1858, 
Can.    Org.    Rem.,   Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  66,  Chazy  Gr. 
MARIACRINUS,    Hall,     1859, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.    3,  p. 
104.  [Ety.  Maria,  proper 
name ;     krinon,    lily.] 
Body    obconoidal,    in- 
terradial     areas      d  e  - 
pressed,    surface  orna- 
mented ;     basals    4 ; 
primary    radials   3x5; 
secondary  radials  3  x  16  ;  tertiary  radi- 
als 1  or  more  by  20 ;   interradials  3  to 
10,  the  first  one  supported  by  the  first 
radials;  azygous  area  large  and  plates 
numerous ;  vault  inflated,  plates  small ; 
arms   composed  of  a  double  series   of 
interlocking  plates,  and  not  unfrequently 
bearing  armlets   consisting  also    of  a 
double   series  of  interlocking   plates; 
column  round.     Type  M.  nobilissimus. 


FIG.  357. -Malo- 
cystites  murch- 
isoni. 


260 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


MAR. — MEG. 


FIG.  358.  —  Mariacri 
nus  carleyi. 


carleyi,  Hall,  1862,  (Glyptocrinus  car- 
ley  i,)  Trans.  Alb, 
Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  203. 
and  llth  Rep.  Geo. 
and  Nat.  Hist.  Ind., 
p.  261,  Niagara  Gr. 

macropetalus,  Hall, 
1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  Ill,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

nobillissimus,  Hall, 
1859  Pal.  N  Y. 
yol  3}  105j  Low. 

Held.  Gr. 

pachydactylus,  Conrad,  1841,  (Astrocri- 
nites  pachydactylus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  34,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  107,  Low. 
Held.  Gr.  Syn.  (?)  for  M.  polydac- 
tylus. 

paucidactylus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  109,  Low  Held.  Gr. 

plumosus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  110,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

polydactylus,  Bonny,  1837,  (Actinocrinus 
polydactylus,)  Am.  Jour.,  vol.  31,  syn. 
forM.  pachydactylus? 

ramosus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
147,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

stoloniferus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  112,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

warreni,  Ringueberg,    1888,   Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  133,  Niagara  Gr. 
MARSUPIOCRINUS,  Phillips,  1839,  Murch.  Sil. 
Syst.,  p.  672.  [Ety.  marsupos,  bag  ; 
krinon,  lily.]  Basals  3  ;  primary  radials 
2x5;  secondary  radials  2x5;  arms  20; 
distinguished  from  Platycrinus  by  the 
higher  order  of  radials,  by  the  round 
column,  instead  of  elliptic,  and  by  hav- 
ing a  larger  canal.  Type  M.  cselatus. 

dactylus,  see  Lyriocrinus  dactylus. 

tennesseensis,  Roemer,  1860,  (Platycrinus 
(tennesseensis,)  Sil.  Fauna  West  Tenn., 
p.  35,  Niagara  Gr. 

tentaculatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Platycrinus 
tentaculatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  116, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

MEGISTOCRINUS,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1852,  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  594. 
[Ety.  megislos,  very  great  ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Body  basin-shaped  ;  basals  3  ;  primary 
radials  3x5;  secondary  radials  1x10; 
tertiary  radials  1  or  more  x  20  ;  inter- 
radials  numerous;  first  azygous  plate 
like  the  first  radials,  and  resting  on  the 
basals,  succeeded  by  three  plates,  and 
these  by  numerous  smaller  ones  ;  arms 
in  double  series  of  short  plates,  bifur- 
cating and  bearing  pinnules;  vault 
convex  ;  orifice  excentric  or  lateral  ; 
column  round.  Type  M.  evansi. 

abnormis,  Lyon,  1857,  (Actinocrinus  ab- 
normis,)  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p.  479, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

concavus,  Wachsmuth,  1885,  Proc.  Dav. 
Acad.  Sci.  vol.  4,  p.  96,  Ham.  Gr. 

brevicornis,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus 
brevicornis,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  571, 
Burlington  Gr. 


crassus,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  17,  Burlington  Gr. 
depressus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 


Hist.,     p.     134,     Hamil- 


Mus.     Nat. 
ton  Gr. 

evansi,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850,  (Actino- 
crinus evansi,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  vol. 
1,  pt.  2,  p.  68,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  Iowa, 
and  Minn.,  p.  594,  Burlington  Gr. 
farnsworthi,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  29,  Ham.  Gr. 
infelix,  see  Saccocrinus  infelix. 
knappi,    Lyon    &   Casseday,    1857,    Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  412,Up.  Held.  Gr. 
latus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  vol.  1, 

pt.  2,  p.  480,  Ham.  Gr. 
marcouanus,  see  Saccocrinus  marcouanus. 
necis,  see  Saccocrinus  necis. 
nobilis,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,   p.  169,    Waverly 
or  Kinderhook  Gr. 
nodosus,  Bar- 
ris,    1879, 
Proc.    Dav. 
Acad.   Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  2, 
p.  285,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
nodosus    var. 
multidecor- 
atus,Barris, 
1885,    Proc. 
Dav.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  4,  p.  98, 
Ham.  Gr. 

Ontario,  Hall,  FIG.  359.— Megistocrinua  pilea- 
1862,     15th          tus-     View  of  vault- 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  136, 
Ham.  Gr. 

parvirostris,  syn.  for  M.  plenus. 
parvus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  (in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.   8,  p.    171,   Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 

pil  eatus, 
S.  A.  Mil- 
ler, 1879, 
Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol. 
2,  p.  114, 
Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

plenus, 
White, 
1862,Proc. 
Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.Hist., 
vol.  9,  p. 
16,  Bur- 
1  ingt o  n 
Gr. 

1859,  Am. 
243,  Up. 


FIG.  360.—  Megistocrinus  pilea- 
tus.     View  from  below. 


rugosus,  Lyon  &  Casseday, 

Jour.     Sci.,     vol.     28,     p. 

Held   Gr. 
spinulosus,  Lyon,  1861,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  413,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
whitii,  Hall,  1861,   Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  271,  Burlington  Gr. 


MEL.] 


E  CHINODERMA  TA 


261 


MKLOCRINUS.  Goldfuss,  1826,  Petref.  Germ., 
p.  197.  [Ety. 
melo,  melon  ; 
krinon,  lily.] 
Body  obcon- 
oidal;  surface 
ornamente  d ; 
interradia  1 
areas  de- 
pressed ;  ba- 
sals4;  radials 
3x5;  second- 
ary radials  2 
or  3x10;  ter- 
tiary radials 
2  or  3  x  20 ; 
interradials  8 

to  12 ;  azygous  plates  more  numerous ; 
vault   convex,    with    orifice   excentric. 


FIG 


. — Melocrinus  bain- 
bridgensis. 


Type  M.  hieroglyphicus. 
•ainbrir 


bain  bridgensis, 
Hall  &  Whit- 
field,  1875, 
(Ctenocrinus 
bainbridgen- 
sis,)OhioPal., 
vol.  2,  p.  158, 
Portage  Gr. 

breviradiatus, 
Hall  &  Whit- 
field,    1875, 
( Ctenocrinus 
brevir  a  d  i  a  - 
tu8,OhioPal.,FlQ    362.-Melocriuus   bain- 
vol.  2,  p.   160,      bridgensis.    Basal  view. 
Ham.  Gr. 

clarkii,  Williams,  1882,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
„  Sci.,  p.  31,  Chemung  Gr. 

lasvis  Roemer,  1860,  (Cytocrinus  Isevis,) 
Sil.  Fauna  W.  Tenn.,  p.  56,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

nodosus  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 
19,  Devonian. 


— Meloerinus  obconicus. 


obconicus,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  206,  Niagara  Gr. 

obpyramidalis,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865, 
( Actinocrinus  obpyramidalis,)  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  87,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

pratteni,  McChesney,  1860,  (Forbesocrinus 
pratteni,)  New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  29,  and 
Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  22,  War- 
saw Gr. 


sculptus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

228,  Niagara  Gr. 

verneuili,  Troost,  1850,  (Actinocrinus 
verneuili,)  and  Hall,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  327,  Niagara  Gr. 
MELONITES,  Owen  &  Norwood,  1846,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  2,  p.  225. 
.[Ety.  melon,  melon;  lithos,  stone.]  Test 
-  spheroidal,  divided  into  five  convex 
ambulacra!  and  five  convex  interambu- 
lacral  areas,  resembling  in  form  a 
melon,  with  ten  ribs  or  convex  eleva- 
tions and  as  many  sharply  defined  de- 
pressions ;  plates  of  the  interambu- 
lacral  areas  large,  thick,  hexagonal,  not 
overlapping,  arranged  in  series,  8  or  10 
of  which  cover  the  wider  part,  but  not 
more  than  two  reach  the  apical  disk ; 
arabuUoral  areas  covered  with  about  8 
or  10  rows  of  plates,  each  plate  having 
two  pores,  so  arranged  that  the  pores 
of  the  central  two  ranges  are  at  the 
ends  most  distant  from  the  median 
line ;  ocular  plates,  without  pores,  and 


FIG.  364.— Melonites  multiporus.    Apical  disk, 
genital  and  ocular  pores. 

much  smaller  than  the  genital,  which 

have  numerous    pores   that  differ,   in 

number,  in  the  same  species ;  jaws  very 

strong.     Type  M.  multiporus. 
crassus,  Ham-  \ 

bach,     1884, 

Trans.       St. 

Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,   vol.   4,  > 

p.     548,    St.      ' 

Louis  Gr. 
danse,  see  01  ig- 

oporusdanse. 
irregularis, 

Hambach, 

1884,  Trans. 

St.    Louis 

Acad.     Sci., 

vol  4,  p.  548, 

St   Louis  Gr    Fl(}-   365-  ~  Melonites   multi- 
bi.ixra]    ur.  Qral  j        and 

multiporus,      jaws,  displaced  at  z  s5  as  to 
Owen&Nor-      leave  an  opening, 
wood,    1846, 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  225, 
St.  Louis  Gr. 


18 


262 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[MEN.— NUC. 


stewarti,  Safford,   1869,   Geo.   of   Tenn., 
p.  346,  St.  Louis  Gr. 


FIG.  366.— Melonites  multiporus.    Diagram,  showing 
pores  in  ambulacra!  area,  2  uiam. 


MINOCRINUS,  n.  gen.  Ety.  menos,  strength  of 
body  ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  somewhat 
globular;  bapals  3;  subradials  1x5;  ra- 
dials  1x5;  azygous  and  interradials  0 ; 
which  distinguishes  the  genus  from 
Platycrinus.  Type  M.  olliculiformis. 
This  generic  name  is  proposed  as  a 
substitute  for  Lecythiocrinus,  White, 
1880,  because  that  name  was  preoc- 
cupied by  Muller  in  1858,  and  by 
Zittelin  1879. 

adamsi,  Worthen,  1882,  (Lecythiocrinus 
adamsi,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  37,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7, 
p.  317,  Coal  Meas. 

olliculiformis,    Wl.ite,    1880,     (Lecythio- 
crinus olliculiformis,)  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 
•      Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  257,  and  Cont.  to  Pal., 

No.  6,  p.  124,  Up.  Coal.  MeaP. 
MEBOCRINCS,  Walcott,  1883,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  208.  [Ety. 
meros,  hip- joint;  krinon,  lily.]  Basals  5, 
pentangular,  low,  broad ;  subradials  5, 
nexagc  nal,  short,  broad;  radials  pen- 
tagonal, four  support  upon  the  upper 
truncate  face  of  each  a  row  of  six  or 
seven  brachials,  and  the  azygous  plate 
from  the  same  level,  the  fifth  radial ; 
right  posterior  radial  like  the  azygous 
plate,  but  having  an  angular  upper 
side,  giving  off,  on  one  side,  the  ven- 
tral tube,  and  on  the  other  a  row  of 
brachials ;  arms  long,  bifurcating,  with- 
out pinnules.  Type  M.  typup. 

curtus,  Ulric'h,  1879,  (D«^n- 

drocrinus   curtus,)    Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hit4.,  vol.  2,  p. 

18,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
corroboratus,    Walcott, 

1883,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  210, 

Trenton  Gr. 
typus,  Walcott,  1883,  35th 

R*p.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  209,  Trenton  Gr. 
MESPILOCRINUS,     DeKoninck 

&    Lt-Hon,    1854,    Rech. 

Grin.  Terr.    Carb.  Belg., 

p.   111.     [Ety.  mes^ilum, 

medlar;       krinon,    lily.] 

Body   tmall,   with   arms 

globular    or     pyrifoim  ; 

basals  3;  subrndiuls  5; 
radials  3x5;  arms  10,  which  divide 
once,  taper  rapidly,  infold  and  incline 


FIG.  367.— Mero- 
criuus  curtus. 


obliquely  from  left  to  right;    azygous 
plate  1,  resting  upon  the  larger  basal ; 
column    round.     Type    M.    forbe- 
sanus. 
konincki,   Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo. 

Sur.  Iowa,  p.  69,  Burlington  Gr. 
scitulus,  Hall,   1861,  Desc.  New  Cri- 

noidea,  p.  9,  Burlington  Gr. 
MYELODACTYLUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.     2,     p.     191.       [Ety.     myelos, 
the  inside  pith  ;    daclylns,  finger.] 
Body  consisting  of  a  coil  rolled,  iu 
the    same   plane,   with    finger-like 
processes,    from    each    coil,    over- 
lapping the  next  inner  one  ;  coil  and 
processes  perforated  so  as  to  form  con- 
necting channels.    Type  M.  convolutus. 
brachiatus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  232,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  368.— Myelodactylus  bridgportensis. 

bridgportensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  141,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

convolntus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  192,  Niagara  Gr. 

MYRTILLOCRIMJS,  Saridberger,  1856,  Verst. 
der  Rhein.  Schi.  Svst.  in  Nas-sau. 
[Ety.  myrtillus,  myrtle;  krinon,  lily.] 
Body  subglobose  or  ovoid;  basals  5; 
subradials  5 ;  radials  1x5;  dome  con- 
sisting of  5  plates  alternating  with  the 
radials;  arms  5;  columnar  canal,  quad- 
rangular. Type  M.  elongatup. 

arm  ricanus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  App.  C.,  p.  114, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Nematocrinm,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  251,  syn.  for 
Catillocrinup. 

NIPTEROCRINUS,  Wachpmutb,  1868,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  341.  [Ety. 
nipter,  washing  vessel ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Calyx  basin-shaped ;  basals  3,  nearly 
hidden  by  the  column  ;  subradials 
1x5;  radials  3  or  4x5,  the  first  one 
very  large  ;  arms  bifurcating;  column 
round.  Tvpe  N.  wachsmuthi. 

arboreus,  Worthen,  1863,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  436,  Builington  Gr. 

waclismuthi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  341,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  435,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

NCCLEOCRINUS,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  280,  [Ety. 
nvclev*,  a  little  nut:  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
ellipsoidal ;  basals  3,  pmall,  hidden 
within  the  columnar  cavity;  radials  5, 
forming  a  small  cup,  deeply  scalloped 


OHI. — OU.] 


ECHINODERMA  7  A. 


263 


for  receiving  the  bases  of  the  narrow, 
elongate  ambulacra,  and  having  pro- 
jecting lips  forming  a  quinquepod; 
deltoid  plates  6,  elongate,  forming 
three-fourths  of  the  calyx ;  a  narrow 
intercalated  plate,  on  the  azygous  side, 
reaches  from  the  aperture  to  the  radial, 
and  divides  the  deltoid  into  two  nar- 
row curving  plates;  sinuses  narrow, 
extending  the  entire  length  of  the 
calyx  ;  ambulacra  narrow  ;  lancet  plates 
long  and  very  narrow  ;  side  plates 
numerous ;  hydrospires  pendent,  two 
tubes  or  elongated  sacs  on  each  side  of 
an  ambulacrum  ;  spiracles  in  five  pairs, 
which  notch  the  deltoid  plates;  mouth 
large,  covered  normally  with  places; 
azytrous  opening  large.  Types  N.  elegans 
and  N.  verneuili. 

angulari-",  Lyoo,  1857,   (Olivanites  angu- 
laris.)   Geo.  Sur.   Ky.,  vol.    3,  p.   492, 
Ham.  Gr. 
canadens  s,  Montgomery,  1881,  Can.  Nat. 

and  Geol.  Vol.  10,  p.  83,  Ham.  Gr. 
conradi,  Hall,  1862,  15th  R~p.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.   Nat.  Hist.,  App.  0.,  p.  121,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
elegans,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sd.  Phil.,  p.  280,  Ham.  Gr. 
hall-ia,  syn.  for  Nucleocrinus  elegans. 
kirkwoodensis,  Shumard,  1863,   (Eleacri- 
nus   kirkwoodensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  113,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
lucina,   Hall,   1862,   15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    App.    C.,    p.    120, 

Ham.  Gr. 
meloniformis, 
Barris,  1883, 
( Eleacrinus 
melon  i  - 
f(irmis,)Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol. 
7,  p.  361, 
Ham.  Gr. 
obovatus,  Bar- 
r  i  s  ,  1883, 
(  E  leacrinus 
obova  t  u  s , ) 
Geo.  Sur. 
III.,  vol.  7,  p. 
358,  Ham. 
Gr. 

verneuili,  Troost,  1841,  (Pentremites  ver- 
neuili,) 6th  Rep.  on 
the  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p. 
14,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 
vol.  3,  p.  488,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

vern>uili  var.pomvm,  Eth- 
eridge  &  Carpenter,  is 
simply  a  rounded  form 
very  common  among 
other  specimens,  and 
without  varietal  char-  FIG.  370.— Nncleo- 
acters.  crinusverueuili. 

OHIOCRINUS,  Waohsmuth  &  Springer,  1885, 
Palaeocrinoidea.  pt.  3,  p.  208.  [Ely. 
proper  name ;  krinon,  lily.]  Plates  of 
calyx  arranged  as  in  Heterocnnus ; 


FIG.  369. — Nucleocrinus  obo- 
•vatus.  Cross  sectiou  of  liy- 
drospires,  2  diaiii. 


arms  10,  bearing  bifurcating  pinnules ; 
ventral" tube  large,  having  a  spiral  form 
somewhat  like  the  cast  of  a 
Murchisonia,    and     covered 
with     hexagonal     plates; 
column  pentagonal  and  pen- 
tapartite.    Type  O.  laxns. 
compactns,  Meek,  1873,  (Hete- 
rocrinu8constrictU8var.com- 
pactus,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  pi.    FIG.  371. 
11,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Ohlocrinus 

constrictus,  Hall,  1866,  (Hete-  comP*ctus- 
rocrinus  constrictus,)  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p. 

210,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
laxus,  Hall,  1866,  (Hete- 

rocrinus    laxus,)     24th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,    p.    211,    Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
cehanus,   Ulrich,  *1  882  , 

(Heterocrinus  cehanus,) 

Jour.     Cin.    Sue.    Nat. 

Hist.,   vol.    5,    p.    175, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
OLIGOPORUS,  Meek  &  Wor- 

then,  1860,  Proc.  Acad. 
•  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  474. 
oligos,  few;  poros,  passage.]  In 
form  like  Melonites,  but  distinguished 
by  having  only  four  rows  of  ambula- 
cral  plates,  and  four  double  rows  of 
pores  in  each  ambulacral  area.  Type 
O.  danae.  Desor  used  the  name  Oligo- 
pores,  in  1858,  for  a  section  of  the 
Cidnridae,  and  Prof.  Meek  said  if  desir- 
able to  change  Oligoporus,  for  that 
reason  he  would  suggest  Melonopsis  in 
its  place. 

coreyi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  34,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 


FIG.  373.— Oligoporus  danse  ;  2  diam. 

danse,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Melon- 
ites danse,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  397,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  249, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

nobilis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  358,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  476,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

parvus.  Hambach,  1884,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sri.,  vol.  4,  p.  548,  Keokuk  Gr. 
Olivanites,  syn.  for  Nucleocrinus. 

aitgularis,  see  Nucleocrinus  angularis. 

veineuili,  see  Nucleocrinus  verneuili. 


264 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[OH,. — ONY 


Ollacrinus,  Cumberland,  1826,  Appendix  to 
Reliquiae  Conservata.  Figured  without 
description,  and  subsequently  declared 
by  DeKoninck  & 
LeHon  to  be  a 
Rhodocrinus. 
Wachsmuth  & 
Springer  claim 
priority  for  this 
name  over  Goni- 
asteroidocrinus, 
without  good 
reason,  however, 
as  shown  by  Meek 
in  111.  Geo.  Sur., 
vol.  2,  p.  217. 
ONYCHASTER,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1868, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
3,  p.  526.  [Ety. 
orrt/z,  claw ;  aster, 
star.]  A  small 
sub  discoid  body, 
with  five  long, 
slender,  rounded, 
flexible  rays ;  dor- 
sal side  of  disk 
composed  of  an 
outer  circle  of 
five  pairs  of  plates 
each,  pierced 
with  an  ovarian 
pore,  and  two 
inner  circles  of 
five  pairs  each, 
n  o  n  p  o  r  i  ferous, 
and  surrounding 
a  central  anal 
opening;  out- 
side thtt  pore  plates,  each  pair  is  fol- 
lowed by  two  or  three  pairs  of  inter- 
locking transverse  plates,  connecting 
with  the  dorsal  side  of  the  rays;  farther 
there  are  lanceolate  plates,  furrowed 
and  having  pores  between  the  inner 
ends.  Type  0.  flexilis. 
barrisi,  Hall,  1861,  (Protaster  barrisi,) 
Depc.  New.  Crinoidea,  p.  18,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  5,  p.  476, 
Burlington  Gr. 
flexilis,  Meek  &  Wor- 
then, 1868,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  526, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

NYCHOCRINUg,       Lyon      & 

Casseday,    1859,    Am. 
Jour.   Sci.,   2d  series, 
vol.  29,  p.  77.    [Ety. 
onyx,     claw ;     krinun, 
lily.]   Calyx  low,  arms 
like  the  talons  of  a  fowl ;  ba«als  3  ;  sub- 
radials  5 ;  radials  4  to  7  x  5 ;  arms  short, 
branching;  interradials  3  to  20;  vault 
depressed  ;  column  large.    Type  O.  ex- 
culptus. 

asteriformis,  Hall,  1861,  (Forbesiocrinus 
asteriformis,)  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  9, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  243,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 


distensus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  31,  and  Geo 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  307,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


'£T$$ 


FIG.  375.— Onychocrinus  di versus.    Diagram. 


diversus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  256,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  492,  Burlington  Gr. 


FIG.  37*.--Onychas- 
ter  flexilis. 


FIG.  376. — Onychocrinus  exculptus. 

exculptus,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1859,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  29,  p.  78,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 


ORO.— PAI,.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


265 


magnus,   Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.    111., 

vol.  6,  p.  520,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
monroensis,    Meek     &    Worthen,    1861, 

(Forbesiocrinus      monroensis,)      Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  130,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  244,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  377.—  Ouychocrinus  exculptus.    Diagram. 


norwoodi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Forbes- 
iocrinus norwoodi,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  389,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  245,  syn  for  0.  exculptus. 
ramulosus,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1859, 
(Forbesiocrinus  ramulosus,)  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  28,  p.  235,  Keokuk  Gr. 
Orophocrinus  was  proposed  by  von  Seebach, 
in  1864,  in  Nachr.  k.  Gesellsch.  Wis- 
sench.  Gottingen,  p.  110,  for  Pentre- 
mites  stelliformis,  Owen  &  Shumard. 
The  definition  was  very  imperfect,  and 
was  made  in  a  foreign  language,  in  a 
foreign  country,  and  in  a  journal  having 
no  circulation  in  America,  where  the 
fossil  occurs.  The  definition  was  so  ob- 
scure, its  application  to  the  species  was 
not  noticed  until  Ludwig  discovered  it 
in  1878,  and  probably  never  would  have 
been,  had  Meek  &  Worthen  not  de- 
scribed the  genus,  under  the  name  of 
Codonites,  in  1869,  and  illustrated  it  in 
their  great  work  on  the  Geology  of  Illi- 
nois. Neither  the  publication  or  defi- 
nition of  von  Seebach  is  such  as  to  allow 
Orophocrinus  to  stand  in  preference  to 
Codonites. 

O  T  TAWAC  R  I  N  US, 

W.  R.  Bill- 
ings, 1887, 
Ottawa  Nat. 
Club,  vol.  1, 
p.  49.  [Ety. 
proper  name; 
krinon,  lily.] 
Calyx  obcpn- 

ical,  basals  5  ;   subradials  1x5;  radials 
1x5;  arms  5  ;  azygous  plate  rests  on  a 


FIG.  378.— Ottawacrinus 
typus. 


basal   as   in    Dendrocrinus,  and    from 

which  it  is  distinguished  only  by  the 

arrangement  of  the  plates  on  the  azy- 

gous  side.    Type  O.  typus. 
typus,  W.  R.  Billings,  1887,  Ottawa  Nat. 

Club,  vol.  1,  p.  49,  Trenton  Gr. 

PACH  YCRINUS,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  22.  [Ety. 
pachys,  thick ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
saucer-shaped ;  basals  1x5;  ra- 
dials  1x5.  Type  P.  crassi- 
basalis. 

crassibasalis,  Billings,  1859,  Can. 
Org.  Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  22, 
Chazy  Gr. 

Pachylocrinus,  Wachsmuth  & 
Springer,  1879,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  115.  Proposed  for 
a  division  of  Ppteriocrinus  of 
less  than  generic  importance, 
but  later  the  same  authors  re- 
ferred their  type  to  Woodo- 
crinus. 

PALJSASTER,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  247.  [Ety.  palaios, 
ancient;  aster,  star.]  Stellate, 
disk  small ;  two  ranges  of  plates 
in  each  ambulacra!  groove,  and 
two  on  either  side,  adambulacral 
and  marginal ;  four  ranges  of 
pores  in  ench  groove ;  oral  plates 

in  pairs  at  the  base  of  the  rays  ;  dorsal 

plates    polygonal,    sometimes   spinous, 

madreporic  tubercle.      Type  P.  niaga- 

rensis. 
antiqua,  Locke,  1846,  (Asterias  antiqua,) 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  38, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr.    Too  poorly  defined  for 

determination, 
antiquus,  Troost,  1835,  (Asterias  antiqua,) 

Trans.  Geo.  Soc.  Penn.,  vol.  1,  p.  232, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
clarkanus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.   Nat.   Hist.,   vol.  3,   p.  236,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
clarki,  S.  A. 

Miller, 

Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.    Nat. 

Hist.,  vol. 

1,   p.   102, 

see   Pal  ae- 

aster 

clarkanus. 
era  w  ford  s- 

villensis, 

i        '  i  Qon"  Fl(3.   379.— Palseaster   crawfords- 

ler,     188U,     villensis,  showing  madrepori- 

Jour.  Cin.     form  tubercle. 

Soc.    Nat. 

Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  256,     Keokuk  Gr. 

dubius,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont.  to  Pal., 
No.  2,  p.  256,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 

dyeri,  Meek,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  se- 
ries, vol.  3,  p.  257,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  58,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

eucharis,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  330,  Ham.  Gr. 


266 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[PAI.. 


exculptus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,    vol.  4,   p.    69,    Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 
finii,  Ulrich,   1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.    Nat. 

Hifct,  vol.  2,  p.  19,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
granti,   Spencer,  1884,   Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  53,  Clinton  Gr. 
tgranulosus,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  327,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
iarrisi,    S.    A.    Miller,    1879,    Jour.    Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,   vol.  2,  p.   117,    Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

incomptus,  Meek,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d 
series,  vol.  3,  p.  275,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  64,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
jamesi,     Dana,     1863,     (Palsesterina  (?) 
jamesi,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol. 
35,  p.  295,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
longibrachiatus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  102,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

maguificus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1884,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  7,  p.  16,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

matutinus,  Hall,  1847,  (Asterias  matu- 
tina,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  91,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

'  miamiensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  3,  p.  143,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

parviusculus,  Billings,  1860,  Can.Nat.  and 
I       Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  69,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

594,  Mid.  Sil. 

niagarensis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
^     p.  247,  Niagara  Gr. 
pulchellus,  see  Stenaster  pulchellus. 
shafferi,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
i       Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  326,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
simplex,    S.     A. 
Miller,       1878, 
Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol. 
1.  p.  29,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

spinulosus,  Mil- 
ler &  Dyer, 
1878,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat  Hist,, 
vol.  1,  p.  32, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
wilberanus, 

Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  (Petraster  wil- 
berianus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  142,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
yEASTERiNA*  McCoy,  1851,  Brit.  Pal.  FOPS., 
p.  59,  but  first  defined,  by  Salter,  1857, 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat,  Hist.  [Ety.  palaios,  an- 
cunt;  aster,  star;  imis,  resemblance.] 
Pentagonal,  depressed,  with  plated  disk 
that  fills  up  the  angles,  leaving  the  rays 
but  slightly  produced  ;  ambulacra  shal- 
low, bordered  by  subquadrate  plates. 
TypeP. 

approximata,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  30,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

fimbriata,  see  Schaenaster  fimbriatus. 
jamesi,  see  Palseaster  jamesi. 
rigida,  see  Petraster  rigidus. 


Fio.  380  —  Palteaster 
simplex. 


rugosa,  Billings,  1857,  Rep  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Caii.,  p.  291,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem. 
Dec.  3,  p.  77,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  381.— Palseasterina  speciosa. 


speciosa,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  30,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

stellata,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  290,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  76,  Trenton  Gr. 
PAL^CHINUS,  McCoy,  1844,  Carb.  Foss.  Ire- 
land, p.  172.  "[Ety.  palaios,  ancient; 
echinus,  sea-urchin.]  Large,  oval  or 
spheroidal ;  plates  spinous ;  5  to  8  ranges 
of  plates  in  the  interambulacral  areas; 
2  ranges  in  the  ambulacra!  areas,  each 
plate  perforated  at  the  outer  end  by  two 
pores.  Type  P.  koenigi. 

burlingtonensis.  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  396,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  230,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


FIG.  382.— Palsechinus  burlingtonensis,  2  dlam. 

gracilis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  82,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  473,  Burlington  Gr. 
PAL.EOCOMA,  Salter,  1857,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat 
Hint,  2d  series,  vol.  17.  [Ety.  palaios, 
ancient ;  coma,  hair.]  Disk  small, 
plates  spinous,  rays  shallow,  and  hav- 
ing ambulacral,  adambulacral,  and 
marginal  plates,  the  latter  bearing 
spines,  inclined  toward  the  extremity 
of  the  ray.  Type  P.  marstoni. 


PAL.— PEN.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


267 


cylindrica,  see  Tseniaster  cylindricus. 
princeps,    Hall,    1868,    (Ptilonaster  prin- 
ceps,)   20th  Eep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.   Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  334,  Chemung  Gr. 
spinosa,  see  Taeniaster  spinosus. 
PAL^EOCRINUS,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  24.     [Ety.  palaios,  ancient  ; 
krinon,  lily.]     Calyx  oval   or  pyriform  ; 
basals  5  ;  radials    1x5;   azygous  inter- 
radials  1  to  3  ;    calycinal    ambulacra  5, 
radiating  from  the  center  to  the  bases 
of  the  arms.    Type  P.  striatus. 

angulatus,  Billings,  1857, 
(Dendrocrinus  an- 
gulatus,) Rep.  of  Prog. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  269, 
and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  24,  Trenton 
Gr. 

pulchellus,    Billings,   1859, 
Can.  Org.  Rem.,   Decade 
4,  p.  45,  Trenton  Gr. 
rhombiferus,  Billings,  1859, 
Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  45, 
Trenton  Gr. 
striatus,     Billings, 
1859,  Can.   Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  4, 
.  25,  Chazv  Gr. 


FIG.  383.  —  Pal- 
seocrinus  stri- 
atus. 


striatus.    Diagram. 
Not  defined. 

PALJSOCYSTITES,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  4,  p.  68.  [Ety.  palaios, 
ancient;  kustis,  bladder.]  Body  oval 
or  pyriform  ;  plates  numerous  and 
poriferous  at  the  margins.  Type  P. 
tenuiradiatus. 
chapmani,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  3,  p.  71,  Chazy  Gr. 
dawsoni,   Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  3,  p.  70,  Chazy  Gr. 
pulcher,   Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.    Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  430,  Chazy  Gr. 
tenuiradiatus,  Hall,    1847,    (Actinocrinus 
tenuiradiatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  18, 
Chazy  Gr. 

Parisocrinus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1879, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  115. 
[Ety.  parisos,  resembling  ;  krinon,  lily.] 
A  division  of  Poteriocrinus  of  less 
than  generic  value,  with  P.  perplexus 
as  the  type,  and  including  P.  nereus. 
P.  salignpides,  P.  teniubrachiatus,  and 
Cyathocrinus  intermedius. 

Penlacrinites  hamptoni,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo. 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  Trenton  Gr.  This  is 
merely  the  plate  of  a  crinoid  column. 

Pentagonites,  proposed  by  Rafinesque  for  a 
crinoid  column. 

PKNTRKMITES,  Say,  1820,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 
2,  p.  36.  [Ety.  pente,  five  ;  remos,  a 
board  or  plate.]  Calyx  globose,  ovoid, 
or  pyriform  ;  base  never  distinctly  tri- 
lobate, nor  excavated  in  the  middle 
line  ;  section  more  or  less  triangular  ; 
basals  3,  forming  a  small  cup  ;  radials 
or  fork  plates  1  x  5,  long,  forming 
the  greater  part  of  the  calyx  ;  limbs 


long,  with  flat  or  concave  sides  and 
truncated  above  ;  sinus,  subpetaloid ; 
deltoid  plates  1x5,  small ;  ambulacra 
subpetaloid,  resting  in  the  sinuses  or 
forks  of  the  radials ;  lancet  plates  rest- 
ing below  on  under  lancet  plates,  and 
forming  about  a  third  the  width  of  the 
ambulacra ;  side  plates  numerous  and 
abutting  the  lancet  plates;  hydrospire 
or  ambulacra!  pores  partially  excavated 
out  of  the  sides  of  the  sinuses ;  pin- 
nules attached  between  the  pores ; 
hydrospires  from  3  to  9,  pendent,  but 
partially  contained  within  the  sub- 
stance of  the  radials  near  their  distal 
ends;  spiracles  or  apertures  single  or 
double,  partially  excavated  in  the 
deltoid  plates;  posterior  spiracles  con- 
fluent with  the  azygous  opening ; 
peristome  covered  by  minute  poly- 
gonal plates  ;  column  round.  Type  P. 
godoni. 

abbreviatus,  Hambach,  1880,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  155,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

angularis,  Lyon,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  631,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

basilaris,  Hambach,  1880,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  145,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

bipyramidalis,  Hall,  1858,  see  Troostocrinus 
bipyramidalis. 

bradleyi,  Meek,  1873,  6th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 
Terr.,  p.  470.  Not  satisfactorily  de- 
fined. 

broadheadi,  Hambach,  1880,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  145,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

burlingtonensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  461,  Burlington  Gr. 

calyce,  Hall,  1862,  15th  R*p.  N.  Y.  St.- 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  122,  Ham.  Gr. 

calycinus,  Lyon,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  628,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

cervinus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

690,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

cherokeus,  Troost,  1850,  Catal.  Proc.  Am. 
Assoc.  Ad.  Sci.  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

691,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

chesterensis,  Hambach,  1880,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  145,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

clavatus,  Hambach,  1880,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

conoideus,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  5,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
655,  Warsaw  Gr. 

cornutus,  see  Granatocrinus  cornutus. 

curtus,  see  Granatocrinus  curtus. 

decussatus,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  "p.  243, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

elegans,  Lyon,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  632,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

elongatus,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep.  Mo., 
p.  187,  Burlington  Gr. 

florealis,  Schlotheim,  1820,  syn.  for  P. 
godoni. 


268 


ECHINODERMA  7  A. 


[PEN. — PER- 


Fio.   385.— P  e  n  t  r  e  m  I  tes 
godoni. 


gemmiformis,  Hambach,  1884,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,   vol.  4,   p.  548,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 
globo&us,  Say,  as  identified  by  Troost,  1850, 

probably  Pentremites  sulcatus. 

godoni,  DeFrance, 
1818,  Diet.  Sci. 
Nat,  t.  14,  p. 
467.  Kaskaskia 
Gr. 

granulatus,    see 
Granatocrinus 
granulatus. 
grosvenori,     S  h  u- 

mard,  see  Troostocrinus  grosvenori. 
hemippbericus,    Hambach,    1880,    Trans. 

St  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  145,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

kentuckiensis,  see  Codaster  kentuckienpis. 
koninckanus,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  4,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  656, 

Warsaw  Gr. 
laterniformis,    Owen   &  Shumard,    1850, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci,  2d  series,  vol.  2,  p. 

66,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
leda,  Hall,  see  Granatpcrinus  leda. 
lineatus,  see  Troostocrinus  lineatus. 
longicostalis,    Hall,  1860,  Supp.   to   Geo. 

Iowa,  p.  85,  Warsaw  Gr.    Not  satisfac- 
torily defined, 
lycoria's,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  123,  Ham.  Gr. 
maia,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  122,  Ham.  Gr. 
melo,  see  Grauatocrinus  melo. 
missouriensis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 

Louis   Acad.    Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.   81,   Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 
nodosus,     Hambach,     1880,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  145,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

norwoodi,  see  Granatocrinus  norwoodi. 
obesus,  Lyon,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3, 

p.  469,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
obliquatus,  see  Triccelocrinus  obliquatus. 
ovalis,  Owen.    Notde- 

fined, 
potteri .   Ham  bach, 

1880,     Trans.      St. 

Louis    Acad.    Sci.,  tf; 

vol.  4,  p.  156,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 
pyriformis,  Say,  1825, 

Jour.    Acad.    Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  4,  p. 

294,  Kaskaskia  Gr.  FIG.  386.— Peutremites 
reinwardti,    Troost,     pyriformis.  Ventral 

see    Troostocrinus    ^rtete;   d' 

reinwardti. 
robustus,   Lyon,  1860,    Trans.   St.   Louis 

Acad.    Sci.,    vol.    1,    p.    629,    Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 

roemeri,  see  Granatocrinus  roemeri. 
sampsoni,    Hambach,     1884,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  548,  Choteau 

or  Waverly  Gr. 
tayi,  see  Schizoblastus  sayi. 
sirius,   White,     1862,    Proc.     Bost.    Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  20,  Burlington  Gr. 


spinosus,  Hambach,  1880,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
A<ad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  145,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

stelliformis,  see  Orophocrinus  stelliformis. 

subconoideus,  Meek,  1873,  Hayden's  Geo. 
Sur.  Terr.,  p.  471,  Subcarb. 


FIG.  387.—  Pentremites  pyriformis.    One  shows 
the  deltoid  plates  extended  to  the  summit. 

subcylindricus,  see  Troostocrinus  subcylin- 

dricus. 
subtruncatus,    see  Troostocrinus   subtrun- 

catus. 
sulcatus,    Roemer,     1852,    Monog.    Blas- 

toid.,  p.  354,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
symmetricus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  694,  Kaskatkia  Gr. 
tennesseese,  Troost.     Not  defined. 
troosti,  Shumard,  1866,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  386,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
truncatus,  Conrad,  1843,  Pror.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  1,  p.  334,  Wai  saw  Gr. 
varsouviensis,    see    Triccelocrinus    varsou- 

viensis. 

vtrneuili,  see  Nucleocrinus  verneuili. 
whitii,   Hall,  1862,   15th  Rep.   N.  Y.   St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  122,  Ham.  Gr. 
woodmani,  see  Triccelicrinus  woodmani. 
wartheni,  see  Tricoelicrinus  wortheni. 
PENTKEMITIDEA  D'ORBIGNY,  1849,  Prodr.  d. 

Paleont,  t.  1,  p.  102.     [Ety.  from  Pen- 

tremites.]   Number  and  disposition  of 

plates  as  in  Pentremites,  but  the  del- 

toids  are   inconspicuous,   confined    to 

the  summit,   rarely  visible   in  a   side 

view  ;  spiracles  large.    It  is  also  closely 

connected  with  Troostocrinus,  and  as  of 

doubtful     generic     value.      Type     P. 

schultzi. 
americana,     Barris, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

363,  Ham.  Gr. 
filosa,     Whiteaves, 

Cont.  to  Can.  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  104,  Ham.  Gr. 
PERISCHODOMUS,      McCoy, 

1849,    Ann.    Nat.   Hist, 

vol.    3,    p.    251.      [Ety. 

perischos,    inclosing  ;  ao- 

mus,  house.]  Spheroidal, 

subpentagonal  ; 

lacra  narrow,   two   rows     a  m  e  r  i  c  ana  ; 

of  small  plates  imbricat-     2diam. 

ing      downward,      each 

pierced  by  one   pair  of  simple  pores  ; 

interambulacra  wide,  with  five  rows  of 


1883, 
7,  p. 

1887 


ambu-  Flt°r-  ,**  ^  d 


PER.— PIS.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


269 


plates  imbricating  upward,  and  from 
the  center  outward  ;  primary  spines  on 
the  rows  adjoining  the  ambulacra,  the 
supporting  tubercle  being  small,  per- 
forated, but  not  crenulated,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  double  ring;  ovarian 
plates  having  6  pores ;  mouth  and  anal 
openings  small,  central.  Type  P. 
biserialis. 

illinoisensis,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  333,  Kas- 
kaskia  Gr. 

PereiocJiocrinus,  Austin,  1843,  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  11,  p.  203.  Not 
defined  so  as  to  be  recognized,  though 
some  authors  use  it  instead  of  Sacco- 
crinus. 

PETRASTER,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  79.  [Ety.  petros,  stone ; 
aster,  star.]  Closely  related  to  Palseas- 
ter,  and  having  both  marginal  and 
adambulacral  plates,  with  a  few  disk- 
plates,  on  the  ventral  side.  Type  P. 
rigidus. 


FIG.  389.— Pet  nister  bellulus. 


bellulus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  393,  Niagara  Gr. 

rigidus,  Billings,  1857,  (Palseasterina  rig- 
idus,) Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 
291,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3,  p. 
80,  Trenton  Gr. 

wilberianus,  see  Palaeaster  wilberanus. 
Philocrinus,   Koninck,   1863.      [Ety.    phihs, 
favorite ;  krinon,  lily.] 

pelvis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  39,  syn.  for  Eriso- 
crinus  typus. 

PHOLIDOCIDARIS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  77.  [Ety. 
pholidos,  scale  ;  kideris,  turban.]  Inter- 
ambulacrals  thin,  irregular,  imbricating 
upward  and  laterally ;  five  or  more 
rows ;  only  two  reaching  the  extremi- 
ties ;  marginal  rows  and  those  on  the 
lower  side  having  primary  tubercles, 
showing  a  pit  in  the  top,  and  being 
surrounded  by  two  rings;  ambulacral 
areas  wide,  with  six  or  more  rows  of 
plates  imbricating  downward,  each 
plate  pierced  by  two  pores,  and  the 
larger  ones  having  additional  pores. 
Type  P.  irregularis. 

irregularis,  M^»-k  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  78,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  512,  Keokuk  Gr. 


PHYSETOCRINUS,  Meek  &  Wortheu,  1869, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  158. 
[Ety.  physetos,  inflated  ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Distinguished  from  Actinocrinus,  in 
the  form  and  construction  of  the  vault, 
which  has  no  proboscis,  and  has  pores 
along  the  radial  portions  of  the  dome; 
and,  also,  in  having  no  hook-like  pro- 
jections along  the  pinnules.  Type  P. 
ventricosus. 

asper,  Met-k  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  161,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  351,  Burlington  Gr. 

copei,  S.  A. 
Miller,  1881, 
(Actinocrinus 
copei,)  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  4,  p. 
310,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

dilatatus,     Meek 
&   Wor  then, 
1869,      (Stroto-FlQ     39o._ptlysetocrina8 
crinus  dilata-  copei. 

tus  , )    Proc . 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  162,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.   363,  Burlington  Gr. 

ornatus,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  or- 
natus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  583,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

reticulatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus 
reticulatus )  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  3, 
Burlington  Gr. 

subventricosus,  McChesney,  1860,  (Acti- 
nocrinus subventricosus,)  Desc.  New 
Crin.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  21,  and  Trans.  Chi. 
Acad.  Sci.,*  p.  16,  Burlington  Gr. 

ventricosus,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus 
ventricosus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  595, 
Burlington  Gr. 

ventricosue  var.  cancellatus,  Hall,  1861, 
(Actinocrinus  ventricosus  var.  cancel- 
latus,)  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p. 
279,  Burlington  Gr. 

ventricosus  var.  internodus,  Hall,  1861, 
(Actinocrinus  ventricosus  var.  inter- 
nodus,)  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  J, 
p.  278,  Burlington  Gr. 

PISOCRINUS,  DeKoninck,  1858,  Bull.  Acad. 
Roy.  Belgique,  2me  ser.,  tome  3,  p.  24. 
[Ety.  pisos,  pea;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx 
round  globular;  basals  5,  forming  a 
triangle;  these  are  followed  by  three 
large  plates,  forming  nearly  the  entire 
calyx;  one  of  these  supports  two  small 
plates,  and  a  small  plate  is  supported, 
in  a  notch,  between  the  other  two 
larger  plates;  arms  5;  column  round. 
Type  P.  pilula.  ; 

gemmiformis,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1879,   Jour.    Gin.    Soc. 

FiG.39i.-pisocH-     HfJKSj  x°K  2'  p- 

nus  gemmifor-         "»,  JSiagara  Gr. 
mis.      Natural    globosus,   Ringueberg, 
1884,   (Triacrinus  glob- 
osus,) Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  146,  Clinton  Gr. 


size  and  magni- 
fied. 


270 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[PLA. 


pyriformis,  Ringueberg,  (Triacrinus  pyri- 

foriuis,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 

145,  Clinton  Gr. 
PLATYCRINUS,  Miller,  1821,  Nat.  Hist.  Cri- 

noidt-a,  p.  73.    [  Ety.  platys,  flat ;  krinon, 

lily.]     Calyx    bowl-shaped;    nasals   3; 

primary    radials    2x5;    regular    inter- 

radials    1x4;    azygous    interradials,    1 

large   and   3   small ;    dome    elevated ; 

arms     10    to    35,    bearing    pinnules; 

column   large   and    twisted.     Type   P. 

he  vis. 
aequalis,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New.  Crin.,  p. 

117,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  456, 

Burlington  Gr. 
americanus,     Owen    &    Shumard,     1850, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

2,  p.  89,  Burlington  Gr. 
anndixoni,  Troost.     Not  defined. 


FIG.  392.— Platycrinus  asper.    Diagram. 

asper,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1861,    Proc. 

Acad.  Na«-.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  129,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  468,  Burlington  Gr. 
bedf.-r.lensis,    Hall    &    Whitfi^ld,   1875, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  161,  Erie  S'mles. 
bloom  fielden«is,  8.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour. 

Cin.   Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,   vol.   2,   p.   257, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
bonoensis,  White,  1878,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  30,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No. 

6,  p.  160,  Keokuk  Gr. 
brevinodus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Cri- 

noidea,   p.    4,    and    Bost.    Jour.    Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  286,  Keokuk  Gr. 
burlingtonensis,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p. 

60,  Burlington  Gr. 
calyculus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin., 

p.  16,  Burlington  Gr. 
canaliculatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

vol.  1.  pt.  2,  p.  539,  Burlington  Gr. 
cavus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  527, 

Burlington  Gr. 
clytis,  Hall,  1861,  D^sc.  New  Crin.,  p.  4, 

and  Bofct.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p. 

285,  Burlington  Gr. 
contritus,  Hall,  1863, 17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  54,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  166,  Waverly  Gr. 
corporiculug,  Ringueberg,  1886.  Bull.  Buf. 

Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  12,  Niagara  Gr. 

Not  properly  defined. 


corrngatus,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  59,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

depressus,  Owen.     Not  defined. 

disooideus,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  58, 
Burlington  Gr. 

eboraceus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  119,  Ham.  Gr. 

elegans,  Hall,  18'il,  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  4, 
and  Bost.  Jour.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7, 
p.  285,  Burlington  Gr. 

eminulus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin., 
p.  17,  Burlington  Gr. 

eriensis,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat  Hist.,  p.  119,  Ham  Gr. 

excavatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin., 
p.  4,  and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7, 
p.  286,  Burlington  Gr. 

exsertus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
539,  Burlington  Gr. 

faberi,  n.  sp.     Calyx  bowl-shaped ;    sub- 
cylindrical     above ; 
attaching  point  for 
column     projecting 
below ;  base  marked 
by  three  keels,  cor- 
responding with  the 
sutures   between 
the  basal  plates,  and 
along     which     theFlG  m_Plat      inus 
sutures  may  be  dis-          faberi,  x2. 
tinguished ;    radials 
large,  width  a  little  greater  than  height ; 
cicatrix  for  attachment  of  arms  in  the 
center  of  the  upper  face  of  each  radial, 
and  occupying  about  one-third  of  the 
width  of  the  plate  ;  surface  marked  by  a 
row    of    tubercles    radiating    on    each 


Fio.  394— Platycrinus  hemisphericus.    Diagram. 

plate  from  the  angle  of  union  of  basal 
and  radial  plates,  and  also  a  few  scat- 
tering tubercles ;  collected  in  Scott 
County,  West  Va.,  in  the  St.  Louis  or 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 


ECHINODERMATA. 


271 


georgii,   Hall,   1860,   Supp.  to  Geo.   Sur. 

Iowa,  p.  82,  Warsaw  Gr. 
glyptus.  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Grin.,  p. 

16,  Burlington  Gr. 

graphicus,  Hall,  1863,  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  N-t.  Hist.,  p.  55,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  166,  Waverly  Gr. 
halli,    Shumard,    1866,    Trans.    St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  388,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  454.  Burlington  Gr. 
haydeni,  Meek,  1872,  Hayden's  Geo.  Sur. 
Terr.,  p.  469,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  6, 
p.  122,  Subcarboniferous. 

hemisphericus, 
Meek  &  Wor- 
then,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  16,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3, 
p.  511,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 
huntsviUse,  Troost. 

Not  defined, 
incomptus, 
White,       1863, 
Jour.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
7,    p.   503,   and 
Geo.   Sur.    111., 
vol.   5.    p.  459, 
Burlington  Gr. 
inornatus,  syn.  for 
P.    burlington- 
ensis. 
insculplus,  Troost. 

Not  defined, 
leai,  Lyon,  1869, 

Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  459, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 
lodensis,    Hall   &  Whitfield,   1875,   Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  168,  Waverly  Gr. 
monroensis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  30,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  Ill,  vol.  7,  p.  306,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
montanensis,   see  Eucladocrinus   montan- 

muliibrachiatus,      Meek      &      Worthen, 

1861,   Proc.   Acad.    Nat.  Sci.    Phil.,    p. 

135,  Warsaw  Gr. 
niotensis, 

Meek    & 

Wortlien, 

1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.    Phil.,     —       .{  S^S  ^ 

p.  162,  and 

Geo.    Sur. 

111.,  vol.  3, 

p.5l3,Keo- 

kuk  Gr. 
nodobrachia- 

tus,     Hall, 

1858,    Geo. 

Sur.    Iowa,  FIG. 396.—  Platycrinus  niotensis- 

p.      542,  Diagram. 

Burlington  Gr. 
nodulosus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

541,  Burlington  Gr. 


395.— P Jatycrinus 
hemisphericus. 


p. 
olla, 


nucleiformis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
.  540,  Burlington  Gr. 
,   Hall,   1861,   Desc.   New   Grin.    The 

name  was  preoccupied.    See  P.  halli. 
ornigranulus,     McChesney,    1860,    Desc. 

New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  5,  and  Trans.  Chi. 

Acad.  Sci.,  p.  3,  Burlington  Gr. 
oweni,    Meek   &    Worthen,    1861,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  120,  Burling- 

ton Gr. 
parvinodus,    Hall,   1861,   Desc.  New  Cri- 

noidea,  p.  17,  Burlington  Gr. 
parvulus,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  163,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  555,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
parvus,  see  Cordylocrinus  parvus. 
penicillus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  380,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  266,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
perasper,   Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  161,  Burling- 

ton Gr. 
pileiforrais,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

529,  Burlington  Gr. 
planus,    Owen    &   Shumard,   1850,   Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p. 

57,  Burlington  Gr. 
plenus,    Meek    &   Worthen,    1860,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  380,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  267,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
pleurovimineus,  see  Eucladocrinus  pleuro- 

vimineus. 

plumosus,  see  Cordylocrinus  plumosus. 
pocilliformis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.  528,  Burlington  Gr. 
poculum,  S.  A.   Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  311,  Burling- 

ton Gr. 

polydactylus,  Troost.     Not  defined. 
prsematurus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  124,  Niagara  Gr. 
prsenuntius,     Wachsmuth     &     Springer, 

1878,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.   Phil.,  p. 

249,  Burlington  Gr. 
prattenanus,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  379,  and 

Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    2,    p.    264,    St. 

Louis  Gr. 
pratteni,  Worthen,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1.  p.  69,  Burlington  Gr. 
pumilus,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur. 

Iowa,  p.  82,  Warsaw  Gr. 
quinquenodus,  White,  1862,    Proc.  Bost. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  18,  Burling- 

ton Gr. 

ramulosus,  see  Cordylocrinus  ramulosus. 
regalis,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crinoidea, 

p.  16,  Burlington  Gr. 
richfieldensis,    Hall    &    Whitfield,    1875, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  167,  Waverly  Gr. 
saffordi,   Troost,    1850,   Hall,  1858,   Geo. 

Sur.  Iowa,  p.  634,  Keokuk  Gr. 
sarse,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  673, 

St.  Louis  Gr. 
scobina,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1861,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  129,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  466,  Burlington  Gr. 
sculptus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

536,  Burlington  Gr. 


272 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[PLA.— 


Bhumardanus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  532,  Burlington  Gr. 

siluricus,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss.,  p.  9,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 
Ind.,  p.  256,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  397.— Platycrinus  scobina.    Diagram. 

Btriobrachiatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New 
Crinoidea,  p.  4,  and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  287,  Burlington  Gr. 

subspinosus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  536,  Burlington  Gr. 

subspinulosus,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo. 
Sur.  Iowa,  p.  81,  Burlington  Gr. 

symmetricus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
(in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  186, 
Waverly  or  Kinderhook  Gr. 

tennesseensis,  see  Marsupiocrinus  tennes- 
seensis. 

tentaculatus,  see  Marsupiocrinus  tentacu- 
latus. 

tenuibrachiatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  16,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  450,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

truncatulus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p, 
538,  Burlinu-ton  Gr. 

truncatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
537,  Burlington  Gr. 

tuberosus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
534,  Burlington  Gr. 

verrucopus,  White,  1863,  Jour.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  502,  Burlington  Gr. 

vexabilis,  White,  1875,  U.  S.  Sur.  W. 
100th  Meridian,  vol.  4,  p.  81,  Sub.  Carb. 

wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
530,  Burlington  Gr. 

yandelli,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1850,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  58, 
Burlington  Gr. 

PLATYCYSTITES,  n.  gen.  [Ety.  platys,  flat; 
kustit,  bladder.]  General  form  com- 
pressed elliptical,  or  like  the  kernel  of 
a  peach-seed,  with  a  narrow  rim  on  the 
border;  axial  canal  passes  down  into 
the  column ;  three  plates  in  the  first 
range,  one  of  them  bending  around  the 
rim  and  the  other  two  having  the  di- 
viding suture  in  the  rim  itself ;  there  are 
five  large  plates  in  the  second  range,  and 
above  these  there  are  three  large  plates, 
on  the  azygous  side,  with  six  or  more 
smaller  ones  on  the  border ;  the  whole 
surface  is  granular  and  every  plate  full 
of  minute  pores.  Type  P.  faberi. 


faberi,  n.  sp.  Basal  plates  hexagonal, 
longer  than  wide,  one  of  them  bending 
around  the  bordered  rim,  and  the  other 
two  uniting  at  the  middle  of  the  rim ; 
a  large  subcentral  hexagonal  plate  in 
the  second  range  on  the  azygous  side 
rests  upon  the  upper  side  of  the  plate, 
which  is  separated  by  a  suture  in  the 
rim  from  an  adjoining  basal  plate,  but 
does  not  reach  the  other  basal ;  this 
large  hexagonal  plate  joins  two  plates 
in  the  second  range  with  its  under  slop- 
ing sides ;  three  large  plates  rest  upon 
the  three  upper  faces  of  this  large  hex- 
agonal plate ;  the  one  upon  the  superior 
face  is  octagonal,  resting  between  the 
other  two  large  plates  and  having  five 
smaller  ones  joining  its  upper  faces. 
The  specimen  is  worn  at  the  upper  edge 
so  as  to  destroy  the 
orifices.  It  was  re- 
ceived by  Charles  Fa- 
ber  among  a  lot  of 
fossils  from  the  Kas- 
'  kaskia  Group  in  the 
southern  part  of  West 
Virginia,  but  as  no  cys- 
tideans  have  ever  been 
found  above  the  Lower 
Devonian,  and  as  the 
specimen  is  worn  as  if FlG- 398-  Platycys- 
it  had  been  drifted,  the  tltes  faberL 
probability  is  that  it  belongs  to  the 
Silurian  rocks. 

PLEUROCYSTITES,  Billings,  1854,  Can.  Jour., 
vol.  2,  p.  250.  Ety.  pleuron,  side ;  kuslix, 
bladder.]  Body  oval,  flat;  dorsal  side 
with  large  plates,  ventral  with  smaller 
ones;  two  free  arms:  mouth  at  the  base 
on  the  left  side ;  small  orifice  near  the 
apex;  three  pectinated  rhombs,  two 
in  the  upper  half  and  one  in  the 
lower;  column  short.  Type  P.  squa- 


anticostiensis,  Billings, 
1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  288, 
and  Can.  Or*.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  52,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

elegans,  Billings,  1857, 
Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  287,  and 
Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  51,  Trenton 
Gr. 

exornatus,  Billings,  1857, 
Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  287,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

filitextus,  Billings,  1854, 
Can.  Jour.,  vol.  2,  p. 
252,  and  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  3,  p.  48, 
Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.    399.— Pleuro- 


cystites  squamo-     robustU8,   Billings,    1854, 
Can.  Jour.,  vol.  2,  p. 
252,   and  Can.  Org.    Rem.,    Decade  3, 
p.  49,  Trenton  Gr. 


FOR.— POT.] 


ECH1NODERMA  TA. 


273 


squamosus,    Billings,    1854,    Can.    Jour., 
vol.  2,  p.  251,  and  Can.  Or<r.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  49,  Trenton  Gr. 
POKOCRINUS,  Billings,  1857,  Hep.  of   Progr. 
.  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  279.     [Ely.  from  the 
poriferous  areas  similar  to   pectinated 
rhombs.]    Calyx  conical ;  basals  5;  sub- 
radials  1x5;  radios  1x5;  azygous  in- 
terradials2; 
pectinated 
rhombs  nu- 
m  e  r  o  u  s. 
Type      P. 
conicus. 
conicus,   Bill- 
ings,    1857, 
Rep.     of 
Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  279,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  34,  Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.  400. — Porocrinus  conicus. 
Diagram. 


FIG.  401.  -Porocrinus  crassus.    Diagram. 

crassus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  115,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  330,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

pentaeonus,  Meek 
&  Worthen , 
1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  146, 
and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p. 
332,TrentonGr. 

e  m  i  t  h  i ,     Grant, 

1881,  Trans.  Ot-  FIG.  402.—  Porocrinus  cras- 
tawa  Field  Nat-  sus.  One  basal  and  two 
uralists'  Club,  ^bradials  enlarged. 
No.  2,  p.  42,  Trenton  Gr. 
POTERIOCRINUS,  Miller,  1821,  Nat.  Hist.  Cri- 
uoidea,  p.  68.  [Ety.  poterion,  goblet ; 
krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  obconical ;  basals  5  ; 
sub-radials  5  ;  radials  1x5,  with  a  varia- 
ble number  of  smaller  ones,  the  azygous 
ray  often  having  more  than  the  others; 
azygous  plates  3  or  4,  within  the  calyx, 
succeeded  by  smaller  ones  that  form 
part  of  the  ventral  sac ;  vault  produced 
in  a  long  sac  or  proboscis ,  arms  simple 
or  branching  and  bearing  pinnules. 
Type  P.  crassus. 

aaqualis,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  63,  Burlington  Gr. 

alternatus,  see  Dendrocrinus  alternatus. 


anomalos,  Wetherby,  1880,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.    Hist.,    vol.    3,    p.    158,     Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
arachniformis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.    No. 

1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  13,   and 

Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.   7,    p.   281,    Keo- 

kuk  Gr. 
asper,    Worthen,   1882,  Bull.    No.   1,   111. 

St.   Mus.    Nat.  Hist.,  p.   11,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  278,  K^okuk  Gr. 
asperatus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  12,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  7,  p.  280,  Keokuk  Gr. 
barrisi,  see  Cyatbocrinus  barrisi. 
bayensis,  see  Scaphiocrinus  bayensis. 
bisselli,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

5,  p.  546,  Kaskastda  Gr. 
briareus,  see  Scaphiocrinus  briareus. 
buffaloensis,   Worthen,    (in   press,)    Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  89,  Ham.  Gr. 
burketi,  see  Scaphiocrinus  burketi. 
bursiformis,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  10,  Burlington  Gr. 
caduceus,  see  Dt  ndrocrinus  caduceus. 
calyculus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

553,  Burlington  Gr. 
calyx,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec.  Foss., 

p.  10,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p. 

266,  Niagara  Gr. 
carbonarius,    see     Graph  iocrinus     carbo- 


FIG.  403.  —  Poteriocrinos  carinatus.    Diagram. 

carinatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  139,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  486,  Burlington  Gr. 
clarkii,  Williams,   1882,  Proc.   Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  21,  Chemung  Gr. 
claytonensis,  Worthen,   1882,    Bull.  No.   1, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  18,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  288,  Warsaw  Gr. 
clytis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  16,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  7,  p.  294,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
columbiensis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 

111.    St.   Mua.   Nat.    Hist.,    p.   22,   and 

Geo.  Sur.   111.,  vol.  7,  p.   293.  Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
concinnus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  26,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  490,  Keokuk  Gr. 
coreyi,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

6,  p.  516,  Keokuk  Gr. 
cornellanus,  Williams,  1882,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  18,  Chemung  Gr. 


274 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[POT. 


corycia,  Hall.,  1863,  17th  Rep   N.  Y.  St. 

MIIB.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  57,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  173,  Waverly  Gr. 
coxanm,  see  Scaphiocrinus  coxanus. 
crineus,  Hall,  1863,  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  56,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  172,  Waverly  Gr. 
cultidactylus,  see  Scaphiocrinus  cultidac- 

tylns. 


FIG.  404.— Poieriocriuus  indianensls.     Diagram 

cylindricus,  Lyon,  1860,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  458,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
davisanus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Gin. 

Soc.   Nat.    Hist.,    vol.    5,   p.   226,   Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
decndactylus,  see  Scaphiocrinus  decadac- 

tylus. 
diffusus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  jx  121,  Ham.  Gr. 
dilatatus,  see  Coeliocrinua  dilatatus. 
divaricatus,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur. 

Iowa.,  p.  65,  Warsaw  Gr. 
clsuheiif-is,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  88,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
enormi*,  see  Cyathocrinus  enormis. 
florealis,  see  Zeacrinus  florealis. 
fountainensis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 

111.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  17,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  7,  p.  286,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
fusiform  is,   Hall,    1861,    Desc.    New  Cri- 

noid^a,  p.  6,  and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  7,  p.  302,  Burlington  Gr. 
gracilis,  see  Dendrocrinus  gracilis. 
gr.  garius,    Williams,    1882,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  22,  Chemung  Gr. 
hamihonensis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No. 

1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  7,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  273,  Keokuk  Gr. 
hardinensis,    Woithen,    1873,    Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  5,  p.  533,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
hemviphericus,    see    Eupachycrinus    hem- 

isphericus. 


hoveyi,  Worthen,    1875,    Geo.   Sur.    111., 

vol.  6,  p.  516,  Keokuk  Gr. 
illinoisensis,  Worthen,  1882,   Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  19,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  289,  Warsaw  Gr. 
indentus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  122,  Ham.  Gr. 
indianensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  155,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  515,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 
iowensis,     see     Scaphiocrinus 

iowensis. 

jesupi,  Whitfield,  1881,  Bull. 
No.  1,  Am.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  7, 
syn.  for  P.  swallovi. 
kaskaskiensw,    see   Scaphiocri- 
nus ka^kaskiensis. 
keokuk,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to 
Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  64,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 

lasallensis,     Worthen,     1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  526, 
Coal  M^as. 
latidactylus,  see  Scaphiocrinus 

latidactylus. 

lepidus,     Hall,     1861,     Desc. 
New  Grin.,  p.  6,  and  Bost. 
Jour.  Nat.   Hist.,  vol.  7,  p. 
304,  Burlington  Gr. 
longidactylus,   Shumard,    1855. 
The  name  was  preoccupied. 
See  P.  missouriensis. 
macoupinensis,     Worthen, 
1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5, 
p.  561,  Up.  C..al  Meas. 
mammiformis,   Worthen,    (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  91,  War- 
saw Gr. 

maniformis,  see  Zeacrinus  maniformis. 
meekanus,  Sliumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep.  Mo., 

p.  188,  Burlington  Gr. 
milleri,   Wetherby,  1880,  Jour.   Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.    Hist,    vol.    3,    p.    330,    Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

missoui  iensis,    S  h  u  m  ard. 
1857,    Trans.   St.   Louii- 
Acad.  Sci.,    p.    80,    and 
Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,   p.   6< 
St.  Louis  Gr. 
montanenvis,     see     Sraphi- 

ocrinua  montanensis. 
municipalis,     Troost.      Not 

defined. 

nassa,     Hall,     1862,    15th 
Rep.    N.    Y.    St.     Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  120,  Ham. 
Gr. 
nauvooensis,     see    Soaphio- 

crinus  nauvooensis. 
nereus,    Hall,    1862,     15th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  121,  Ham.  Gr.     FtIG- 
nettlerothanus,    S.    A.    ^iLouriensis 
Miller,   1882,  Jour.   Gin. 
Soc.   Nat.    Hist.,   vol.    5,    p.    227,   Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

nodobasaLs,  Worthen,    (in    press,)    Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  89,  St.  Louis  Gr. 


POT.] 


ECHINODERMATA. 


275 


norwoodi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.Nat.Sci.Phil.,p.l59,KaBkaskiaGr. 
nycteus,  Hall,  1862,  15th   Kep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mns.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  120,  Ham.  Gr. 
obnnrus   White,    1862,    Proc.    Bost.    Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  10,  Burlington  Gr. 
occidentalis,  Owen  &  f»humard,  see  Agas- 

sizocrinus  occidentalis. 
occidentalis,    Worthen,  see  Scaphiocrinus 

occidentalis. 

ok'iwensis,  see  Scaphiocrinus  okawensis. 
westes,  see  Scaphiocrinus  orestes. 
otterensis,  Worthen,    1882,   Bull.    No.    1, 

III.  St.  Mu<.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  14,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  283,  Keokuk  Gr. 
pecnliaris,  Worthen,    1882,   Bull.  No.    1, 

111.  St.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  25,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  298,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
penicilliformis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  9,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  276,  Keokuk  Gr. 
perplexus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  138,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,   vol.  5,  p.  405,  Burlington  Gr. 
pisif  rmi*,  see  Arachnocrinus  piciiormis. 
pleias,  Hall,   1863,   17th   Rep.    N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  57,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  173,  Waverly  Gr. 
pO]>ensis,  see  Scaphiocrinus  popensis. 
poslicus,  see  Dendrocrinus  p  >sticus. 
proboscidians,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  6,  p.  518,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
propinquns,  see  Scaphiocrinus  propinquus. 
rJwnibiterus,  see  Barycrinus  rhombiferus. 
richfieldensis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 

III.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hisr.,  p.  15,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  285,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
rowleyi,    Worthen,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  90,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
rugosus  Shumard,  1858,  T  ans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  223,  Coal  Meas. 
salignoides,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  10,  Burlington  Gr. 
salteri,  see  Scaphiocrinus  salteri. 
sculptus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  H;st..  p.  21,  and  Gto.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  7,  p.  292,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


FIG.  406.— Poteriocrinus  subimpressus. 

similis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  23,  and  Gto.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  295,  Keokuk  Gr. 


simplex,    Lyon,  1869,    Trans.  Am.   Phil. 

Sue.,  vol.  13,  p.  458,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
solidus,    Meek    &   Wortuen,    1861,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,  p.  140,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

spinobrachiatus,  Scaphiocrinus  brachiatns. 

spinuliferus,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 

III.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  27,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  86,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

spinuUj'erus,    Worthen,    (in    press,)     see 

Zear.rinus  spinuliferus. 
spirwsus,  see  Zeacrinus  spinosus. 
sub  mpres-u^,    Meek   &    Wnrthen,    1861, 
Prt  c.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.   13.  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  485,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

subramulopus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mu*.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  14,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  7,  p.  284,  Keokuk  Gr. 
subtuniidu",  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  159,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

swallovi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  394,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  183,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

talboti,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  7,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  287,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
tentaculatu*,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  10,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  v..l.  7,  p.  277,  Keckuk  Gr. 
tenuibrachiatus, 
Meek  &  Wor- 
theii,  1861,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  138.  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vi -1.  3,  p.  484, 
Burlington  Gr. 
tenwdactylus,  Meek 
&  Worthen,  se< 
Scap  biocrinus 
tenuidactylus. 
t  en  uid  actylus, 
W..rthen,  1882, 
Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  6,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  271,  Keokuk  Gr. 
Wachemuth  says  this  is  a  Scaphiocri- 
nus, and  he  has  proposed  to  call  it 
Sc»iphiocrinus  obscu^us. 

ulrichi,  Worthen,  (in  preps,) 
Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  8,  p.  87. 
Keokuk  Gr. 
tumidus,    see    Agassizocrinus 

tumidus. 

validus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull. 
No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  18,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
III.,  vol.  7,  p.  287,  War- 
saw Gr. 

vanhornei,    Worthen,    1875, 
Geo.    Sur.   III.,    vol.  6,  p. 
517,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
var  so  lien  six,  s-ee  Scaphiocrinus 

varsoviensis. 
ventricosus,  see  Cceliocrinus  ventricosus. 
venustus,  see  Scaphiocrinus  venustus. 


407.  —  Poteriocrinus 
tenuibrachiatus.  Di- 
agram. 


FIG.    408.— Po- 
t  er  i  ocrmus 

ulrichi.    jm 


276 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[PRO. — PYC. 


verticillus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rpp.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  94,  Hani.  Gr. 

waclismutlii,  Meek  &  \Vorthen,  see  Graphi- 
ocrinus  wachsmuthi. 

wachsmuthi,  Wetherby,  1880,  (Scyta- 
locriuus  wachsmuthi,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  155,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

wetherbyi,  S.  A.  Miller,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  36,  Kas- 
ka>kia  Gr. 

zethus,  Williams,  1882,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  27,  Chemung  Gr. 
PROT ASTER,  Forbes,  1849,  Mem.  Geo.  Sur. 
Great  Britain,  Decade  1.  [Ety.  protos, 
first ;  aster,  star.]  Disk  circular,  com- 
pos d  of  squainiform  plates ;  rays 
flexuous,  composed  of  two  series  of 
ambulacral  plates,  bordered  by  spinous 
adambulacral  ones ;  oral  plates  five. 
Type  P.  miltoni. 

barriisi,   see  Onychaster  barrisi. 

flexuosus, 
Miller  & 
Dyer,  1878, 
Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1, 
p.  31,  Utica 
Slate  &  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

FIG. 409.— Protaster  flexuosug.     forbesi,   Hall, 
1859,    Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  134,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

granuliferus,  Meek,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
3d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  274,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  68,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

gregarius,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  169,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  509,  Keokuk  Gr. 

miamiensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  116,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

stel  lifer,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buff.  Soc. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  7,  Niagara  Gr. 

Protasterina,  syn.  for  Protaster. 

fimbridta,  syn  for  Protaster  flexuosus. 
PTEROTOCRINUS,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1860,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  29,  p.  68.  [Ety.  pterotos, 
feathered  ;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  saucer- 
shaped,  wider  than  high ;  vault  high, 
with  five  wing-like  processes  that  char- 
acterize this  genus ;  basals  2 ;  radials  1 
or  2  x  5,  the  second  being  small ;  second- 
ary radials  1x10;  tertiary  radials  2  or 
3x20;  azygousin- 
terradial  1;  arms 
20,reachingonlyto 
the  vault ;  column 
round.  Type  P. 
capitalis. 

acutus,  Wetherby, 
1879,  Jour.  Cin. 
Boc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
2,  p.  134,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr  Fio.410.— Pterotocrinus 

bifurcatus,   Wether-    ec,!'emtere  n  8 ' 8  •   Dia- 
by,      1879,     Jour.     g    m 
Cin.   Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,   vol.    2.   p.   136, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 


capitalis,  Lyon,  1857,  (Astrocrinus  capi- 
talis,) Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p.  472,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

chesterensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 
(Actinocrinus  chesterensis,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  383,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  292,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

coronarius,  Lyon,  1857,  ( Asterocrinns  cor- 
onarius,)  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p.  476, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 


FIG.  411.— Pterotocrinus  crassus.    Diagram. 

crassus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Dicho- 

crinus   crassus,)  Proc.   Acad.  Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  382,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 

p.  290,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
depressus,   Lyon  &  Casseday,  1860,  Am. 

Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  29,  p.  68,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

III.,  vol.  5,  p.  559,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
•    protuberans,     Hall,     1858,     (Dichocrinus 

protuberans,)   Geo.   Sur.  Iowa,  p.  689, 

Kaskaskia  Gr. 
pyraraidalis,     Lvon    &     Casseday,    1860, 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  29,  p.  69,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 
rugosus,   Lyon    &    Casseday,   1860,    Am. 

Jour.    Sci.,    vol.    29,    p.    71,    Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

sexlobatus,  see  Talarocrinus  sexlobatus. 
spatulatus,   Wetherby,    1879,    Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.   137,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 
Ptilonaster,  Hall,  1868,  syn.  for  Palseocoma. 

princeps,  see  Palseocoma  princeps. 
Ptychocrinus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1886, 

Revis.  Palaeocrinoidea,  pt.  3,  p.  99,  syn. 

for  Gaurocrinus. 
PYCNOCRINUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.    Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.    231.    [Ety. 

puknos,    dense ;     krinon,    lily.] 

small,    cup-shaped  ;    basals 

5 ;    radials    3x5;     regular  j 

interradials    3 ;    arms     10, 

sometimes    dividing    after 

becoming    free.      Type  P. 

shafferi. 
germanus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880, 

(Glyptocrinus  shafferi  var.      pIO  412. 

germanus,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Pycuocriuus 

Nat.  Hist.,   vol.   3,  p.  233,    germanus. 

Hud.    Riv.  Gr. 
shafferi,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  (Glyptocrinus 

shafferi,)  Cin.   Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,   vol.  2, 


PYG.— RHO.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


277 


p.  277,  and  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat.   Hist., 
vol.  3,  p.  233,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  413.— Pycnocri- 
nus  shafferi. 


Pygorhynchus  gouldi.  Not  recognized. 
RETIOCRINUS,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  63.  [Ety.  retium,  net  ;  krinon, 
lily.]  Calyx  basin-shaped  ;  radial  ridges 
very  prominent  ;  basals  5,  large  ;  sub- 
racUals  5,  large;  primary  radials  4x5; 
secondary  radials  4  to  6  x  10  ;  plates  in 
interradial  areas,  numerous,  with  a 
large  central  row  in  the  azygous  area 
extending  up  the  side  of  a  ventral  tube  ; 
column  round.  Type  R.  stellaris. 
fimbriatus.  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  4,  p.  65,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
gracilis,  Wetherby,  syn.  for   Gaurocrinus 
angularis. 

stellaris,  Billings,  1859, 
Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 4,  p.  64,  Trenton 
Gr. 

RHAPHANOCRINUS,  Wachs- 
muth      &     Springer, 
1885,  Revis.  Paheocri- 
noidea,  pt.   3,  p.  98. 
[Ety.   raphanos,   rad- 
ish ;    krinon,    lily.] 
Calyx   short;    basals 
5,  small  ;   subradials 
5  ;    primary     radials 
3x5;    interradial  s  | 
numerous  ;     column 
round.    Type  R.  sub- 
nodosus. 
subnodosus,     Walcott, 
1883,   Glyptocrinus  subnodosus,)    35th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  208, 
Trenton  Gr. 

RHODOCRINUS,  Miller,  1821,  Nat.  Hist.,  Cri- 
noidea,  p.  106.  [Ety.  rhodon,  rose; 
krinon,  lily.]  Body  subglobose,  often 
wider  than  high,  constricted  near  the 
arm  bases  ;  basals  5,  small  ;  subradials 
5  ;  primary  radials  3  to  4  x  5  ;  secondary 
radials  1  to  3  x  10  ;  arms  widely  sepa- 
rated, and  composed  of  two  rows  of 
interlocking  plates  ;  iuterradial  areas 
wide,  plates  large;  vault  depressed; 
orifice  excentric  and  protruding;  col- 
umn round.  Type  R.  verus. 
asperatus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  4,  p.  27,  Chazy  Gr. 
barrisi,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Grin.,  p.  9, 


FIG.  416.  —  Hetiocri 
nus  stellaris. 


arrs,  a,  ,  esc.  ew  rn.,  p.  , 
and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7, 
p.  322,  Burlington  Gr. 


barrisi  var.  divergens,  Hall,  1861,  Desc. 
New  Crin.,  p.  9,  and  Jour.  Bost,  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  322,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

coxanus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  29,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  P.  305,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.    417.— Rhodocrinus.    Diagram. 

gracilis,  Hall,  1862,  15th.  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus 

Nat.  Hist,,  p.  127,  Ham.  Gr. 
halli,  Lyon,  1861,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

p.  412,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
kirbyi,   Wachsmuth    & 

Springer,   (in    press,) 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 

p.    180,    Kinderhook 

Gr. 
melissa,  see  Lyriocrinus 

melissa. 
microbasalis,   see    Arch- 

aeocrinus       microba-  FIG.  418.  -Rhodocri- 

salis.  nus  nauus- 

nanus,   Meek  &    Wor- 

then,  1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 


19 


FIG.  419.— Rhodocrinus  nanus.    Diagram 

p.  254,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  476, 
Burlington  Gr. 


278 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[SAC. 


nodulosus,  Hall,  1862,  15th   Rep.    N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  126,  Ham.  Gr. 
pyriformis,  see  Archseocrinus  pyriformis. 
rectus,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  368,  Niagara  Gr. 
spinosus,   Hall,   1862,   15th    Rep.   N.   Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  127,  Ham.  Gr. 
varsoviensis,  Hall,    1860,  Supp.   to  Geo. 

Sur.  Iowa,  p.  80,  Warsaw  Gr. 
vesperalis,  White,  1880,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat. 


wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

556,  Burlington  Gr. 

SACCOCRINUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
205.  [Ety.  sakkos,  bag;  krinon,  lily.] 
Calyx  large,  urn-shaped  ;  basals  3;  pri- 
mary radials  3x5;  secondary  radials  1 
to  4x10;  tertiary  radials,  in  some  spe- 
cies; regular  interradials  10  to  17  ;  vault 
depressed,  opening  subcentral ;  arms  10 
to  30 ;  column  round.  Type  S.  speciosus. 


FIG.  420.— Saccocrinus  amplus.    Diagram. 


Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  259,  and  Cont.  to.  Pal. 
No.  6,  p.  129,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
wachsmutbi,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Grin., 
p.  18,  Burlington  Gr. 

watersianu8,wachsmuth 

^t^^SSbt  &  Springer,  (in  press,) 

g§  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 

|H  p.   184,    Kinderhook, 

w5 

Itt 

^gV 
^^r^ 


whitii,  Hall,  1861,  Desc. 
New  Grin.,  p.  9,  and 
Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 


Hist.,  vol.   7,   p.  324,  j 
Burlington  Gr. 
KIG.  42i-Rhodocri-     whitii     var.      burling- 
nus  watersianus.  tonensis,    Hall,    1861, 

Desc.  New  Grin.,  p.  9,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  325,  Burlington  Gr. 


amplus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  (Actino- 

crinus   amplus,)  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  133,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3, 

p.  470,  Burlington  Gr. 
christyi,  Hall',  1863, 

(Actinocrinus,  chris- 
tyi,) Trans.Alb.Inst., 

vol.    4,    p.    196,   and 

28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.    Hist.,    p.    127, 

Niagara  Gr. 
egani,    S.    A.    Miller, 

1881,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  FIG.    422.  -  Saccocri- 

Nat.  Hist,  vol.  4,  p.        nus  <*rtotyi. 

173,  Niagara  Gr. 
infelix,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  (Megis- 

tocrinus  infelix,)  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  110,  Niagara  Gr. 


SCA.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


279 


marcouanus,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865, 
(Megistocrinusmarcouanus,)  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  87,  Niagara  Gr. 

necis,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  (Megisto- 
crinus  necis,)  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  110,  Niagara  Gr. 

ornatus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  126,  Niagara  Gr. 

pyriformis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  81,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

semiradiatus,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  370,  Niagara  Gr. 

speciosus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
205,  Niagara  Gr. 

tennesseensis,  Troost,  Ms.,  Hall  &  Whit- 
field,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  125,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

urniformis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  170,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

whitfieldi,  Hall,  1867,  synonym  for  Sacco- 

crinus  christyi. 
SCAPHIOCRINUS,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

S.   550.     [Ety.  scaphion,    skiff;    krinon, 
ly.]    Calyx  obconoidal ;  basals5;  sub- 

radials  5;  radials  2x5;  regular  interra- 

dials  0 ;   azygous   interradials   1    to  6 ; 

arms  10,  simple  or  bifurcating,  plates 

projecting    laterally ;    sutures    gaping. 

Type     S.     simplex.       Wachsmuth     & 

Springer  refer  the  type  to  Graphiocrinus 

and  substitute,  as  the  type  S.  dicho- 

tomus. 
abnormis,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  6,  p.  519,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
*gina,  Hall,  1863,  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  57,  Waverly  Gr. 
jequalis,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin.  p.  8, 

and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  494,  Keo- 

kuk  Gr. 
bayensis,  Meek   &   Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,    p.    157,    and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  550,  Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
briareus,  Worthen,    1882,   (Poteriocrinus 

briareus,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus. Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  12,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p. 

279,  Keokuk  Gr. 
burketi,    Worthen,    1882,    (Poteriocrinus 

burketi,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  5,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p. 

270,  Keokuk  Gr. 
carbvnarius,    see    Graphiocrinus    carbon- 

arius. 
carinatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p. 

8,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 

7,  p.  310,  Burlington  Gr. 
clio,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  144,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  5,  p.  408,  Burlington  Gr. 
coreyi,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1869,    Proc. 

Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil,    p.    148,    and 

Geo.    Sur.    111.,   vol.    5,   p.    494,    Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 
coxanus,  Worthen,    1882,    (Poteriocrinus 

coxanus,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  43,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p. 

269,  Keokuk  Gr. 


\j     A 
/\  J\l  A 

/JO  r^ 

/-\r~vCAl    ) 


cultidactylus,    Hall,    1860,  (Poteriocrinus 

cultidactylus,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.  62,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  301, 

Burlington  Gr. 

dactyliformis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.  670,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

decabrachiatus,    Hall,    1858,     Geo.    Sur. 
Iowa,    p.    679,    St. 
Louis  Gr. 

decadactylus,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1860,  (Po- 
teriocrinus  decadac- 
tylus,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.   Sci.   Phil.,  p.  v^i       Or 
394,  and  Geo.  Sur.    \)  Q  ,     CJ  ' 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  238.       V      -^ 
Keokuk  Gr. 
delicatus,     Meek     & 
Worthen,    1869, 
Proc.     Acad.     Nat. 
Sci.    Phil.,    p.    144, 
and   Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  407,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 
depressus,     Meek    & 

Worthen,    1870,  FJG.  423.-Scaphiocri- 
Proc.     Acad.      Nat.     nus    decadactylus. 
Sci.    Phil.,     p.     27,     Diagram. 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  492,  Keokuk  Gr. 
dichotomus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.  553,  Burlington  Gr. 
divaricatus,    Hall,    1860,    Supp.  to    Geo. 

Sur.  Iowa,  p.  65,  Burlington  Gr. 
doris,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  7, 
and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7, 
p.  312,  Burlington  Gr. 

elegantulus,  Wachsmuth  & 
Springer,  (in  press)  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  8,  p.  195, 
Kinderhook  Gr. 
extensus,  Wachsmuth  & 
Springer,  1886,  Revis. 
Palseocrinoidea  pt.  3,.  p. 
237.  Proposed  instead 
of  Poteriocrinus  asper, 
Worthen,  but  the  latter 
name  was  not  pre- 
occupied. 

nscellus,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
1869,   Proc.    Acad.    Nat. 
Sci.    Phil.,    p.   146,    and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p. 
424,  Burlington  Gr. 
gibsoni,      White,       1878, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  31,  and 
Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  8,  p. 
161,  Keokuk  Gr. 
globosus,  Wachsmuth    & 
Springer,  (in  press)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  196, 
Kinderhook  Gr. 
gurleyi,  White,  1878,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  » 

32,  and    Cont.    to   Pal.,  FlQ.  425.-Scaph- 
No.  8,  p.  162,  Keokuk  Gr.     iocrinus  globo- 
halli,     Hall,    1861,    Desc.    sas- 
New  Crin.,  p.  7,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  308,  Burlington  Gr. 


Flo.  424— Scaph 
iocrinus  ele 
gantulus. 


280 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[SCA- 


huntsvillse,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  5.  p.  534,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
internodius,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.  679,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
iowensis,  Worthen,   1882,   (Poteriocrinus 

iowensis,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist,  p.  6,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p. 

272,  Keokuk  Gr. 

juvenis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  146,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  417,  Burlington  Gr. 

kaskaskiensis,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poterio- 
crinus kaskaskiensis,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  27,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  300,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

latidactylus,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poterio- 
crinus latidactylus,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist",  p.  8,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  275,  Keokuk  Gr. 

liliiformis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  138,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

liriope,  Hall,  1863,  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  58,  Waverly  Gr. 

longidactylus,  McChesney,"l860,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  7,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

macadamsi,  see  Graphiocrinus  macad- 
amsi. 

macrodactylus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  140,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  415,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

montanensis,  Meek,  1872,  (Poteriocrinus  \ 
montanensis,)  Hayden's  Geo.  Sur.  ! 
Terr.,  p.  469,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  6,  j 
p.  128,  Subcarboniferous. 

nanus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc.  < 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  141,  and  Geo.  j 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  423,  Burlington  Gr.  I 

nauyooensis,    Worthen,    1882,     (Poterio- 
crinus  nauvooensis,)    Bull.   No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  13,  and  Geo.  Sur.  i 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  282,  Keokuk  Gr. 

nodobrachiatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  j 
Crin.,  p.  8,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  j 
Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  314,  Keokuk  Gr. 

notabilis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
148,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p. 
410,  Burlington  Gr. 

obscurus,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
1886,  Revis.  Palseocrinoidea,  pt. 
3,  p.  236,  Keokuk  Gr. 

occidentalis,  Worthen,  1882,  (Po- 
teriocrinus occidentalis,)  Bull, 
No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  10,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p. 
278,  Keokuk  (Jr. 

okawensis,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poteri- 
ocrinus okawensis,)  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  24,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  296,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

orbictdaris,  see  Eupachycrinus  orbicu- 
laris. 

orestes,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poteriocrinus 
orestes,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  7,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p. 

273,  Keokuk  Gr. 


penicillus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  142,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  414,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

popensis,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poteriocrinus 
popensis,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  23,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  296,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

propinquus,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poterio- 
crinus propinquus,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  26,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  299,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

ramulosus,  Hall,  1861,  Dese.  New  Crin., 
p.  7,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  7,  p.  307,  Burlington  Gr. 

randolphensis,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  551,  Kaskagkia  Gr. 

robustus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p. 
7,  and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
7,  p.  315,  Keokuk  Gr. 

rudis,  see  Graphiocrinus  rudis. 

rusticellus,  White,  1863,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  505,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

salteri,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poteriocrinus 
salteri,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  13,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7, 
p.  291,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

scalaris,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  145,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  421,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

scoparius,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
680,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

simplex,  see  Graphiocrinus  simplex. 

spinifer,  Wetherby,  1880,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  157,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

spinobrcwhiatm,  see  Graphiocrinus  spino- 
brachiatus. 

spinobrachiatus,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poterio- 
crinus spinobrachiatus,)  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  20,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  290,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

striatus,  see  Graphiocrinus  striatus. 

subcarinatus,  Hall,  1863,  17th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  58,  Waverly  Gr. 


FIG.  426.— Scaphiocrinus  tenuidactylus.    Diagrn 


subtortuosus,  Hall,  1863,  17th  Rep- 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat  Hist.,  p.  59,  Wa- 
verly Gr. 

tenuidactylus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  156,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  490,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


SCH. — SIP.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


281 


tethys,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  p.  143,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  419,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

tortuoaus,  see  Graphiocrinus  tortuosus. 
unicus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Grin.,  p.  8, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  493,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 

varsoviensis,  Worthen,  1882,  (Poterio- 
crinus varsoviensis,)  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  20,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  290,  War- 
saw Gr. 

venustus,  Worthen,  1882,   (Poteriocrinus 

venustus,)   Bull.    No.    1,   111.  St.    Mus. 

Nat.   Hist.,  p.  24,  and  Geo.  Sur.   111., 

vol.  7,  p.  297,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

wachsmuthi,     see     Graphiocrinus     wach- 

smuthi. 

whitii,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  7, 
and  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7, 
p.  306,  Burlington  Gr. 

SCHIZOBLASTUS,  Etheridge  &  Carpenter,  1882, 
Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  243. 
[Ety.  schiza,  cleft ;  blastos,  bud.]  Calyx 
in  form  like  Granatocrinus ;  basals 
confined  to  the  base,  sometimes  visible, 
in  a  side  view ;  deltoids  always  visible 
in  a  side  view  ;  ambulacra  narrow  and 
sublinear,  extending  the  height  of  the 
calyx;  lancet-plates  nearly  concealed 
by  the  side  plates  ;  latter  from  20  to  80 
in  number  ;  1  to  4  hydrospire  folds  on 
each  side  of  an  ambulacrum  ;  spiracles 
minute  linear  slits  between  the  lan- 
cet-plate and  the  deltoid  ridges;  sur- 
face ornamented  with  striae.  Type  8. 
sayi. 

melonoides,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869, 
(Granatoc.rinu  melonoideas,)  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  88,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  468,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

sayi,  Shumard,  1855,  (Pentremites  sayi,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p.  185,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

SCHIZOCKINUS,  Hall,  1847, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  81.  [Ety.  schiza, 
cleft ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Basals  5 ;  primary 
radials  3x5;  second- 
ary radials  2  x  10; 
interradials  5  or 
more ;  arms  short, 
branching,  bearing 
pinnules;  column 
round.  Type  S.  no- 
dosus. 

nodosus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  81. 
Trenton  Gr. 

striatus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
316,  Trenton  Gr.  Probably  belongs  to 
another  genus. 

HXKN ASTER,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  449,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  277.  [Ety.  schoinos,  rope; 


Fio.427.-Schizocri- 
nus  nodosus. 


aster,  star.]  Pentagonal  disk,  with 
angles  produced  into  rays  ;  margins  be- 
tween rays  concave  and  spinous;  plates 
alternating  on  dorsal  side  of  rays,  and 
on  ventral  side  of  disk  imbricating  in- 
ward and  laterally  toward  the  ambu- 
lacra; furrows  wide,  deep,  bordered 
with  a  single  row  of  adambulacrals, 
which  become  the  marginal  plates  of 
the  free  rays.  Type  S.  fimbriatus. 

timbriatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Pal- 
seasterina  fimbriata,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  449,  and  Geo.  Sur.  III., 
vol.  2,  p.  278,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

wachsmuthi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  259,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  499,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

Scyphocrinux,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1. 
Preoccupied,  by  Zenker,  in  1839.  See 
Cupuloctinus. 

heterocostalis,  see  Cupulocrinus  heterocos- 

talis. 

Scytalocrinug,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1879, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  A  division 
of  Poteriocrinus  of  less  than  generic 
importance,  with  P.  robustus  as  the 
type. 

wachsmuthi,      see      Poteriocrinus     wach- 

nmuthi. 

SIPHONOCRINUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1888,  Am. 
Geol.,  vol.  1,  p.  263.  [Ety.  siphon,  bent 
tube ;  krinon,  lily.]  Basa'ls  3  (?)  small. 


FIG.  428. — Siphonocrinus  nobilis;  lateral  view 
of  au  internal  cast. 

Wachsmuth  says  there  are  5;  pri- 
mary radials  3x5;  first  interradials 
nearly  as  large  as  primary  radials,  and 
succeeded  by  two  smaller  ones,  and 


282 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[SPH. — STE. 


these  by  three  or  more  ;  first  azygous 
plate  as  large  as  the  primaries;  it  rests 
upon  the  basal.s  and  is  succeeded  by 
three  plates ;  the  following  ranges  have 
more  plates  and  cover  an  expanded 
azygous  side  ;  vault  very  large,  high, 
and  bears  a  proboscis  either  projected 
upward  or  recumbent ;  surface  of  plates 
ornamented.  Type  S.  nobilis. 
armosus,  McChesney,  1861,  (Eucalypto- 
crinus  armosus,)  New.  Pal.  Foss.,  p. 
95,  and  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  373,  Niagara  Gr. 
nobilis,  Hall,  1861,  (Glypt^crinus  no- 
bilis,) Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  21,  and  20th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  328, 
Niagara  Gr. 

Sphteroerinus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866.  The 
name  was  preoccupied,  by  Roemer. 
See  Coelocrinus. 

SPH.SROCYSTITES,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  130.  [Ety.  sphaira,  sphere  ;  kustis, 
bladder.]  Spheroidal,  wider  than  high  ; 
arms,  in  two  principal  pairs,  with 
numerous  bifurcations;  brachial  sulci 
obliquely  lobed  ;  mouth  apical ;  open- 
ing subapical ;  ovarian  opening  on  the 
summit;  basal  plates  4,  others  un- 
known. Type  S.  multifasciatup. 
multifasciatus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  130,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

Squamaster,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  5,  p.  5. 

STEGANOCRINUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  195.  [Ety.  steganos, 
covered ;  krinon,  lily.]  General  form 
like  Actinocrinus ;  basals  3 ;  primary 


QtV 


KIG.  429  — Steganocrinus  coucinnu*. 

radials  3x5;  secondary  radials  1  x  2  x 
5,  in  each  ray;  regular  interradials  3  to 
6x4;  azygous  interradials  3  to  10  or 
more ;  vault  elevated,  with  long  sub- 
central  tube;  arms  bifurcating;  column 
round.  Type  S.  pentagonus. 
araneolus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860.  (Acti- 
nocrinus araneolu?,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  387,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  198,  Burlington  Gr. 


concinnus,  Shumard,  1855,  (Actinocrinus 
concinnus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Mo.,  p.  189,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 


FIG.  430  — Steganocrinus  pentagon  us.  Vault  and 
part  of  the  rays  ;  a  and  d  showing  structure  of 
the  rays. 

pentagonus,     Hall,    1858,    (Actinocrinus 

pentagonus,)  Geo.   Sur.   Iowa,   p.  577, 

Burlington  Gr. 
sculptus,     Hall,    1858, 

(Actinocrinus  sculp- 
tus,) Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.    582,    Burling- 
ton Gr. 
STEMMATOCRINUS,    Traut- 

schold,  1867,  Grin.  d. 

jungeren  Bergkalkes 

b.    Moskau,    p.    28. 

[Ety.  Bfemmo.  wreath ; 

krinon,  lily.]     Calyx 

low,       cup-shaped  ; 

basals  5,  anchylosed ; 

subradials  5 ;  radials 

twice     as    wide    as 

high  ;    brachials    1  x 

5;  arms  heavy.  Type 

S.  cornuus.     This  is 

closely  related  to  Er- 

isocrinus  and  Eupa- 

trauSoUH,  Wachs.  ^t^s^t- 
mum  cv  Springer,  Diagram  of  a  ray 
1886,  Revis.  Palteo- 
crinoidea,  pt.  3,  p. 
256,  Kenkuk  Gr. 
STENASTER,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  77.  [Ety.  stenos,  narrow  ; 
aster,  star.]  Disk  small,  rays  extended, 
flexible ;  dorsal  side  covered  with  small 


and        transverse 
nectio 


STE.— STR.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


283 


plates ;    adambulacrals   square   or    ob- 
long ;  orals  10.    Type  S.  salteri. 


FIG.  432.—  Sten  aster  grandia. 

grandis,  Meek,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  258,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 
p.  66,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
huxleyi,  Billings,  1865, 
Pal.'Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  213, 
Quebec  Gr. 

pulchellus,  Billings,  1857, 
(Palfeaster  pulchellus,) 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  292, 
and  Can.  Org.  Reno., 
Decade  3,  p.  79,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

salteri,  Billings,  1858,  Can. 
Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3, 
p.  78,  Trenton  Gr. 
Stenocrinus,  Wachsmuth  & 
Springer,  1885,  Palseo- 
crinoidea,  pt.  3,  p.  207, 
syn.  for  Heterocrinus. 
STKPHANOCRINUS,  Conrad, 
1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  278.  [Ety. 
Stephanos,  coronet  ;  kri- 
non,  lily.]  A  blastoid, 
with  3  basals,  5  fork 
pieces  or  radials,  and  5 
orals;  aperture  subceu- 
tral  ;  ambulacral  ap- 
pendages, but  thus  far 
the  hydrospires  are  un- 
known. Type  S.  angu- 
latus.  Some  authors  re- 
fer this  genus  to  the 
Palseocrinoidea. 

angulatus,   Conrad,  1842, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat,   Sci., 

vol.  8,  p.  279,  and  Pal. 

N.   Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  212, 

Niagara  Gr. 
gemmiformis,  Hall,  1852, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.   2,   p. 

215,  Niagara  Gr. 
osgoodensis,  S.  A.  Miller, 

1879,    Jour.    Gin.    Soc. 

Nat.    Hist.,    vol.   2,   p. 

116,NiagaraGr.  Wachs- 

muth has  said  this  spe- 
cies was  described  from  internal  casts, 
but  it  was  not. 
pentalobus,    Hall, 
1879,    (Codaster 
pentalobus,) 
Desc.  New  Spec. 

FOSS.,  p.  13,  and  Fl(3.  434._Htephanocrinus 
llth    Rep.   Geo.     pulchellus,    instead    of 


pulchellus,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  1,  p.  35,  Niagara  Gr. 
STKHKOCRINUS,  Barris,  1879,  Proc.  Dav. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  282.  [Ety.  ste- 
reos, firm;  krinon,  lily.  Distinguished 
from  Dolatocrinus  by  having  2x5  in- 
stead of  3x5  primary  radials;  one  large 
interradial  succeeded  by  a  smaller  one, 
and  this  by  smaller  ones,  within  the  de- 
pressions, between  the  arm  bases.  Type 
S.  triangulatus. 

triangulatus,    Barris,     1879,    Proc.    Dav. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  283,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  433.— Steph- 
anocrinus  angu- 
latus. 


pulchellus,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  (Codaster 


FIG.  435.— Strotocrinus  perumbrosus.    Under  side  of  canopy 
with  calyx  broken  away. 

triangulatus  var.  liberatus,  Barris,  1879, 
Proc.  Dav.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  284,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

STROBILOCYSTITES,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  28.  [Ety.  strobilos, 
pine  cone ;  kustis,  bladder.]  Subspher- 
ical ;  3  pectinated  rhombs,  two  above 
the  middle  and  one  below ;  ovarian  ap- 
erture below  the  summit;  4  principal 
arm  grooves  extending  below  the  mid- 
dle, and  4  secondary  grooves.  Type  S. 
calvini. 

calvini,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  28,  Devonian. 

STROTOCRINUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  188.  [Ety.  strotos, 
spread;  krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  bowl- 
shaped,  with  vault  spreading  beyond 
like  a  canopy ;  basals  3 ;  primary  ra- 
dials 3x5;  secondary  radials  1  or  2  x 
10,  succeeded  by  tertiary  and  other  di- 
visions, which,  with  the  interaxillaries 
and  interbrachials,  unite  to  form  the 
under  side  of  a  greatly  expanded  hor- 


284 


E  CHINODERMA  TA. 


[SYN. 


izontal  disk,  completely  isolating  the 
azygoua  and  interradial  areas,  from  the 
vault,  and  supporting  the  free,  ascend- 


FIQ. 


ing  arms  around  its  margin ;  interradi- 
als  9  or  10  or  more ;  azygous  interradi- 
als  9  to  13  or  more,  the  first  one  resting 
on  the  basals ;  vault  depressed,  opening 
subcentral ;  arms  30  to  72  or  more ;  col- 
umn round.  Type  S.  perumbrosus. 
aeperrimus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  160,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  349,  Burlington  Gr. 


436.— Strotocriiius  regalis. 

111.,     vol.     2,    p 


FIG.  437.— Strotocrinua  regalip.    Diagram ,|J4  diam 


bloomfieldeneis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  258,  and 
vol.  4,  p.  76,  Up.  Burlington  or  Keo- 
kuk  Grf 

dilatatus,  see  Physetocrinus  dilatatus. 


ectypus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  159,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  353,  Burlington  Gr. 

glyptus,  Hall, 
1860,  (Actino- 
crinus glyp- 
tus,) Supp.  to 
Geo.  Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  2, 
Burlington 
Gr. 

p  e  r  u  m  brosus, 
Hall,  1860, 
(Actinocrinus 
perumb  ro- 
sus,^  Supp.  to 
Geo.  Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  7, 
Burlington 
Gr. 

regalis,        Hall, 
1860,  (Actino- 
crinus     rega- 
lis,) Supp.  to 
Geo.     Sur. 
Iowa,     p.     8, 
and  Geo.  Sur. 
192,    Burlington    Gr. 
umbrosus,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  um- 
.  brosus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  590,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

SYNBATHOCRINUS,  Phillips,  1836,  Geol.  York- 
shire, pt.  2,  p.  206.     [Ely.  syn,  together  ; 
battos,    depth;     krinm,'  lily.]      Calyx 
small ;  arms  large  and  of  great  length ; 
basals  3  ;  radials  2x5;  azygous  plates  1 
2   or   more ; 
arms  simple 
and    c  om- 
posed     of 
plates  in  sin- 
gle      series. 
Type  S.  con- 
icus. 

brevis,  Meek 
&  Worthen, 
1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
68,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol. 
5,  p.  439, 
/. — ,  /\  Burlington 

flf    >      Gr- 

V^S/ ,  d  e  n  t  a  t  u  s  , 
Owen&Shu- 
mard,  1852, 
Geo.  Sur. 
Wis.,  Iowa, 

and     Minn.,  FIG.    438.  —  Synbatuocri- 
p.    597,   Bur-     m'8  grauuliferus.    An- 
lingtonGr.        Views.    &nd     posterlor 
grant*  latus, 
Troost.     Not  defined, 
granuliferus  Wetherby,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.   Nat.    Hist.,    vol.    2,  p.  250,    Wa- 
verly  Gr. 

matutinus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 
483,lHam.  Gr. 


SYR.— TAX.] 


ECHINODERMATA. 


285 


oweni,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  Ill,  Waverly  Gr. 
papillatus,  Hall,  1861,  Desc.   New   Grin., 

p.  18,  Burlington  Gr. 
robustus,  Shumard,  1866,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  397,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  6,  p.  514,  Keokuk  Gr. 
swallovi,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,   p. 

672,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
tennessfse,  Troost.     Not  defined, 
tennesseensis,   Roemer,  1860,  Sil.   Fauna 

West  Tenn.,  p.  55,  Niagara  Gr. 
wnchsmuthi,  seeCatillocrinus  wachsmuthi. 
wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.   Sur.   Iowa,  p. 

560,  Burlington  Gr. 

SYRINGOCRINUS,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org. 
Reno.,  Decade  4,  p.  65.  [Ety.  syrinx, 
pipe ;  krinon,  lily.]  Founded,  possibly, 
on  the  fragment  of  a  ventral  sac ;  at 
all  events,  not  a  well-characterized 
genus.  Type  S.  paradoxicus. 
paradoxicus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  4,  p.  65,  Trenton  Gr. 
TJENIASTER,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  80.  [Ety.  tainia,  ribbon; 
aster,  star.]  No  disk  or  marginal  plates; 
rays  long,  flexible,  spinous  ;  adambu- 
lacral  plates  elongated ;  two  rows  of 
ambulacral  pores ;  ossicles  contracted  in 
the  middle.  Type  T.  spinosus. 

cylindricus,  Bill- 
in  gs,  1857, 
(  P  a  lae  o  c  o  m  a 
cyli  ndrica, ) 
Geo.  Sur.  Can., 
p.  292,  Trenton 
Gr. 

elegans,  S.  A. 
Miller,  1882, 
Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
5,  p.  41,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

spinosus,  Billings, 
1857,  (Pala>o- 
coma  spinosa, ) 
Geo.  Sur.  Can., 
p.  292, and  Can. 
Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3,  p.  80,  Trenton  Gr. 
TALAROCRINUS,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer, 
1881,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Puil.,  p. 
259.  [Ety.  talaros,  basket ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Calyx  sub-conical  ;  suture  lines  im- 
pressed; distinguished  from  Dichocri- 
nus  by  its  higher  vault  and  having  the 
opening  through  it  and  not  at  the  end 
of  a  tube,  and  in  having  the  secondary 
radials  form  part  of  the  calyx.  Type  T. 
cornigerus. 

cornigerus,  Shumard,  1857,   (Dichocrinus 
cornigerus,)     Trans.    St.    Louis   Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  72,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
elegans,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1860,  (Dicho- 
crinus elegans,)  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts 
and  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  22,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
ovatus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  36,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  314,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


FIG.  439.— Tseniaster 
spinosus. 


sexlobatus,  Shumard,  1857,  (Dichocrinus 
sexlobatus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  73,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
symmetricus,  Lyon  &  Caeseday,  1860, 
(Dichocrinus  symmetricus,)  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  22,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

TAXOCRINUS,  Phillips,  1843,  Morris  Cat.  Brit. 
FOBS.,  p.  90.  [Ety.  taxus,  yew-tree; 
krinon,  lily.]  Calyx  short,  cup-shaped ; 
basals  3,  small,  unequal;  subradials  5, 
one  larger  than  the  others ;  primary 
radials  3  or  4  by  5;  secondary  radials 
3  to  six  by  10 ;  tertiary  radials  support- 
ing arms ;  interradials  0  to  9 ;  azygous 
interradials  2  to  5 ;  arms  dividing  once 
or  twice.  Type  T.  egertoni. 
communis,  Hall,  1863,  (Forbesocrinus 
communis,)  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  55,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  169,  Waverly  Gr. 
curtus,  Williams,  1882,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  30,  Chemung  Gr. 
elegans,  Billings,  1857, 
(Lecanocrinus  ele- 
gans,)  Geo.  Sur. 
Can.,  p.  278,  and 
Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  4,  p.  47, 
Trenton  Gr. 
fletcheri,  Worthen, 
1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  31,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
7,  p.  308,  Keokuk 

Gr.  FIG.  440.— Taxocrinus 

giddingei,  Hall,  1858,          (?)  elegans. 
(Forbesocrinus   giddingei,)    Geo.    Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  633,  Keokuk  Gr. 

g  r  a  c  i  1  is, 
Meek  & 
Worthe  n  , 
1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil., 
p.  142,  and 
Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3, 
p.  421, 
Ham.  Gr. 
inter  medi- 
us,  Wachs- 
m  u  t  h  & 
Springer, 
(in  press,) 
Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  S,  p.  199,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
interscapularis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 

p.  482,  Ham.  Gr. 
ithacensis,    Williams,    1882,  Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  28,  Chemung  Gr. 
juvenis,  Hall,    1861,    (Forbesocrinus   ju- 
venis,)  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p. 
319,  Burlington  Gr. 

kelloggi,  Hall,  1863,  (Forbesocriuus  kel- 
loggi,)  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  56,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
171,  Waverly  Gr. 


FIG.   441.— Taxocrinus    gracili 
Diagram. 


286 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[TEC. — TRH. 


lams,  Billings,  1857,   Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p. 

278,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  4,  p. 

47,  Trenton  Gr. 
lobatus,  Hall,  1862,  (Forbesocrinus  loba- 

tus,)   15th   Rep.   N.  Y.  St.    Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  124,  Ham.  Gr. 
lobatus  var.  tardus,  Hall,  1863,  (Forbeso- 
crinus lobatus  var.  tardus,)  17th  Rep. 

N.    Y.    St.    Mus.    Nat.     Hist.,    p.    56 

and    Ohio   Pal.,    vol.   2,    p.    171,    Wa- 

verly  Gr. 
meeki,  Hall,  1858,  (Forbesocrinus  meeki,) 

Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  631,  Keokuk  Gr. 
multibrachiatus,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1858, 

(Forbesocrinus  multibrachiatus,)    Am. 

Jour.    Sci.  and   Arts,    vol.    28,  p.   235, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
multibrachiatus  var.  colletti,  White,  1881, 

2d   Ann.   Rep.    Bureau  of  Statistics  of 

Indiana,  p.  506,  Keokuk  Gr. 

nuntius,  Hall, 
1862,  (Forbeso- 
crinus nun- 


tius,) 15th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 


Fio.  442.— Taxocrinus 
robustus. 


Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
124,  Ham  Gr. 
ramulosus,  Hall, 
1860,  (Forbeso- 
crinus ramulo- 
sus,) Supp. 
Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  67,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

robustus,  Wachs- 
muth,  (in 

press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol  8, 
Kind  e  r  h  o  o  k 
Gr. 

semiovatus, 
Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Forbesocrinus 
semiovatus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  389,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  272, 
St.  Louis  Gr. 

shumardanus,  Hall,  1858,  (Forbesocrinus  j 
shumardanus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  671,  j 
St.  Louis  Gr. 

thiemii,      Hall,      1861,     (Forbesocrinus  ! 
thiemii,)   Desc.  New   Crin.,  p.  8,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  389,  Burlington 
Gr. 

whitfieldi,  Hall,  1858,  (Forbesocrinus 
whitfieldi,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  632, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

TKCHNOCRINUS,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  j 
3,  p.    139.    [Ety.    techne,    art;     krinon,  \ 
lily.]    Basals    4,  one  larger  than   the  \ 
others;  primary  radials  3x5;  second- 
ary radials  1  x  10 ;  tertiary  radials  2  x  20 ; 
interradials  3x5;  arms  simple,  bearing 
pinnules;    column    round.     Type    T. 
andrewsi. 
andrewsi.  Hall,  1859.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

141,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
sculptus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

143,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
spinulosus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol  3,  p. 
140,  Oriskany  sandstone. 


etriatus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

142,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
TELEIOCRINUS,  Wachsmuth  &  Springer,  1881, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  320. 
[Ety.  teleios,  perfect ;  kriron,  lily.]  Dis- 
tinguished from  Strotocrinus,  with 
which  it  has  generally  been  classed,  by 
having  a  long  ventral  tube,  instead  of 
a  simple  opening  through  the  vault. 
Type  T.  umbrosus. 

segilops,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  aegi- 
lops,)  Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  5, 
Up.  Burlington  Gr. 

althea,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  althea,) 
Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  13,  Up.  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

clivosus,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinua  clivo- 
sus,)  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p. 
274,  Up.  Burlington  Gr. 

erodus,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  erodus,) 
Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  12,  Up.  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

insculptus,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus  in- 
sculptus,)  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  12,  Up. 
Burlington  Gr. 

liratus,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  liratus,) 
Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  1,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  355,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

rudis,  Hall,  1860,  (Actinocrinus  rudis,) 
Supp.  to  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  33,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

tenuiradiatus,  Hall,  1861,  (Actinocrinus 
tenuiradiatus,)  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  12, 
Burlington  Gr. 

umbrosus,  Hall,  1858,  (Actinocrinus  um- 
brosus,) Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  590,  Up. 
Burlington  Gr. 

THYSANOCRINUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  188.  [Ety.  thysanos,  fringed;  kri- 
non,  lily.]  Calyx  small,  subglobose; 
basals  5  ;  subradials  5 ;  primary  radials 
3x5;;  secondary  radials  2  or  more 
x  10  ;  regular  interradials  3 ;  azygous 
area  wide,  lower  plates  large,  smaller 
above ;  arms  composed  of  a  double  se- 
ries of  plates,  with  pinnules ;  column 
round.  Type  T.  liliiformis. 

aculeatus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
190,  Niagara  Gr. 

canaliculatus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  189,  Niagara  Gr. 

immaturus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  191,  Niagara  Gr. 

liliiformis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
188,  Niagara  Gr. 

microbasalis,  see  Archseocrinus  micro- 
basalis. 

pyriformis,  see  Archseocrinus  pyriformis. 
TREMATASTER,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  330.  [Ety.  trema, 
opening  ;  aster,  star.]  Central  part  dis- 
coid; rays  long,  flexuous,  a  double 
series  of  ambulacral  plates,  with  taper- 
ing ends  directed  toward  the  apices  of 
the  rays,  upon  each  side  of  which  there 
is  a  series  of  curved  adambulacral 
plates,  which  form  the  margin  of  the 
rays ;  pores  large  between  the  con- 


TRE. — XEN.] 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


287 


tracting  sides  of  the  ambulacral  plates, 
and  the  concave  sides  of  the  curving 
adambulacrals ;  four  plates  border  on 
each  pore;  orals  10.  Type  T.  dif- 
ficilis. 

difficilis,  Worthen  &  Miller,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  330,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

Trematocrinus,  syn  for  Goniasteroidocri- 
nus. 

fiscelluz,  see  Goniasteroidocrinus  fiscel- 
lus. 

papillatus,  see  G.  papillatus. 

reticulatus,  see  G.  reticulatus. 

robust™,  see  G.  robustus. 

spinigrrus,  see  G.  spinigerus. 

tuberculatus,  see  G.  tuberculatus. 

typus,  see  G.  typus. 

Triacrinus,  Ringueberg,  1887,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  144.  The  name  was 
preoccupied ;  beside  it  is  probably  a 
syn.  for  Pisocrinus.  . 

globnsus,  see  Pisocrinus  globosus. 

pyriformis,  see  Pisocrinus  pyriformis. 
TBICOZLOCRINUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  356,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  507.  [Ety.  treis, 
three;  koilos,  hollow;  krinon,  lily.] 
Calyx  subpyramidal,  or  subfusiform ; 
base  short,  trihedral,  and  excavated 
along  the  interbasal  sutures;  summit 
contracted  ;  radials  long  and  narrow  ; 
deltoids  small  ;  ambulacra  narrow, 
deeply  situated  in  the  sinuses;  hydro- 
spires  small,  three  (?)  on  a  side ; 
spiracles  and  mouth  small;  anus 
large ;  column  circular.  Type  T.  wood- 
man i. 

meekanus,  Etheridge  &  Carpenter,  1886, 
Catal.  of  Blastoidea,  p.  208,  War- 
saw Gr. 

obliquatus,  Roemer,  1851,  (Pentatrema- 
tites  obliquatus,)  Archiv  f.  Naturgesch., 
Jahrg.  xvii,  p.  367,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

varsouviensis,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  6,  p.  521,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

woodmani,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  (Pen- 
tremites,  Tropstocrinus)  Triceelocri- 
nus  woodmani,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  356,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5, 
p.  506,  Warsaw  Gr. 

TROOSTOCRINUS,  Shumard,  1865,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  384.  [Ety. 
proper  name ;  krinon,  lily.]  Dis- 
tinguished from  Pentremites  by  the 
slender,  subfusiform  shape,  linear  am- 
bulacra, lancet  plates  concealed,  tri- 
angular base,  and  simple  summit  struc- 
ture ;  spiracles  at  the  sides  of  the  prox- 
imal side  plates;  hydrospiral  canals 
open  into  linear  spiracular  apertures. 
Type  T.  reinwardti. 

bipyramidalis,  Hall,  1858,  (Pentremites 
bipyramidalis,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  607, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

grosvenori,  Shumard,  1858,  (Pentremites 
grosvenori,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  feci., 
vol.  1,  p.  240,  Warsaw  Gr. 


FIG.  443. 

Troostocrinus 

wortheiii. 


lineatus,  Shumard,  1858,  (Pentremites 
lineatus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  241,  Bur- 
lington Gr.  This  is  made 
the  type  of  the  eenus 
Metablastus  by  Etheridge  h 
&  Carpenter,  to  which  /c 
they  also  refer  T.  wor- 
theni  and  Triccelocrinus 
varsouviensis. 

reinwardti,  Troost,  1835, 
( Pen  tremites  reinwardti, ) 
Trans.  Geo.  Soc.  Pa.,  vol. 
1,  p.  224,  Niagara  Gr. 

subcylindricus,  Hall  & 
Whitfield,  1875,  (Pentre- 
mites subcylindricus,) 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  129, 
Niagara  Gr. 

subtruncatus,  Hall,  1858,  (Pentremites 
subtruncatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  485, 
Ham.  Gr. 

wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  (Pentremites  wor- 
theni,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  606,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 

VASOCRINUS,  Lyon,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol. 
3,  p.  485.  [Ety.  vas,  vessel ;  krinon,  lily.] 
Calyx  low,  vase-shaped  :  basals  5 ;  sub- 
radials,  5 ;  primary  radials,  1x5;  sec- 
ondary radials  2x5;  arms,  10 or  more; 
azygous  interradials  2  or  more,  first 
one  large ;  ventral  sac.  Tvpe  V.  valens. 

lyoni,   Hall,  1861,   (Cyathocrinus  lyoni,) 

'  Desc.  New  Grin.,  p.  3,  and  Bost.  Jour. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  298,  Keokuk  Gr. 

macropleurus,  Hall,  1861,  (Cyathocrinus 
macropleurus,)  Desc.  New  Crin.,  p.  5, 
and  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p. 
295,  Burlington  Gr. 

sculptus,  Lyon,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol. 
3,  p.  486,  Ham.  Gr. 

valens,  Lyon,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3, 

p.  485,  Ham.  Gr. 

XENOCRINUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  71  and  176. 
[Ety.  xenos,  strange  ;  krinon,  lily.]  Ba- 


FIG.  444.— Xenocrinus  penicillus.      Azygous  and 
opposite  side  views  and  end  of  column. 

sals  4 ;  primary  radials  3x5;  secondary 
radials  4  to  6  x  10 ;  interradial  areas  ex- 
cavated and  filled  with  numerous 


288 


ECHINODERMA  TA. 


[/-KA. 


Pype  X.  penicillus. 

m,  Meek,  1872,  (Glyptocrinus  baeri,)  ] 

*.m.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  3, 


plates;  azygous  area  having  a  central 
vertical  series  of  plates  which  continue 
up  the  ventral  sac ;  column  square. 
Type  X.  penicillus. 
bae 
Am 

p.  260,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  37,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

penicillus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  72,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

ZEACRINUS,   Troost,  Catal.  FOBS.    1850,  and 
described  by  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  | 
p.  541.     [Ety.  zea,  Indian  corn  ;  foinon,  j 
lily.]     Calyx  low,  basin-shaped  ;  basals 
5,  hidden  by  the  column  ;  subradials  5 ;  j 
radials  2x5,  with  from  1  to  6  additional  ! 
in  the  azygous  ray  ;  azygous  inter  radials  j 
4  to  7;  arms    10  to  40,  with    pinnules;  j 
ventral  sac  subpyramidal,  covered  with 
small  plates;  column  round.     Type  Z.  | 
magnoliiformis. 
acanthophorus,  see  Hydreionocrinus  acan- 

thophorus. 
arboreus,   Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  j 

vol.  5,  p.  534,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
armiger,  see  Hydreionocrinus  armiger. 
asper,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1869,    Proc.  j 
Acad.    Nat.     Sci.    Phil.,    p.    150,    and  I 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  430,   Burling-  j 
ton  Gr. 

bifurcatus,    McChesney,   1860,   New   Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  10,  and  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  71,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
cariniferus,  see  Coeliocrinus  cariniferus. 
compactilis,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  5,  p.  536,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
coxanus,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  27,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  302,  Keokuk  Gr. 
crassus,  see  Eupachycrinus  crassus. 
crateriformis,  Troost.     Not  defined. 
depressus,  see  Hydreionocrinus  depressus. 
discus,  see  Hydreionocrinus  discus. 

elegans,  Hall, 
1858,  Geo.  Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  547, 
Burlington  Gr. 
florealis,Yandell 
&  Shumard, 
1847,  (Cyatho- 
crinus  florea- 
lis,)  Cont.  to 
Geo.  Ky.,  p. 
24,  Kaskaskia 
Gr. 

formosm,  seeEu- 
pachyc  r  i  n  u  s 
lormosus. 
inter medi us,  j 
Hall,      1858,' 
Geo.Sur.Iowa, 
p.    681,     Kas- 
FIG.  445. — Zeacrinus  kaskia  Gr 

elegans.    '  keokuk,      Wor- 

then, 1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  28,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p. 
30,  Keokuk  Gr. 
lyra,  see  Cceliocrinus  lyra. 


magnoliiformis,  Owen  &  Norwood,  1846, 

(Cyathocrinus     magnoliiformis,)      Re- 
search Pot.  Garb.  Rocks  Ky.,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  Iowa,  p.  684,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
maniformis,   Yandell   &   Shumard,    1847, 

(Poteriocrinus    maniformis,)    Cont.    to 

Geo.  Ky.,  p.  24.  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
merope,  Hall,  1863,  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  60,  and    Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  178,  Waverly  Gr. 
moorii,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  227,  Coal  Meas. 
mucrospinus,  see  Hydreionocrinus  mucro- 

spinus. 
nodosus,  Wachsmuth    &  Springer,   1886, 

Revis.   Palseocrinoidea,    pt.    3,   p.   243, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
ovalis,  Lyon  &  Casseday,  1858,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  29,  p.  71,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
paternus.  Hall,  1863,  17th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  59,  Waverly  Gr. 
perangulatus,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  11,  Burlington  Gr. 
pikensis,  Worthen,  1882.   Bull.,  No.  1,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  29,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

III.,  vol.  7,  p.  304,  Burlington  Gr. 
planobrachiatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  391,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  240,  Keokuk  Gr. 
ramosus,   Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.   Iowa,  p. 

548,  Burlington  Gr. 
sacculus,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  12,  Burlington  Gr. 


FIG.  446. — Zeacrinus  spinuliferus. 

sacculus  var.  concinnus,  White,  1862,  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  12,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

scobina,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1869, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  149, 
and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p. 
426,  Burlington 
Gr. 

scoparius.  Hall, 
1861,  Desc.  New 
Crin.,  p.  6,  and 
Jour.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7, 
p.  305,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

serratus,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1861, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  151,  and 
'Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  428,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


KiG.  447.— /eacrinus 
troostanus.    Diagram. 


ZEA.]  MOLLUSCOIDA.  289 

spinosus,  Owen  &  Shumard,  1852,  (Pote-  I  subtitmidus,    see     Eupachycrinus    subtu- 

riocrinus   spinosus,)   Jour.  Acad.   Nat.  j  in  id  us. 

Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  2,  p.  91,  Kaskaskia  Gr.  troostanus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

spinuliferus,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  (Pote-  Acad.    Nat.     Sci.     Phil.,    p.    390,    and 

riocrinus  spinuliferus,)    Geo.  Sur.   111.,  j  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  186,   Burling- 


vol.  8,  p.  90,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


ton  Gr. 


stimpsoni,  Lyon,  1869,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.         wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.   Iowa,  p. 
Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  465,  Subcarb.  683,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


SUBKINGDOM  MOLLUSCOIDA. 


CLASS  BRYOZOA. 

THE  Bryozoa  are  small  animals  that  grow  in  clusters,  forming  branched  or  moss- 
like  compound  structures.  Each  animal  lives  in  a  separate  cell,  called  a  zocecium, 
into  which  it  can  retract  itself,  though  some  connection  exists  between  the  animals. 
The  Flustra  or  Sea-mats,  abundant  on  the  shores  of  the  ocean,  and  the  moss-like  en- 
crustations so  common  on  marine  shells,  are  examples.  All  known  Palaeozoic  Bry- 
ozoa were  marine,  and  lived  in  calcareous  cells,  forming  a  mass  that  is  often  difficult 
to  distinguish  from  the  true  corals. 

This  calcareous  mass  or  skeleton  is  called  the  bryozoum  or  zoarium.  It  is  found 
encrusting  other  objects,  or  standing  on  a  foot-stalk,  with  basal  attachment,  and,  in 
other  cases,  apparently  free.  There  are  rarely  any  such  calcareous  partitions  in  the 
cell-tubes  as  abound  in  the  true  corals,  and  the  method  of  reproduction  was  exclu- 
sively gemmiparous,  while  the  true  corals  were  increased  by  both  gemmiparous  and 
fissiparous  reproduction. 

The  animal  consists  of  a  bent  tube  or  alimentary  canal,  having  an  oasophagus, 
stomach,  and  intestine.  The  two  orifices  of  the  canal  are  situated  close  together, 
but  the  anal  opening  is  beyond  the  ring  of  ciliated  tentacles  that  surround  the 
mouth.  Thus  constituted,  the  alimentary  canal  is  inclosed  in  a  sac  having  two 
openings  corresponding  to  the  two  extremities  of  the  canal.  Generally  the  upper 
side  of  this  sac  is  flexible,  and  admits  of  being  invaginated,  so  that  when  the  ani- 
mal retracts  itself  into  its  cell  the  inverted  portion  forms  a  sheath  around  the  ten- 
tacles. Ova  may  be  developed  in  a  receptacle  attached  to  the  zooecium,  called  the 
ocecium,  or  in  an  inflation  of  the  surface  of  the  zoarium,  called  a  gonocyst.  The 
goruBcium  is  a  modified  zooecium.  The  term  ocecia  is  also  applied  to  these  struc- 
tures. Many  Bryozoa  have  appendicular  organs  called  avicularia  and  vibracula. 
The  avicularia  may  be  pedunculate,  and  sway  to  and  fro,  or  fixed  and  firmly  at- 
tached to  the  zooecium.  The  vibracula  are  flexible,  bristle-like  structures,  set  in  the 
excavated  summit  of  a  knob-like  elevation  or  blunt  spine. 

Some  naturalists  refer  the  Monticuliporidse  and  Stelliporidae  to  the  Bryozoa, 
and  probably  the  latter  should  be  so  classed  on  as  good  grounds  as  the  Fistu- 
liporidse  are  referred  to  the  Bryozoa.  The  Palaeozoic  Bryozoa  are  referred  to  an 
order  called  the  Gymnolsemata,  which  are  supposed  to  have  had  a  complete  ring  of 


290  MOLLUSCOIDA. 

tentacles  around  the  mouth.  This  order  has  been  divided  into  five  suborders,  viz.: 
Chilostomata,  Cryptostoraata,  Trepostomata,  Cyclostomata,  and  Ctenostomata.  The 
families  which  we  recognize  are  as  follows : 

FAMILY  ACANTHOCLADID.*:. — Acanthocladia,  Diplopora,  Glauconome,  Ichthy- 

orachis,  Ptilopora,  Ramipora,  Septopora,  Synocladia. 
FAMILY  AMPLEXOPORIDJE. — Amplexopora,  Atactopora,  Discotrypa,  Leptotrypa, 

Petalotrypa. 
FAMILY  ARTHROSTYLIDJK. — Arthroclema,  Arthrostylus,  Helopora,  Nematopora, 

Nematoporella,  Sceptropora. 

FAMILY  ASCODICTYONID^E. — Ascodictyou,  Rhopalonaria. 
FAMILY   BATOSTOMELLIDA — Anisotrypa,  Batostoma  (?),  Batostomella,  Leio- 

clema,  Peronopora. 

FAMILY  BOTRYLLOPORID^E.  — Bo  try  llopora. 
FAMILY  BYTHOPORID^. — Bythopora. 
FAMILY  CERAMOPORID^E. — Aspidopora,  Ceramella,  Ceramopora,  Ceramoporella, 

Chiloporella,  Crepipora,    Eridopora,    Glossotrypa,    Idiotrypa,    Lichenalia, 

Lichenotrypa,  Odontotrypa,    Petigopora,    Phractopora,  Pileotrypa,    Sage- 

nella,  Selenopora,  Spatiopora. 
FAMILY  CRISINELLID^E. — Crisinella. 

FAMILY  ENALLOPORID^E. — Diploclema,  Enallopora,  Protocrisina. 
FAMILY    FENESTELLID^E. — Archimedes,  Clathropora,    Coscinella,    Coscinium, 

Coscinotrypa,  Evactinopora,  Fenestella,  Fenestralia,  Fenestrapora,  Helico- 

pora,  Hemitrypa,  Isotrypa,  Loculipora,  Lyropora,  Phyllopora,  Polypora, 

Ptilopora,  Ptiloporella,  Ptiloporina,    Reptaria,  Reteporina,  Semicoscinium, 

Semiopora,  Tectulipora,  Uuitrypa. 
FAMILY    FISTULIPORID^. — Actinotrypa,    Buscopora,  Callopora,    Calloporella, 

Callotrypa,    Chilotrypa,    Coelocaulis,    Eridopora,    Favicella,    Fistulipora, 

Lichenotrypa,  Pinacotrypa,  Selenopora,  Strotopora. 
FAMILY  HEIJOTRYPIDJE. — Heliotrypa. 
FAMILY  LABECHIID^E.  — Labech  ia. 
FAMILY  PALESCHARID^E. — Paleschara. 
FAMILY  PHACELOPORIDJE. — Phacelopora. 
FAMILY  PTILODICTYONIDJE. — Coscinella,  Cyclopora,  Cycloporella,  Escharopora, 

Graptodictya,  Heterodictya,  Phaenopora,  Proutella,  Ptilodictya,  Ptilotrypa, 

Streblotrypa,  Worthenopora. 
FAMILY  RHABDOMESONTIDA:. — Acanthoclema,  Anisotrypa,  Bactropora,   Coelo- 

conus,  Nemataxis,  Rhombopora,  Tropidoj>ora. 
FAMILY  RHIN  OPORTO.*;. — Rhinopora. 
FAMILY  SPHRAGIOPORID^;. — Sphragiopora. 
FAMILY    STICTOPORID^E. — Acrogenia,    Arthropora,  Cystodictya,    Dichotrypa, 

Dicranopora,    Eurodictya,    Euspilopora,    Goniotrypa,    Heliotrypa,    Intra- 

pora,   Pachydictya,  Phractopora,  Phyllodictya,  Prismopora,    Rhinidictya, 

Scalaripora,  Stictopora,  Stictoporella,  Stictoporina,  Stictotrypa,  Sulcopora, 

Tseniodictya,  Tseniopora,  Tharanotrypa. 

FAMILY  SUBRETIPORID^C. — Chainodictyon,  Drymotrypa,  Subretepora. 
FAMILY  THAMNISCID*:. — Criscinella,  Diplopora,  Thamniscus. 


ACA. — AMP.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


291 


FAMILY  THEONOHXE. — Scenellopora. 

FAMILY  TREMATOPORID^K. — Acanthoclema,  Amplexopora,  Atactopora,  Atacto- 

porella,    Bactropora,    Chilotrypa,    Diaraesopora,    Homotrypa,    Homotry- 

pella,    Neraataxis,    Nicholsonella,    Orthopora,    Trematella,    Trematopora, 

Tropidopora. 
FAMILY  TUBULIPORIDJK. — Berenicea,   Clonopora,    Cystopora,   Hederella,  Her- 

nodia,  Stomatopora. 


ACANTHOCLADIA,  King,  1849,  Anil,  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  389.  [Ety. 
akanlha,  spine ;  klados,  branch.]  Stem 
symmetrically  and  bilaterally  branched, 
more  or  less  on  one  plane ;  rarely  bi- 
furcating; branches  short,  simple,  oc- 
casionally elongated  and  becoming 
bilaterally  branched;  celluliferous  on 
one  side  only  ;  cell  apertures  circular 
and  arranged  in  three  or  more  longi- 
tudinal series,  separated  by  dividing 
ridges.  Type  A.  anceps. 

americana,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  180,  Permian  Gr. 

fruticosa,    Ulrich,   (in  press,)   Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  65,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
ACANTHOCLEMA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  72.  [Ety.  akantha,  spine ;  klema, 
twig.]  Ramose,  solid,  cells  arising  from 
a  central  axis;  cell  apertures  oval,  in 
longitudinal  parallel  rows,  about  ten  on 
a  branch,  separated  by  longitudinal 
ridges ;  between  the  apertures,  in  the 
longitudinal  direction,  there  are  spini- 
form  nodes.  Type  A.  alternatum. 

alternatum,  Hall,  1881,  (Trematopora  al- 
ternata,)  Bryozoans  of  the  Up.  Held. 
Gr,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  72,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

bispinulatum,  Hall,  1881,  (Callopora  bi- 
spinulata,  (Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 
882,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  182. 
Ham.  Gr. 

confluens,  Ulrich,  1888,  (Rhombopora  con- 
fluens,)  Bull.  Denisou  Univ.,  p.  91, 
Cuyahoga  Shales. 

diverges,  Hall,  1887.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
73,  Up.  Held  Gr. 

ovatum,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
73,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Hcutulatum,  Hall,  1881,  (Trematopora 
scutulata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 
180,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  190, 
Ham.  Gr. 

sulcatum,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
192,  Ham.  Gr. 

triseriale,  Hall,  1883,  (Stictopora  trise- 
rialis.)  Rep.  St.  Geol.  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  74,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ACROGENIA,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.  p.  51. 
[Ety.  akros,  sharp;  genea,  growth.] 
Frond  ramose ;  two  branches  proceed- 
ing from  the  truncate  termination  of 
each  preceding  one;  base  of  each 
division  obconical,  terete  above  and 


strongly  striated,  gradually  becoming 
flattened  and  celluliferous;  margins 
noncelluliferous ;  apertures  in  rows 
separated  by 
ridges,  cen- 
tral range  of 
apertures 
the  smaller. 
Type  A.  pro- 
lifera. 

prolifera,  Hall, 
1884,  Rep. 
St.  Geol.,  p. 
52,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  267, 
Ham.  Gr. 

ACTINOTRYPA, 

Ulrich,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  FlQ  *48~ Acr°senia  prolifera. 
8,  p.  386,  (in  press.)  [Ety.  aktin,  a  ray  ; 
trupa,  an  opening.]  Like  Dichotrypa. 
Cell  apertures  showing  the  projecting 
ends  of  from  eight  to  ten  vertical  septa- 
like  ridges,  that  extend  down  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  tubular  vestibule 
nearly  or  quite  to  the  primitive  aper- 
tures. Type  A.  peculiaris. 

peculiaris,  Rominger,  1866,  (Fistulipora 
peculiaris,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  10,  Keokuk  Gr. 

Alecto,  Lamouroux,  1821,  Exposi.  Method. 
It  was  preoccupied  by  Leach  in  the 
class  Echinodermata,  when  Lamouroux 
used  it,  and  hence  Stomatopora  is  used 
in  its  place. 

auloporoides,  see  Stomatopora  auloporo- 
ides. 

canadensis,  see  Hederella  canadensis. 

con/Mao,  see  Stomatopora  confusa. 

frondosa,  see  Stomatopora  frondosa. 

inflata,  see  Stomatopora  inflata. 

nexilis,  see  Stomatopora  nexilis. 
AMPLEXOPORA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  154.  [Ety.  amplexus, 
an  encircling ;  poros,  pore.]  Ramose ; 
cells  of  one  kind  only;  walls  thin  in 
the  axial  part  of  the  branches,  but 
thicker  in  the  peripheral  region  ;  acan- 
thopores  numerous.  Type  A.  cingu- 
lata. 

affinis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  36,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

canadensis,  Foord,  1883,  Cont.  to  Micro- 
palaeontology,  p.  17,  Trenton  Gr. 


292 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[ANI. — ARC. 


cingulata,  Ulrich,  1882.  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  254,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.    449.—  Amplexopora   cingulatn.    Tangential 
«  Kectlon  x50,  showing  wall  structure,  and  verti- 
cal section  x50. 


discoidea,     Nicholson,     1875,     (Chetetes 
discoideus,)   Ohio   Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  206, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
pustulosa,       Ulrich,       (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
8,  pi.  36,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
robusta,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
6,  p.  82,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
septosa,  Ulrich,  1879,  (Atac- 
topora     septosa,)     Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
2,  p.  125,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
superba,     Foord,     1883, 
Cont.    to      Micropalseon- 
tology,      p.      16,     Tren- 
ton   Gr. 
wincbelli,  Ulricb,   1886,  14th  Rep.   Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,'  p.  91,  Trenton  Gr. 
ANISOTKYPA,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  275.  [Ety.  anisos, 
unequal ;  trupa,  perforation.]  Ramose, 
hollow,  inner  side  lined  with  an  epi- 
theca;  walls  of  tubes  thin  in  the  in- 
terior, and  thickened  exteriorly;  no 
interstitial  cells  or  spiniform  tubuli. 


FIG.  450.— Am - 
plexopora 
robusta  fun- 
nel-s  h  a  p  ed 
diaplirag  m, 
supposed  to 
be  a  modified 
cystiphragm. 


Type  A.  symmetrica. 
stulosa,  U" 


.fistulosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  72,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

rainulosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  (Jeo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  72,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

solida,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  72,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

symmetrica,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  76,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

ARCHIMEDES,  LeSueur,  1842,  (Retepora  ar- 
chimedes,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  43,  p. 
19.  [Ety.  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
machine  for  raising  water,  consisting 
of  a  tube  rolled  in  a  spiral  form  around 
a  cylinder,  invented  by  Archimedes. 
Distinguished  from  Fenestella  by  its 
axis  and  mode  of  growth ;  the  flabel- 
liform  expansion  acquiring  a  solid  cen- 
tral axis,  around  which  it  revolves  in 
an  ascending  spiral  form,  spreading 
equally  in  all  directions.  Type  A. 
wortheni. 


communis,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geol.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  63,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
compactus,  Ulrich, 
(in  press),  Geol. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 
pi.  63,  Kaskaskia 
Gr. 

distans,  Ulrich.  (in 

press),  Geol.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.     8,    pi. 

63,KaskaskiaGr. 

grandis,       Ulrich, 

(in  press),  Geol. 

Sur.   111.,  vol.   8, 

pi.    63,   Keokuk 

Gr. 

intermedius,      Ul- 

•  rich,  (in  press),          **& 

Geol.    Sur.    111.,     Fio.  451— Archimedes 
vol.    8,     pi.    63,  reversus. 

Kaskaskia  Gr. 

invaginatus,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geol.  Sur. 
111.,  vol  8,  pi.  63,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

laxus,  Hall, 
1857,  Proc. 
Am.  Aes'n 
Ad.  Sci., 
vol.  10,  p. 
176,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

'M^  m  Hall!  ni857.' 
Proc.  Am. 
Ass'n  Ad. 
Sci.,  vol.  10, 
p.  176,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 
negligens, Ul- 
rich, (in 
press),  Geo. 
Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi. 
63,  Keokuk 
Gr. 
owenanus,  Hall,  1857,  Proc.  Am.  Ass'n 

Ad.  Sci.,  vol.  10,  p.  176,  Keokuk  Gr. 
perminimus,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  63,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
proutanus,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  63,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
reversus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

652,  Warsaw  Gr. 
sublaxus,  Ulrich,   (in  press),   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  63,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
swallovanus,  Hall,  1857,  Proc.  Am.  Ass'n 
Ad.    Sci.,    vol.    10,     p.     176,     Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 
terebriformis,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  63,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
wortheni,   Hall,    1857,   Proc.  Am.    Aes'n 
Ad.  Sci.,  vol.  10,  p.  176,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  651,  Warsaw  Gr. 
Archimedipora,  D'Orb.,  1850,   Prod,  de  Pal., 
t.    1,    p.    102,    syn.    for     Archimedes. 
Archimedipora    archimedes    was     too 
tautological,  and  by  common  consent 
Archimedes    has    become   the   generic 
name. 
archimedes,  see  Archimedes. 


FIG.  452— Archimedes 
wortheui. 


ART.— ATA.] 


MOLL  USCOIDA. 


ARTHROCLEMA,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  54.  [Ety.  arthron,  joint;  klrma, 
twig.]  Cylindrical  jointed  stem,  with 
long,  slender-jointed  branches ;  pores 
oval.  Type  A.  pulchellum. 

angulare,   Ulrich,  (in    press),    Geo.    Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  29,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

billingsi,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  Trenton  Gr. 

pulchellum,    Billings,    1862,   Pal.    Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  54,  Trenton  Gr.     (See  p.  329.) 

spiniforme,  see  Helopora  spiniformia. 
Arthronema,   Ulrich,   1882,  Jour.   Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,   p.   160.    The  name 
was  preoccupied.    See  Arthrostylus. 


FIG.  454.  —  Arthropora 
shafferi.  Magnified 
section. 


FIG.  453.— Arthropora  shafferi. 

curium,  see  Arthrostylus  curtus. 
tenue,  see  Arthrostylus  tenuis. 

AKTHROPORA,  Ulrich, 
1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  5,  p.  152. 
[Ety.  arthron,  a 
joint ;  poros,  per- 
foration.] Zoar- 
ium  like  Sticto- 
pora,  but  in 
short,  jointed, 
branching  seg- 
ments ;  cell  aper- 
tures subcircu- 
lar,  and  sur- 
rounded by  interstitial  pits.  Type  A. 
shafferi. 

shafferi,  Meek,  1872, 
(Stictopora  shaf- 
feri,) Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  317, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  69,  Hud.  Riv. 
Gr. 

simplex,  Ulrich,  1886, 
14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 
Minn.,  p.  65,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
ARTHROSTYLUS,   Ulrich, 

1888       Am       porii     FIG.  455.— Arthropora 
1888,     Am      Geol.,     8nafferi.  Tangential 
vol.  1,  p.  230.    [Ety.     section  x  50. 
arthron,      joint; 

stylos,  pillar.]  Ramose,  composed  of 
subcylindrical  segments,  swollen  at 
each  end,  celluliferous  on  one  side, 
striated  on  the  other;  cells  between  ele- 
vated lines.  Type  A.  tenuis. 
curtus,  Ulrich,  1882,  (Arthronema  cur- 
tum,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5, 
p.  161,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


tenuis,  Ulrich,  1882,  (Arthronema  tenue,) 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p. 
160,  Trenton  Gr. 

ASCODICTYON,  Nicholson,  1877,  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  19,  p. 
463.  [  Ety.  askos,  leather  bottle ;  dictyon, 
net.]  Organism  composite,  parasitic, 
composed  of  numerous  calcareous 
cells;  minutely  perforated.  Type  A. 
lusiforme.  It  is  probably  a  sponge. 

fusiforme,  Nicholson,  1877,  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  463, 
Ham.  Gr. 

stellatum,  Nicholson,  1877,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  464, 
Ham.  Gr. 

ASPIDOPORA, Ulrich,  1882, Jour.  Cin.  Soc.Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  155.  [Ety.  aspis,  shield  ; 
poros,  perforation.]  Thin,  free  expan- 
sions; concentrically  wrinkled  and 
striated  epitheca  on  the  lower  side; 
cells  gradually  increasing  in  size  toward 
the  center  of  the  convex  expansion ; 
interstitial  cells  numerous ;  diaphragms 
cross  both  kinds  of  tubes;  spiniform 
tubuli  present.  Type  A.  areolata. 

areolata,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  164,  Utica  Slate. 

caliculus,  James,  1875,  (Chetetes  calicu- 
lus,)  Int.  Catal.  Cin.  Foss.,  p.  1,  and 
Nicholson  Struct,  and  Affin.  Montic., 
p.  165,  Utica  Slate. 

parasitica,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,  p.  90,  Trenton  Gr. 
ATACTOPORA,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  119.  [Ety.  atactos, 
without  regularity  ;  poros,  pore.]  In- 
crusting;  surface  with  monticules  or 
maculae ;  cell  apertures  petaloid,  sur- 
rounded by  rows  of  blunt  spines;  in- 
terstitial cells  in  clusters;  tube  walls 
inflected;  diaphragms  present.  Type 
A.  hirsuta. 

hirsuta,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,,  vol.  2,  p.  120,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

maculata,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  121,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

multigranosa,  see  Atactoporella  multi- 
granosa. 

mundula,  see  Atactoporella  mundula. 

septosa,  see  Amplexopora  septosa. 

?subramosa,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  124,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

tenella,  see  Atactoporella  tenella. 
ATACTOPORELLA,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  247.  [Ety. 
diminutive  of  Atactopora.]  Incrust- 
ing;  surface  with  monticules  or  ma- 
culae ;  cell  apertures  petaloid ;  inter- 
stitial cells  numerous ;  spiniform  tubuli 
and  diaphragms.  Type  A.  typicalis. 

multigranosa,  Ulrich,  1879,  (Atactopora 
multigranosa,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  122,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

mundula,  Ulrich,  1879,  Atactopora  mun- 
dula,) Jour  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  2, 
p.  123,  Hud.  Riv.  Gf. 


20 


294 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[RAC. — BOT. 


FIG.  456.— Atacto- 
porella  new- 
portensis. 


newportensis,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  250,  Utica 

Slate. 

ortoni,  Nicholson,  1874, 
(Chetetes  ortoni,)  Quar. 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  30, 
p.  513,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  211,  Hud.  Riv. 
Gr. 

schucherti,  Ulrich,  1883, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  251,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

tenella,  Ulrich,  1879,  (Atactopora  tenella,) 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  123, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
typicalis,    Ulrich,    1883,   Jour.   Cin.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.  vol.  6,  p.  248,  Utica  Slate. 
BACTROPORA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

193.  [Ety.  baktron,  staff;  poros,  pore.] 
Ramose,  solid ;  base  tapering,  striated  ; 
cells  tubular,  curved  oblique  from  the 
center;  septa  thin,  apertures  oval,  dis- 
tant near  the  base,  closer  above ;  inter- 
spaces granulose.    Type  B.  granistriata. 

curvata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

194,  Ham.  Gr. 

granistriata,  Hall,  1881,  (Trematopora 
granistriata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10, 
p.  182,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  193, 
Ham.  Gr. 

simplex,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  70,  Keokuk  Gr. 
BATOSTOMA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  154.  [Ety.  batos,  prickly 
bush  ;  stoma,  mouth.]  Ramose,  base  ex- 
panded ;  cell  apertures  ovate  or  circu- 
lar, surrounded  by  a  ring-wall ;  inter- 
stitial tubes  numerous ;  spiniform  tubuli 
abundant.  Type  B.  implicatum. 

fertile,  Ulrich,  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Minn., 
p.  92  Trenton  Gr. 

imperfectum,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  35,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

implicatum,  Nicholson,  1881,  (Monticuli- 
pora  implicata,)  Struct,  and  Affin.  of 
Montic.,  p.  147,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

irrasum,  Ulrich,  1886, 14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 
Minn.,  p.  94,  Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.  457.— Batostoma  jamesi.    Natural  size  and 
magnified. 

jamesi,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Chetetes  jamesi,) 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  30,  p.  506, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  200  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

manitobense,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Micropa- 
Ifeontology,  p.  7,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  (?) 


ottawense,  Foord,  1883,  Cont.  to  Micropa- 
laeontology,  p.  18,  Trenton  Gr.  ^ 

rugosum,  Whitfield,  1882,  (Fistulipora  ru- 
gosa,)  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  255,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

variabile,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  35,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
BATOSTOMELLA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  154.  [Ety.  dimin- 
utive of  Batostoma.]  Ramose,  smooth, 
cell  apertures  small;  interstitial  cells 
and  spiniform  tubuli ;  walls  of  tubes 
in  the  peripheral  region  thick.  Type 
B.  gracilis. 

abrupta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  75,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


FIG.  458.— Batostomella  gracilis.    Natural  size 
and  enlarged. 

gracilis,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Chetetes  gra- 
cilis,) Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  30,  p. 
504,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  198,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

interstincta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  75,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

nitidula,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  75,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

obliqua,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  46,  Ham.  Gr. 

spinulosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  75,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

simulatrix,    Ulrich,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  35,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
BERENICEA,  Lamoureux,  1821,  Exp.  Meth. 
des,  genres,  d.  pol.,  80.  [Ety.  mytho- 
logical name.]  Incrusting,  composed 
of  a  very  thin,  calcareous,  foliaceous 
base,  bearing  numerous  ovate,  distinctly 
separated  cells,  not  piled;  aperture 
round  near  the  broad  anterior  end; 
cells  disposed  in  an  obscurely  radiated 
arrangement.  Type  B.  diluviana. 

insueta,  Dawson,  1883,  Rep.  on  Redpath, 
Mus.  No.  2,  p.  12,  Subcarboniferous. 

minnesotensis,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  of  Minn.,  p.  58,  Trenton  <!r. 

primitiva,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  157,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

vesiculosa,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  158,  Utica  Slate  or 
lower  part  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
BOTRYLLOPORA,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag. 
Lond.  n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  160.  [Ety.  botryl- 
los,  cluster ;  poros,  pore.]  Incrusting, 
forming  systems  of  small  circular  disks, 
the  upper  surfaces  of  which  are  marked 
with  radiating,  cell-bearing  ridges  ;  non- 


t)S.— CAL.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


295 


poriferous  space  in  the  center  of  each 
disk,  round  which  the  radiating  ridges 
occupy  a  slightly  elevated  zone.  Type 
B.  socialis. 


a  } 

FIG.  459. — Botryllopora  socialis.  a,  Group  on  coral 
natural  size  ;  6,  enlarged  specimen  ;  c,  enlarged 
ray  to  show  pores. 

socialis,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.  Lond. 

n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  160,  Ham.  Gr. 
BUSCOPORA,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 
p.  22.  [Ety.  Busk,  proper  name;  poros, 
perforation.]  Zoarium  thin,  lamellate  ; 
incrusting  or  free;  under  surface,  with 
a  concentrically  wrinkled  epitheca ; 
zooecia  tubular,  short,  with  subcircular 
apertures  and  a  faintly  elevated  border 
or  peristome ;  posterior  margin,  with  a 
tooth-like  process  divided  at  its  termi- 
nation ;  accessory  cells  present ;  inter- 
stitial spaces  vesiculose  ;  zooecial  tubes, 
with  diaphragms.  Type  B.  lunata. 

dentata,  Ulrich,  syn.  for  B.  lunata. 

lunata,      Rominger, 


(Fistulipora 
lunata,)  P  r  o  c  . 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  7,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  77, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 
lunata  var.  tubulata, 
Hall,  1887,  (Liche- 
nalia  lunata  var. 
tubulata,)  Eep.  St. 
Geol.  for  1885,  pi. 
31,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6.  p.  78,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

BYTHOPORA,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont.  to 
Pal.  No.  2,  p.  6.  [Ety.  buthos,  depths  of 
sea;  poros,  pore.]  Dendroid,  branches 
small,  sometimes  anastomosing,  smooth ; 


FIG.  460.— Buscopora  lu- 
nata. Tangential  sec- 
tion, showing  aper- 
ture or  lunarium. 


FIG.  461. — Bythopora  fruticosa. 


cell  apertures  longer  than  wide,  sej 
rated   by    impressed    lines.    Type 
fruticosa. 


462.  —  Bythopora 
nashvillensis.  Magni- 
fied. 


arctipora,    Nicholson,    1875,    (Ptilodictya 

arctipora,)  Ann.  and  Mag.,  ser.  4,  vol. 

15,  p.  180,  Utica  Slate, 
delicatula,    (?)    instead  of  Monticulipora 

delicatula. 
fruticosa,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont.  to 

Pal.  No.  2,  p.  6,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
herricki,  Ulrich,  1886, 14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 

Minn.,  p.  99,  Trenton  Gr. 
nashvillensis,  S.  A. 

Miller,  1880,  Jour. 

Cin.     Soc.     Nat. 

Hist.,   vol.   3,   p. 

143,  Trenton  Gr. 
striata,  Ulrich,   (in  jf  • " 

press,)    Micropa- 

Iseontology,  p.  10, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
C  ALLOPORA,  Hall, 

1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.     2,     p.     144.  FI 

[Ety.  kallos,  beau- 
tiful ;  poros,  pore.] 

Ramose,  smooth,  or  tuberculated ;  ceil 

tubes  cylindrical ;   interstitial  cells  nu- 
merous!; diaphragms  numerous,  no  spini- 

form  tubuli;  intercellular  space  occupied 

by  septate  tubuli.    Type  C.  elegantula. 
aculeolata,  see  Ccelocaulis  aculeolata. 
?aspera,Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

147,  Niagara  Gr. 
bipunclata,   Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 

15,  syn.  for  Streblotrypa  hamiltonensis. 
bispinulata,  see  Orthopora  bispinulata. 
cellulosa,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  12, 

fig.  7-9,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
cervicornis,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 

Foss.,  p.   3,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.   Geo. 

Sur.,  p.  238,  Niagara  Gr. 
cincinnatiensis,  Ulricb,  syn.  for  Leioclema 

occidens. 

diversa,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New.  Spec.  Foss., 
p.  4,  and  llth  Rep. 
Ind.    Geo.    Sur.,    p. 
239,  Niagara  Gr. 
elegantula,  Hall,  1852, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
144,  Niagara  Gr. 
?  exsul,  Hall,  1876,  (Al- 
veolites  exsul,)  28th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat,    Hist.,    p.    115, 
Niagara  Gr. 
fistulosa,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  12, 

fig.  1-6,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
florida,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

146,  Niagara  Gr. 
geniculata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  75,  Up.  Held,  Gr. 

hemispherica,  see  Fistulipora  hemispherica. 
heteropora,  see  Callotrypa  heteropora. 
hyale,  see  Ccelocaulis  hyale. 
incrassata,  see  Fistulipora  incrassata. 
incontroversa,    Ulrich,    1886,    14th   Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Minn.,  p.  96,  Trenton  Gr. 
internodata,  see  Callotrypa  internodata. 
irregularis,  see  Ccelocaulis  irregularis. 
laminata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

146,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.    463.—  Callopora 
exsul. 


296 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


macropora,  see  Callotrypa  macropora. 
macropora    var.    signata,    see    Callotrypa 

macropora  var.  signata. 
maenopora,  Foerste,   1887,  Bull.  Denison 

University,  p.  173,  Niagara  Gr. 
minutissima,  see  Leiclema  miuutissimum. 
mixsourierws,  Rominger,  syn.  for  Leioclema 

punctatum. 

multisfriata,  see  Callotrypa  multiseriata. 
nodulosa,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Chetetes  nod- 

ulosus,)  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  30, 

U"06,  and  Ohio  Pal.,   vol.  2,  p.  200. 
.  Riv.  Gr. 
nummiformis,  Hall,  1852.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  148,  Niagara  Gr. 
oculifera,  see  Callotrypa  oculifera. 
ohioensis,   Foerste,   1887,  Bull.    Denison 

Univ.,  p.  174,  Niagara  Gr. 
onealli,  James,    1875,   (Chetetes  onealli,) 
Int.  Catal.  Cin.  FOBS.,  p.  2,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
oppleta,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
21,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

parasitica,  see  Fis- 
tulipora  para- 
sitica. 

perelegans,  Hall, 
1874,  26th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.Hist.,p.l02, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
ponderosa,  see 
Fistulipor  a 
ponderosa. 
puncta'a,  see  Lei- 
oclema puncta- 
tum. 

punctillata,  Win- 
chell,  1866,Rep. 
Low.        Penin. 
Mich.,     p.     88, 
Ham.  Gr. 
sigillarioides, 
Nicholson, 
1875,    (Chetetes     sigillarioides,)     Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  203,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
singulars,  Hall,1876, 
28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.    Nat.     Hist,, 
p.  115,  Niagara  Gr. 
subnodosa,     Ulrich, 
(in     press),     Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi. 
33,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
subplana,        Ulrich, 
1882,    Jour.     Cin. 
Soc.     Nat.     Hist., 
vol.  5,  p.  253,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr.  FlQ       465.— Callopora 

undulata,  Ulrich,  subnodosa.  Tangen- 
1886,  14th  Rep.  tial  section  x50, 
Tpr,  <3nr  Minn  showing  amalgama- 
t*eo.  bur.  Minn.,  tlon  of  wau8. 

p.  95,  Trenton  Gr. 
unispina,  see  Callotrypa  unispina. 
venusta,  see  Coelocaulis  venusta. 
CALLOPORELLA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  154.    [Ety.  dimin- 
utive of  Callopora.]     Thin  expansions, 
epitheca  below ;  tupes  with  thick  walls 
containing  interstitial  cells   or  angular 


FIG.  464.-Callopora  sigil- 
larioides. Natural  size 
and  magnified. 


mesopores  ;  diaphragms  and  spiniform 
tubuli.     Type  C.  harrisi. 

harrisi,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  6,  p.  91,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

nodulosa,  Ulrich,    (in  press,)    Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  33,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
CALLOTRYPA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  24.  [Ety.  kallos,  beautiful ;  trupa, 
foramen.]  Distinguished  from  Callo- 
pora by  having  a  solid  intercellular 
space,  or  one  occupied  with  minute  tu- 
buli without  septa.  Type  C.  macropora. 

heteropora,  Hall,  1874,  (Callopora  heter- 
opora,)  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  102,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

internodata,  Hall,  1881,  (Callopora  inter- 
nodata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol.  10,  p.  182, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  189,  Ham.  Gr. 

macropora,  Hall,  1874,  (Callopora  macro- 
pora,) 26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  p.  101,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

macropora  var.  signata,  Hall,  1874,  (Tre- 
matopora  signata,)  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat  Hist,  p.  104,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

multiseriata,  Hall,  1881,  (Callopora  multi- 
seriata,) Bryozoans  of  the  Up.  Held. 
Gr.,  p.  7,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  75, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

oculifera,  Hall,  1879,  (Callopora oculifera,) 
32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
155,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

paucipora,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
pi.  23,  fig.  21,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

striata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,    vol.  6,  p. 

26,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

i  unispina,  Hall,  1874,  (Callopora  unispina,) 
26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p. 
102,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

Carinopora,  Nicholson,  1874,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat  Hist,  4th  ser.,  vol.  13,  and  Pal. 
Prov.  Ont,  p.  109,  synonym  forFenes- 
tella. 

hindi,  Nicholson,  1874,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  13,  and  Pal.  Prov. 
Ont,  p.  111.  Not  a  good  species. 
CERAMELLA.Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
19.  [Ety.  keramis,  imbricated.]  Thin, 
growing  from  a  spreading  base,  cellulif- 
erous  on  both  sides,  tubes  oblique; 
peristomes  elevated ;  maculae  sterile,  de- 
pressed. Type  C.  scidacea. 

sc&acea,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

240,  Ham.  Gr. 

CERAMOPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  168.  [Ety.  keramis,  imbricated  like 
roof  tile  ;  poros,  pore.]  Discoidal,  free 
or  attached  by  the  center  of  the  base  to 
foreign  bodies;  under  surface  with  one 
or  more  layers  of  small,  irregular,  inter- 
communicating cells,  which  do  not  form 
tubes  ;  cells  large,  oblique,  imbricating, 
arranged  [in  a  radial  manner  around 
the  depressed  center,  communicating 
with  each  other  and  the  mesopores  by 
means  of  remote  perforations  in  their 
walls ;  mesopores  irregular,  short,  nu- 
merous at  the  center  of  the  colony,  de- 
creasing in  number  toward  the  margin. 
Type  C.  imbricata. 


CER.— CLA.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


297 


agellus,  Hall,  1867,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  120,  Niagara  Gr. 
beani,  James,  1885,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  23,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
confluens,   Hall,   1876,  28th   Rep.  N.   Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  119,  Niagara  Gr. 
explanata,   Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New.  Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  5,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.  and 

Nat.  Hist ,  p.  245,  Niagara  Gr. 
foliacea,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

170,  Niagara  Gr. 
huronensis,    Nicholson,  1875,  Geo.    Mag. 

n.  s.,  vol.  2,  p.  37,  Ham.  Gr. 
imbricata,  Hall,   1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  169,  Niagara  Gr. 
incrustans,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  169,  Niagara  Gr. 
labecula,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.Y.Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  119,  Niagara  Gr. 
labeculoidea,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  ! 

16,  fig.  1-2,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  33, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
maculata,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  108,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
maxima,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  109,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
nicholsoni,  James,  1875,  Int.  to  Catal.  Cin. 

Foss.,  p.  3,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
nothus,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec.  Foss., 

p.  6,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.  and  Nat. 

Hist,,  p.  244,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  466.—  Ceramopora  ohioensis.    Fragment 
natural  size  and  magnified. 

ohioensis,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  265,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

orbicufata,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  19.  Not  prop- 
erly defined. 

parvicella,  Hall,  1879,  32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  158,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

raripora,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss.,  p.  6,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.  and 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  244,  Niagara  Gr. 
CERAMOPORELLA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  156,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  (in  press.)  [Ety.  from 
Ceramopora.'}  Incrusting,  consisting  of 
one  or  more  thin  layers;  zooecial  tubes 
short,  apertures  rounded,  direct  or  ob- 
lique, and  more  or  less  nearly  isolated 
by  mesopores.  Type  C.  distincta. 

distincta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  39,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

granulosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  41,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

stellata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  '< 

vol.  8,  pi.  41,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
Ceriopora,   Goldfuss,     1826,    Germ.    Petref.  | 
[Ety.  kerion,  honey-comb;  poros,  pore.] 
Not  a  Palseozoic  genus. 

hamiltontntis,  see  Streblotrypa  hamilton- 
ensis. 


CHAINODICTYON,  Foerste,  1887,  Bull.  Deni- 
son  Univ.,  p.  81.  Zoaria  flabellate, 
consisting  of  narrow  inosculating 
branches,  poriferous  on  one  side  only, 
the  other  with  concentric  or  lunate  pli- 
cations. Fenestrules  elliptical ;  zooecia 
subtubular  in  two  to  four  alternating 
series,  their  apertures  rounded  and 
placed  at  the  bottom  of  sloping  areas. 
Type  C.  laxum. 

laxum,  Foerste,  1887,  Bull.  Denison  Univ., 
vol.  2,  p.  81,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 

laxum  var.  minor,  Ulricb,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
CHILOPORELLA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  157.  [Ety.  cheilos, 
edge  or  lip ;  poros,  pore ;  ella,  dim.] 
Flabellate  fronds  or  compressed 
branches,  from  a  greatly  expanded 
heavy  crust ;  zooecial  tubes  long,  very 
thin-walled,  large,  and  of  irregular 
shape  in  the  axial  region ;  walls  much 
thickened  near  the  surface ;  apertures 
ovate,  the  lunarium  conspicuously  ele- 
vated ;  mesopores  numerous ;  dia- 
phragms few,  generally  absent.  Type 
C.flabellata. 

flabellata,  Ulrich,  1879,  (Fistulipora  fla- 
bellata,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
2,  p.  28.  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
CHILOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  1884,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  49.  [Ety.  cheilos, 
edge ;  trupa,  opening.]  Ramose,  small 
central  tube  to  which  the  zocecia  are 
attached  ;  interstitial  spaces  vesiculose ; 
diaphragms  wanting,  or  few.  Type  C. 
hispida. 

hispida,  Ulrich,  1884,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  50,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

ostiolata,  Hall,  1852,  (Trematopora  ostio- 
lata,)  Pal.  N.Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  152,  Niagara  Gr. 
CLATHROPORA, 
Hall,  1852, 
Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  159. 
[Ety.  dath- 
rum,  lattice ; 
poros,  pore.] 
Reticulate, 
u  n  i  f  o  r  mly 
poriferouson 
both  sides  of 
the  bifoliate 
fronds;  aper- 
tures more 
s  q. 
jul 

regxilarly  ar 
ranged  i  n 
parallel  se- 
ries or  ob- 
liquely in 
quincunx 
order.  Type 
C.  alcicornis. 

al  cic  or  nis, 
Hall,  1852, 
Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  159,  Niagara  Gr. 


or  less  qnad- 
r an  gular , 


FIG.  467.— Clathropora 
frondosa. 


298 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[CLO.- 


carinata,  Hall,  syn.  for  Coscinotrypa  cri- 
briform is. 

elintonensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  113,  Niagara  Gr. 

flabellata,  Hall,  1851,  Foster  &  Whitney's 
Bep.,  vol.  2,  p.  207,  Trenton  Gr. 

frondosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
160,  Niagara  Gr. 

gracilis,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  54,  Niagara  Gr. 

intermedia,  Nicholson  &  Hinde,  1874, 
Can.  Jour.,  p.  156,  Niagara  Gr. 

intertexta,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag. 
Lond.  n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  125,  Cornifer- 
ous  Gr. 

striatura,  see  Coscinium  striaturum. 
CLONOPOBA,  Hall,  1881,  Bryzoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  20.  [Ety.  klonos,  con- 
fusion ;  poros,  pore.]  Consisting  of  an 
aggregation  of  elongate,  cylindrical, 
tubular  cells,  which  at  intervals  become 
free  and  turn  abruptly  outward  in  an 
umbelliform  expansion,  or  in  alterna- 
tion; cell  apertures  expanded  or  nar- 
rowly trumpet-shaped.  Type  C.  semi- 
reducta. 

fasciculata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.  vol.  6, 
p.  289,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

incurva,;Hall,  1881 ,  Bryozoans  of  Up.  Held. 
Gr.,  p.  20,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

semireducta,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  20,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
C<ELOCAULIS,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  23.  [Ety.  few/os,  hollow;  kanlos, 
stem.]  Ramose,  structure  like  Callopora, 
but  growing  as  Jiollow  stems,  the  thin 
expansion  lined  with  a  striated  epitheca. 
Type  C.  venusta. 

aculeolata,  Hall,  1881,  (Callopora  aculeo- 
lata,)  Bryozoans  of  Up.  Held.  Gr., 
p.  7,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  76,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

hyale,  Hall,  1874,  (Callopora  hyale,)  26th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  100, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  76,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

irregularis,  Hall,  1881,  (Callopora  irregu- 
laris,)  Bryozoans  of  the  Up.  Held.  Gr., 
p.  7,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  76,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

mediopora,  Hall,  1887, Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.6,  p. 
23,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

venusta,  Hall,  1874,  (Callopora  venusta,) 
2Hth  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  101, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  23,  Low. 
Held  Gr. 

COSLOCONUS,  Ulrich,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p. 
402.  [Ety.  koilos,  hollow ;  konos,  cone.] 
Zoaria  simple,  hollow,  expanding  grad- 
ually from  the  striated  and  sub-acute 
basal  extremity,  substance  thin  ;  exter- 
nal characters  of  zo<jecia  as  in  Rhom- 
bopora;  primitive  portion  short; 
hemisepta  well  developed.  Type  C. 
rhombicus. 

granosus,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  72,  Kaskaskia  (ir. 

rhombicus,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  72,  St.  Louis  Gr. 


COSCINELLA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
19.  [Ety.  diminutive  of  Coscinium.] 
Distinguished  from  Coscinium  by  the 
presence  of  minute,  angular  pits  be- 
tween the  cell  apertures  and  around  the 
margins  of  the  fenestrules.  Type  C. 
elegantula. 

cosciniformis,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Ptilo- 
dictya  coseiniformis,)  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  2, 

&35,    and    Pal.    Prov.    Ont.,    p.    80, 
am.  Gr. 

elegantula,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  239,  Ham.  Gr. 

COSCINIUM,  Keyserling,  1846,  Geognost.  beo- 
bacht.,  p.  "192.  [Ety.  koskinion,  a  little 
sieve.]  Lobed,  leaf-like  expansions,  cells 
on  each  side,  quincuncially  arranged ; 
perforated  as  in  Adeona  "cribriformiu ; 
intercellular  spaces  wide,  and  permeated 
with  capillary  tubuli,  which  fill  up  with 
age;  the  dividing  plate  has  a  cancel- 
lous  structure  on  either  side,  Iroin  the 
outer  cellules  of  which  the  large  oblique 
cells,  terminating  on  the  free  surlace, 
take  their  rise.  Type  C.  cyclops. 

asterium,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  574,  Keokuk  Gr. 

cribriform^,  see  Coscinotrypa  cribriformis. 

cyclops,  Keyserling,  1846,  Geognost.  beo- 
bacht,  p.  192,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

elegans,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  572,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

escharoides,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  574,  (erroneously 
written  escharense,)  Keokuk  Gr-. 

keyserlingi,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  269,  Warsaw  Gr. 

latum,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  76,  Burlington  Gr. 

michelini,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  573,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

plumosum,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  572,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

saganella,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  573,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

striatum,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
238,  Ham.  Gr. 

striaturum,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  88,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

tuberculatum,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.,  vol.  1,  p.  573,  Keokuk  Gr. 

wortheni,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  571,  Keokuk  Gr. 
COSCINOTRYPA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  19.  [Ety.  koskinion,  a  little  sieve ; 
trupa,  door.]  Explanate,  celluliferous 
on  both  sides,  with  fenestrules  at  vary- 
ing distances;  surface  plicated;  cells 
tubular,  arising  from  a  mesotheca ; 
apertures  trilobate,  denticulated ;  inter- 
cellular tissue  vesiculose.  Type  C.  crib- 
riformis. 

carinata,  Hall,  syn.  for  C.  cribriformis. 

cribriformis,  Prout,  1858,  (Coscinium  crib- 
riforme,)  Trans.  St.  Louis    Acad.    Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  267,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
Orateripora,    Ulrich,    1879,    Jour.  Gin.   Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,   vol.   2,   p.  29,    C.  erecta,  C. 
,  iux\  C.  lineata  var.  exjMnxa,  rep- 


CRE.— CYS.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


resent  the  basal  articulating  sockets  of 
Ptilodictya  and  Arthroppra,  and  are  not 
entitled  to  rank  as  species. 
CREPIPORA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8.  [Ety.  krepis,  horseshoe ; 
poros,  pore.]  Incrusting,  lamellate  or 
massive,  with  a  wrinkled  epitheca  on 
the  lower  side,  in  one  case  forming 
regular  hollow  branches;  surface  ex- 
hibiting, at  subregular  intervals,  mac- 
ulae of  mesopores,  appearing  as  mi- 
nutely porous  or  subsoil d  elevations  or 
depressions ;  zooacia  very  little  oblique, 
the  apertures  varying  from  rhomboidal 
to  subpyriform ;  lunarium  well  marked 
in  perfect  examples;  best  shown  in 
tangential  sections;  mesopores  usually 
restricted  to  the  maculse ;  diaphragms 
present.  Type  C.  simulans. 
epidermata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  40,  Hud.  Riv.  Group, 
hemispherica,  Ulrich,    (in    press,)    Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  40,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
impressa,   Ulrich, 

(in  press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 

pi.  40,  Hud.  Riv. 

Gr. 
simulans,    Ulrich, 

(in  press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 

pi.    39   and    40, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
solida,  Ulrich,  (in 

press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.   8,    pi. 

40,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

Crisinella    scro- 


FiG.  468.— Crepipora  simu- 
lans. Tangential  sec- 
tion, showing  lumirium. 


Crisina     xcrobiculata,     see 
biculata. 

CRISINELLA,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.  Def., 
pi.  26.  [Ety.  from  Crisina.'}  Ramose, 
solid,  celluliferous  on  one  side ;  cells  in 
oblique,  ascending  rows  from  the  cen- 
ter to  the  margin  of  the  branch ;  peri- 
stpmes prominent;  interapertural  spaces, 
with  polygonal  pits  or  mesopores. 
Type  0.  scrobiculata. 
scrobiculata,  Hall,  1881,  (Crisina  scrobicu- 
lata,) Bryozoans  of  the  Up.  Held.  Gr., 
p.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  103,  Up. 
Held  Gr. 

Oryptopora,  Nicholson,  1874,  Ann.  and  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.,   4th  ser.,  vol.  13,  and  Pal. 

Prov.  Ont.,   p.   102.     Founded  upon   a 

cast  from  the  under  side  of  a  Fenestella. 

mirabilis,  Nicholson.     Not  a  species. 

CYCLOPORA,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  ScL,  vol.  1,  p.  574.  [Ety.  kuklos,  cir- 
cle ;  poros,  pore.]  Discoidal,  f  rondescent 
or  incrusting;  plates  sometimes  super- 
posed with  subprismatic  cells  longer 
than  broad,  having  their  sides  formed 
of  a  minutely  porous  interstitial  net- 
work, developed  from  an  epitheca 
marked  by  transverse  bands  more  or 
less  concentric,  separating  the  bases  of 
the  cells;  cells  shallow  and  expanded; 
interstitial  cells.  Type  C.  fungia. 
discoidea,  see  Proutella  discoidea. 


expatiata,   Ulrich,    (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  68,  Keokuk  Gr. 
fungia,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  577,  Keokuk  Gr. 
jamesi,    Prout,    syn.    for    Ptilodictya    pa- 

vonia. 
polymorpha,  Prout,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.    Sci.,    vol.    1,    p.    578,    Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
CYCLOPORELLA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,   vol.  8,  p.  404.     [Ety.  dim.  of   Cy- 

dopora.]      Thin    discoidal    expansion; 

zofficia  subtubular,    with   a  succession 

of  superior  hemisepta  in  the  vestibular 

portion  ;  irregular  mesoppres  abundant; 

acanthopores  of  large  size,  numerous. 

Type  C.  spinifera. 
perversa,   Ulrich,   (in    press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  69,  Keokuk  Gr. 
spinifera,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  69,  Keokuk  Gr. 
CYSTODICTYA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.  vol.  5,  p.  152.     [Ety.   kustis, 

a  bladder ;  dictyon,  net.]    Zoarium  like 

Stictopora,   but   with   wide    interstitial 

spaces   occupied   with  vesicular  tissue. 

Type  C.  ocellata 
americana,  Ulrich,  (in   press,)  Geo.    Sur. 

111.  vol.  8,  pi.  76,  Keokuk  Gr. 
angusta,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison  Univ., 

p.  81,  Wayerly  Gr. 
hamiltonensis,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  43,  Ham  Gr. 
lineata,  Ulrich,  1884,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.  vol.  7,  p.  37,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  469. — Cystodycta  ocellata.    Natural  size  and 
18  diam. 

lineata   var.   major,    Ulrich,    (in    press,) 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  76,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
lineata,  var.  stludovici, 

Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  76, 

St.  Louis  Gr. 
nitida, Ulrich,  (in  press,) 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 

pi.  76,  Keokuk  Gr. 
ocellata,    Ulrich,     1882, 

Jour.   Gin.  Soc.    Nat. 

Hist.,   vol.  5,  p.    170, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
pustulosa,    Ulrich,     (in 

r>rA«s  ^    rVn     ^nr      111      FlG-         470.— Cysto- 

press, ;  vjreo.  our.  ill.,  (jjct,ya  ocellata 
vol.  8,  pi.  76,  Keokuk  Tangential  sec- 
Gr.  tion  showing  lu- 

simulans,    Ulrich,  1888,     narlum- 

Bull.  Denison  Univ.,  p.  81,  Waverly  Gr. 

zigzag,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison  Univ., 
p.  81,  Cuyahoga  Shales. 


300 


MOLLVSCOIDA. 


[CVS.— ENA. 


CYSTOPORA,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  19.  [Ety.  kustis,  bladder; 
poros,  pore.]  Simple  or  branching  sub- 
cylindrical  stipes  ;  cells  arising  from  the 
axis ;  circular  and  subcylindrical  below, 
enlarged  above  the  middle  and  becom- 
ing ampullate,  turning  abruptly  out- 
ward below  the  apertures,  which  are 
extremely  contracted;  cell-tubes  ex- 
posed more  than  half  their  length. 
Type  C.  geniculata. 

geniculata.  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  103,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
DIAMESOPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  158,  and  vol.  6,  p.  19.  [Ety.  diame- 
808,  the  part  between ;  poros,  opening.] 
Ramose,  hollow,  epitheca  on  inner  sur- 
face ;  intercellular  space  solid ;  surface 
like  Trematopora.  Type  D.  dichotoina. 

camerata,  Hall,  1883,  (Trematopora  came- 
rata,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  72,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

communis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  39  and  41,  Utica  Slate. 

constricta,  Half,  1874.  (Trematopora  con- 
stricta,)  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  104,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

dichotoma,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  158,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

dispersa,  Hall,  1879,  (Trematopora  dis- 
persa,)  32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  150,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

vaupeli,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  39  and  41,  Utica  Slate. 
DICHOTBYPA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  386.  [Ety.  dicha,  double ; 
trupa,  opening.]  Consisting  of  large 
bifoliate  expansions;  the  surface  with 
solid  maculae ;  zooecial  and  minute  struc- 
ture as  in  Cystodictya.  Type  D.  foliata. 

elegans,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  76,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

expatiata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

flabellum,  Rominger,  1866,  (Fistulipora 
nabellum,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil., 
p.  9,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

foliata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  42,  Ham.  Gr. 

grandis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  42,  Niagara  Gr. 

intermedia,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  76,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

lyroides,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  77,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
DICRANOPOUA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  166.  [Ety,  di- 
kranos,  two-pointed  ;  poros,  pore.J  Zo- 
arium  like  Stictopora,  but  distinguished 
by  being  composed  of  ligulate  joints, 
the  edges  being  subparallel  to  near  the 
upper  end,  when  they  diverge  and  bear 
two  segments ;  cell-mouths  between 
raised  longitudinal  lines ;  no  interstitial 
cells.  Type  D.  internodia. 

emacerata,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Ptilodictya 
emacerata,)  Pal.  Ohio,  vol.  2,  p.  261, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


fragilis,  Billings,  1866,(Ptilodictyafragilis,) 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  9,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 


t 


FIG.  471.— Dicranopora  internodia.    Natural  size 
and  magnified. 

internodia,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  (Ptilo- 
dictya internodia,)  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  2, 
p.  7,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

lata,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  166,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

nitidula,  Billings,  1866,  (Ptilodictya  niti- 
dula,)  Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  9, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

trentonensis,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  167,  Trenton  Gr. 
DIPLOCLEMA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  368.  [Ety.  diploox,  double  ; 
klema,  twig.]  Ramose,  ovate  in  cross 
section ;  zocecia  tubular,  long,  appar- 
ently moniliform  proximally ;  separated 
internally  by  an  axial  lamina,  from 
which  they  gradually  diverge  to  open 
on  the  two  sides  of  the  compressed 
branches;  apertures  prominent,  isolated, 
somewhat  constricted  and  circular;  ex- 
ternal wall  thin.  Type  D.  trentonense. 

trentonense,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  53,  Trenton  Gr. 
DIPLOPORA,  Young  &  Young,  1875,  Proc. 
Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Glasgow.  [Ety.  diploot, 
double;  poros,  pore.]  Very  slender 
straight  stems,  throwing  off  a  few  lat- 
eral branches  of  equal  dimensions ;  ob- 
verse or  poriferous  side,  with  two 
ranges  of  zooecia  apertures,  and  moder- 
ately developed  medium  keel ;  reverse 
striated.  Type  D.  marginalis. 

bifurcata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

biserialis,  Ulrich,    (in   press,)   Geo.    Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
DISCOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  155.  [Ety.  diskos, 
quoit;  trupa,  opening.]  Free,  thin,  cir- 
cular expansions;  cells  rhombpidal  or 
hexagonal;  low  monticules,  with  clus- 
ters of  large  cells  present ;  no  intersti- 
tial cells  or  spiniform  tubuli.  Type  D. 
elegans. 

?  devonira,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 
p.  25,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

elegans,  Ulrich,  1879,  (Chetetes  elegans,) 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  130, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

ENALLOPORA,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Pa- 
leont.,  t.  1,  p.  22.  [Ety.  enalloz,  changed  ; 
poros,  pore.]  Small  bifurcating  branches, 
without  connecting  bars;  cell-mouths 


ERI. — FAV.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


301 


prominent  on  each  side,  opening  later- 
ally and  alternately.  Type  E.  peran- 
tiqua. 

cinctosa,  Ulrich,  1882,  (Mitoclema  cinc- 
tosa,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  5, 
p.  159,  Trenton  Gr. 

perantiqua,  Hall,  1847,  (Gorgonia  peran- 
tiqua,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  76,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

ERIDOPORA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  5,  p.  137.  [Ety.  eridos, 
in  dispute ;  poros,  pore.]  Zoarium  thin, 
incrusting  ;  cell-mouths  oblique,  ovate, 
or  subtriangular,  one  side  more  promi- 
nent than  the  other,  surrounded  by 
angular  interstitial  cells,  which  do  not 
form  tubes,  and  may  be  either  open  or 
closed ;  intertubular  spaces  vesicular. 
Type  E.  macrostoma.  Should  this  genus 
prove  to  be  founded  upon  reliable 
characters,  then  many  of  the  parasitic 
species  now  placed  with  Fistulipora 
will  be  referred  to  it. 

macrostoma,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  137,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

minima,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 
p.  21,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

punctifera,   Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  138,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
Eschara,     Lamarck,    1801,    Syst.    An.    sans 
Vert.     [Ety.  eschara,  scar.]    Not  Amer- 
ican Palaeozoic. 

f  concentrica,  Prout,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  234,  Coal  Meas.  Not 
recognized. 

ovatipora,  Troost,  1840,  5th  Geo.  Rep. 
Tenn.  Low.  Sil.  Not  recognized. 

reticulata,  Troost,  1840,  5th  Geo.  Rep. 
Tenn.  Low.  Sil.  Not  recognized. 

?  tuberculata,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  234.  Coal  Meas. 
Not  recognized. 

ESCHAROPORA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  72.  [Ety.  eschara,  scar ;  poros,  pore.] 
Cylindrical,  solid,  tapering  above,  ex- 
panded and  root-like  below  ;  cells  oval, 
inclosed  in  a  rhomboid,  by  elevated 
oblique  lines ;  tubes  radiating  from  an 
imaginary  axis.  Type  E.  recta. 

angusta,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss.,  p.  6,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo. 
and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  245,  "Niagara  Gr. 

lirata,  see  Ptilodictya  lirata. 

nebulosa,  see  Ptilodictya  nebulosa. 

recta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  73, 
Trenton  Gr. 

recta  var.  nodosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  73,  Trenton  Gr. 

ienuis,  see  Phsenopora  tenuis. 
EURYDICTYA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  389.  [Ety.  eurys,  broad ; 
dwtyon,  a  net.]  Broad,  simple,  or  irregu- 
larly divided,  bifoliate  expansions,  with- 
out nonporiferous  parallel  margins; 
surface  with  more  or  less  conspicuous, 
small,  solid  maculae  or  monticules; 
zocecial  structure  very  much  as  in  Sul- 
copora,  the  differences  being  of  small 
importance,  and  due  to  zoarial  habit. 


Type  E.  montifera.    Syn.  (?)  for  Pha>- 
nopora. 

calhounensis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  30,  Trenton  Gr. 

montifera,  Ulrich,  (in press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  30,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

sterlingensis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  30,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
EUSPILOPORA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  389.  [Ety.  euspilos,  full  of 
dots  ;  poros,  pore.]  Small,  bifoliate,  lo- 
bate  or  irregularly  dividing  branches; 
cell  apertures  subcircular,  arranged  be- 
tween longitudinal  spinous  ridges  at  the 
center  of  the  stipe;  at  intervals  several 
short  oblique  rows  of  cells  extend  out- 
ward from  the  central  rows  to  near  the 
margins  of  the  frond;  these  alternate 
with  concave  nonporiferous  but  finely 
granular  spaces,  which  do  not  extend 
out  as  far  as  the  celluliferous  lobes, 
and  which  cause  the  edges  of  the  frond 
to  be  serrate ;  internally  a  vertical  row 
of  shfllow  vesicles  behind  the  vestibu- 
lar  portion  of  the  zocecia;  all  the  re- 
maining interspaces  traversed  by  nu- 
merous minute  tubuli.  Type  E.  serrata. 
Syn.  (?)  for  Stictopora. 

barrisi,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geol.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  43,  Ham.  Gr. 

serrata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  43,  Ham.  Gr. 

EVACTINOPORA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  165. 
[Ety.  evactinos,  with  beautiful  rays; 
poros,  pore.]  Free,  consisting  of  four  or 
more  vertical  leaves  which  radiate  from 
an  imaginary  axis ;  rays  thin,  cellulif- 
erous on  both  sides;  in- 
terstitial spaces  occupied 
by  vesicular  cells,  filled 
with  sclerenchyma, 
which  is  traversed  by 


canals     Type  Eradiata.  FlG  472._Evac. 
grandis,  Meek  &  Worthen,     tiuoporagran- 
1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.    dis.     Pores   2 
3,  p.  503,  Burlington  Gr.    dlam- 

quinqueradiata,  Ulrich, 
(in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  73,  Burling- 
ton, Gr. 

radiata,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
1865,  Proc.  Acad. 


FIG.  473. — Evac- 
tinopora  radi- 
ata.  Pores  2 

ilia  in 


Nat. 


Sci.    Phil.,    p.    65,    and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p. 
502,  Burlington  Gr.. 
sexradiata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  502,  Burlington  Gr. 
FAVICELLA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
19.  [Ety.  favus,  honey-comb;  ellm, 
diminutive.]  Free  or  incrusting.  thin 
expansion;  apertures  inclosed  in  polyg- 
onal vestibular  areas,  similar  to  Selen- 
opora;  intercellular  surface  occupied 
by  minute  mesopores;  structure  vesic- 
ulose.  Type  F.  inclusa. 
inclusa,  Hall,  1881,  (Thallostigma  inclusa,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,-  vol.  10,  p.  188,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  234,  Ham.  Gr. 


302 


MOLLUSCO1DA. 


[FEN. 


FENESTELLA,  Lonsdale,  1839,  Murch,  Sil. 
Syst.  [Ety.  fenestella,  little  window.] 
Zoarium,  flattened  or  infundibuliform, 
composed  of  rays  radiating  from  a  base 
and  uniting  laterally  by  dissepiments, 
so  as  to  form  a  net-work,  the  meshes 
of  which  are  usually  oblong;  inner 
surface  of  rays  rounded  and  striated, 
and  without  cells;  cells  on  the  outer 
side  of  the  rays  in  two  rows,  one  on 
eacli  side  of  a  median  ridge;  dissepi- 
ments witli out  cells.  Type  F.  antiqua. 

acaulis,  see  Unitrypa  acaulis. 

acmea,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  124,  Niagara  Gr. 

aculeata,  see  Polypora  aculeata. 

acuticosta,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil.  Fauna  West. 
Tenn.,  p.  30,  Niagara  Gr. 

adnata,  see  Polypora  adnata. 

adornata,  Hall.  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  vi, 
p.  66,  Low.  Held.  Gr, 

adraste,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  20, 
fig.  20-22,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

.-i-ijualis,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  31,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  112,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

aesyle,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  19, 
fig.  11-13,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  46, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

albida,  Hall,  1887,  6th  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
N.  Y.,  p.  48,  Waverly  Gr. 

albida  var.  ricbfieldensis,  Ulrich,  1888, 
Bull.  Denison  Univ.,  p.  66,  Wa- 
verly Gr. 

althfea,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  19, 
fig.  17-19,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  48, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

ambigua,  see  Loculipora  ambigua. 

angulata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  28,  Up."  Held.  Gr. 

angustata,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  60,  Ham.  Gr. 

anonyma,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  34,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

aperta,  Hall,  1887,  6th  Ann.  Rep.  St. 
Geol.  N.  Y.,  p.  58,  Waverly  Gr. 

arctica,  Salter,  1855,  Belcher's  Last  Arctic 
Voyage,  vol.  2,  p.  385,  Carboniferous. 

arta,  see  Polypora  arta. 

aspectans,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  59,  Ham.  Gr. 

assita,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  64,  Ham.  Gr. 

banyana,  Prout,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  450,  Warsaw  Gr. 

bellistriata,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss.,  p.  7,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo. 
and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  252,  Niagara  Gr. 

bicornis,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  55,  Clinton  Gr. 

bifurca,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 
p.  6,  Up.  Held,  Gr. 

bifurcata,  Prout,  1866,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  411,  Ham.  Gr. 

bigeneris,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 
p.  11,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

biimbricata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  31,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  122,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


biserialis,  see  Hemitrypa  biserialis. 
biseriata,  Hall,  1881,  Brvozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  25,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  113,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
biserrulata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  30,  and   Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  128,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
brevilinea,  Hall,  1884,   36th   Rep.   N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  70,  Ham.  Gr. 
brevisulcata,  see  Polypora  brevisulcata. 
burlingtonensis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,) 

Geo.  Sur.   111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  49,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 
cavernosa,    Ulrich,    1888,    Bull.    Denison 

Univ.,  p.  69,  Waverly  Gr. 
celsipora,  see  Polypora  celsipora. 
celsipora  var.  minima,  see  Polypora  celsi- 
pora var.  minima. 
celsipora  var.  minor,  see  Polypora  celsipora 

var.  minor, 
cestriensis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  51,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
cinctuta,   Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  62,  Ham.  Gr. 
cingulata,    Ulrich,    (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  52,  Keokuk  Gr. 
clathrata,    Hall,  1887,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  117,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cleia,  Hall,   1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  20, 

fig.  14-15,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
compacta,  see  Polypora  compacta. 
compressa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  50,  Keokuk  Gr. 
compressa,  var.  nododorsalis,  Ulrich,  (in 

press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  50,  Ke- 
okuk Gr. 

compressa,  see  Polypora  compressa. 
conferta,    Hall,    1879,    Desc.    New    Spec. 

Foss.,  p.   7,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo., 

and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  252,  Niagara  Gr. 
confertipora,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

6,  p.  108,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
conjunctiva,  see  Isotrypa  conjunctiva, 
coronis,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  21, 

fig.  10-13,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
corticata,    Prout,  1858,   Trans.   St.   Louis 

Acad.     Sci.,     vol.     1,     p.     231,     Coal 

Meas. 
crebripora,  Hall,  1874,  26th   Rep.    N.  Y. 

St.     Mus.    Nat.     Hist.,    p.    25,    Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
cribrosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

166,  Niagara  Gr. 

cribrosa,  see  Hemitrypa  cribrosa. 
cultellata,  see  Polypora  cultellata. 
cultrata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  29,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  119,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
curvata,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  69,  Ham.  Gr. 
curvijunctura,    Hall,    1881,  Brvozoans  of 

the  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  29,  and* Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  107,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cylindracea,    Hall,    1881,    Bryo/oans    of 

the      Up.     Held.     Gr.,     p.     24,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
davidsoni,  Nicholson,   1875,   Geo.    Mag., 

vol.  2,  n.  s.,  p.36,  Ham.  Gr. 


FEN.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


FIQ.  474.— Feuestella  del 
icata.    Part  of  a  frond 


delicata,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  23,  p.  159,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 
273,  Waverly  Gr. 
depressa,  Hall, 
1881,  Bryozoans 
of  the  Up.  Held. 
Gr.,  p.  30,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  Ill,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

dilata,  Prout.,  1866, 
Trans.   St.    Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2, 
p.  411,  Ham.  Gr. 
dispanda,    Hall, 
1887,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  114,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
distant,    see     Poly- 

pora  distans. 
elegans,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

164,  Niagara  Gr. 
elegantissima,    Eichwald,    1860,    Lethaea 

Rossica,  p.  364,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
elegantissima,  Hall,  1881.     This  name  was 
preoccupied,  but  see  Unitrypa  elegan- 
tissima. 
elevatipora,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  S,  pi.  51,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
elongata,  see  Polypora  elongate, 
emaciata,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  68,  Ham.  Gr. 
erectipora,   Hall,  1881,  Brvozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  33,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  118,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
eudora,  see  Polypora  eudora. 
exigua,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  51,  Warsaw  Gr. 
eximia,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 
exornata,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  67,  Ham.  Gr. 
fastigata,  see  Unitrypa  fastigata. 
favosa,  see  Hemitrypa  favosa. 
filiformis,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.,  vol. 
1,  n.  &.,  p.  199,  Up.  Held.  Gr.    The  su- 
perficial  network  of    some  species    of 
Unitrypa. 
filistriata,   Ulrich,   (in  press,)   Geo.    Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  49,  Burlington  Gr. 
filitexta,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 
fistulata,  see  Polypora  fistulata. 
Jlabellata,  Phillips,  1836,  Geo.  York,  pt.  2, 
p.   198,  Coal  Meas.,  or  Permian.     Not 
American.  (?) 

flabelliformis,  see  Polypora  flabelliformis. 
flexuosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  51,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
foliata,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison  Univ., 

p.  67,  Waverly  Gr. 
funicula,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  51,  Keokuk  Gr. 
gradlis,  see  Subretepora  gracilis. 
granifera,  Hall,    1881,   Bryozoans  of   the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  33,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  125,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
granilinea,  see  Polypora  granilinea. 


granulosa,    Whitneld,    1878,    Ann.    Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  68,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  252,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hemitrypa,  Prout,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  444,  Warsaw  Gr. 
herrickana,  Ulrich,    1888,  Bull.  Denison 

Univ.,  p.  63,  Waverly  Gr. 
hestia,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  20, 

fig.  12-13,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
Jiexagonalis,  see  Polypora  hexagonalis. 
hexagonalis  var.  foraminulosa,  see  Polypora 

hexagonalis  var.  foraminulosa. 
idalia,    Hall,    1874,   26th   Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  95,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
idothea,  see  Polypora  idothea. 
imequalis,   Ulrich,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  52,  Coal  Meas. 
inflexa,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  64,  Ham.  Gr. 
intermedia,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  231,  Coal  Meas. 
interrupta,  Hall,  1881,   Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  32,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  123,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
junceus,  Hall.  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  20, 

fig.  16-18,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
Itevistriata,  see  Polypora  laevistriata. 
largissima,  see  Polypora  largissima. 
lata,  see  Unitrypa*  lata. 
latijunctura,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  31,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  128,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
latitruncata,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  58,  Ham.  Gr. 
Isevinodata,  see  Polypora  Isevinodata. 
limbata,    Foerste,    1887,    Bull.    Denison 

Univ.,  vol.  2,  p.  83,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
lineanoda,  Hall,   1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  22,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
lunulata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  31,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  121,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
lyelli,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  288, 

Subcarboniferous. 
magnifica,    Nicholson,    1874,    Geo.   Mag., 

vol.  1.  n.  s.,  p.  197,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
marcida,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  57,  Ham.  Gr. 
marginalis,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.   Mag., 

vol.  1,  n.  s.,  p.  197,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
marginata,  McCoy,   1862,    Carb.    Foss.  of 

Ireland,  p.  206,   Up.  Coal  Meas.     Not 

American.  (?) 
meekana,    Ulrich,    1888,    Bull.    Denison 

Univ.,  p.  64,  Waverly  Gr. 
microtrema,    D'Orbigny,    1850,    Prodr.    d. 

Paleont.     Not  properly  defined, 
mimica,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  52,  Low.  Coal.  Meas. 
modesta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  52,  Low  Coal  Meas. 
multiplex,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  57,  Ham.  Gr. 
multiporata   var.   lodiensis,   Meek,   1875, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  274,  Waverly  Gr. 
multispinosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol,  8,  pi.  50,  Keokuk  Gr. 
mutabilis,  see  Polypora  mutabilis. 
nervata,  see  Ptiloporella  nervata. 


304 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[FEN. 


nervia,  see  Unitrypa  nervia. 

nervia  var.  constricta,  see  Unitrypa  nervia 

var.  constricta. 
nexa,  see  Polypora  nexa. 
nodosa,    Prout,    1866,    Trans.    St.    Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  410,  Ham.  Gr. 
norwoodana,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  233,  Coal  Meas. 
oxfordensis,  Ulrich,  syn.  for  F.  granulosa. 
papillata,    Hall,    syn.   for   Polypora   pax- 

illata. 
parallella.  Hall,   1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.   26,  and  Pal..  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  107,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
peculiaris.  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 

33,  fig.  19-21,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
parvulipora,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    p.    123,    Niag- 
ara  Gr. 
patellifera,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Pal.,  p. 

8,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
paxillata,  see  Polypora  paxillata. 
perangulata,  see  Polypora  perangulata. 
perelegans,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Nebraska, 

p.  153,  Coal  Meas. 
perforata,  see  Loculipora  perforata. 
permarginata,  Hall,   1881,   Bryozoans  of 

the  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  30,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  127,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
perminuta,  Ulrich,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  52,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
pernodosa,  see  Unitrypa  pernodosa. 
perplexa,   Hall,   1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr..   p.  33,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  130,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pertenuis,    Hall,   1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  6,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.   Ind. 

and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  251,  Niagara  Gr. 
pertenuis.  Hall,  1881.    The  name  was  pre- 
occupied, see  F.  proutana. 
perundala,  see  Polypora  perundata. 
perundulata,  see  Reteporina  perundulata. 
philia,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,   pi.  20, 

fig.  9-11,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
planiramosa,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 

18,  fig.  14-18,  syn.  for  Polypora  com- 


planiramosa,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  65,  Ham.  Gr. 

plebeia,  McCoy,  1862,  syn.  Garb.  Foss. 
Ireland,  p.  203,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

plumosa,  see  Hemitrypa  plumosa. 

popeana,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  229,  Permian  Gr. 

porosa,  see  Polypora  porosa. 

precursor,  see  Unitrypa  precursor. 

prisca,  Lonsdale,  1839,  Murch.  Sil.  Syst., 
p.  178,  Clinton  Gr. 

proceritas,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  115,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

prolixa,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss.,  p.  8,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo. 
and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  253,  Niagara  Gr. 

propria,  see  Polypora  propria. 

proutana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  2d  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  291,  Up.  Held.  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  F.  pertenuis,  Hall, 
1881,  Bryzoans  of  the  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p. 
29,  which  was  preoccupied. 


pulchella,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 

p.  9,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
puncto-striata,  Hall,   1876,  28th   Rep.  N. 

Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,   p.    68,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 
quadrangula,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  68,  Ham.  Gr. 
quadrangularis,     see     Polypora    quadran- 

gularis. 
quadrula,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 

21,  fig  19-22,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
regalis,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison  Univ., 

p.  70,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  50, 

Keokuk  and  Waverly  Grs. 
remote,  Foerste,  1887,  Bull.  Denison  Univ., 

vol.  2,  p.  84  and  87,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
rhombifera,  see  Reteporina  rhombifera. 
rigida,  see  Polypora  rigida. 
robusta,  see  Polypora  robusta. 
rudis,   Ulrich,    (in   press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  49,  Keokuk  Gr. 
scalaris,  see  Unitrypa  scalaris. 
sculptilis,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 

p.  10,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
semirotunda,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  32,  and  Pal.  N.Y.,  vol. 

6,  p.  125,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
separata,  see  Polypora  separata, 
serrata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  28,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  110,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
serratula,    Ulrich,    (in   press,)    Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  50,  Warsaw,  St.   Louis, 

and  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
sevillensis,   Ulrich,  (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  52,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
shumardi,  Prout,   1858,  Trans.  St.   Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  232,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
singularitas,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  29,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  114,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
sinuosa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

116,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
spio,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  47, 

Low  Held.  Gr. 
stellata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  29,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  109,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
stipata,  see  Unitrypa  stipata. 
striata,  see  Reteporina  striata. 
striatopora,  see  Polypora  striatopora. 
subflexuosa,  Ulrich,  1888,   Bull.    Denison 

Univ.,  p.  68,  Waverly  (Jr. 
submutans,  see  Polypora  submutans. 
subretiformis,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sei.,  vol.  1,  p.  233,  Coal  Meas. 
substriata,    Hall,   1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  35,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
subtortilis,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  71,  Ham.  Gr. 
sylvia,    Hall,  1874,  26th    Rep.  N.   Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  96,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tantulus,    Hall,    1879,    Desc.    New    Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  8,  and    llth    Rep.  Ind.    Geo. 

and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  253,  Niagara  Gr. 
teyulata,  see  Unitrypa  tegulata. 
tenax,  Ulrich,  (in    press,)   Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.   8,  pi.  51,  Keokuk,   St.   Louis  and 

Kaskaskia  Grs. 


FEN. — KIS.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


305 


tenella,   Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

105,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
tenuiceps,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

165,  Niagara  Gr. 
tenuis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  51, 

Clinton  Gr. 
thyene,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  21, 

fig.  1-5,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
torta,  Hall,    1881,   Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  30,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
trituberculata,    Prout,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.    228,  Coal 

Meas. 
tuberculata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  116,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
variabilis,  Prout,   1858,   Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  231,  Coal  Meas. 
variopora,    Hall,  1881,   Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  28,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
vera,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

8,  pi.  44,  Ham.  Gr. 
verrucosa,  Hall,  1883,   Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 

33,  fig.  11,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  110, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
virgosa,  Eichwald,  1860,  Lethaea  Rossica, 

p.  358,  Up.  Coal   Meas.    Probably  not 

American, 
wortheni,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  52,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
FENESTRALIA,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,   vol.  1,  p.  235.     [Ety.  from 

genus  Fenestella.~\    Zoarium  like  Fenes- 

tella,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by 

having  two  rows  of  cells  on  each  side 

of   the   median   ridge.    Type    F.   stlu- 

dovici. 
stludovici,      Prout,      1858,      Trans.      St. 

Louis   Acad.    Sci.,    vol.    1,   p.   235,    St. 

Louis  Gr. 
stludovici     var.    compacta,     Ulrich,    (in 

press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  59,  St. 

Louis  Gr. 
FENESTRAPORA,  Hall,  1885,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 

36.    [Ety.  fenestra,  opening ;  poros,  pore.] 

Forms    of     Fenestellidse    having     the 

branches  connected  by  dissepiments, 
two  ranges  of 
cell  apertures, 
separated  by  a 
carina  bearing 

Sores ;     noncel- 
iliferous     side 
with     conspicu- 
ous pores.  Type 
F.  biperforata. 
biperforata,    Hall, 
1885,    Rep.    St. 
nffi         Geol    pi.  2   fig. 
17,     Up.    Held. 
Gr. 
infraporosa,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Amer. 

Pal.,  p.  14,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
occidentalis,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  44  and  54,  Ham.  Gr. 
FISTULIPORA,  McCoy,  1849,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  130.  [Ety. 
fistula,  pipe ;  poros,  pore.]  Incrusting 
or  massive;  corallites  long,  cylindrical, 
thick-walled,  not  in  contact;  tabulse 


FIG.  475.  —  Fenestra 
biperforata.  Magn 
nonporiferous  side. 


>,   Proc.  Acad. 

o 


numerous ;  cells  circular,  smooth-edged  ; 

intervals  between  corallites  filled  with 

vesicular    plates,    tabulated.    Type   F. 

minor, 
acervulosa,  Rominger,  1866,    Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  7,  Ham.  Gr. 
astricta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,) 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi. 

47  and  48,  Ham.  Gr. 
canadensis,    see    Favosites 

canadensis. 
carbonaria,    Ulrich,    1884, 

Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  

vol.   7,  p.   45,    Up.  Coal  FIG  476.-Fistu- 

Meas.  lipora  astricta. 

clausa,      see       Meekopora    ^tioif  ^how* 

dausa.  ing  lunaiium" 

collina,  Ulrich,  (in  press,) 

Geo.   Sur.   111.,   vol.  8,   pi.  47   and  48, 

Ham.  Gr. 
communis,  Ulrich,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  47  and  48,  Ham.  Gr. 
compressa,  Rominger,   1866,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  10,  Keokuk  Gr. 
confertipora,    Hall,    1881,    (Thallostigma 

confertipora,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10, 

6184,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  6,  p.  211, 
am.  Gr. 

constricta,    Hall,    1881,   (Lichenalia  con- 

stricta,)   Trans.  Alb.   Inst.,   vol.   10,  p 

183,    and    Pal.    N.    Y.,   vol.   6,  p.   227, 

Ham.  Gr. 

corrugata,  Ulrich,   (in  press,)    Geo.    Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  47  and  48,  Ham.  Gr. 
crassa,  Rominger,  1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 

decipiens,  Hall,  1881,  (Thallostigma  de- 
cipiens,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p 
187,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  232 
Ham.  Gr. 

densa,  Hall,  1881,   (Thallostigma  densa,) 
Trans.   Alb.  Inst.,  vol.   10,  p.  186,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  231,  Ham.  Gr. 
digitata,  Hall,  1881,  (Thallostigma digitata,) 
Trans.   Alb.   Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.   185,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  229,  Ham.  Gr! 
ekgans,  see  Pinacotrypa  elegans. 
eriensis,  Rominger  1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 

excellens,   Ulrich,  1884,   Jour.    Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  46,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
flabellata,  see  Chiloporella  flabellata. 
flabellum,  see  Dichotrypa  flabellum. 

foordi,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  47  and  48, 
Ham.  Gr. 

halli,  Rominger,  1866, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 


'p.  6,  Niagara  Gr. 
eli 


helios,  Rominger,  1866, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  7,  Corniferous  Gr. 
hemispherica,  Hall, 
1881,  (Callopora 
hemispherica,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
10,  p.  183,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  226, 
Ham.  Gr. 


FiG.477.— Fistulipora 
foordi.  Opercular 
cover  x  50. 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[FLU. 


incrassata,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Callopora  in- 

crassata,)  Geo.  Mag.  Lond.  n.  s.,  vol.  1, 

p.  13,  and  Rep.  Pal.  Ont.,  p.  61,  Ham.  Gr. 
intercellata,  Hall,  1881,  (Thallostigma  in- 

tercellata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 

13,  and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  87,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
involvens,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  221,  Ham.  Gr. 
labiosa,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  88,  Ham.  Gr. 
lamellata,  Hall,  1881,  (Thallostigma  lamel- 

lata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  13, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  87,  Up.  Held.  Gr.  | 
lens,  Whitfield,  1878.  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  i 

Wis.,   p.  69,  and  Geo.  Wis.,   vol.  4,  p. 

256,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
longimacula,    Hall,     1881,    (Thallostigma  | 

longimacula,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  , 

p.  185,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  209, 

Ham.  Gr. 

lunata,  see  Buscopora  lunata. 
micropora,  Hall,  1884,   Thallostigma  mi- 

cropora,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  26,  Ham.  Gr. 
minuta,  Rominger,  1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  7,  Ham.  Gr. 
monticulata,  Ulrich,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 

pi.  47  and  48,  Ham.  Gr. 
multiculeata,    Hall,    1884,    (Thallostigma 

multiculeata,)    Rep.    St.    Geol.,    p.   23, 

Ham.  Gr. 
neglecta,  Rominger,  1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,    p.   6,    syn.    for    Lichenalia   con- 

centrica. 


FIG.  478.— Flustra  (?)  tuberculata.    Sections  x  50. 


nodulifera,  Meek,   1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p. 

143,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
normalis.  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 

p.  20,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
occidens,    Hall    &    Whitfield,    1873,    23d 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  229, 

Chemung  Gr. 
oweni,  James,  1885,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,    vol.   7,    p.   21,   Hud.    Riv.    Gr. 

Poorly  defined. 

parasitica,    Hall,    1879,    (Callopora   para- 
silica,)  32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.   Mus.  Nat. 

Hist,  p.  157,  Low.  Held  Gr. 
peculiaris,  see  Actinotrypa  peculiaris. 
prolifica,  Ulricb,  1884,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  45,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
proporoides,   Nicholson,    1879,    Pal.  Tab. 

Corals,  p.  310,  Ham.  Gr. 


ponderosa,    Hall,    1874,    (Callopora    pon- 
derosa,)   26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist ,  p.  103,  Low.  Held  Gr. 
rugosa,  see  Batostoma  rugosa. 
saffordi,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  88,  Ham.  Gr. 
scrobiculata,    Hall,     1884,    (Thallostigma 
scrobiculata,)    Rep.    St.    Geol.,    p.    20, 
Ham.  Gr. 
segregate,  Hall,  1884,  (Thallostigma  segre- 

gata,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  27,  Ham.  Gr. 
serrulate,  Hall,  1884,  (Thallostigma  serru- 

lata,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  22,  Ham.  Gr. 
solidissima,    Whitfield,   1878,   Ann.    Rep. 
Geo.  Sur:  Wis.,  p.  69,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol. 
4,  p.  255,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
spergenensis,  Rominger,  1866,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  9,  Warsaw  Gr. 
spheroidea,     Hall,     1884,     (Thallostigma 
spheroidea,)     Rep.     St.    Geol.,    p.    31, 
Ham.  Gr. 
spinulifera,  Rominger,  1866,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 
stellifera,    Rominger,    1866,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  7,  Ham.  Gr. 
subtilis,   Hall,    1884,    (Thallostigma   sub- 

tilis,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  30,  Ham.  Gr. 
sulcata,  Rominger,  1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  7,  Ham.  Gr. 

triangularis,  Hall,  1884,  (Thallostigma 
triangularis,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  32, 
Ham.  Gr. 

trifaria,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
222,  Ham.  Gr. 

tri folia,  Rominger, 
1866,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  9,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 

triloba,  Hall,  1887,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  29, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
umbilicata,  Hall,  1884, 
(Thallostigma  um- 
bilicata,) Rep.  St. 
Geol.,  p.  23,  Ham. 
Gr. 

unilinea,     Hall,     1887, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
217,  Ham.  Gr. 
utriculus,      Rominger, 
1866,     Proc.      Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 
variopora,     Hall,     1884,      (Thallostigma 
variopora,)     Rep.     St.     lieol.,    p. 
Ham.   Gr. 

Flustra,  Linnaeus,  1745, 
Amsenitates  aca- 
demicae.  Not  Pa- 
leozoic. 

carbaseoides,     Eaton, 

1832,    Geo.     Text 

Book,  p.  44.     Not 

recognized. 

spatulata,  see  Worth- 

enopora  spatulata.  FlG  479._FiuStm  (?)  tu- 
tuberculata,      Prout,     berculalu.      Aperture 
1859,     Trans.     St.    *50. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  447,  Warsaw 
Gr.    Not  a  flustra. 


18. 


GI«A. — GRA.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


307 


FIG.  480.— Glauconom* 
nereidis. 


GLAUCONOME,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref., 
vol.  1,  p.  100,  as  emended  by  Lonsdale 
in  Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  p.  677.  [Ety. 
mythological  name.]  Narrow  central 
stem,  with  lateral  branches ;  two  rows 
of  cells  separated  by  a  keel  on  the  face 
of  each  branch,  and  opposite  side  stri- 
ated. Type  G.  disticha. 

bellula,  Ulrich, 
(Pinnato  p  o  - 
ra    bellula,) 
Geo.        Sur. 

E^.VI£ri»*g5i       in.,  vol.    8, 
nH'JtSi^^     pi-  66>  L™- 
&yKS3P         Coal     Meas. 

carinata,  Hall, 
1884,  Rep. 
St.  Geol.,  p. 
60,  Ham.  Gr. 
curvata,  Ul- 
rich, 1888, 
( Pinnatop  o  - 
ra  curvata,) 
Bull.  Deni- 
son  Univ., 
p.  76,  Cuya- 
hoga  Shales, 
flexuosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  66,  Keokuk  Gr. 
intermedia,  Ulrich,  1888,  (Pinnatopora  in- 
termedia,) Bull.  Denison  Univ.,  p.  74, 
Cuyahoga  Shales. 

minor,  Ulrich,  1888,  (Pinnatopora  minor,) 
Bull.  Denison  Univ.,  p.  77,  Cuyahoga 
Shales. 

nereidis,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 
p.  18,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer., 
vol.  4,  p.  105,  Carboniferous, 
nodata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  18,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  102,  Up.  Held  Gr. 

simulatrix,  Ulrich,  1888,  (Pinnatopora 
simulatrix,)  Bull.  Denison  Univ.,  p.  75, 
Cuyahoga  Shales. 

sinuosa,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  18,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  101,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
subangulata,  Ulrich,  1888,  (Pinnatopora 
subangulata,)  Bull.  Denison  Univ.,  p. 
76,  Cuyahoga  Shales. 

tenuiramosa,  Ulrich,  1888,  (Pinnatopora 
tenuiramosa,)  Bull.  Denison  Univ.,  p. 
79,  Cuyahoga  Shales. 

tenuistriata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  19,  and  Pal.    N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  102,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
trilineata,  Meek,   1872,  Pal.  E.   Neb.,  p. 

157,  Coal  Meas. 
vinii,  Ulrich,  1888,  (Pinnatopora  vinii,) 

Bull.  Univ.,  p.  77,  Cuyahoga  Shales, 
whitii,  Foerste,  1887,  (Pinnatopora  whitii,) 

Bull.  Univ.,  p.  78,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
youngi,      Ulrich,      1888,       (Pinnatopora 
youngi,)  Bull.  Univ.,  p.  78,  Cuyahoga 
Shales. 

GLOSSOTRYPA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  xvii.  [Ety.  glosse,  the  tongue ;  trupa, 
opening.]  Zoarium  tubular ;  cells  aris- 
ing from  the  epitheca  lining  the  cylin- 


drical frond  ,  intersected  by  narrow  pro- 

jections from  the  cell  walls,  extending 

partially  across  the  cell  tube  ;  apertures 

paliform  ;    intercellular  structure  vesic- 

ulose.    Type  G.  paliformis. 

paliformis,  Hall,  1881,   (Lichenalia   pali- 

formis,) Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  11, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  85,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Glyptotrypa,  Ulrich,  syn.  (?)  for  Coscinium. 

GONIOTKYPA, 

Ulrich, 
(in  press), 
Micropal  - 
seonto  1  o  - 

gy,  p-  14. 

[Ety.  go- 
nia,  an- 
gle ;  trupa, 
opening.  ] 
Bifoliate, 
joi  n  t  e  d  , 


segmen  t  s 
small,  FJG. 
each    face     alls- 


.  —  Goniotrypa     bilater- 
1>  Transverse  section  ;    2, 
transverse  section  lower  down  ; 
*     3,  tangential  section  of  the  up- 

central    per  part. 

ridge; 

cells    in    longitudinal  rows  ;    apertures 

oval,  directed  obliquely  outward.    Type 

G.  bilateralis.    Syn.    (?)   for    Dicrano- 

pora. 
bilateralis,  Ulrich,   (in   press),   Micropa- 

laeontology,  p.  15,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  (?) 
Gorgonia,  Linnaeus,  1745,  Amaenitates  Acad. 

[Ety.  mythological  name.]    Not  Amer- 

ican Palaeozoic. 
anticorum,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  50. 

Not  recognized. 

(?)  aspera,  see  Subretepora  aspera. 
dubia,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Petref.  Germ.  Per- 

mian.   Not  recognized. 
ehrenbergi,  see  Phyllopora  ehrenbergi. 
infundibuliformis,  Eaton,  1832,  Geo.   Text 

Book,  p.  43.     Not  recognized. 
perantiqua,  see  Enallopora  perantiqua. 
retiformis,  see  Dictyonema  retiforme. 
siluriana,    Castelnau,    1843,  Syst.   Sil.,  p, 

50.    Not  recognized. 


FIG.  482.— Graptodictya  nitida.    Natural  size 
and  magnified. 

GRAPTODICTYA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  165.  [Ety.  grapho, 
I  write ;  dictyon,  net.]  Zoarium  pointed 
below,  branching  above,  cell  apertures 
circular,  and  separated  by  interstitial 
pits  or  sulci ;  distinguished  from  Ptilo- 
dictya  by  the  circular  cells  and  sur- 
rounding pits.  Type  G.  perelegans. 


308 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[HEI,. 


FIG  483.— Heder- 
ella  canaden- 
sis.  Magnified. 


tion  of  the  zooecia ;  intercommunication 
by  means  of  radially  arranged  tubuli. 
Type  II.  bifolia. 

bifolia,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  278,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
HELOPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
44.  [Ety.  helos,  nail ;  poros,  pore.] 
Zoarium  jointed  ;  segments  small,  sim- 
ple, cylindrical,  often  swollen  at  the 
extremities  ;  cells  oval  or  subangular, 
and  arranged  between  longitudinal 
elevated  lines  or  in  quincunx.  Type 
H.  fragilis. 

armata,  Billings,    1866,   Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  38,  Anticosti  Gr. 

bellula,    Billings,   1866,   Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  38,  Anticosti  Gr. 

circe,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  39,  Anticosti  Gr. 


nitida,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  166,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
perelegans,    Ulrich,    1878,      (Ptilodictya 

perelagans,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  1,  p.  94,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

HEDERELLA,  Hall,  1884,  Rep. 
St.  Geol.,  p.  53.  [Ety. 
hedera,  ivy.]  Bryozoum 
parasitic,  procumbent, 
attached  the  entire 
length;  main  axis  tubu- 
lar, from  which  proceed 
lateral  tubular  cells, 
giving  it  the  general  ap- 
pearance of  Stomato- 
pora.  Type  H.  cana- 
densis. 

canadensis,       Nicholson, 
1873,   (Alecto  (?)  cana- 
densis,) Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.    _ 

7,  p.  144,  and  Pal.  Prov.  Ont.,  p.    \  */ 

124,  Up.  Held,  and  Ham.  Gr.         \\l/  * 
cirrhosa,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,    \    / 

p.  53,  Ham.  Gr.  V>  f/ 

conferta,    Hall,    1884,    (Ptilionella     \ /j 

conferta,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  56,    I  x  / 

Ham.  Gr.  A  '/ 

filiformis,  Billings,  1858,  (Aulopora  V  / 

filiformis,)  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  4,  p.  »\    / 

119,  Ham.  Gr.  V  /. 

magna,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.   Geol.,  V\  / 

p.  55,  Ham.  Gr.  A  /• 

HELICOPORA,    Claypole,    1883,    Quar.  \/ 

Jour.  (feo.  Soc.,  p.  30.   [Ety.  helix,      Vr 

spiral;  poros,   pore.]     Bryozoum 

expanded,  fenestrate,  and  spiral ; 

formed    of   slender,    bifurcating 

rays,  poriferous  on  one  face,  con- 
nected   by   nonporiferous    bars, 

forming  an  open  net-work  ;  cells 

arranged  in  two  rows  along  the 

rays,  one  row  on  each  side  of  a 

median  keel ;  axis  none,  or  con- 
sisting   only    of   the   thickened 

inner  border  of    the  bryozoum, 

not     straight,    but     forming    a 

spiral,  rounded,  nonporiferous,  or 

slightly  poriferous,  inner  margin. 

Type  H.  latispiralis.    Regarded 

bv  some  as  a  synonym  for  Fen- 

estella,    and    distinguished    only  ^^- 485.-o-^  Helopora^agilis ^  Helopora  lindstromi, 


by  the  spiral  form 
archimediformis, 


Claypole,   syn.    for    Ar- 
chimedes laxus. 
latispiralis,    Clay- 
le,  1883,  Quar. 
our.  Geo.  Sci., 
p.  32,  Niagara  Gr. 
ulrichi,    Claypole, 

r.  Jo 

Geo.  Soc.,  p.  3 
.  Gr. 


pol 
Jo 


1883,  Quar.  Jour. 
33, 

Up.  Held!  " 
HELIOTRYPA,  Ulrich, 
1883,  Jour.  Cin. 

FIG.  484.— Heliotrypa    bi-  Soc.    Nat.    Hist., 

folia.    ^Tangential  sec-          vol.    6,    p.    277. 


tion  x  50. 


[Ety.  helios,  sun ; 
iliate. 


trupa,  opening.]    Bifoliate,   interstitial 
cells  developed  from  the  prostrate  por- 


concava,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.   Sil.   Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  37,  Anticosti  Gr. 

divaricata,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  59,  Trenton  Gr. 

formosa,  Billings,  1865,   Catal.  Sil.    Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  37,  Anticosti  Gr. 

fragilis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  44,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

fragilis     var.    acadiensis, 
Hall,    1860,   Can.    Nat.  FlG.  486  _ 
and  Geo.,  vol.   5,  Anti-     pora      fragilis. 
costi  Gr.  Natu    • 

irregularis,  Billings,  1866, 


it  .u  nil 


and  magnified. 


Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  39,Anticosti  Gr. 
imbricata,  Ulrich,  (in    press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  29,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


HEM. — HOM.] 


MOLL  USCOIDA. 


309 


FIG.   487.  —  Hemi- 
trypa  biordo. 


lineata,    Billings,  1866,   Catal.  Sil.   FOBS. 

Antic.,  p.  36,  Anticosti  Gr. 
lineopora,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  38,  Anticosti  Gr. 
nodosa,   Billings,  1866,  Catal.   Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  38,  Anticosli  Gr. 
spiniformis,  Ulrich,    1882,    (Arthroclema 

spiniforrae,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  5,  p.  161,  Trenton  Gr. 
striatopora,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  39,  Anticosti  Gr. 
strigosa,    Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  37,  Anticosti  Gr. 
tennis,  see  Arthrostylus  tenuis. 
varipora,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  40,  Anticosti  Gr. 

HEJIITRYPA,  Phillips,  1841, 
Pal.  Foss.  Cornwall, 
Devon,  and  W.  Som- 
erset, p.  27.  [Ety. 
emisos,  half ;  trupa,  per- 
foration.] Fenestel- 
loid ;  branches  con- 
nected by  dissepi- 
ments; cell  apertures 
in  two  ranges,  sepa- 
rated by  carinse,  which 

are  elevated,  widened   at  the  summit, 

and  connected  by  scalae,  which  meet 

midway  and  coalesce,  forming  pseudo- 

carinse.     Type  H.  oculata. 
aspera,  Ulrich,  (in  press).  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  57,  Keokuk  Gr. 
biordo,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  6,  p. 

149,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
biserialis,  Hall,  1879,  32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mns.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  174,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
biserialis  var.  exilis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  57,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
columellata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  146,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cribrosa,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  cribrosa,) 

Trans.   Alb.  Inst.,  vol.   10,  p.   35,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 

dubia,  syn.  for  Loculipora  ambigua. 
favosa,  Hall,  1881,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 

10,  p.  35,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  148, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
nodosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8.  pi.  57,  Keoknk  Gr. 
prima.  Hall,  syn.  for  Unitrypa  nervia. 
pateriformis,  Ulrich,  (in  press.)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  57,  Keokuk  Gr. 
perstriata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  57,  Keokuk  Gr. 
plumosa,    Prout,  1858,    (Fenestella    plu- 

mosa,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol. 

1,  p.  236,  Keokuk  and  Warsaw  Gr. 
proutana,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  57,  proposed  instead  of 

Fenestella  hemitrypa  of  Prout,  Keokuk 

and  Warsaw  Grs. 
proutana  var.  nodulosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,) 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  57,  Keokuk  Gr. 
proutana    var.     vermifera,     Ulrich,     (in 

press,)    Geo.    Sur.   111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  57, 

Warsaw  Gr. 
tenera,  Ulrich,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  44,  Hamilton  Gr. 


ulrichi,    Foerste,    1887,     Bull.     Denison 

Univ.,  vol.  2,  p.  152,  Clinton  Gr. 
HERNODIA,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  58. 
[Ety.  hernodes,  like  a  young  sprout.] 
Bryozoum  parasitic,  procumbent,  in- 
creasing by  gemmation  like  Aulopora ; 
budding  lateral,  and  for  some  distance 
in  contact  and  frequently  coalescing 
with  the  parent  cells.  Type  H.  humi- 
fusa. 

humifusa,  Hall,   1884,   Rep.   St.  Geol.,  p. 

58,  Ham.  Gr. 

HETERODICTYA,  Nicholson,  1875,  Geo.  Mag., 
vol.  2,  n.  s.,  p.  33,  and  Pal.  Prov.  Ont., 
p.  79.  [Ety.  heteros,  irregular ;  dictyon, 
net]  The  correct  orthography  is  He- 
terodictyon.  Flattened,  two-edged 
frond,  with  subparallel  sides,  consisting 
of  two  series  of  cells  upon  opposite 
sides  of  a  central  membrane  ;  cells  are 
in  longitudinal  rows;  tabulae  present. 
Type  H.  gigantea. 

gigantea,  NicTiol-     .^f 
son,  1875,  Geo.  «**f 
Mag.,  vol.  2,  p. 
34,      and    Pal. 
Prov.    Ont,  p. 
79,  Subcarbon- 
iferous.  Flo    488.  — Heterodictya 

Htppothoa,        Lam-       gigantea.  Magnified, 
ouroux,     1821, 
Expos  method.     Not  Palaeozoic. 

inflata,  see  Stomatopora  inflata. 
HOMOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  240.  [Ety.  homos, 
similar;  trupa,  perforation.]  Ramose 
or  subfrondescent ;  surface  smooth  or 
bearing  monticules ;  cells,  circular,  ovate 
or  polygonal,  thin- walled ;  groups  of 
larger-sized  cells  ;  mesopores  absent  or 
restricted  to  the  maculae;  spiniform 
tubuli,  diaphragms  and  cystiphragms 
present.  Type  H.  curvata. 

arbuscula,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  38,  Birdseye  Gr. 

curvata,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  5,  p.  241,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


21 


FIG.  489.— Homotrypa  obliqna.    Natural  size 
and  magnified. 

exilis,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 

Minn.,  p.  80,  Trenton  Gr. 
flabellaris,   Ulrich,  (in  press),   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  32,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


$10 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[HOM.— LEI. 


gelasinosa,   Ulrich,   (in  press),  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  32,  Hud.  Kiv.  Gr. 
insignis,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 

Minn.,  p.  82,  Trenton  'Or. 
minnesotensis,    Ulrich,    1886,    14th  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Minn.,  p.  79,  Trenton  Gr. 
obliqua,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  243,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
subramosa,  Ulrich,  1886,   14th  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,  p.  81,  Trenton  Gr. 
HOMOTRYPELLA,  Ulrich,  1886, 14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.   Minn.,  p.  83.     [Ety.  homolrypa,  a 
genus;    ellus,    diminutive.]       Zoarium 
ramose;  monticules  wanting;   intersti- 
tial cells  present ;  zocecia  small,  moder- 
ately   thick     walls,    and    cystoid    dia- 
phragms   straight;      spinifprm    tubuli 
numerous.    Type  H.  instabilis. 
contexta,  Ulrich,  (in  press),  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  32,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
granulifera,  Ulrich,  1879,  (Chetetes  granu- 
liferus,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  vol. 
2,  p.  128,  Trenton  Gr. 
instabilis,  Ulrich,   1886,   14th    Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,  p.  83,  Trenton  Gr. 
Hornera,  Lamouroux,  1821,  Expos.  Method, 
des  genres  de  L'Ordre  des  Pol.      [Ety. 
proper  name.]      Not  American  Palaeo- 
zoic. 

dichotoma,  see  Subretepora  dichotoma. 
ICHTHYOBACHIS,  McCoy,  1844,  Garb.  Foss. 
Ireland,  p.  205.  [Ety.  ichthys,  fish  ; 
rachis,  backbone.]  Bryozoum  plumose, 
consisting  of  a  rachis,  with  short  lateral 
branches  or  pinnules;  celluliferous  on 
one  side ;  cell  apertures  in  two  ranges 
on  the  branches,  and  in  three  or  more 
on  the  main  stem.  Type  I.  newen- 
hami. 
nereis,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.Mus. 

Nat,  Hist.,  p.  98,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
IniOTRYPA,    Ulrich,    1883,    Jour.    Cin.    Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  272.     [Ety.  idios, 
peculiar;    trupa,   opening.]      Parasitic, 
interstitial  cells  angular,  both  cells  with 
diaphragms;  spiniform  tubuli  present. 
Type  I.  parasitica. 
paraeitica,  Ulrich,   1883,   Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  273,  Niagara  Gr. 
INTBAPORA,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  16.  [Ety.  intra,  within ; 
poros,  pore.]  Resembling  Stictopora, 
branches  broad;  intercellular  spaces 
regularly  punctured  or  pitted,  as  if  by 
minute  cell  apertures;  cells  with 
rounded  mouths  and  short  prostrate 
portion ;  intercellular  'space  vesiculose. 
Type  I.  puteolata. 

puteolata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  16,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  97,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
Intricaria,  Defrance,  1823,  Dictionnaire  des 
Sciences  Naturelles.  Not  a  Palaeozoic 
genus. 

claihrata,  see  Subretepora  clathrata. 

reticulata,  see  Subretepora  reticulata. 

ISOTRYPA,  Hall,  1885,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  37. 

[Ety.   isos,   equal ;    trupa,   perforation.] 

Fenestelloid,  having  the  branches  con- 


nected by  dissepiments,  and  with  two 
ranges  of  cell  apertures,  separated  by 
carinae,  elevated  and  much  thickened 
above,  connected  by  distinct  lateral 
processes;  the  reverse  face  has  on  or 
near  the  dissepiments  conspicuous 
pores  larger  than  the  cell  apertures. 
Type  I.  conjunctiva. 


FIG.  490.— Isotrypa  conjunctiva.  Celluliferous 
side  and  noncelluliferous  side,  with  pores  on 
the  dissepiments. 

bifaria,  syn.  for  I.  conjunctiva. 

conjunctiva,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  con- 
junctiva,) Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol.  10,  p. 
143,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  143,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

consimilis,  Hall,  1885,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 

2,  fig.  14,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
LABKCHIA,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851,  Pol 
Foss.  des  Terr.  Pal.,  p.  297.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Bryozoum  laminar,  in- 
crusting,  or  attached  by  part  of  the 
base,  and  having  the  remainder  cov- 
ered by  an  epitheca ;  surface  covered 
with  rounded  or  elongated,  solid,  tu- 
bercles, separated  by  an  imperforate  cal- 
careous membrane ;  internally  it  con- 
sists of  vertical  columns  extending  from 
the  epitheca  below,  and  terminating 
above  in  the  surface  tubercles,  the  in- 
terspaces between  the  columns  consist- 
ing of  lenticular  vesicles,  the  uppermost 
layer  of  which  gives  rise  to  the  seem- 
ingly imperforate  membrane  between 
the  tubercles.  Type  L.  conferta.  Prob- 
ably this  genus  belongs  to  the  Protozoa, 
and  is  related  to  the  sponges. 

montifera,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 

p.  33,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

LEIOCLKMA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  5,  p.  141.  [Ety.  leios, 
smooth  ;  klema,  twig.]  Ramose,  lamel- 
late, or  parasitic;  surface  even;  cell- 
mouths  small,  rounded,  surrounded  by 
interstitial  cells ;  tubes  thin-walled ; 
diaphragms  remote ;  acanthopores 
abundant.  Type  L.  punctatum. 
araneum,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  75.  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
foliatum,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol,  8,  p.  301,  Warsaw  Gr. 


.— IvIC.j 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


311 


gracillimum,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  75,  Keokuk  Gr. 

minutissimum,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Callo- 
pora  minutissima,)  Pal.  Prov.  of  On- 
tario, p.  77,  Hamilton  Gr. 


FIG.  491. — Leioclema  foliatum.  a,  Vertical  section  x28,showing  entire  thick- 


tural  space  smooth  ;  intercellular  space 
vesiculose.     Type  L.  concentrica. 
alternate,   Hall,  1881,    Bryozoans  of    the 
Up.  Held.    Gr.,   p.  8,  and  Pal.   N    Y 
.vol.  6,  p.  80,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

alveata,  see  Odonto- 

trypa  alveata. 
bistriata,  Hall,  1881, 
Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.    p 

8,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  79,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

bullata,  Hall,  1887, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  205,  Ham.  Gr. 

carinata,  Hall,  1881, 
Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p. 

9,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
circincta,    see    Sele- 

nopora  circincta. 


acanthopores  ;  6,  tangential  section  x28,  showing  distribution  of  acantho- 
pores,  raesppores,  and  zooecia;  o,  small  portion  of  wall  x50;  d.acantbopore 
x  50,  showing  its  structure. 


puuctatum,  Hall,    1858,   Callopora  punc- 

tata,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,   p.   653,   Keokuk 

and  Warsaw  Grs. 
subglobosum,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  75,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
wachsmuthi,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  75,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
wilmingtonense,       Ulrich,     (in      press,) 

Geo.   Sur.    111.,    vol.    8,    pi.    34,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
LEPTOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  1883,   Jour.    Cin.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  158.      [Ety.  leptos, 

thin;    trupa,    perforation.]       Thin,   in- 
crusting  ;   cells  polygonal,  thin-walled  ; 

surface,  with  monticules ;  spiniform  tu- 

buli;  no  diaphragms  or  rudimentary. 

Type  L.  minima, 
clavacoidea,  James,  1875,  (Chetetes  clava- 

coidea,)  Int.  Catal.  Cin.  Foss.,  p.  2,  and 

Nicholson  on  Struct,  and  Affin.  Montic, 

p.  182,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
clavis,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  161,  Utica  Slate, 
cortex,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  162,  Utica  Slate, 
hexagonalis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  36,  Trenton  Gr. 
minima,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  159,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
ornata,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  160,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
semipilaris,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  36,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
stidhami,    Ulrich,    (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  36,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
LICHENALIA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

6171.  [Sig.from  resemblance  to  a  lichen.] 
embranous  expansions,  growing  in 
circular  or  flabellate  forms,  cellnlifer- 
ous  on  one  side,  the  other  covered  with 
an  epitheca;  cells  septate,  arising 
from  the  epitheca ;  apertures  circular  or 
trilobate,  often  denticulate ;  interaper- 


trypa  cliyulata. 
clypeiformis,    Hall 
1884,      Rep.      St. 
Geol.,   p.   37,   Ham.    Gr. 
colliculata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol    D 

36,  Ham.  Gr. 

complexata,  see  Selenopora  complexata. 
concentrica,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  171,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.    492. — Lichenalia    concentrica.    Under   sur- 
face and  upper  surface  magnified. 

concentrica   var.    maculata,     Hall,    1879, 

28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.   Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

117,  Niagara  Gr. 
concentrica  var.  parvula,  Hall,  1876,  28th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.   Nat.  Hist.,  p.  117, 

Niagara  Gr. 
confusa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

204,  Ham.  Gr. 
constricta,  see  Fistulipora  constricta. 


conulata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  9,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  81,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cornuta,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 


203,  Ham.  Gr. 
crassa,  Hall,  1879,  (Trematopora  crassa,) 

32d  Rep.  N.  Y.   St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

152,  Low  Held.  Gr. 
Crustacea,    Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  8,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cultellata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  35 

Ham.  Gr. 
denticulata,  see  Pileotrypa  denticulata. 


312 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


dissimilis,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 
15,  fig.  10-13,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

distans,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  15, 
fig.  8-9,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

foliacea,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  35, 
Ham.  Gr. 

geometrica,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  79,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

granifera,  see  Pileotrypa  granifera. 

imbricella,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 
35,  Ham.  Gr. 

longispina,  see  Lichenotrypa  longispina. 

lunata,  see  Buscopora  lunata. 

maculosa,  Hall,  1884,  (Trematopora  mac- 
ulosa,} 26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  106,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

operculata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  205,  Ham.  Gr. 

ovata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  80, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

paliformis,  see  Gloesotrypa  paliformis. 

permarginata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of 
the  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  10,  and  Rep.  St. 
Geol.,  1883,  pi.  24,  fig.  20,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

pustulosa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
206,  Ham.  Gr. 

pyriformis,  see  Pileotrypa  pyriformis. 

radiata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  10,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

ramosa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
199,  Ham.  Gr. 

serialis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
32,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

stellata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  33, 
Ham.  Gr. 

subcava,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  8,  and  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  1883, 
pi.  24,  fig.  23-25,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

substellata,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  7,  and  Rep.  St.  Geo., 
1883,  pi.  24,  fig.  26,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

subtrigona,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  196,  Ham.  Gr. 

tessellata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  207,  Ham.  Gr. 

torta,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  15,  fig. 
1-7,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

tortuosa,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  13, 
fig.  17-18,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

vesiculata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6. 

p.  197,  Ham.  Gr. 

LICHENOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am. 
Pal.,  p.  23.  [Ety.  lichen,  a  tree-moss; 
trupa,  perforation.]  Zoarium  thin,  in- 
crusting,  in  early  growth  like  Fistuli- 
pora,  with  short,  tubular  zooecia,  wide, 
concave  interspaces,  subcircular  aper- 
tures, posterior  margin  elevated;  in 
later  growth  peristomes  of  adjacent 
cells  unite  by  thin,  irregular  walls, 
which  traverse  the  interstitial  spaces, 
and  form  an  irregular  net-work,  with 
spine-like  elevations ;  interstitial  cells 
present.  Type  L.  cavernosa.  Syn.  (?) 
lor  Lichenalia. 

cavernosa,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 
p.  24,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

longispina,  Hall,  1881,  (Lichenalia  longi- 
spina,) Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  11, 


and    Pal.    N.    Y.,   vol.    6,  p.    287,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

LOCULIPORA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  xxiii.  [Ety.  loculus,  cell ;  poros, 
pore.]  Fenestelloid ;  branches  con- 
nected by  dissepiments;  cell  apertures 
in  two  ranges,  surrounding  the  fenes- 
trules;  branches  and  dissepiments  car- 
inated ;  carinse  elevated  and  much 
thickened  above,  having  the  appear- 
ance of  the  branches  and  dissepiments 
of  the  noncelluliferous  face  of  the  frond. 
Type  L.  perforate. 

ambigua,  Hall,  1876.  (Fenestellaambigua,) 
28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
123,  Niagara  Gr. 

circumstata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  144,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

perforata,  Hall,  1884,  (Fenestella  perfo- 
rata,)  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  65,  Ham.  Gr. 

LYROPORA,  Hall,  1857,  Proc.  Am.  Ass.  Ad. 
Sci.,  vol.  10,  p.  179.  [Ety.  lyra,  lute; 
poros,  pore.]  Zoarium  consisting  of  a 
reticulated  expansion,  margined  by  two 
strong  diverging  supports  which  curve 
.outward  and  upward ;  the  rays  of  the 
expansion  carry  from  two  to  five  rows 
of  cells  ;  but  there  are  none  in  the  dis- 
sepiments; fenestrules  small,  ovate. 
Type  L.  lyra.  T.  ' 

cinctura,  Hall,  1885,  \ 
Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  \ 
1,  Ham.  Gr. 

divergens,     Ulrich,  f ' 
(in    press,)    Geo.  f 
Sur.    111.    vol.    8, 
pi.  58,  Kaskaskia 

Kr.-a        TToll        18^7   FIG.  493.— Lyroporacinc- 
lyra,      Hall,      1857,     tum       rfoncellulifer- 

Proc.    Am.     Ass.     ous  side. 

Ad.  Sci.,  vol.  10, 

p.    179,    Kaskaskia    Gr. 

ovalis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  58,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

quincuncialis,  Hall,  1857,  Proc.  Am. 
Ass.  Ad.  Sci.,  vol.  10,  p.  179,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

ranosculum,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  58,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

retrorsa,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  504,  Burlington  Gr. 

subquadrans,  Hall,  1857,  Proc.  Am.  Ass. 
Ad.  Sci.,  vol.  10,  p.  179,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
MEEKOPORA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  383.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Bifoliate,  sometimes  branching;  the 
median  laminae  thin,  flexuous;  cells 
arranged  with  their  oblique  apertures 
directed  toward  the  distal  margin  of 
the  expansion  ;  lunarium  moderate  or 
obsolete  ;  zooecial  tubes  oblique,  the  an- 
terior walls  thinnest  and  flexuous ;  dia- 
phragms numerous,  often  recurved ; 
ooecium  a  large  oval  cell,  showing  as  a 
convex  space  with  a  small  apical  perfo- 
ration. Type  M.  eximia. 

(?)  aperta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  76,  Keokuk  Gr. 


NEM. — PAL.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


313 


approximate,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  77,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

clausa,    Ulrich,    1884, 
(Fistulipora  ?  clausa,) 
Jour.   Cin.   Soc.    Nat. 
Hist.,   vol.    7,   p.    47, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 
eximia,    Ulrich,     (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  77,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 
Mitodema,     Ulrich,     1882, 

rlG.494. — MeeKOpO-  Trmr      C*,\n       Sr»n      ^Jnt 

ra  clausa.    Aper-  „•  i     _  ,f.:' 

cular  cover  x  50.  Hist.,  vol.    0,    p.    150. 

Syn.  for.  Enallopora. 

dnctosa,  see  Enallopora  cinctosa. 
NEMATAXIS,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
74.  [Ety.  nema,  thread ;  axon,  axis.] 
Ramose,  solid,  bifurcating,  cells  arising 
from  a  filiform  axis,  apertures  oval,  in 
parallel  rows,  separated  by  ridges  ;  sur- 
face marked  with  monticules,  destitute 
of  cell  apertures,  and  extending  across 
the  branch,  give  it  an  annulated  ap- 
pearance. Type  N.  fibrosus. 

fibrosus,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
74,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

simplex,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

193,  Ham.  Gr. 

NEMATOPORA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  401.  [Ety.  nema,  thread ; 
poros,  pore.]  Slender,  ramose,  contin- 
uous above  the  pointed  basal  extremity ; 
zocecia  subtubular,  short,  arranged  in 
a  radial  manner  around  one  or  two 
minute  axial  tubes ;  apertures  ovate  or 
subcircular,  with  peristome,  generally 
arranged  between  longitudinal  ridges; 
one  or  two  diaphragms  occasionally 
present.  ,Type  N.  quadrata. 

alternata,    Ulrich,    (in    press,)  Geo.    Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8.  pi.  29,  Galena  Gr. 

delicatula,   Ulrich,    (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur- 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  29,  Galena  Gr. 

quadrata,   Ulrich,    (in  press,)    Geo.   Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  29,  Trenton  Gr. 

retrorsa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  29,  Galena  Gr. 
NICHOLSONELLA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  374.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Irregularly  intertwining,  flattened 
branches,  sometimes  laminated  ;  zooecia 
tubular,  with  diaphragms  in  the  "ma- 
ture "  region  ;  apertures  circular,  with  a 
granose  peristome;  interspaces  wide, 
occupied  by  numerous  angular  meso- 
pores, that  more  or  less  isolate  the 
zooecia ;  walls  of  both  the  zocecia  and 
mesopores  thin,  and  in  the  mature 
region  traversed  longitudinally  by  tu- 
buli ;  the  interzooecial  spaces  are  filled 
with  a  calcareous  deposit,  into  which 
the  tubuli  continue,  but  in  which  the 
mesopore  walls  become  unrecognizable  ; 
mesopores  with  thick  and  numerous 
diaphragms.  Type  N.  ponderosa. 

cumulata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  33,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


ponderosa,  Ulrich,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  34,  Trenton  Gr. 
ODONTOTRYPA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  xvii.  [Ety.  odous,  tooth;  trupa, 
opening.]  Distinguished  from  Lichen- 
alia,  by  the  oblique  trilobate,  closely 
arranged  cell  apertures,  with  strongly 
elevated,  denticulated  margins,  forming 
a  crescentic  projection  over  the  aper- 
ture. Type  O.  alveata. 

alveata,  Hall,  1881,  (Lichenalia  alveata,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.,  10,  p.  10,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  85,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ORTHOPORA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  xiv.  [Ety.  orthos,  straight;  poros, 
pore.]  Zoarium  ramose,  solid;  cell 
apertures  arranged  in  parallel,  longitu- 
dinal rows ;  intercellular  space  solid,  or 
occupied  near  the  surface  by  minute 
tubuli ;  no  septa.  Type  O.  regularis. 

bispinulata,  Hall,  1884,  (Callopora  bispin- 
ulata,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  14,  Hani.  Gr. 

ornata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
184,  Ham.  Gr. 

regularis,  Hall,  1874,  (Trematopora  regu- 
laris,) 26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  105,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

reticulata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  179,  Ham.  Gr. 

rhombifera,  Hall,  1874,  (Trematopora 
rhombifera,)  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  106,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

scutulata,  Hall,  1881,  (Trematopora  scutu- 
lata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  6, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  70,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
PACHYDICTYA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  152.  [Ety.  pachys, 
thick ;  dictyon,  net.]  Zoarium  com- 
posed of  large,  thick,  branching  fronds; 
cells  ovate,  separated  by  interstitial 
tubes ;  diaphragms  in  both  sets  of 
tubes;  median  epithecal  plates  perfo- 
rated by  minute  foramina.  Type  P. 
robusta. 

conciliatrix,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  76,  Trenton  Gr. 

everetti,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  33,  Trenton  Gr. 

fimbriata,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  75,  Trenton  Gr. 

firma,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  31,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

foliata,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 
Minn.,  p.  73,  Trenton  Gr. 

gigantea,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  31,  Hud.  Riv  Gr. 

occidentals,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  75,  Trenton  Gr. 

robusta,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  173,  Trenton  Gr. 

splendens,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  31  and  32,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
PALESCHARA,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  107.  [Sig.  ancient 
Eschara.]  Incrusting  expansions  ;  cells 
polygonal,  oblong,  separated  by  thin 
solid  walls  ;  maculee  present ;  no  spini- 
form  tubuli  or  diaphragms.  Type  P. 
incrustans. 


314 


MOLL  U SCO  I  DA. 


[PKT. — 


amplectans,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 
7,  Ham.  Gr. 

agpera,  Hall,  1876,  syn.  for  P.  maculate. 

bifoliata,  syn.  for  Ptilodictya  nebulosa. 

bilateralis,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi. 
16,  fie.  22-25,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

concentrica,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  67,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

foliata,  syn.  for  Ptilodictva  nebulosa. 

'incrassata,  Hall,    1879,    28th  Rep.  N.    Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  121,  Niagara  Gr. 

incrustans,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  107,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

intercelia,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  5, 
Ham.  Gr. 

maculata,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  121,  Niagara  Gr. 

offnla,  Hall,  1876,  28th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  120,  Niagara  Gr. 
pertenuis,  Hall,  1884,  Rep. 
St.  Geol.,  p.  7.  Ham.  Gr. 
radiata,  Hall,  1883,  Rep. 
FIG.  495.-Pale-  St.  Geol.,  p.  16,  fig.  13-14, 
schara  offula.  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

reticulata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  6, 
Ham.  Gr. 

sphaerion,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  121,  Niagara  Gr. 

tennis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
36,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

variacella,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  6, 

Ham.  Gr. 

PETALOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  377.  [Ety.  petalos,  spread 
out ;  trupa,  an  opening.]  Bifoliate,  con- 
sisting of  irregular,  compressed  branches 
or  simple  fronds,  celluliferous  on  both 
sides;  zocecial  tubes  prismatic,  arising 
from  a  strongly  flexuous  mesial  line ; 
apertures  subcircular  or  polygonal ; 
mesopore-like  interspaces,  that  do  not 
differ  in  their  tabulation  from  the  zo- 
recia,  may  occur  ;  very  small  acantho- 
pores  (?)  occupy 
manyoftheangles 
of  junction.  Type 
P.  compressa. 

compressa,  Ulrich, 
(in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi. 
46,  Ham.  Gr. 

delicata,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
Jll.,  vol.  8,  pi.  46, 
Ham.  Gr. 

PETIGOPORA,  Ulrich, 
1882,  Journal  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  5,  p.  155. 
[Ety.  petigo,  scab ; 
poros,  pore.]  Small 
patches  adhering  to  foreign  objects,  with 
a  narrow  non poriferous  band  or  ger- 
minating membrane  along  the  outer 
margin  ;  no  interstitial  cells;  spiniform 
tubuli  present.  Type  P.  gregaria. 

asperula,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  157,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


grpgaria,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  155,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
petechialis,    Nicholson,    1875,    (Chetetes 

petechialis,)   Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,   p.  213, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  496.— Petigopora  petechialis  on  a  Monticu- 
lipora  ;  also,  specimen  greatly  enlarged. 

PHACKLOPOKA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  368.  [Ety . phakdos,  bundle ; 
poros,  pore.]  Zoarium  articulated  ;  seg- 
ments short,  obconical,  consisting  of 
two  or  more  equal,  conical  zooacia,  with 
slightly  contracted  circular  apertures. 
Type  P.  pertenuis. 
constricta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  29,  Trenton  Gr. 
pertenuis,  Ulrich,  (in  press.)    Geo.    Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  29,  Galena  Gr. 

PHJENOPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  46.  [Ety.  phaino,  to  open  or  make  a 
window ;  poros,  pore.]  Zoarium  form- 
ing thin,  broad,  or  ensiform  expansions, 
celluliferous  on  both  sides;  cellules 
oval  and  arranged  between  elevated 
lines ;  maculae  often  developed ;  distin- 
guished from  Ptilodictya  and  Stictopora 
by  the  absence  of  a  nonporiferous,  stri- 
ated edge.  Type  P.  explanata. 


FIG.  497.— Phsenopora  constellata.    Sections  x  50. 


constellate,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  47,  Clinton  Gr. 
ensiformis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  48,  Clinton  Gr. 
excellens,  Billings,  1866,  (Ptilodictya  ex- 

cellens,)  Cat.  Sil.   Foss.   Antic.,   p.  34, 

Anticosti  Gr. 


PHR.— POL.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


FIG.    498.-  Phiei 
pora  expausa. 


expansa,    Hall  &  Whitfield,    1875,    Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  114,  Niagara  Gr. 

explanata,  Hall,  1852, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
46,  Clinton  Gr. 
multipora,  Hall,  1851, 
Geo.  Lake  Supp.  Land 
Dist.,  vol.  2,  p.  206, 
Trenton  Gr. 
ten  u  is,  Hall,  1874, 
(Escharopora  tenuis,) 
26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  99, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
PHBACTOPORA,  Hall,  1881, 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
10,  p.  12.  [Ety.  phrac- 
tos,  inclosed ;  poros, 
pore.]  Zoarium  ex- 
planate,  free  or  in- 
crusting,  frequently 
contorted,  cellulifer- 
pus  on  one  or  both  faces;  surface 
elevated  at  irregular  intervals  into 
prominent  crests ;  cells  tubular,  with- 
out septa  ;  intercellular  structure  vesic- 
ulose  near  the  base,  septate  above.  Type 
P.  cristata. 

cristata,  Hall,  1881,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
10,  p.  12,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  99, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cristata  var.  lineata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N. 

Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  99,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
PHYLLODICTYA,  Ulricb,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  153.  [Ety. 
phyllon,  leaf;  dictyon,  net.]  Zoarium 
forming  simple,  leaf-like  expansions, 
sometimes  branched ;  cell  apertures 
small,  ob- 
lique, with 
the  lower 
margin 
lipped  ;  in- 
tersti  tial 
spaces  mi- 
tt u  t  e  1  y 
granular  or 
p  u  n  c  tate. 
Type  P. 
frondosa. 
frondosa,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  174,  Trenton  Gr. 
PHYLLOPORA,   King,    1849,  Ann.   and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist,,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  389.     [Ety. 
phyllon,  leaf;  poros,  perforation.]     Zoa- 
rium like  Fenestella,  but  having   cel- 
lules on  the  whole  of  the  under  surface 
of   the  rays  in    two   or   more    ranges. 
Type  P.  ehrenbergi. 
aspera,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  46,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
corlicosa,  see  Subretepora  corticosa, 
ehrenbergi,     Geinitz,     1846,     (Gorgonia 
ehrenbergi,)  Grundriss,  p.  585,  Permian 
Gr.     Very    doubtfully     identified    in 
America, 
superba,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  46  and  55,  Ham.  Gr. 
variolata,  see  Subretepora  variolata. 


Phylloporina,  Ulrich,  syn.  for  Subretepora. 
PILEOTRYPA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  xvi.  [Ety.  piieos,  cap;  trupa,  open- 
ing.] Distinguished  from  Lichenalia 
by  having  tbe  posterior  portions  of 
the  peristomes  strongly  elevated  and 
arched,  with  distinct  denticulations  in 
the  aperture,  which,  in  the  course  of 
growth,  form  two  longitudinal  striations 
along  the  interior  of  the  cell  wall.  Type 
P.  denticulata. 

clivulata,  Hall,  1881,  (Lichenalia  clivu- 
lata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,,  vol.  10,  p.  9,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  83,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

denticulata,  Hall,  1881,  (Lichenalia  den- 
ticulata,) Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 
8,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  84,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

granifera,  Hall,  1881,  (Lichenalia  granif- 
era,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  11, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  84,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

pyriformis,  Hall,  1881,  (Lichenalia  pyri- 
formis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 
12,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  82,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

PINACOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p,  384.  [Ety.  pinax,  plank  ; 
trupa,  opening.]  Thin,  contorted  ex- 
pansions, with  a  wrinkled  epitheca  be- 
low ;  zooecia  with  subcircular  apertures, 
a  well-developed  granose  peristome, 
thin  walls,  and,  so  far  as  observed,  no 
lunarium  ;  interspaces  wide,  occupied  by 
a  single  series  of  very  large  angular 
mesopores,  which  never  present  the  ap- 
pearance of  vesicular  tissue ;  diaphragms 
horizontal,  few  in  the  zocecial  tubes, 
numerous  in  the  mesopores.  Type  P. 


elegans,  Rominger,  1866,  (Fistulipora  ele- 
gans,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  9, 
Ham.  Gr. 
Pinnatopora,  syn.  for  Glauconome. 

curvata,  see  Glauconome  curvata. 

intermedia,  see  Glauconome  intermedia. 

minor,  see  Glauconome  minor. 

simulalrix,  see  Glauconome  simulatrix. 

subangulata,  see  Glauconome  subangulata. 

tenuiramosa,  see  Glauconome  tenuiramosa. 

vinei,  see  Glauconome  vinii. 

whitei,  see  Glauconome  whitii. 

youngi,  see  Glauconome  younjd. 
POLYPORA,  McCoy,  1845,  Garb.  Foss.  Ireland, 
p.  206.  [Ety.  polys,  many ;  poros,  pore.] 
Zoarium  like  that  of  Fenestella,  from 
which  it  is  distinguished  by  having  no 
median  ridge  on  the  celluliferous  side 
of  the  rays,  and  in  having  from  three 
to  ten  rows  of  cell  openings.  Type  P. 
dendroides. 

aculeata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  aculeata,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  21,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  157,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

adnata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  adnata,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  25,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  152,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

albionensis,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1, 
Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  55,  Niagara  Gr. 


816 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


FIG.  500.  — Polypora 
biseriata.      Aper- 


central  perfora 
tion  of  the  cover 
closed,  x  50. 


approximate,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  61,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

arkonensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  292,  Ham.  Gr.  Proposed 
instead  of  P.  tuberculata,  Nicholson,  in 
Geo.  Mag.  for  April,  1874,  and  Rep.  Pal. 
Prov.  Ont.,  p.  100,  tigs.  37,  a,  b,  c. 
Found  at  Arkona,  township  of  Bosan- 
quet,  Canada. 

arta,  Hall,  1879,  (Fenestella  arta,)  32d 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  163, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

biarmica,  Keyserling,  1846,  Geognost. 
Beobacht,  p.  191.  Geinitz  referred  a 
form  from  the  Coal  Meas.,  and  Prout 
referred  one  from  the  Kaskaskia  Gr.  to 
it.  Probably  not  an  American  species, 
biseriata,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  60,  Warsaw 
and  St.  Louis  Gr. 
blandida,  Ulrich,  1886, 
Contri.  to  Amer.  Pal., 
p.  18,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

*"l!j1iavl°?*lt™e     brevisulcata,  Hall,  1881, 
(Fenestella     brevisul- 
cata, )Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  10,  p.  26,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  168,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

burlingtonensis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  59,  Burlington  Gr. 

carinella,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
153,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

celsipora,  Hall.  1881,  (Fenestella  celsi- 
pora,) Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  24, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  150,  Up. 
Held  Gr. 

celsipora  var.  minima,  Hall,  1881,  (Fen- 
estella celsipora  var.  minima,)  Trans. 
Alb.,  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  24,  and  Pal.  N. 
Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  151,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

celsipora  var.  minor,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenes- 
tella, celsipora  var.  minor,)  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  24,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  151,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cestriensis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  60,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

compacta,  Hall,  1879,  (Fenestella  com- 
pacta,)  32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  163,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

complanata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  60,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

compressa,  Hall,  1879,  (Fenestella  Com- 
pressa,)  32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  164,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

corticosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  61,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

crebescens,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  170,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

crassa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  61,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

cultellata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  cultel- 
lata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  21,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  160,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

distans,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  distans,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  24,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6.  p.  161,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

elegans,  Hall,  1S74,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  97,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


elongata,  Hall,  1882,  Rep.  St.  Geol- 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  153,  Up- 
Held.  Gr. 

eudora,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

58,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

fistulata,  Hall,  1884,  (Fenestella  fistulata,) 
36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

59,  Ham.  Gr. 

flabelliformis,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  fla- 

belliformis.)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10, 

p.  23,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  161,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
gracilis,    Prout,    1860,    Trans.    St.    Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  p.  580,  Warsaw  Gr. 
grandis,  Toula,  1875,  N.  Jahrbuch,  p.  230, 

Carboniferous, 
granilinea,  Hall,  1881,   (Fenestella  grani- 

linea,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  27, 

and   Pal.   N.    Y.,   vol.    6,    p.    154,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
hallana,    Prout,    1860,    Trans.    St.    Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  580,  Warsaw  Gr. 
hamiltonensis,  Prout,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.. 111., 

vol.  2,  p.  423,  Ham.  Gr. 
hexagonalis,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  hex- 

agonalis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 

27,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  164,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
hexagonalis  var.  foraminulosa,  Hall,  1881, 

(Fenestella  hexagonalis  var.  foraminu- 
losa,) Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  27, 

and   Pal.   N.    Y.,   vol.   6,   p.    165,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
idothea,  Hall,  1879,  (Fenestella  idothea,) 

32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  97, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
imUricata,  Prout,    1866,  Trans.   St.   Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  412,  Devonian. 
impressa,Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  DenisonUniv., 

vol.  4,  p.  72,  Cuyalioga  Shale, 
incepta,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

167,  Niagara  Gr. 
intermedia,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  272,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
laevinodata,  Hall,   1881,  (Fenestella  Isevi- 

nodata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  28, 

and  Pal.    N.    Y.,    vol.   6,  p.   169,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
Ijevistriata,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  159,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
largissima,  Hall,  1881,   (Fenestella  largis- 

sima),  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,   p.  22, 

and   Pal.    N.    Y.,    vol.   6,    p.   156,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
liljea,  Hall,  1874,26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  62,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
maccoyana,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  59.  Keokuk  Gr. 
megastoma,  DeKoninck,  1863,  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  5,  Carboniferous, 
mexicana,  Prout,   1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  270,  Permian  Gr. 
mutabilis,    Hall,   1881,   (Fenestella  muta- 

bilis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,,  vol.  10,  p.  25, 

and   Pal.    N.    Y.,    vol.   6,    p.    166,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
nexa,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  nexa,)  Trans. 

Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  25.  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  165,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


PRI. — PRO.] 


MOLLUSC01DA. 


317 


nodocarinata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  61,  Coal  Meas. 
obliqua,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

64,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

papillata,  McCoy,  1862,  Garb.  Foss.  of  Ire- 
land, p.  226,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
paxillata,  Hall,  1879,  (Fenestella paxillata,) 

32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p. 

164,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
perangulata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  per- 

angulata,)  Trans.   Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 

23,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  162,  Up. 

Held,  Gr. 
perundata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  perun- 

data,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol.  10,  p.  27, 

and    Pal.    N.    Y.,    vol.    6,    p.    163,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
porosa,    Hall,    1881,  (Fenestella  porosa,) 

Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  26,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  163,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
propria,  Hall,   1881,  (Fenestella  propria,) 

Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  22,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  157,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
(?)  psyche,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  11,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  Devonian, 
pulchella,    Nicholson,    1874,    Geo.    Mag. 

Lond.  n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  161,  Corniferous  Gr. 
quadrangularis,    Hall,    1881,    (Fenestella 

quadrangularis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 

10,  p.  21,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  158, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
radialis,  Ulrioh,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  60,  Keokuk  Gr. 
retrorsa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  59,  Keokuk  Gr. 
rigida,  Prout,  1866,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  412,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
rigida,    Hall,     1881,    (Fenestella    rigida,) 

Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  22,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  155,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
robusta,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  robusta,) 

Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  22,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  156,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
rustica,  Hall,   1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

169,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
separata,  Hall,   1882,  Rep.  St.  Geol.  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  166,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
shumardi,  Prout,  1858, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.1,  p.  271,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
simulatrix,   Ulrich,  (in 

Press>)  Geo'  Sur"  I1L» 
vol.  8,  pi.  59,  Keokuk 

Gr. 

spinulifera,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vo1-  8.  Pi-  61>  Kaskas- 
kia    ££    and    Coal 

Meas. 
stragula,    White,    L874, 

Rep.  Invert.  Foss.,  p. 

19,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W. 

100th  Mer.  vol.  4,  p. 

108,  Coal  Meas. 
striatopora,  Hall,  1881, 
(Fenestella     striatopora,)    Trans.    Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  23,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  168,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


PIG.  501.— Polypora 
shumardi.  En- 
larged. 


stricta,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
59,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

submarginata,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb., 
p.  154,  Coal  Meas. 

submutans,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  sub- 
mutans,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 
21,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  167,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

tenella,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.  Lond. 
n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  162,  Corniferous  Gr. 

transversa,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 
p.  18,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

tuberculata,  Prout,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  449,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

tuberculata,  Nicholson,  see  P.  arkonensis. 

varsoviensis,  Prout,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  237,  Warsaw  Gr. 

varsoviensis  var.  spininodata,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  60,  War- 
saw Gr. 

whitii,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Coal  Meas. 

whitii  var.  exitnia,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Coal  Meas. 
PRISMOPORA,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  17.  [Ety.  prismos,  the 
hole  made  by  a  cylindrical  saw  ;  poros, 
pore.]  Ramose,  branches  triangular, 
dichotomous,  each  side  celluliferous ; 
tubes  radiate  from  the  center  to  each 
angle,  margins  noncelluliferous ;  inter- 
stitial spaces  smooth,  vesicular.  Type 
P.  triquetra. 

dilatata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  50, 
Ham.  Gr. 

lata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  266, 
Ham.  Gr. 

minima,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  78,  Coal  Meas. 

paucirama,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  17,  and  Rep.  St.  Geol., 
1883,  pi.  25,  fig.  11,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

serrata,  Meek,  1875,  (Ptilodictya  serrata,) 
Pal.  Ohio,  vol.  2,  p.  327,  Coa'l  Meas. 

serrulata,  Ulrich,  1884,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  41,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
Perhaps  the  same  as  P.  serrata. 

sparsipora,  Hall,  1881,  (Thallostigma  spar- 
sipora,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 
13,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  288,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

triquetra,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  17,  and  Rep.  St.  Geol. 
1883,  pi.  25,  fig.  8-10,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
PROTOCRISINA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  369.  [Ety.  protos,  first; 
Crisina,  a  genus.]  Ramose,  celluliferous 
on  one  side  only;  cells  subtubular, 
with  prominent  circular  apertures ;  re- 
verse finely  grano-striate ;  small  pores, 
apparently  communicating  with  the  in- 
terior of  the  zoo3cia,  are  rather  irregu- 
larly distributed  over  both  sides  of  the 
branches  ;  axis  thin,  cruciform  in  trans- 
verse section;  external  walls  thick. 
Type  P.  exigua. 

exigua,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  29  and  53,  Trenton  and  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 


318 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[PRO. — PTI. 


PROUTELLA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  p.  403.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Discoid,  thin,  free,  lower  surface  con- 
vex and  lined  with  a  concentrically 
wrinkled  epitheca;  primary  zooecia  sub- 
tubular,  the  succeeding  ones  shorter, 
all  rather  thin-walled  ;  aperture  broad- 
elliptical,  surrounded  by  a  narrow, 
sloping  area,  hexagonal  in  outline ; 
when  perfect,  with  a  depressed  delicate 
calcareous  plate,  that  closes  a  little 
less  than  two-thirds  of  the  opening, 
the  orifice  left  being  subtriangular  in 
form,  without  thickened  margins,  and 
situated  at  the  anterior  side ;  with  age, 
a  second,  third,  and  more  layers  of  zo- 
oscia  are  developed  directly  over  the  | 
first,  so  that  they  gradually  form  a  zoojcial 
tube  seemingly  having  the  cavity  inter-  ! 
sected  by  incomplete  diaphragms ;  \ 
these  appear  to  spring  from  the 
posterior  wall,  and  extend  about 
one-half  the  distance  across. 
Type  Cycloporadiscoidea.  Syn.? 
for  Cyclopora. 

discoidea,  Prout,  1860,  (Cyclopora 
discoidea,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  578,  Keokuk  Gr. 

Pteropora   duogeneris,   Hall,    syn.    for 

Taeniopora  exigua. 
Ptilionella,     Hall,    1884,     Rep.    St. 

Geol.,  p.  56,  syn.  for  Reptaria. 
nodata,  see  Reptaria  nodata. 
penniformis,    see    Reptaria    penni- 
formis. 

PTILODICTYA,  Lonsdale,  1839,  Murch. 
Sil.  Syst.,  p.  676.  [Ety.  ptilon, 
feather;  dictyon,  net]  The  cor- 
rect orthography  is  Ptilodictyon. 
Zoarium  pointed  below,  articu- 
lating into  a  spreading  base,  above 
a  leaf -like  expansion,  which  is  some- 
times lobed  at  the  distal  extremity, 
celluliferous  on  both  faces,  divided  by 
a  mesial  lamina ;  margin  without  cells ; 
apertures  circular  or  subquadrate  ;  no 
intercellular  tissue.  Type  P.  lanceolata. 


arguta,  see  Stictopora  arguta. 
bipunctata,   Van  Cleve,   1883,    12th  Rep. 

Ind.   Geol.  and  Nat.   Hist.,  p.  266,  Ni- 

ara  Gr. 
briareus,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  5,  .p.  164,  Trenton  Gr. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  9,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
carbonaria,  see  Stictopora  carbonaria. 
cosciniformis,  see  Coscinella  cosdniformis. 
dictyota,  Meek,  1873,  Hayden's  6th  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  465,  Subcarboniferous. 
emacerata,  see  Dicranopora  emacerata. 
excettens,  see  Phsenopora  excellens. 
explicans,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.    Not 

defined, 
falciformis,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  259,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
fenestelliformis,     Nicholson,    1875,    Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  263,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  502.  -Ptllodictya  maculate.   Vertical  section 
x  35,  showing  spinous  process. 

acuminata,  James,  1876,  Int.  Catal.  Cin. 
Foss.,  p.  3,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Not  well  de- 
fined. 

alcyone,  see  Pachydictya  alcypne. 

arctipora,  see  Bythopora  arctipora. 


FIG.  503.— Ptilodictya  raagniflca.    Sections  x  50. 


flagellum,  Nicholson,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  26?,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
fragilis,  see  Dicranopora  fragilis. 
gladiola,  Billings,   1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss., 

Antic.,  p.  10,  Anticosti  Gr. 
hilli,  James,  1882,  (as  figured  by  Ulrich,) 

Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5.  pi.  7, 

Trenton  Gr. 

internodia,  see  Dicranopora  internodia. 
libana,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.  p.  286, 

Trenton  (Jr. 
lirata,    Hall,    1874,    (Escharopora   lirata,) 

26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

100,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
maculata,   Ulrich,    1882,    Jour   Cin.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  163,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
niHgnifica,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  100,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
meeki,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.  n.  s., 

vol.  1,  p.  123,  Corniferous  and  Ham.  Gr. 
multiramis,  Safford.     Not  defined, 
nebulosa,  Hall,  1874,  (Escharopora  nebu- 

losa,)   26th  Rep.  N.  Y.   St.  Mus.   Nat. 


Hist.,  p.  99,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

nitidula,  see  Dicranopora  nitidula. 

nodosa,  James,  1882,  (as  figured  by  Ul- 
rich), Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  7,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  The  name  was 
preoccupied.  See  P.  variabilis. 


PTI.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


319 


obliqua,  Ringueberg,  1884,  (Stictopora 
obliqua,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  146, 
Clinton  Gr.  Not  well  defined. 

parallela,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
270,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.    504  — Ptilodictya    pavpnia.     Natural    size, 
and  magnifled. 

pavonia,     D'Orbigny,     1850,     Prodr.    de 

Paleont.,  t.  1,  p.  22,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
perelegans,  see  Graptodictya  perelegans. 
plumaria,  James,  1882,  (as  figured  by  Ul- 
rich,)  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  7,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
plumea,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

271,  Ham.  Gr. 
punctata,  Nicholson  &  Hinde,  1874,  Can. 

Jour.,  p.  7,  Clinton  Gr. 
ramosa,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  164,  Trenton  Gr. 
retiformis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  272,  Ham.  Gr. 
rustica,  see  Stictopora  rustica. 
scutulata,  Hall,    1884,  (Stictopora  scutu- 

lata,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  47,  Ham.  Gr. 
serrata,  see  Prismopora  serrata. 
subrecta,  Ulrich,  1886,    14th    Rep.   Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,  p.  63,  Trenton  Gr. 
sulcata,    Billings,    1886,  Catal.   Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  35,  Anticosti  Gr. 
superba,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.   Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  35,  Anticosti  Gr. 
symmetra,  Safford.     Not  defined, 
tarda,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 
13,  Gaspe  Limestone  No.  8,  Devonian. 
tenera,  see   Stictopora 

tenera. 
tennis,     see     Phaeno- 

pora  tenuis. 
triangulata,  White, 
1878,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  35,  and 
Cont.  to  Pal.  No.  6, 
p.  131,  Coal  Meas. 
variabilis,  Ulrich,  in- 
stead of  P.  nodosa, 
James,  that  was  pre- 
occupied, Hud.  Riv. 
Gr. 

whiteavesi, Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Micropalre- 
ontology,  p.  18, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  (?) 

there  is  no  series  ol  PTILOPORA,  McCoy,  1844, 
median  tubuli.  gyn      'Carb.      Foss! 

Ireland,  p.  200.  [Ety.  ptilon,  plume; 
poros,  pore.]  Flabelliform  attached  by 
roots,  from  which  a  strong  midrib 


FIG.  505.— Ptilodictya 
variabilis.  Trans- 
verse section  x  50, 
showing  the  basal 
portion  of  the  two 
layers  of  zooecia, 
and  the  duplex 
character  of  the 
median  lamina. 
Between  the  plates 


arises,  giving  origin  on  each  side  to 
thin,  equidistant  rays,  connected  by 
regular  dissepiments;  external  face  of 
the  rays  carinate  and  bearing  two  rows 
of  pores.  Type  P.  flustriformis. 

acuta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  65,  Burlington  and  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 

cylindracea,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  66,  Keokuk  Gr. 

infrequens,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  284,  Ham.  Gr. 

nodosa,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  59, 
Ham.  Gr. 

paupera,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8.  pi.  66,  Keokuk  Gr. 

prouti,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  653, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

striata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  58, 
Ham.  Gr. 

valida,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  65  and  66,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  506.-Ptilodictya  variabilis.    Vertical  sect  ion 
x35,  showing  hemisepta. 

PTILOPORELLA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  xxiv.  [Ety.  from  the  genus  Pttio- 
para.]  Bryozoum  growing  in  the 
same  manner  as  Ptiloporina,  but  with 
only  two  ranges  of  cell  apertures  on 
the  branches.  Type  P.  laticrescens. 
insequalis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

171,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

laticrescens,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  171,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

nervata,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Fenestella 
nervata,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  264,  Nia- 
gara Gr. 

PTILOPORINA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  xxiv.  [Ety.  from  the  genus  Ptilo- 
pora.~\  Resembling  Fenestella,  some 
branches  larger  than  others  ;  ordinary 
branches  originate  laterally  from  one 
or  both  sides  of  the  primary  branches, 
not  bifurcating  as  in  ordinary  forms  of 
Fenestella;  cell  apertures  in  three  or 
more  ranges.  Type  P.  conica. 

conica,  Hall,   1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

172,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

disparilis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  173,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pinnata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

172,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


MOLL  U SCO  I  DA. 


[PTI.—RHI. 


sinistralis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  174,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

PTILOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  393.  [Ely.  ptilon,  feather ; 
trupa,  an  opening.]  Bifoliate,  forming 
large  ramose  expansions.  Zocecial 
tubes  and  apertures  very  oblique;  at 
the  upper  extremity  of  the  acutely 
ovate  aperture  there  is  a  small  cell 
which  is  best  seen  in  tangential  sec- 
tions; surface  with  irregular,  longitu- 
dinally channeled  spots.  Type  P.  ob- 
liquata. 

obliquata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  30,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
RAMIPORA,  Toula,  1875,  Permo-Carbon- 
Fossilien  von  der  West  Kuste  von 
Spitzbergen,  p.  6.  [Ety.  ramus,  branch ; 
poros,  pore.]  Staff  in  cross  section, 
rounded,  rhombic,  with  keel  on  both 
sides;  branches  in  pairs,  one  on  each 
side,  and  these  connected  in  like  man- 
ner by  rays,  upward  and  downward; 
pores  on  one  side,  on  each  side  of  the 
keel.  Type  R.  hochstetteri. 

hocbstetteri,  Toula,  1875,  Permo-Carbon- 
Fossilien  von  der  West  Kuste  von 
Spitzbergen,  p.  6,  Carboniferous. 
REPTARIA,  Rolle,  1851,  Leonhard  &  Bronn, 
Neues  Jahrb.,  p.  810.  [Ety.  repto,  to 
creep.]  Zoarium  parasitic,  procum- 
bent, attached  its  entire  length;  con- 
sisting of  a  rachis,  from  Which  pro- 
ceed laterally,  at  regular  intervals, 
cylindrical  cell  tubes,  and  at  irregular 
distances  tubes  which  have  the  same 
manner  of  growth  as  the  primary 
rachis;  cell-tubes  turn  abruptly  outward 
at  their  distal  extremities,  and  open  in 
an  aperture  parallel  with  the  axis  of 
the  branch.  Type  R.  stolonifera. 

nodata,  Hall,  1884,  (Ptilionella  nodata,) 
Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  57,  Ham.  Gr. 

penniformis,  Hall,  1884,  (Plilionella  penni- 
forrnis,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  56,  Ham.  Gr. 

stolonifera,    Rolle,    1851,     Leon  hard     & 

Bronn,  Neues  Jahrb.,  p.  810,  Ham.  Gr. 

Retepora,    Lamarck,    1801,    Syst.    An.   sans. 

Vert.     [Ety. rete,  net;  poros, pore.]   Not 

a  Palaeozoic  genus. 

angulata,  see  Subretepora  angulata. 

antiqua,  as  identified  byd'Archiac  &Ver- 
neuil.    Not  American. 

archimedes,  see  Archimedes. 

a&perato-striata,  see  Subretepora  asperato- 
striata. 

clintoni,  Vanuxem.    1842,    Geo.   Rep.    3d 
Dist.  N.  Y.     Not  recognized. 

diffusa,  see  Thamniscus  diffusa. 

fenestrata,  see  Subretepora  fenestrata. 

foliacea,    Hall,    1847.    This    name    Prof. 
Hall  says  may  be  erased  from  the  list. 

gratilis,  see  Subretepora  gracilis. 

hamiltonewis,  see    Reteporina    hamilton- 
ensis. 

incepta,  see  Subretepora  incepta. 

phillipsi,  see  Reteporina  phillipsi. 

prisca,  see  Reteporina  prisca. 

trentonensis,  see  Subretepora  trentonensis. 


RETEPOBINA,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d. 
Paleont.,  t.  1.,  p.  101.  [Ety.  from  Ret- 
epora.]  Resembling  Retepora,  but 
having  on  the  greater  part  of  the 
branches  only  two  ranges  of  cell  aper- 
tures ;  branches  connected  byanastomo- 
sis  or  by  dissepiments  so  short  as  to  be 
essentially  wanting.  Type  R.  prisca. 

coalescens.  Hall,  1887,  Pal.,  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  120,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

hamiltonensis,  Prout,  1866,  (Retepora 
hamiltonensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis,  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  412,  Ham.  Gr. 

perundulata,  Hall,  1884,  (Fenestella  per- 
undulata,)  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  63,  Ham.  Gr. 

phillipsi,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Retepora  pbil- 
lipsi,)  Geo.  Mag.  n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  163, 
Cornlferous  Gr. 

prisca,  Goldfuss,  1831,  (Retepora  prisca,) 
Petref.  Germ.,  vol.  1,  p.  103,  Ham.  Gr. 

rhombifera,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  rhom- 
bifera,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  32, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  120,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

striata,  Hall,  1884,  (Fenestella  striata,) 
36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
72,  Ham.  Gr. 

RHINIDICTYA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  5,  p.  152.  [Ety.  rhine, 
file;  dictyon,  net.]  Zoarium  narrow, 
branching  at  long  intervals ;  cells  sur- 
rounded by  a  close  series  of  small 
spiniform  tubuli ;  otherwise  like  Stic- 
topora.  Type  R.  nicholsoni.  Syn.  for 
Sulcopora  probably. 


Fro.  507.— Rhinidictya  nicholsoni.     Natural  size 
aud  magnified  ISdiam. 

granulosa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  vi, 
p.  40,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


Fio.  508.  —  Rhinopora  verrncosa.     Natural    siae 
and  enlarged. 

nicholsoni,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  170,  Trenton  Gr. 


UHI. — SCA.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


821 


FIG.  509.— Rhinopora 
frondosa. 


RHINOPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.2,  p. 
48.  [Ety.  rhine,  file  ;  poros,  pore.]  Ex- 
panded or  subcylindrical  and  hollow  ; 
celluliferous  on  two  sides;  cells  arranged 
in  quincunx  order,  roundish  or  oval, 
and  raised  in  little  pustules  over  the 
surface.  Type  R.  verrucosa. 
curvata,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 

Nat,  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  19,  Niagara  Gr. 
frondosa,  Hall    &  Whitfield,  1875,   Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  112,  Niagara  Gr. 

tuber  cu  losa  , 
Hall.  1852,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

S,  170,  Niagara 
r. 

tubulosa,  Hall, 
1852,  Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  49, 
Clinton  Gr. 
venosa,  Spencer, 
1884,  Bull.  No. 
1,  Mus.  Univ. 

St.  Mo.,  p.  54,  Clinton  Gr. 
verrucosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.2,  p. 

48,  Clinton  Gr. 
RHOMBOPORA,    Meek,    1872,    Pal.    Eastern 

Nebraska,  p.  141.    [Ety.  rhombos,  rhomb  ; 

poros,   pore.]     Ramose,   tubular,    cells 

short  ;      septa    none  ;    corallites   radi- 

ating  obliquely   outward  and   upward 

on   all  sides  from  an  imaginary  axis  ; 

mouths    rhombic    or    rhombic     oval, 

and     arranged     in     longitudinal    and 

oblique  spiral  rows  ;  interspaces  thick, 

with    minute   pores   visible   in   micro- 

scopic sections.      Type   R.   lepidoden- 

droidea. 
armata,  Ulrich,  1884,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  31,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
(?)  asperrima,  Ulricb,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  70,  Keokuk  Gr. 
attenuata,  Ulrich,   (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,   vol.   8,  pi.   70,   Keokuk    or  War- 

saw Gr. 

confluens,  see  Acanthoclema  confluens. 
crassa,  Ulrich,  1884,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  25,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
decipiens,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  71,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
dichotoma,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  70,  Burlington  Gr. 
elegantula,   Ulrich,   1884,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  7,  p.  33,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
exigua,       Ulrich,       (in 

press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  70,  Burling- 

ton Gr. 
gracilis,      Ulrich,       (in 

press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  70,  Burling- 

ton Gr7 
incrassata,  Ulrich,  1888, 

Bull.  Denison   Univ., 

p     89, 

shales. 
lepidodendroidea,  Meek, 

1872,   Pal.   Eastern    Nebraska,    p.   141, 

Up.  Coal  Meas. 


b 


droidea. 


ohioensis,    Ulrich,    1888,    Bull.    Denison 

Univ.,  p.  90,  Cuyahoga  Shales, 
persimilis,  Ulrich,  1884,  Jour.    Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  30,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
pulchella,   Ulrich,  1884,  Jour.   Cin.  Soc. 

Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  31,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
simulatrix,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  71,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
(?)  spiral!?,  Ulrich,  (in   press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  71,  Keokuk  Gr. 
subannulata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  45,  Ham.  Gr. 
sulcifera,  Ulrich,   (in    press,)  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  45,  Ham.  Gr. 
tabulata,  Ulrich,   (in   press,)    Geo.    Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  70,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
tenuirama,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  70,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
transversal  is,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  71,  Keokuk  Gr. 
varia,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.   Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  71,  Keokuk  Gr. 
wortheni,    Ulrich,    1884,    Cin.    Soc.    Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  32,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
RHOPALONARIA,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  2,  p.  26.    [Ety.  ropalon, 

a    club.]    Cells    slender,    fusiform,    in 

single  anastomosing  series ;  cell  mouths 

near  the  middle  of  the  cells.    Type  R. 

venosa. 
pertenuis,  see  Stomatopora  pertenuis. 


FIG.  511.—  Rhopalonaria  venosa. 

venosa,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.'  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  26,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
SAGENELLA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  172.  [Ety.  sagenella,  a  little  drag- 
net.] Membranous  net  incrusting 
other  bodies;  cells  in  parallel  or  di- 
verging series,  more  or  less  oblong- 
quadrangular,  and  separated  by  a  thin 
lamina.  Type  S.  membranacea. 

ambigun,  Walcott, 
1879,  Utica  Slate 
and  related  for- 
mations, p.  22, 
Utica  Slate. 

elegans,  Hall,  1876, 


28th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat, 
Hist.,  p.  118,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

membran  acea, 
Hall,  1852,  Pal. 
NY  vol  2  p  FlG  512.—  Fngenella  el«v 
172,  Niagara  Gr.  gaus"  Maenlfled- 
SCALARIPORA,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  17.  [Ety.,  scalare,  ladder; 
porus,  pore.]  Irregular  groups  of  tri- 
angular branches,  more  or  less  concave, 
traversed  transversely  by  sharp,  ele- 
vated laminae  at  regular  distances  ;  cel- 


.522 


MOLL  USDOIDA. 


[SCE.— SEP. 


luliferous  on  each  face;  cells  radiating 
from  the  center  to  each  angle  of  the 
branch  ;  margins  and  summit  of  lam- 
inse  noncelluliferous.  Type  S.  scalari- 
formis. 

approximate,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  43,  Ham.  Gr. 

scalariformis,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  18,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  100,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

separata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  43,  Ham.  Gr. 

subconcava,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  18,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  100,  Up.  Held.  Gr, 

SCENELLOPORA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  150.  [Ety. 
scene,  tent;  ellus,  diminutive;  poros, 
pore.]  Zoarium  broad,  obconical ;  cell 
apertures  on  ridges,  which  radiate  from 
the  subsolid  and  depressed  center  of 
the  upper  surface.  Type  S.  radiata. 

radiata,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  158,  Trenton  Gr. 
SCEPTKOPORA,  Ulrich,  1888,  Am.  Geo.,  vol. 
1,  p.  228.     [Ety.  skeptron,  staff;  poros. 


FIG.  513.— Sceptropora  facula,  x  18.    a,  Segment ; 
e,  transverse  section  ;  d,  transverse  section  or 

pore.]  Zoarium  articulated;  segments 
short,  numerous,  club-shaped,  lower 
half  striated,  noncelluliferous;  upper 
half  expanded,  celluliferous,  and  hav- 
ing one  or  more  articulating  sockets; 
zocecia  subtubular,  radially  arranged 
about  a  central  axis;  apertures  sub- 
ovate.  Type  S.  facula. 

facula,  Ulrich,  1888,  Am.  Geo.,  vol.  1,  p. 

228,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

SELENOPORA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  xvii.  [IZty.selene,  moon  ;  poros,  pore.] 
Zoarium  explanate,  incrusting;  aper- 
tures subcircular,  with  an  elevated  den- 
ticulate peristome,  and  situated  within 
polygonal  vestibular  areas  formed  by 
connecting  walls,  which  traverse  the 
surface ;  interior  structure  as  in  Liche- 
nalia.  Type  S.  circincta. 

circincta,  Hall,  1881, (Lichenalia circincta,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  11,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  86,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

complexa,  Hall,  1881,  (Lichenalia  com- 
plexata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p. 
11,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  87,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 


SEMICOSCINIUM,  Prout,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  443.  [Sig.  some- 
what like  Coscinium.']  Leaf-like  expan- 
sion, somewhat  penniform,  without  a 
shaft;  sole  formed  of  longitudinal  and 
horizontal  parallel  ridges,  surmounted 
by  a  cellular  tissue,  divided  perpendic- 
ularly by  thin,  longitudinal  septa,  cor- 
responding to  the  ridges,  and  support- 
ing parallel  lines  of  tortuous  tubes 
alternately  approximating  and  receding 
from  each  other;  covered  by  a  dense, 
strong  crust,  divided  into  a  net-work  of 
rays  and  dissepiments  bounding  rhom- 
boidal  or  ovate  fenestrnles,  giving  pas- 
sage to  oblique  cells ;  the  tortuous  tubes 
give  place  to  quincuncial,  oval  openings 
in  the  fenestrules ;  eacli  tortuous  tube 
has  a  line  of  cells  on  each  side.  Type 
S.  rhomboideum. 

eriense,  Prout,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  579,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

obliquatum,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am. 
Pal.  p.  13,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

planodorsatum,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  45,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

rhomboideum,   Prout, 

1859,  Trans.       St. 
Louis     Acad.     Sci., 
vol.   1,   p.   443,   Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

rhombicum,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  45-54, 
Ham.  Gr. 

tuberculatum,    Prout, 

1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 
579,  Up.  Held  Gr. 

SEMIOPORA.  Hall,  1884, 
Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  51. 
[Ety.  semi,  half ; 
poros,  pore.]  Bryo- 
zoum  ramose ;  branches  infrequent,  bi- 
furcating or  tribi  furcating;  margins  par- 
allel ;  celluliferous  on  both  sides ;  cells 
arising  from  a  mesial  epitheca;  aper- 
tures in  longitudinal  parallel  rows,  sep- 
arated by  ridges;  two  minute  pits  on 
the  transverse  space  between  adjacent 
apertures;  apertures  near  the  margin 
larger  and  more  oblique  than  the 
others;  margin  striated;  noncellulifer- 
ous. Type  S.  bistigmata. 

bistigmata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 

57,  Ham.  Gr. 

SEPTOPORA,  Prout,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  448.  [Ety.  septum, 
partition  ;  porus,  pore.]  Zoarium  like 
Fenestella,  but  distinguished  by  the  dis- 
sepiments, which  have  from  one  to  four 
rows  of  cells.  Type  S.  cestriensis. 

cestriensis,  Prout,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  448,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

decipiens,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  66,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

delicatula,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  64,  Low  Coal  Meas. 


6,  vertical  section 
expanded  part. 


SPA.— STI.j 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


robusta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  64,  Up.  Coal.  Meas. 

subquadrans,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  64,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
SPATIOPORA,   Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Gin.   Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  155.     [Ety.  spalium,  spread  | 
out;    poros,    pore.]    Thin,    incrusting;  | 
surface  smooth  or  tuberculated ;  cells 


shallow  ;  interstitial  cells  and  spiniform  ! 

tubuli.    Type  S.  aspera. 
areolata,  Foord,  1883,  Cont.  to  Micropalse- 

ontology,  p.  21,  Trenton  Gr. 
aspera,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist,,  vol.  6,  p.  166,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
Hneata,  Ulrich,  1883,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat, 

Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  167,  Hud.  Riv-  Gr, 
maculosa,  Ulrich,  1883,   Jour.    Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  167,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
montifera,    Ulrich,    1883,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  168,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  514.—  Spatiopora  tuberculata  on  an 
Orthoceras. 


tuberculata,  Edwards  &  Haime,  1851, 
(Chetetes  tuberculatus,)  Pol.  Foss.  d. 
Terr.  Pal.,  p.  268,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
SPHBAGIOPORA,  (in  press,)  Ulrich,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  398.  Parasitic,  forming 
very  small  subhemispheric  patches  on 
foreign  bodies;  cells  with  circular  ap- 
ertures and  slight  peristome,  arranged 
in  a  subradial  manner,  in  single  or 
double  rows.  Type  S.  parasitica. 

parasitica,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  65,  Kaskaskia  Gr.  and 
Coal  Meas. 

STICTOPORA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  73.  [Ety.  stictos,  punctured ;  poros, 
pore.]  Zoarium  attached  to  foreign 
objects  by  an  expanded  base,  ramose, 
branches  thin,  furnishing  an  acutely 
elliptical  transverse  section,  and  com- 
posed of  two  layers  of  cells,  separated 
by  epithecal  laminae ;  cell  apertures  oval 
or  circular,  surrounded  by  peristome, 
separated  by  raised  longitudinal  lines; 
no  interstitial  cells ;  margins  nonporifer- 
ous  and  striated.  Type  S.  elegantula. 

acuta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  74, 
Trenton  Gr. 

alcyone,  Billings,  1865,  (Ptilodictya  alcy- 
one,)  Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  36,  An- 
ticosti  Gr. 

alternata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
pi.  xxiii,  A,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

angularis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
252,  Ham.  Gr. 

arguta,  Billings,  1865,  (Ptilodictya  arguta,) 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  36,  Anti- 
costi  Gr. 


basalis,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  5.  p.  169,  Trenton  Gr. 
bifurcata,    VanCleve,     1883,     12th    Rep. 

Ind.   Geo.  and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  267,   Ni- 
agara Gr. 

bifurcata,  Hall,  see  S.  bristolensis. 
bristolensis,  n.  sp.   Ham.  Gr.     Proposed 

instead  of  S.  bifurcata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  254,  which  name  was 

preoccupied, 
carbonaria,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.   Phil.,   p.   160,   and 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  328, 

Coal.  Meas. 
compress  a,    VanCleve, 

1883,     12th     Rep.    Ind. 

Geol.,  and  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

267,  Niagara  Gr. 
crassa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N. 

Y.,  vol.  2,   p.  45,   Clin- 
ton Gr. 
crescens,   Hall,  1887,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  91,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
crenulata,   Hall,   1884, 

Rep.    St.    Geol.,   p.   44, 

Hani.  Gr. 
dichotoma,   Hall,  syn.    for  FIG.  515.— sticto- 

S.  subcarinata.  pora  carbonaria. 

divergens,  Hall,  1887,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  257,  Ham.  Gr. 
elegantula,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  75,  Trenton  Gr. 
fenestrata,  see  Sulcopora  fenestrata. 
fidelis,  Ulrich.  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 

Minn.,  p.  68,  Trenton  Gr. 
fragilis,  see  Dicranopora  fragilis. 
fruticosa,    Hall,    1881,   Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,p.l4,  and  Rep.  St.  Geol. 

pi.  25,  fig.  12,  13,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

gilberti,  Meek,  1871, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  63,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  94,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

glomerata,    Hall,    1847, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
17,  Chazy  Gr. 
granatula,    Hall,    1887, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  38,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
granifera,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 

45,  Ham.  Gr. 
graminifolia,     Ringueberg,     1884,     Proc. 

Acad.   Nat.  Sci.,  p.   147,   Niagara   Gr. 

Very  poorly  defined, 
incisurata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 

38,  Ham.  Gr. 
incrassata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 

47,  Ham.  Gr. 

indenta,  Hall,  syn.  for  S.  incisurata. 
interstriata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 

45,  Ham.  Gr. 
invertis,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.  15,  and" Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 

25,  fig.  24-26,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
labyrinthica,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  50,  Birdseye  Gr. 
lichenoides,  Meek,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  194,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FiG.516.~Stictopora 
gilberti.  Tangen- 
tial section,  show- 
ing lunarium. 


324 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[STI. 


limata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

250,  Ham.  Gr. 
linearis,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 

Held.  Gr.,  p.   15,  and  Rep.  St.  Geol., 

1883,  pi.  25,  fig.  4-5,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
lobata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

256,  Ham.  Gr. 
magna,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  112,  Niagara  Gr. 
multifida,  VanCleve,  1883,  12th  Rep.  Ind. 

Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  268,  Niagara  Gr. 
multipora,  Hall,  syn.  for  S.  incisurata. 


Fie.  617.— Stictopora  mutabilis.  Deep  tangential  section  x  50, 
showing  the  primitive  portion  of  the  zocecia  and  the  median 
tuliuli  in  their  walls;  d,  tangential  section  x50;  e,  transverse 
section  x50.  showing  median  tubuli:  /,  transverse  section 
x  50 ;  g,  vertical  section  x  50 ;  h,  vertical  section  x50. 

mutabilis,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  66,  Trenton  Gr. 

nitidula,  see  Dicranppora  nitidula. 

obliqua,  syn.  for  S.  incisurata. 

obliqua,  Ringueberg,  see  Ptilodictya  ob- 
liqua. 

obsoleta,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
37,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  518.— Stictopora  ovatipora. 

orbipora,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss,  p.  5,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.  and 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  248,  Niagara  Gr. 


ovata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  248, 

Ham.  Gr. 

ovatipora,   Hall,   1881,   Bryozoans  of  the 
Un.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  14.  and  Rep.  St.  Geol.. 
pi.  25,  fig.  23,  23a,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
palmipes,  Hall,  1884,    Rep.   St.  Geol.,  p. 

41,  Ham.  Gr. 
papillosa,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi. 

13,  fig.  12-13,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
paupera,    Ulrich,    1886,  14th    Rep.    Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,  p.  69,  Trenton  Gr. 
perarcta,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  15,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  96,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

permarginata,  Hall,  1884, 
Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  46, 
Ham.  Gr. 

punctipora,  Hall,  1852,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  157,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

ramosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  61, 
Birdseye  Gr. 

raripora,    Hall,    1852,   Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  46,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 
recta,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  253,  Ham.  Gr. 
rectilinea,   Hall,  1887,  Pal. 
N.    Y.,    vol.    6,    p.    245, 
Ham.  Gr. 
rectilatera,    Hall,    syn.    for 

S.  linearis. 

recubans,  Hall,  1884,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  260, 
Ham.  Gr. 

rhomboidea,  Hall,  1881, 
Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  15,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  95, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

rigida,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoaus  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  14,  and   Rep.  St.    Geol., 
1883,  pi.  25,  fig.  15-16,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
rustica,    Billing?,   1865, 
(Ptilodictya  rustica,) 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  An- 
tic.,    p.     36,     Anti- 
costi  Gr. 

scitula,  Hall,  1887,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  pi.  Ixi, 
Niagara  Gr. 
scutulata,  see  Ptilodictya 

scutulata. 

semistriata,  Hall,  1881, 
Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  14,  and 
Rep.  St.  Geol.,  1883, 

pi.  25,  fig.  17-20,  Up.^Q .B19.stlct opora 

Held.  Gr.  punctipora.     Sec- 

serrata,  see  Prismopora    tlon  xSo. 

serrata. 

shafferi,  see  Arthropora  shafFeri. 
similis,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  MUB. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  122  Niagara  Gr. 
sinuosa,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  42, 

Ham.  Gr. 


STI. — STR.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


325 


striata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
246,  Ham.  Gr. 

subcarinata,  see  Taeniopora  subcarinata. 

subrigida,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  43, 
Ham.  Gr. 

sulcata,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 
Mich.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 

tenera,  Billings,  1865.  (Ptilodictya  tenera,) 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  36,  Anti- 
costi  Gr. 

trilineata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
243,  Ham.  Gr. 

triserialis,  see  Acanthoclema  triseriale. 

tumulosa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
246,  Ham.  Gr. 

vanclevei,  Hall,  1883, 12th  Rep.  Ind.  Geol. 
and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  268,  Niagara  Gr. 

variabilis,  Prout,  1866,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  413,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

vermicula,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  93.  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

STICTOPORELLA,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  152.  [Ety.  diminu- 
tive of  Stictopora.}  Distinguished  from 
Stictopora  by  interstitial  pits  between 
the  longer  diameters  of  the  cell  aper- 
tures. Type  S.  interstincta. 

angularis,  Ulricli,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Minn.,  p.  71,  Trenton  Gr. 

?basalis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  68,  69,  and  75,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  520. — Stictoporella  interstincta.    Natural 
size  and  magnified  18  diam. 

cribrosa,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Re'p.  Geo.  Sur. 

Minn.,  p.  69,  Trenton  Gr. 
frondifera,  Ulrich,  1886,   14th  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,  p.  72,  Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.  521.— Stictoporella  interstincta. 

interstincta,  Ulrich,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  169,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
?  undulata,  Ulrich,   (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  69,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


STICTOPORINA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  xx.  [Ety.  diminutive  of  Stictopora.] 
Zoarium  obtusely  pointed  at  the  base, 
enlarging  above  and  becoming  flattened ; 
bifurcations,  few ;  cells  tubular  arising 
from  a  mesotheca ;  apertures  oval ;  in- 
terapertural  space  elevated,  angular, 
inclosing  the  apertures  in  rhoinboidal 
or  polygonal  areas.  Type  S.  claviformis. 

claviformis,     Hall,    1881,     (Trematopora 

claviformis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10, 

p.  181,  and  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  269, 

Ham.  Gr. 

Stictotrypa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8.  Syn.  (?)  for  Stictopora. 
STOMATOPORA,  Bronn,  1825,  System  d.urwetl. 
Pflanzenthiere.  [Ety.  stoma,  mouth ; 
poros,  perforation.]  Zoarium  adnate ; 
cells  in  single  branching  series,  mouths 
elevated,  and  at  the  end  of  the  tubular 
cells.  Type  S.  dichotoma. 

alternata,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  235,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

auloporoides,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Alecto 
auloporoides,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  267, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

confusa,  Nicholson,  1875,  ( Alecto  confusa,) 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  267,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

frondosa,  Nicholson,  1875,  (Alecto  fron- 
dosa,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  266,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

inflata,  Hall,  1847,  (Alecot 
inflata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  77,  Trenton  and 
Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

nexilis,  James,  1875, 
(Alecto  nexilis,)  Int.  to 
Catal.  Cin.  Foss.,  p.  3, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

pertenuis,    Ulrich,    1886, 
(Rhopalonaria     perten- 
uis,)   14th    Ann.    Rep. 
Geol.  Sur.  Minn.,  p.  59,  FIG.  522.-Stoma- 
rn       t       p  topora    inflata. 

irentonljr.  Natural     size 

proutana,  S.  A.  Miller,  and  magnified 
1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  •>,  p.  39,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
STREBLOTRYPA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  403.  [Ety.  streblos,  turned 
about ;  trupa,  an  opening.]  Ramose, 
slender,  solid ;  cells  radiating  trom  an  im- 
aginary axis,  their  primitive  portionlong, 
tubular ;  or  from  a  linear  axis  when 
they  are  somewhat  shorter;  inferior 
hemisepta  best  developed,  situated 
rather  far  down ;  apertures  regularly 
elliptical,  or  somewhat  truncated  at  the 
posterior  margin,  surrounded  by  a 
slight  peristome  and.  within  this,  some- 
times a  narrow  sloping  area  ;  arranged 
usually  in  rather  regular  longitudinal 
series ;  back  of  the  aperture,  occupying 
the  depressed  front  of  the  cell,  there 
are  from  one  to  twelve  or  more  small 
pitp,  which,  when  numerous,  are  ar- 
ranged in  two  or  three  rows;  small 
acanthopores  occasionally  present.  Type 
S.  nicklesi. 


22 


326 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[STR.— SYN. 


denticulata,  Ulricb,  1888,  (in  press,)  Bull. 
Denison  tlniv.,  vol.  4,  p.  85,  Cuyahoga 
shale. 

distincta,  Ulrich,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi. 
71,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

hamiltonensis,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Cerio- 
pora  hamiltonensis,)  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  1, 
p.  161,  Ham.  Gr. 

hertzeri,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison 
Univ.,  vol.  4,  p.  85,  Cuyaboga  shale. 

major,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  71,  Keokuk  Gr. 

multiporata,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison 
Univ.,  vol.  4,  p.  87,  Waverly  Gr. 

nicklesi,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  HI., 
vol.  8,  pi.  71,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

obliqua,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison 
Univ.,  vol.  4,  p.  85,  Cuyahoga  shale. 

radialis,  Ulrich,  (in  pressi)  Geo.  Sur.  EL, 
vol.  8,  pi.  72,  Keokuk  Gr. 

regularis,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison 
Univ.,  vol.  4,  p.  88,  Waverly  Gr. 

striata,  Ulrich,  1888,  Bull.  Denison  Univ., 
vol.  4,  p.  87,  Waverly  Gr. 

subspinosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

HI.,  vol.  8,  pi.  71,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
STROTOPORA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  383.  [Ety.  strotos,  spread ; 
poros,  pore.]  Ramose,  branches  large, 
irregular,  solid  or  hollow  ;  large,  ab- 
ruptly spreading  cells,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  represent  ooecia,  are  distrib- 
uted among  the  ordinary  zocecia ;  when 
well-preserved  they  appear  on  the  zoarial 
surface  as  strongly  convex  nodes,  about 
0.5  mm.  in  diameter,  with  an  opening 
on  one  side.  In  all  other  respects  like 
Fistulipora.  Type  S.  foveolata. 

dermata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
HI.,  vol.  8,  pi.  77,  Keokuk  Gr. 

foveolata,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  77,  Keokuk  Gr. 

perminuta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.   Sur.  I 

HI.,  vol.  8,  pi.  47,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
SUBRETEPORA,   D'Orbigny,    1850,    Prodr.  d.  j 
Paleont.,  t.  1,  p.  22.     [Ety.  from  Rete-  \ 
pora.~\  Filiform,  cylindrical  branches,  ir-  j 
regularly  anastomosing ;  cells  in  a  single 
row  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branches 
(Ulrich  says  from  2  to  8  rows) ;  apertures 
circular  or  oval.    Type  S.  reticulata. 

angulata,     Hall,     1852, 
( Retepora    angulata, ) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  j 
163,  Niagara  Gr. 
aspera,     Hall,      1847,  { 
(Gorgonia  (?)  aspera,)  I 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  I 

asJeratoSta!"'  Hall, 
1852,     (Retepora     as- 

peratostriata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  161, 

Niagara  Gr. 
clathrata,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  (Intricaria 

clathrata,)  Cont.  to   Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  7, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
corticosa,  Ulrich,  1886,  (Phyllopora  corti- 

cosa,)  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Minn.,  p.  61, 

Trenton  Gr. 


dawsoni,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  (Phylloporina 

dawsoni,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  54, 

Trenton  Gr. 
dichotoma,  Hall,   1852,    (Hornera   dicho- 

toma,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.   163,   Ni- 
agara Gr. 
fenestrata,    Hall,    1850,  (Retepora  fenes- 

trata,)  3d    Rep.    N.   Y.    St.  Mus.    Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  178,  Trenton  Gr. 
gracilis,     Hall, 

1847,(Retopora 

gracilis,)   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

15,  Chazy  Gr. 
incepta,     Hall, 

1847,  (Retepora 

incepta,)     Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

15,  Chazy  Gr. 
reticulata,    Hall, 

1847,    (Intrica- 
ria reticulata,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.;  vol. 

1,  p.  77,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

tre  ntonensis, 
Nicholson, 
1875,  (Retepora 
tre  ntonensis,) 
Geo.  Mag.,  vol. 

2,  p.  37,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

variolata,  Ulrich, 
1882,     (Phyllo- 
pora variolata,) 
Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  FjG   524._subretepora  re- 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.     ticnlata.     Natural   size 
5,  p.  160,  Hud.     and  magnified. 
Riv.  Gr. 

SULCOPORA,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Pa- 
leont., t.  1,  p.  22.  [Ety.  sulcus,  furrow; 
poros,  pore.]  Distinguished  from  Stic- 
topora  by  the  obtuse  extremities  of  the 
branches,  and  by  the  perpendicular 
rows  of  apertures  separated  by  elevated 
ridges  and  cross  bars.  Type  S.  fenes- 
trata. 

fenestrata,  Hall.,  1847, 
(Stictopora  fenes- 
trata,) Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol,  1,  p.  16,  Chazy 
Gr. 

SYNOCLADIA,   King,    1849. 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  2dser.,  vol.  3,  p. 
389.      [Ety.    syn.    to- 
gether ;  k'lados',  young 
branch.]  Cup-shaped, 
with  a  central  root-like  base ;  reticulated, 
composed    of    rounded,   narrow,    often 
branched  interstices,  bearingon  the  inner 
face  from  3  to  5  alternating,  longitudinal 
rows  of  prominent  edged  cells,  separated 
by  narrow  keels,  studded  with  vesicles ; 
dissepiments     thin,    spur-shaped,     ex- 
tending   upward,  and    meeting    those 
from  the  adjoining  interstice,  and  bear- 
ing two  rows  of  cells.    Type  S.  virgu- 
lacea. 


FIG.  525.— Sulcopora 
fenestrata.  Natu- 
ral size  and  mag- 
nified. 


T^N.— THA.] 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


327 


biserialis,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  p.  179,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

rectistyla,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  220,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
IIODICTYA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
III.,  vol.  8.  [Ety.  tainia,  ribbon ;  dictuon, 
net.]  Zoaria  growing  from  a  basal  ex- 
pansion into  dichotomously  divided 
narrow  branches  or  broad  fronds;  cell 
structure  very  much  as  in  some  species 
of  Ptilodictya  (P.  pavonia,  D'Orb.); 
apertures  elliptical  or  subcircular,  sur- 
rounded by  a  sloping  area ;  interspaces 
ridge-like;  both  "hemisepta"  present. 
Type  T.  ramulosa. 

cingulata,      Ulrich,     (in 
^,    ^^  press,)    Geo.  Sur.  111., 

^^•j  voL  8>  P1-  67>  Keokuk 

IBV      Gr- 

frondosa,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  70,  Keokuk 
Gr. 

interpolata,  Ulrich,  1888, 
Bull.  Denison  Univ., 
vol.  4,  p.  80,  Cuyahoga 
Shale. 

ramulosa,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  67,  Keokuk 
Gr. 

ramulosa  var.  burling- 
tonensis,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  67,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 
subrecta,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  67,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
T^ENIOPORA,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag. 
Lond.  n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  120.  [Ety.  tainia, 
ribbon  ;  poros,  pore.]  Flattened  linear 
expansion  ;  dichotomous ;  celluliferous 
on  both  sides.  Distinguished  from 
Ptilodictya  and  Stictoppra  by  a  central, 
longitudinal  keel,  which  divides  the 
frond  into  two  lateral  halves,  and  by 
promineu  t  cell-mou  th  s.  Ty pe  T.  exigua. 
exigua,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.  Lond. 

n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  122,  Ham.  Gr. 
occidentalis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi. 
42,  Ham.  Gr. 
penni  f  or  m  i  s, 
Nicholson, 
1874,     Geo. 
Mag,  Lond.  n. 
8.,    vol.    1,  p. 
123,  Ham.  Gr. 
subcarinata, 
Hall,      1881, 
(Stictppora 
subcarinata,) 
Trans.     A 1  b. 
Inst.,  vol.  10,  „ 
r»       1Q1       anrfFiG.  527. — Tseniopora  penni- 
P-    /%'     a"a     formis.    a,  Natural  size ;  6, 
JrEL     JN.      I.,     transverse       section      en- 
voi. 6,  p.  261,     larged;     c,   fragment    en- 
Ham.  Gr.  larSed' 
Thallistigma,  Hall,  syn  for  Fistulipora. 


FIG.  520.  -Tsenio- 
dictya  cingulata. 

5  Tangential  sec- 
tion x50,  show- 
ing a  transverse 
lining  of  the  cen- 
tral region  of  the 
walls,  a  character 
often  present 
among  the  Ptilo- 
dictyonidse. 


confertipora,  see  Fistulipora  cpnfertipora. 

decipiens,  see  Fistulipora  decipiens. 

densa,  see  Fistulippra  densa, 

digitata,  see  Fistulipora  digitata. 

inclusa,  see  Favicella  inclusa. 

intercellatum,  see  Fistulipora  intercellata. 

lamellatum,  see  Fistulipora  lamellata. 

longimacula,  see  Fistulipora  longimacula. 

micropora,  see  Fistulippra  micropora. 

multaculeata,  see  Fistulipora  multaculeata. 

plana,  see  Fistulipora  plana. 

scrobiculata,  see  Fistulipora  scrobiculata. 

segregata,  see  Fistulipora  segregate. 

serrulata,  see  Fistulipora  serrulata. 

sparsipora,  see  Prismppora  sparsipora. 

spheroidea,  see  Fistulipora  spheroidea. 

gubtilis,  see  Fistulipora  subtilis. 

triangularis  see  Fistulipora  triangularis. 

umbilicata,  see  Fistulipora  umbilicata. 

variopora,  see  Fistulipora  variopora. 
THAMNISCUS,  King,  1849,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  389.  [Ety. 
thamniskos,  little  shrub.]  Stems  fre- 
quently bifurcating  more  or  less  on  one 
plane ;  celluliferous  on  the  side  over- 
looking the  imaginary  axis;  cellules 
imbricated  and  arranged  in  quincunx; 
gemmuliferous  vesicles  overlying  the 
cell  apertures.  Type  T.  dubius. 

cisseis,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  22, 
fig.  23-30,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

diffusus,  Hall,  1852,  (Retepora  diffusa,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  160,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

fruticella,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.  pi.  22, 
fig.  33,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

divaricans,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Keokuk  Gr. 

furcillatus,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

multiramus,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the 
Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  19,  and  Rep.  St.  Geol. 
1883,  pi.  26,  fig.  1-5,  Up.  Held.  Gr, 

nanus,  Hall,  1881,  Bryozoans  of  the  Up. 
Held.  Gr.,  p.  19,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

niagarensis, 
Hall,  1876, 
28th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p. 
126,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

nysa,  Hall, 
1883,  Rep. 
St.  Geol., 
pi.  22,  fig. 

47-48,  FIG.  528.— Thamniscus 

Lower  niagarensis. 

Held.  Gr. 

octonarius,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Up.  Coal.  Meas. 

pauciramus,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol., 
p.  60,  Ham.  Gr. 

ramulosus,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

ramulosus  var.  sevillensis,  Ulrich,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Low. 
Coal  Meas. 


328 


MOLLUSCOIDA. 


[THA. — THE. 


variolate,  Hall,   1883,  Rep.  St.   Geol.,  pi. 
22,  fig.  34-46,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
"ptilifi 


scull 


Ulrich,   (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 


:ulptilis,    Ulrica,    (in  press,)    ' 
I1L,  vol.  8,  pi.  62,  Keokuk  Gr. 
Thamnopora,  Hall.     This  name  was  preoc- 
cupied.    See  Thamnotrypa. 

divaricata,  see  Thamnotrypa  divaricate. 
THAMNOTRYPA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  101.  [Ety.  ihamnos,  bush  ;  trupa,  per- 
foration.] "Narrow,  branching  stipe, 
celluliferous  on  both  sides;  the  divis- 
ions are  not  by  bifurcation,  as  in  Stic- 
topora,  but  by  lateral  and  abrupt  di- 
vergence from  the  main  stipe.  Type  T. 
divaricate. 

divaricata,  Hall,  1881,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  10,  p.  16,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
101,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

TREMATELLA,  Hall,  1886,  Rep.  St.  Geol.  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  xiv.  [Ety.  trema, 
hole;  ellus, diminutive.]  Ramose, solid ; 
cells  tubular,  in  contact  below,  diverging 
near  the  surface,  intersected  by  septa; 
interapertural  surface  marked  by 
pseudo-pores.  Type  T.  annulate. 

annulate,  Hall,  1881,  (Trematopora  annu- 
late,) Bryozoans  of  the  Up.  Held  Gr., 
65,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  69,  Up. 
eld.  Gr. 

arborea,  Hall,  1881,  (Trematopora  arborea, ) 
Bryozoans  of  the  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  5,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  69,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

glomerate,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
70,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

nodosa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
176,  Ham.  Gr. 

perspinulata,  Hall,  1881,  (Trematopora 
perspinulata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10, 
p.  181,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  175, 
Ham.  Gr. 

TREMATOPORA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  149.  [Ety.  trema,  hole ;  poros,  pore ; 
Ramose,  branches  solid,  tuberculated  or 
smooth ;  interstitial  cells,  spiniform  tu- 
buli,  and  diaphragms  present.  Type  T. 
tuberculosa. 

alternata,  see  Acanthoclema  alternatum. 

americana,  S.  A.  Miller,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  312,  Burlington  Gr. 

annulifera,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  67,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  254,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

annulata,  see  Trematella  annulate. 

annulata  var.  pronaspina,  Hall,  1881,  Bry- 
ozoans of  the  Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  6,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

arborea,  see  Trematella  arborea. 

aspera,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
154,  Niagara  Gr. 

calloporoides,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  pi.  38,  Galena  Gr. 

camerata,  see  Diamesopora  camerate. 

canaliculate,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.  pi. 
11,  fig.  12,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

carinate,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
179,  Ham.  Gr. 

claviformis,  see  Stictoporina  claviformis. 

coalescens,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  150,  Niagara  Gr. 


constricta  see  Diamesopora  constricte. 
corticosa,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  105,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  6,  p.  15,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
crassa,  see  Lichenalia  crassa. 
crebipora,   Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec., 

Foss.,  p.  3,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.,  Geol. 

and  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  236,  Niagara  Gr. 
debilis,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  34,  Galena  Gr. 
densa,   Hall,  1874,  26th    Rep.   N.   Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  105,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
dispersa,  see  Diamesopora  dispersa. 
echinata,  Hall,  1876,  26th  Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  112,  Niagara  Gr. 
elongata,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

183,  Ham.  Gr. 
fragilis,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  3,  Waverly  Gr. 
granifera,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

186,  Ham.  Gr. 

granistriata,  see  Bactropora  granistriata. 
granulate,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  253,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
granulifera,     Hall, 

1852,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.    2,    p.    154, 

Niagara  Gr.  The 

same    species  is 

marked  "n.  sp." 

in  28th  Rep.  N. 

Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,     probably. 

by  mistake, 
halli,  Ulrich,  1883, 

Jour.    Gin.    Soc. 

Nat.    Hist.,    vol. 

6,    p.    261,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
hexagona.    H  a  1 1 ,  ^ 

lft«7    Pol     "W    v    FIG.    o29-  —  Trematopora 

USf7,JflM.  fl.  X.,     infrequens.    Much  en- 

vol.     6,     p.     178,     larged. 

Ham.  Gr. 
immersa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

185,  Ham.  Gr. 
infrequens,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.   N.  Y. 

St.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    p.    Ill,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 
interplana,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  186,  Ham.  Gr. 
lineate,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  6,  p. 

181,  Ham.  Gr. 
macropora,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New    Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  4,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind  Geo.  and 

Nat.  Hist., .p.  236,  Niag.  Gr. 
maculosa,  see  Lichenalia  maculosa. 
minute,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  113,  Niagara  Gr. 
nitida,  Ulrich,   (in   press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  8,  pi.  34,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
nodosa,   Hall,   1887,   Pal.    N.   Y.,  vol.  6, 

pi.  xxiii,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
orbipora,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  12, 

Ham.  Gr. 
ornate,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 

Minn.,  p.  98,  Trenton  Gr. 
osculum,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  110,  Niagara  Gr. 
ostiolata,  see  Chilotrypa  ostiolata. 


TRO. — UNI.] 


MOLL  USCOIDA. 


329 


ovatipora,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geo.,  pi.  11, 

fig.  13-14,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
parallela,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  11, 

fig.  13-14,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
perspinulata,  Hall,   1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol., 

p.  11,  Ham.  Gr. 
polygona,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  9, 

Ham.  Gr. 
ponderosa,  Hall,  1874,  26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  106,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
punctata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

151,  Niagara  Gr. 
primigenia,  Ulrich,  1886,  14th  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,  p.  97,  Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.  530.— Arthroclenia  pulchellum.    a,  Mag- 
nified view.    (See  page  293.) 

rectilinea,    Hall,  1881,   Bryozoans  of  the 

Up.  Held.  Gr.,  p.  6,  Up.   Held.  Gr. 
regularis,  see  Orthopora  regularis. 
rhombifera,  see  Orthopora  rhombifera. 
scutulata,  see  Acanthoclema  scutulatum. 
scutulata,  see  Orthopora  scutulata. 
signata,  see  Callotrypa  macropora  var.  sig- 

nata. 
solida,   Hall,  1852,   Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

153,  Niagara  Gr. 
sparsa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.    N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

155,  Niagara  Gr. 
spiculata,    Hall,    1877,   1st  Ed.   Am.  Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  245,  Niagara  Gr. 
spinulosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

155,  Niagara  Gr. 
spinulosa,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.    The  name  was  preoc- 
cupied.   See  T.  spiculata.     , 
striata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

153,  Niagara  Gr. 
subimbricata,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  4,  and  llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.,  p. 

234,  Niagara  Gr. 
subquadrata,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 

11,  Ham.  Gr. 
superba,  Billings,   1866,  Catal.  Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  93,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 


tortalinea,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 
10,  Ham.  Gr. 

trans  versa,  Hall,  1884,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p. 
8,  Ham.  Gr. 

tuberculosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  149,  Niagara  Gr. 

tubulosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
151,  Niagara  Gr. 

varia,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  Ill,  Niagara  Gr. 

variolata,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  113,  Niagara  Gr. 

vesiculosa,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  3,  Burlington  Gr. 

whitfieldi,  Ulrich,   1883,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  6,  p.  262,  Niagara  Gr. 
TROPIDOPORA,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 
p.  71.  [Ety.  tropis,  keel ;  poros,  pore.] 
Ramose,  solid,  cells  in  irregular  longi- 
tudinal rows,  separated  by  sinuous 
ridges;  peristomes  thin,  slightly  ele- 
vated. Type  T.  nana. 

nana,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  71, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Tuberculopora,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  21.  Not  prop- 
erly defined. 

inflata,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  21.  Not  properly 
defined. 

UNITRYPA,  Hall,  1885,  Rep.  St.  Geol.,  p.  36. 
[Ety.  unus,  one ;  trupa,  perforation.] 
Form  like  Fenestella,  having  the 
branches  connected  by  dissepiments ; 
cell  apertures,  in  two  ranges,  separated 
by  carinae,  which  are  elevated,  widened 
at  the  summit,  and  connected  by  thin, 
lateral  processes  or  scalse  more  or  less 
numerous.  Type  U.  lata. 

acaulis,  Hall,  1881, 
(Fenestella  acau- 
lis,) Bryozoans 
of  Up.  Held.  Gr., 

&,    33,   and    Pal. 
.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.     £ 
131, Up.  Held.  Gr.     D 
acaulis      var.     in-     S 
clinis,  Hall,  1887, 

6  *  p.    '  1 32','  Up!  Fia-  531.-Uaitrypa  lata 

Held.  Gr. 
acclivis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 

138,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
biserialis,  Hall.    1882,     (Fenestella  bise- 

rialis,)  Rep.  St.  Geol.  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

6,  p.  57,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
conferta,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 

p.  17,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
consimilis,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6, 

p.  142,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
elegantissima,    Hall,     1881,     (Fenestella 

elegantissima,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10, 

p.  36,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  140,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
fastigata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella fastigata,) 

Trans.   Alb.    Inst.,    vol.  10,   p.  36,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  141,  Up.  Held.  Gr 
ficticius,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p 

137,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[WOR. 


lata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  lata,)  Trans. 
Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  34,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  6,  p.  136,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

nana,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p. 
133,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

nervia,  Hall,  1874,  (Fenestella  nervia,) 
26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
93,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

nervia  var.  constricta,  Hall,  1879,  (Fen- 
estella nervia  var.  constricta,)  32d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  174,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

precursor,  Hall,  1874,  (Fenestella  pre- 
cursor,) 26th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,,  p.  94,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

pernodosjj,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  perno- 

),  p. 
Held.  Gn 


dosa,)  Trans.   Alb.   Inst.,  vol.  10,' p.  35, 
Pal.  N.  Y,,  vol.  6,  p.  139,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
projecta,  Hall,   1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 


132,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
retrorsa,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 

p.  15,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
scalaris,  Hall,  1884,   (Fenestella  scalaris,) 

36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p. 

66,  Ham.  Gr. 
spatiosa,  Hall,  syn.  for  U.  lata. 


stipata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  stipata,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  34,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  134,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

tegulata,  Hall,  1881,  (Fenestella  tegulata,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  34,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  6,  p.  135,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

trans  versa,  Hall,  1887,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  132,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

WORTHENOPORA,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  403.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Bifoliate,  branching  or  pal- 
mate; cells  regularly  arranged,  subtu- 
bular  or  elongate  rhomboidal,  with  the 
aperture  semi-elliptical;  on  the  surface 
the  line  of  junction  between  the  cells  is 
marked  by  an  elevated  ridge ;  the 
truncated  posterior  margin  of  the  aper- 
ture is  raised  into  a  less  strong  trans- 
verse bar ;  the  elongate  triangular  de- 
pressed front  appears  perfectly  plane. 
Type  W.  spinosa. 

spatulata,  Prout,  1859,  (Flustraspatulata,) 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 
446,  Warsaw  Gr. 

spinosa,  Ulrich,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  pi.  68,  Keokuk  and  Warsaw  Grs. 


SUBKINGDOM   MOLLUSCA. 


CLASS  BRACHIOPODA. 

[Ety.  brachium,  arm ;  pous,  foot.] 

THE  Brachiopoda  are  all  marine  animals,  having  a  bivalve  shell  and  a  pair  of 
long,  ciliated,  and  usually  spiral  arms,  with  which  they  produce  a  current  of  water 
that  carries  the  food  to  the  mouth,  which  is  close  to  the  middle  of  the  base  of  the 
shell.  The  valves  of  the  shell,  instead  of  being  placed  on  each  side  of  the  animal, 
as  in  the  Lamellibranchiata,  are  placed  above  and  below  it ;  so  they  are  dorsal  and 
ventral  valves,  instead  of  right  and  left  valves.  The  ventral  valve  is  generally 
larger  than  the  dorsal,  and  projects  beyond  it  at  the  beak.  The  beak  is  generally 
perforated,  for  the  passage  of  a  muscular  peduncle,  for  the  attachment  of  the  ani- 
mal ;  but  in  the  Lingulidse,  the  peduncle  projects  from  the  interior  of  the  shell, 
between  the  umbones.  When  there  is  no  peduncle,  the  shell  attaches  by  the  beak, 
or  by  the  whole  surface  of  the  ventral  valve.  The  dorsal  valve  is  always  free  and 
imperforate.  There  is  generally  a  pair  of  teeth  in  the  ventral  valve,  developed 
from  the  hinge  margin,  that  lock  in  corresponding  cavities  in  the  dorsal  valve. 
Some  genera  have  no  teeth  or  hinge. 

The  shells  of  the  living  Rhychonellidse  and  of  many  fossil  genera  consist  of 
flattened  prisms,  parallel  with  each  other,  and  directed  obliquely  to  the  surface  of 
the  shells,  the  interior  of  which  is  imbricated  by  their  outcrop.  The  substance  of 


BRACHIOPODA.  331 

the  shell  is  traversed  by  small  canals  from  one  surface  to  the  other,  through  which 
little  coecal  processes  of  the  outer  layer  of  the  mantle  pass,  and  are  covered  exter- 
nally by  a  thickening  of  the  epidermis. 

They  have  no  special  branchial  apparatus.  The  respiratory  function  is  per- 
formed by  the  mantle,  which  is  traversed  by  numerous  blood-vessels.  The  arms  are 
frequently  supported  upon  a  calcareous  framework  on  the  interior  of  the  dorsal  valve, 
as  shown  in  the  illustration  of  Waldheimia  australis.  The  valves  are  opened  by  car- 
dinal muscles,  which  originate  on  each  side  of  the  center  of  the  ventral  valve,  and 
converge  toward  the  hinge  margin  of  the  dorsal  valve,  behind  the  dental  sockets, 
where  there  is  usually  a  prominent  cardinal  process.  The  valves  are  closed  by 
adductor  muscles,  of  which  there  are  four  in  Crania  and  Discina.  In  many  fossil 
genera  there  are  spiral  processes,  or  loops,  upon  which  are  founded  family  distinctions. 

Shells  are  sometimes  silicified,  and  become  so  transparent  that  they  show  the 
coils  when  held  up  to  the  light.  Sometimes  the  coils  are  preserved  in  empty  shells; 
and  when  shells  are  found  wholly  filled  with  spar,  both  valves  may  be  removed, 
and  the  sparry  matrix  scraped  away  on  either  side  until  the  spirals  may  be  clearly 
seen  by  holding  the  specimen  up  to  the  light. 

The  class  was  divided  by  King  into  two  orders — the  Glisten terata  and  Treten- 
terata — which  correspond  with  the  Arthropomata  and  Lyropomata  of  other  authors. 
These  divisions  include  the  families  as  follows : 

ORDER  ARTHROPOMATA. 

Athyridse,  Atrypidse,  Orthidse,  Nucleospiridse,  Pentameridse,  Porambonitidse, 
Productidse,  Rhynchonellidse,  Spiriferidae,  Strophomenidse,  Terebratulidae,  Triplesiidse. 

ORDER   L/YOPOMATA. 

Craniidse,  Discinidse,  Lingulidse,  Obolidse,  Pholidopidse,  Siphonotretidse, 
Trirnerellidae. 

FAMILY  ATHYRID.E. — Acambona,    Athyris,    Eumetria,    Merista,     Meristella, 

Whitfieldia. 
FAMILY  ATRYPID^E. — Anazyga,      Atrypa,     Coelospira,     Glassia,     Kouinckia, 

Zygospira. 

FAMILY  CRANIID^E. — Crania,  Pseudocrania.     • 

FAMILY  Discranxs;. — Discina,  Orbiculoidea,  Schizocrania,  Schizobolus,  Trematis. 
FAMILY  LINGULID.E. — Dignomia,  Lingula,  Lingulella,  Lingulasma,  Lingulepis. 
FAMILY  NUCLEOSPIRIDJE. — Hindella,  Meristina,  Nucleospira,  Retzia,  Trem- 

atospira. 
FAMILY  OBOLID^. — Dicellomus,  Elkania,  Leptobolus,  Linnarsonia,  Obolella, 

Obolus. 

FAMILY  ORTHID.E. — Meekella,  Orthis,  Orthisina,  Skenidium,  Vitulina. 
FAMILY  PENTAMERIDSE. — Amphigenia,  Anastrophia,  Gypidula,  Pentamerella, 

Pentamerus,  Stenoschisma. 
FAMILY  PHOLIDOPID.E. — Pholidops. 
FAMILY  PORAMBONITID.E. — Porambonites. 
FAMILY  PRODUCTION.— Aulosteges,    Chonetes,  Productella,  Productus,  Stro- 


332 


BRA  CHIOPODA. 


[ACA.— AMB. 


FAMILY  RHYNCHONELLID^. — Camarella,  Camarophoria,  Eatonia,  Eichwaldia, 

Leiorhynchus,  Rhynchonella,  Rhynchotreta,  Stenoschisma. 
FAMILY  SIPHONOTRETID.E. — Acrothele,  Acrotreta,  Iphidse,   Kutorgina,   Schiz- 

ambon,  Siphonotreta. 
FAMILY  SPIRIFERID^E. — Arabocoelia,  Cyrtia,  Cyrtina,  Martinia,  Spirifera,  Spirif- 

erina,  Syntrielasma,  Syringothyris,  Trigonotreta. 
FAMILY  STROPHOMENID.E. — Leptsena,    Streptorhynchus,    Strophodonta,    Stro- 

phomena,  Strophonella. 
FAMILY  TEREBRATULID^E. — Centronella,  Cryptonella,  Leptocoelia,  Rensselseria, 

Terebratula,  Tropidoleptus,  Vitulina,  Waldheimia. 

FAMILY  TRIMERELLID^E. — Dinobolus,  Lingulops,  Monomerella,  Trimerella. 
FAMILY  TRIPLESITDJE. — Triplesia. 


ACAMBONA,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.   27.    [Ety  ake,   point; 
ambon,  umbo.]     Syn.  for  Eumetria. 
prima,  see  Eumetria  prim  a. 
ACROTHELE,  Linnarsson,  1876,  Bihangtill  K. 
Vet.  Akad.  Handl.,  p.  20,  Swed.  Acad. 
Sci.  on   the   Brachiopoda  of  the  Para- 
doxides   beds.     [Ety.    akros,    pointed  ; 
thelf,    nipple  ;  from   the    apex    of    the 
valve.]    Shell  thin,  corneous,  subcircu- 
lar  in  outline,  depressed,  concentrically  ' 
marked,  and  sometimes  radiated  ;  apex  ! 
of  ventral  valve  teat-like  ;  subcentral  or  i 
near  the  posterior  margin,  perforated  ;  ' 
dorsal  valve  slightly  convex,  posterior  ' 
margin  slightly  reflexed,  and  internally  j 
a  low  median  longitudinal  septum  rep-  '< 
resented  by  an  impression  in  the  cast. 

Type  A.  coriacea. 
dichotoma,         Walcott,  i 
1885,    Monogr.    U.   S. 
Geo.    Sur.,  vol.  8,   p. 
14,  Up.  Taconic. 
matthewi,    Hartt,   1868, 
(Lingula     matthewi,) 
Acad.    Geol.,    p.   644, 
St.  John  Gr. 
subsidua,    White,   1874, 
(Acrotreta  subdsidua,  ) 
Rep.  Invert.  Foss.,  p.  6,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W. 
100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  34,  Up.  Taconic. 
Acr  o  t  r  e  t  a  ,  a 
Kutorga, 
1848,    Uber 
die  Siphon- 
otretse    aus 
den      Ver- 
1  1  :n  i  dl  un- 
gen         der 
Kaiserlich  - 
en    Miner- 

alogisc  hen  FIG.  533.  —  Acrotreta  gemma. 
Small  outline  figures  natural 
8lze  a  and  dorsal  valveg  . 

6,  ventral  valve;  d,  area  or 

B20,  an        ventral  valve.which  shows  a 
nviHa/vn'o     central  groove  ;  /,  area  of  an- 
avidson  S     otner   specimen    having  no 
B  r  a  c  h  i  o  -    groove  ;  e,  side  view. 
poda,     vol. 

1,  p.  133.    [Ety.  akros,  the  top  or  sum- 
mit ;  tretos,  perforated.]     Shell  triangu- 


FIG.  532.— Acroth- 
ele subsidua.  In- 
terior of  dorsal 
valve  enlarged. 


lur     Jahr., 
260,  and 


lar,  larger  valve  conical,  false  area  flat, 
bent  back  at  right  angles  to  the  margin 
of  the  valve,  longitudinally  grooved 
along  the  center,  and  perforated  at  its 
extremity  by  a  small  circular  aperture, 
the  lines  of  growth  encircle  the  shell 
and  pass  uninterruptedly  over  the  false 
area;  the  smaller  valve  flat,  operculi- 
fprm,  smooth,  marked  by  concentric 
lines  of  growth ;  valves  unarticulated. 
Type  A.  subconica. 

attenuata.  1873,  6th  Rep.  Hayden's  Geo. 
Sur.  Terr.,  p.  463,  Up.  Taconic. 

baileyi,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  36,  St.  John  Gr. 

gemma,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1. 
p.  216,  Quebec  Gr. 

gulielma,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  37,  St.  John  Gr. 

pyxidicula,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert. 
Foss.,  p.  9,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 
Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  53,  Potsdam  Gr. 

subsidua,  see  Acrothele  subsidua. 
MgUops,  Hall,  1850,  3d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  179.  The  name  was  pre- 
occupied for  a  genus  in  botany  ;  beside 
it  was  founded  on  the  cast  of  a  Lamel- 
libranch. 

subcarinata.  Name  not  to  be  retained. 
AMBOCCELIA,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  71.  [Ety.  amban, 
umbo  ;  koilos,  the  belly.]  Distinguished 
from  Orthis,  Spirifera,  etc.,  by  the  in- 
terior markings  in  the  ventral  valve, 
the  thickened  margins  of  the  fissure  are 
produced  in  short,  strong  teeth,  but 
there  is  scarcely  any  extension  of  the 
dental  plates;  in  the  dorsal  valve  the 
bases  of  the  crura  continue  attached  to 
the  inner  surface  of  the  valve  for  more 
than  one-third  of  its  length  before  becom- 
ing free ;  there  is  a  lateral  projection  from 
these  crural  bases  bounding  the  teeth 
sockets ;  the  cardinal  process  is  elon- 
gate, lying  between  the  crura,  and  is 
bifurcated  at  the  outer  extremity  as  in 
Cyrtina;  the  muscular  impressions  are 
below  the  middle  of  the  valve,  often 
near  the  front  and  quadruple ;  the  dor- 
sal valve  being  concave,  flat  or  de- 


ANA.] 


BRA  CHIOPODA. 


333 


pressed  convex,  the  spires   lie  in   the 

ventral  valve.    Type  A.  umbonata. 
timbriata,  Claypole,  1883,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  p.  232,  Portage  Gr. 
gemmula,    syn.    for    Spirifera    planocon- 

vexa. 
gregaria,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  81,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  261,  Chemung  Gr. 
minuta,    White,    1862,    Proc.    Bost.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  26,  Waverly  Gr. 
nucleus,  syn  for  Ambocoelia  umbonata. 
praeumbona,   Hall,  1857,  (Orthis  praeum- 
bona,) 10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,   p.    167.  and  Pal.  N. 

Y.,   vol.  4,    p.   262,    Ham. 

Gr. 
subumbona,  see  Spirifera,  sub- 

umbona. 
umbonata,      Conrad,      1842,  FIG.  534 -Am- 

(Orthis    umbonata,)     Jour,   bocceiiaum- 

Acad.   Nat.   Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  bonata' 

264,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  259,  Mar- 

cellus  Shale  and  Ham.  Gr. 
unbonata  var.  gregaria,  see  A.  gregaria. 

AMPH  IGENI  A  , 
Hall,  1867, 
Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p. 
382.  [Ety. 
amphi,  on 
both  sides ; 
g  en  e  a  , 
growth.  ]In- 
equiva  1  v  e , 
oval,  ovoid, 
or  subtri- 
a  ngu  lar , 
more  or  less 
convex, 
wi  t  hout 
mesial  fold 
or  sinus ; 
valves  ar- 
ticttla  ting 
by  teeth  and 
sockets, 
without 
area ;  den- 
tal lamellae, 
in  the  ven- 
tral valve, 


PIG.  535.— Amphigenia 
elongata. 


c  o  n    o  ne 

on  their  dorsal  sides,  forming  an 
angular  pit,  which  opens  by  a  tri- 
angular fissure  beneath  the  beak, 
and  in  its  anterior  extension  is  sup- 
ported on  a  central  septum ;  dorsal 
valve  with  a  thickened  cardinal  pro- 
cess bordered  by  teeth  sockets  anchy- 
losed  to  the  bottom  and  supporting  the 
crura,  which  extend  into  the  cavity  of 
the  shell.  Type  A.  elongata. 

curta,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  (Strick- 
landinia  elongata  var.  curta,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  402,  Oriskany  sand- 
stone. 

elongata,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Pentamerus 
elongata,)  Geo.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  132, 


and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  383,  Schoharie 
grit  and  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  536.— Amphigenia  elougata. 

elongata  var.  undulata,   Hall,  1867,   Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  384,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

elongata  var.  subtrig- 
onalis,  Hall,  1857, 
(Meganteris  subtrig- 
onalis,)  10th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  123,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

ANASTROPHIA,  Hall, 
1867,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  373.  [Ety. 
ana,  with ;  strophe,  a 
turning  round ;  the 
relation  of  the 
valves  is  the  re- 
verse of  that  of 
Pentamerus.]  Gib-  FIG. 
bous  ;  ventral  valve  nia  elongata. 
the  smaller,  gibbous  in  its  upper  part, 
depressed  or  sinuate  below,  with  the 
V-shaped  pit  sessile  for  nearly  its  entire 
length  ;  small  flattened  space  on  each 
side  of  the  fissure;  dorsal  valve  ven- 
tricose,  with  prominent  umbo ;  hinge- 
plate  extended  in  gradually  converging 
vertical  lamellae  which  are  joined  to  the 
shell  throughout  their  length,  while  the 
crura  are  extended  into  the  cavity,  in 
thin  free  lamellae.  Type  A.  verneuili. 


— Amphige- 


FIG.  538.— Anastrophia  iuternnscens. 

internascens,  Hall,  1879,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  168,  Niagara  Gr. 


334 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[ANA.— ATH. 


interplicata,  Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa  interpli- 
cata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  275,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

reversa,  Billings,  1857,  (Pentamerus  re- 
versus,)  Rep.  of  Prog.  Geo.  Sur.  Can., 
p.  215,  Mid.  Sil. 

verneuili,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  104,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  260,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
ANAZYGA,  Davidson,  1883,  Supp.  to  Brit. 
Brachiopoda,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  128.  [Ety. 
ana,  upward ;  zygos,  a  connecting  band.] 
Small,  longitudinally  oval  and  striated ; 
position  of  spiral  cones  as  in  Zygospira ; 
about  four  coils  in  each  spiral  cone ; 
stems  attach  to  the  hinge  plate  of  the 
dorsal  valve,  extend  parallel  for  a  short 
distance,  and  then,  bending  at  right  an- 
gles, form  two  large  curves  facing  the 
lateral  parts  of  the  valve ;  before  reach- 
ing their  furthest  extension  in  front, 
they  give  off  a  circular  band  or  loop, 
which  is  directed  upward  toward  the 
beak,  and  is  exterior  to  the  spiral  cones 
on  their  dorsal  side.  Type  A.  recurvi- 
rostra. 

recurvirostra,  Hall,  1847,  (Atrypa  recurvi- 
rostra,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  140,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

Anomia,  Linnaeus,  1767,  Syst.  Nat.,  12th  Ed. 
[Ety.  anomios,  unequal.]  Not  Palae- 
ozoic. 

biloba,  see  Orthis  biloba. 

pecten,  see  Strophomena  pecten. 

reticularis,  see  Atrypa  reticularis. 
Anomties,  Wablenberg,  1821,  Act.,  Upsal. 

exporrectus,  see  Cyrtia  exporrecta. 

glaber,  see  Spirifera  glabra. 

punctatus,  see  Productus  punctatus. 

resupinatus,  see  Orthis  resupinatus. 

reticularis,  see  Atrypa  reticularis. 

rhomboidalis,  see  Strophomena  rhomboid- 
alis. 

tcabriculus,  see  Productus  scabriculus. 

semireticulatus,  see  Productus  semireticu- 

latus. 

ATHYRIS,  McCoy,  1844,  Carb.  Foss.  Ireland, 
pp.  128  and  146.  [Ety.  a,  without ; 
thuris,  a  small  door ;  in  allusion  to  the 
absence  of  a  deltidium  or  door.  But 
the  name  is  erroneous.]  Nearly  orbic- 
ular or  ovate,  both  valves  convex ;  no 
cardinal  area,  foramen,  or  hinge-line ; 
spiral  appendages  attached  to  the  hinge 
plate  of  the  dorsal  valve,  very  large, 
nearly  filling  the  shell ;  a  strong  mesial 
septum  in  rostral  part  of  dorsal  valve ; 
dental  lamellae  moderate ;  pallial  and 
ovarian  impressions  thick,  numerous, 
dichotomous;  tissue  of  shell  fibrous. 
Type  A.  spiriferoides. 

americana,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  89,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

angelica,  Hall,  1861,  14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  99,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  292,  Chemung  Gr. 

argentea,  Shepard,  1838,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  34,  p.  152,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 


biloba,  Winchell,  1865,  (Spirigera biloba,) 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.   118,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
blancha,   Billings,    1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  115,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
caputserpentis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  90,  Up.  Coal 

Meas. 
charitonensis,  Swallow,   1860,    (Spirigera 

charitonensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  651,  Coal  Meas. 
chloe,   Billings,  1860,  Can.    Jour.,  vol.  5, 

p.  282,  Ham.  Gr. 
clara,  Billings,  1860,  Can.   Jour.,  vol.   5, 

p.  274,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
claytoni,    Hall  &   Whitfield,  1877,   U.  S. 

Geo.  Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  256, 

Waverly  Gr. 
clintonensis,   Swallow,    1863,    Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  89,  Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
clusia,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  5,  p. 

279,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cora,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  94,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  291,  Ham.  and  Chemung  Grs. 
corpulenta,    Winchell,    1863,      (Spirigera 

corpulenta,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  6, 

Waverly  Gr. 
crassicardinalis,  White,  1860,  Bost.  Jour. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  229,  Waverly  Gr. 
eborea,  Winchell,  1866,  (Spirigera  eborea,) 

Rep.    Low.    Peninsula    Mich.,    p.    94, 

Ham.  Gr. 
euzona,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.   St.   Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  91,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
different,     McChesney,    1860,    New    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  47,  syn.  for  A.  subtilita. 
formosa,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.    Sci.,    vol.    2,    p.    91,    Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

fultonensis,  Swallow,  1860,  (Spirigera  ful- 
tonensis,) Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.   Sci., 

vol.  1,  p.  650,  Ham,  Gr. 
hannibalensis,    Swallow,  1860,  (Spirigera 

hannibalensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  649,  Waverly  or  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
hawni,  Swallow,  1860,  (Spirigera  hawnii,) 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 

652,  Coal  Measi 
headi,  see  Zygospira  headi.. 
headi    var.    anticostiensw,     see    Zygospira 

headi  var.  anticostiensis. 
headi   var.  borealis,    see   Zygospira   headi 

var.  borealis. 
harpalyce,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  116,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
hirsute,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 

4,  p.  8,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  49,  Warsaw  Gr. 
incrassata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

600,  Burlington  Gr. 
intervarica,  McChesney,  1860,  Pal.   Foss., 

p.  78,  Burlington  Gr.      Not  recognized, 
jacksoni,  Swallow,  1860,  (Spirigera  jack- 

soni,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1, 

p.  651,  Coal  Meas. 
julia,  see  Meristella  julia. 


ATR.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


335 


junia,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.  Foss.  I      spiriferoides,   Eaton,    1831,    (Terebratula 

Antic.,  p.  46,  Anticosti  Gr.  spiriferoides,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  21,  p. 

lamellosa,     Leveille,     1835,     (Spirifer 

lamellosus,)  Mem.  Geol.  Soc.  France, 

vol.  2,  p.  39,  Waverly  Gr. 
lara,   Billings,   1866,   Catal.   Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  47,  Anticosti  Gr. 
maconensis,  Swallow,  1860,  (Spirigera 

maconensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.  vol.  1,  p.  651,  Coal  Meas. 
maia,  see  Spirifera  maia. 
minima,  Swallow,  1860,  (Spirigera  min- 

ima,)   Trans.    St.    Louis    Acad.    Sci.,     FIG.  539.—  Athyris  spiriferoides.    Dorsal  and  ventral 

view. 


vol.  1,  p.  649,  Ham.  Gr. 
missouriensis,  Swallow,  1860,  (Spirigera 

missouriensis,)    Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  650,  Coal  Meas. 
missouriensis,    Winchell,    1865,    (Spirigera 

missouriensis,)   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci., 

p.   117,   Lithographic   limestone.     This 

name  was  preoccupied. 
monticola,  White,  1874,  (Spirigera  mon- 

ticola,)    Rep.  Invert.  Foss.,  p.  16,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  91, 

Subcarboniferous. 
naviformis,    Hall,  1843,    (Atrypa  navifor- 

mis,)  Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.   Y.,  p.  71,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  76,  Clinton  Gr. 
obmaxima,  McChesney,  1860,  Desc.,  New 

Pal.  Foss.,  p.  80,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 

Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  92,  Waverly  Gr. 
obvia,   McChesney,    1860,  Pal.  Foss,  p.  81, 

Kaskaskia  Gr.     Not  recognized. 
ohioensis,    Winchell,    1865,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  118,  Waverly  Gr. 
orbicularis,   McChesney,   1860,   New    Pal. 

Foss.,  Coal  Meas.     Not  recognized. 
papilioniformis,  McChesney,  1867,  Trans. 

Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.    1,   Kaskaskia  Gr. 
parvirostris,    Meek   and    Worthen,   1860, 

Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.   Phil.,   p.   451, 

Keokuk    Gr.       Referred    later  to    A. 

planosulcata. 
pectinifera,     Swallow,    1863,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,   p.  88,   Keo- 

kuk Gr. 
perinflata,    McChesney,    1860,   Desc.  New 

Pal.   Foss.,   p.   81,   Keokuk   Gr.      Not 

recognized. 
persinuata,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

40th  parallel,  p.  81,  Carboniferous. 
planosulcata,  Phillips,  1836,  Geo.  York., 

vol.  2,  p.  220,  Keokuk  Gr. 
plattensis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  87,  Up.  Coal.  Meas. 
polita,   Hall,  1843,    (Atrypa  polita,)  Geo. 

4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  65,  fig.  5,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  293,  Chemung  Gr. 
primtana,  see  Meristella  prinstana. 
prouti,  Swallow,  1860,  (Spirigera  proutii,) 

Trans.  St.   Louis  Acad.    Sci.,  vol.   1,  p. 

649,  Kinderhook  or  Waverly  Gr. 
reflexa,  Swallow,   1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2.  p.  88,  Warsaw  Gr. 
singletoni,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.   Sci.,   vol.    2,  p.    87,   Low.    Coal 

Meas. 
solitaria,  Billings,    1866,   Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  48,  Anticosti  Gr. 


FIG.  540. 


137,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  285,  Cor- 
nif.  and  Ham.  Gr. 

squamosa,  Worthen,  1884, 
Bull.  No.  2,  111.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  24,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  103,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

sublamellosa,  Hall,  1858, 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  702, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

subquadrata,  Hall,  1858, 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  703, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

subtilita,  Hall,  1852, 
bury's   Exped.   to   Great 
Salt   Lake,    p.   409,    Coal 
Meas. 

trinuclea,  Hall,  1858,  (Terebratula  trinu- 
clea,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol.  4,  p.  7,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  659,  Warsaw  Gr. 

tumida,  Dalman,  1827,  (Atrypa  tumida.) 
The  fossil  usually  referred  to  this  species 
is  Whitfieldia  maria,  which  Davidson 
regarded  as  a  synonym  for  W.  tumida. 

tumidula,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  47,  Anticosti  Gr. 

turgida,  Shaler,  1865,  Bulletin  No.  4,  M.  C. 
Z.,  Anticosti  Gr.  Not  denned  so  as  to 
be  recognized. 

ultravarica,  McChesney,  1861,  Desc.  New 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  79,  Keokuk  Gr.  Not 
recognized. 

umbonata,  see  Hindella  umbonata. 

vittata,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  89,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  289,  Cornif.  and  Ham.  Grs. 
ATRYPA,  Dalman,  1827,  Vet.  Acad.  Handl., 
p.  102.  [Ety.  a,  without  ;  trypa,  a  hole 
or  perforation.  It  was  supposed  the 
shells  had  no  foramen  in  the  beak.  The 
name  is  erroneous.]  Suborbicular, 
transverse  or  elongated  ;  articulating  by 
teeth  and  sockets  ;  beak  of  the  ventral 
valve  produced  and  incurved,  the  apex 
truncated  by  a  small,  round  perforation, 
sometimes  separated  from  the  hinge- 
line  by  a  deltidium  ;  valve  more  or  less 
convex  with  or  without  a  defined  sinus  ; 
a  strong  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base 
of  the  broad  fissure  is  somewhat  bilobed 
at  the  summit,  with  a  crenulated  groove 
on  the  back  ;  from  the  base  of  the  teeth 
a  curving  ridge  extends  forward  and 
partially  incloses  a  broad,  muscular 


336 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[ATR. 


scar  ;  dorsal  valve  convex,  with  or  with- 
out a  mesial  fold  ;  hinge  plate  divided 
in  the  middle  with  a  tooth-like  plate  on 
each  side,  the  crura  originating  outside 
of  these  close  to  the  dental  sockets,  and 
outside  of  the  latter,  close  to  the  shell 
margins,  there  is  a  crenulated  fold, which 
occupied  the  groove  at  the  base  of  the 
tooth  ;  the  spires  originating  from  the 
crura  form  two  hollow  cones,  directed 
into  the  cavity  of  the  dorsal  valve,  their 
adjacent  sides  being  flattened  and  apices 
brought  close  together  near  the  center 
of  the  bottom  of  the  cavity ;  the  pro- 
cesses at  the  base  of  the  crura  are  di- 
rected into  the  cavity  of  the  dorsal 
valve,  and  unite  to  form  a  loop ;  surface 
smooth,  striate,  or  costate ;  structure 
fibrous.  Type  A.  reticularis. 

acutiplicata,    see    Leptocoelia  acutiplicata. 

acutirostra,   see  Rhynchonella  acutirostra. 

sequiradiata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  266,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

sequiradiata,  see  Rhynchonella  sequira- 
diata. 

affinis,  syn.  for  Atrypa  reticularis. 

altilis,  see  Rhynchonella  altilis. 

ambigua,  see  Camarella  arnbigua. 

aprinis,  see  Rhynchonella  aprinis. 

arala,  see  Pentamerella  arata. 

aspera,  Schlotheim,  1813,  (Terebratula 
aspera,)  Petrefaktenkunde,  p.  263, Ham. 
and  Chemung  Grs. 

aspera  var.  occidentalis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo. 
Rep.  Iowa,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  515,  Ham.  Gr. 

bidens,  see  Rhynchonella  bidens. 

bisulcata,  see  Camarella  bisulcata. 

borealis,  Schlotheim,  as  identified  by 
d'Archiac  &  Verneuil.  Not  American. 

brevirostris,  as  identified  by  Hall,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  278.  See  Pentamerus 
brevirostris  and  Anastrophia  verneuili. 

camura,  see  Trematospira  camura. 

capax,  see  Rhynchonella  capax. 

cassidea,  as  identified  by  d'Archiac  & 
Verneuil.  Not  American. 

chemungensis,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  265,  Chemung  Gr. 

circulus  see  Camarella  circulus. 

condnna,  see  Nucleospira  concinna. 

comis,  see  Pentamerus  comis. 

concentrica,  syn.  for  Athyris  spiriferoides. 

congesta,  see  Triplesia  congesta. 

congregata,  see  Stenochisma  congregatum. 

contracta,  see  Stenochisma  contractual. 

corallifera,  see  Eichwaldia  corallifera. 

crassirostra,  Hall,U852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  269,  Niagara  Gr. 

crenulata  see  Terebratula  crenulata. 

cuboides,  as  identified  by  Hall  and  others. 
See  Rhynchonella  venustula. 

cuneata,  see  Rhynchonella  cuneata. 

cuspidata,  see  Triplesia  cuspidata. 

cylindrica,  see  Meristella  cylindrica. 

deflecta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
140,  Trenton  Gr. 

dentata,  see  Rhynchonella  dentata. 

disparilis,  see  Ccelospira  disparilis. 

dubia,  see  Rhynchonella  dubia. 


dumosa,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.,  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  272,  Chemung  Gr. 
duplicata,  see  Stenochisma  duplicatum. 
elongata,  syn.  for  Rensselferia  ovoides. 
emacerata,  see  Rhynchonella  emacerata. 
exigua,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

141,  Trenton  Gr. 

eximia,  see  Stenochisma  eximium. 
extans,  see  Triplesia  extans. 
flabella,  syn.  for  Leptoccelia  hemispherica. 
flabellites,  see  Leptocrelia  flabellites. 
galeata,  see  Pentamerus  galeatus. 
gibbosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

79,  Clinton  Gr. 
globuliformis,    see    Leiorhynchus   globuli- 

forme. 

hemiplicata,  see  Camarella  hemiplicata. 
hemispherica,  see  Leptoccelia  hemispherica. 
hirsuta,  see  Trematospira  hirsuta. 
hystrix,   Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  272,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  326, 

Chemung  Gr. 
impressa,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  122,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  315,  Schoharie  Grit. 


FIG.  541.— Atrypa  reticularis.    «,  Dorsal  valve;  6, 
ventral  valve  ;  c,  anterior  view. 

impressa,  Shaler.     The   name   was  preoc- 
cupied. 

increbescens,  syn.  for  Rhynchonella  capax. 
inflata,  Conrad,  1843,  Geo.   Rep.  3d  Dist. 

N.  Y.    Not  defined, 
intermedia,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  77,  Clinton  Gr. 

interplicata,  see  Anastrophia  interplicata. 
Isevis,  see  Meristella  leevis. 
lamellata,  see  Rhynchonella  lamellata. 
laticotta,  Phillips,   1841,  (Terebratula  lati- 

costa,)  Pal.  Foss.,  Chemung  Gr.    This 

species    is    not    clearly     identified    in 

America. 

lentiformu,  syn.  for  Atrypa  reticularis. 
limitaris,  see  Leiorhynchus  limitare. 
mansoni,     Salter,  '  1852,      (Rhynchonella 

mansoni,)  Sutherland's  Jour.,  vol.  2,  p. 

ccxxi,  Devonian, 
marginalis,  (?)  Dalman,  1827,  (Terebratula 

marginalis,)  Vet.  Acad.   Handl.,  p.  143, 

Niagara  Gr. 

medialis,  see  Eatonia  medialis. 
mesacostalis,  see  Leiorhynchus  mesacostale. 
modesta,  see  Zygospira  modesta. 
nasuta,  see  Meristella  nasuta. 
naviformis,  see  Athyris  naviformis. 


AUL,.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


337 


FIG.  542.— Atrypa  reticularis. 
Interior  of  ventral  valve;  a, 
impression  of  adductor  mus- 
cle; e,  cardinal  muscle;  p, 
pedicle  muscle;  o,  ovarian 
sinus;  d,  deltidlum. 


neglecta,  see  Rhynchonella  neglecta. 

nitida,  see  Meristina  nitida. 

nitida  var.  oblata,  see  Meristina  nitida  var. 

oblata. 
nodostriata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  272,  Niagara  Gr. 
nucleolata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  328,  Coralline  limestone. 
nucleus,  see  Triplesia  nucleus. 
nustella,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  39. 

Not  recognized. 

oblata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  9, 
Medina  Gr. 

o  b  t  u  s  iplicata, 
see    Rhyn- 
chonella ob- 
tusiplicata. 
octocostata,  see 
Pentame- 
rella  arata. 
peculiaris,    see  I 
Eatonia  pe-  | 
culiaris. 
phoca,   Salter, 
1852,(Rhyn- 
chonella 
phoca,) 
S  u t  h  e  r- 
land's  Jour., 
vol.     2,     p. 
ccxxvi,    De- 
vonian. 

planoconvexa,  see  Leptocoelia  planoconvexa. 
plebeia,  Conrad,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist, 

N.  Y.,  Ham.  Gr.     Preoccupied  name. 
pleiopleura,  see  Rhynchonella  pleiopleura. 
plena,  see  Rhynchonella  plena. 
plicata,  see  Rhynchonella  plicata. 
plicatella,   (?)    Linnseus,   as   identified    by 
Hall,  in  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  279.     May 
be  stricken  from  the  list  as  an  erroneous 
identification. 

plicatula,  see  Rhynchonella  plicatula. 
plicifera,  see  Rhynchonella  plicifera, 
polita,  see  Athyris  polita. 
prisca,  syn.  for  Atrypa  reticularis. 
pseudomarginalis,   Hall,   1860,  13th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,   p.   84,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  327,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
quadricostata,    see    Leiorhyncbus    quadri- 

costatum. 

quadr  icostata,  -'* 

Hall,  1852, 
see  Rhyncho- 
nella quadri- 
costata. 

rect  iplicata, 
Conrad,  1842, 
Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 
8,  p.  265,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 
r  e  c  urvirostra, 

rppnrvirnet™    FlG-  543.— Atrypa  reticnlaris- 
recurvirostra.     Interlor  of    dorsal    valve> 

reticularis,  Lm-     showing  spirals;  p,   hinge 
nreus,     1767,     plate. 
(Anomia  reticularis,)  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12, 
p.  1132,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  72.    It 


occurs,  with  its  varieties,  in  all  the 
Groups  of  the  Upper  Silurian  and 
Devonian  formations,  except  the  Oris- 
kany  sandstone.  Some  of  its  varieties 
or  synonyms  are,  Atrypa  affinis,  A.  lenti- 
formis,  A.  prisca,  A.  tribulis,  Hippari- 
onyx  consimilis,  etc. 

robusta,  see  Rhynchonella  robusta. 

rostrata,  see  Meristella  rostrata. 

rugosa,  see  Rhynchonella  rugosa. 

scjiula,  see  Meristella  scitula. 

»emiplicata,  see  Rhynchonella  semiplicata. 

singularis,  see  Eatonia  singularis. 

sordida,  see  Rhynchonella  sordida. 

spinosa,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 
p.  200,  Cornif.,  Ham.,  Tully,  and  Che- 
mung  Grs.  Equal  to  Atrypa  aspera  var. 
occidentalis. 

subcuboides,  D'Orbigny,  see  Rhynchonella 
venustula. 

subtrigonalis,  see  Rhynchonella  subtrig- 
onalis. 

sulcata,  see  Merista  sulcata. 

tenuilineata,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  272,  Chemung  Gr. 

tribulis,  syn.  for  Atrypa  reticularis. 

tumida,  see  Athyris  tumida. 

unguiformis,  syn.  for  Orthis  proximus. 

unisulcata,  see  Meristella  unisculcata. 
AULOSTEGES,  Helmerson,  1847,  Bull,  de  la 
Classe  Physi.  Math.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Pe- 
tersburg, vol.  6,  p.  135.  [Ety.  aulos, 
tube;  stege,  chamber.]  Shell  subpen- 
tagonal ;  ventral  valve  most  convex, 


FIG.  541 — Aulosteges  wangenheimi.  h,  Triangu- 
lar hinge  area;  d,  convex  pseudodeltidium  ; 
j,  cardinal  process ;  a,  adductor  impression. 

beak  produced,  twisted,  area  triangular, 
interrupted  by  a  pseudodeltidium  not 
reaching  the  hinge-line,  which  is 
straight  and  toothless;  dorsal  valve 
convex  at  the  umbo,  depressed  or  con- 
cave laterally;  cardinal  edge  more  or 
less  developed;  surface  of  valves  with 
short  tubular  spires;  in  the  interior  of 
the  dorsal  valve  a  trifid  cardinal  pro- 
cess is  made  to  fill  the  uncovered 
portion  of  the  fissure,  and  serve  as  the 
point  of  attachment  to  the  cardinal 
muscle ;  under  this  process  a  longit  udinal 
mesial  ridge  extends  nearly  to  the 
margin,  and  on  either  side  are  elongated, 
ramified  adductor  scars;  the  reniform 
impressions,  after  dividing  the  above 
named  muscle,  extend  by  an  outward 
oblique  curve  to  n«ar  the  margin,  when, 
turning  backward  and  inward,  termi- 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[BII,. — CAM. 


nate  some  distance  from  their  origin ; 
two  brachial  elevations  under  the  ad- 
ductor move  toward  the  center  of  the 
valve.  Type  A.  wangenheimi. 

guadalupensis,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  292,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

spondyliformis,   White  &  St.  John,  1868, 
Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  118,  Up.  Coal. 
Meas. 
Billingsia,    Ford,    1885.     The    name    being 

preoccupied,  see  Elkania. 
Brachymerus,   Shaler.     The  name  was  pre- 
occupied   for   a   genus   of   Coleoptera. 
See  Anastrophia. 
Brachyprion,  Shaler,  syn.  for  Strophpmena. 

geniculatum,  see  Strophomena  geniculata. 

leda,  see  Strophomena  leda. 

ventricosum,  see  Strophomena  ventricosa. 
CAMARKLLA,  Billings,  August,  1858,  Can. 
Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  4,  p.  301.  [Ety. 
kamara,  arching  chamber;  ellus,  dimin- 
utive.] Shell  ovate  or  subcircular,  beaks 
small,  hinge-line  short;  mesial  fold  and 
sinus  becoming  obsolete  in  the  middle 
part  of  the  shell,  below  which  the  ra- 
diating striae  are  more  or  less  numerous, 
while  above  concentric  strise  occur. 
Type  C.  volborthi. 


FIG.  54ft. — Camarella  hemiplicata.    Dorsal,  ven- 
tral, and  side  views. 

ambigua,  Hall,  1847,  (Atrypa  ambigua,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  143,  Trenton  Gr. 

antiquata,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  10,  Georgia  Gr. 

bisulcata,  Emmons,  1842,  (Orthis  bisul- 
cata,) Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  395,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  139,  Trenton  Gr. 

breviplicata,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  304,  Quebec  Gr. 

calcifera,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  6,  p.  318,  Calcif.  Gr. 

circulus,  Hall,  1847,  (Atrypa  circulus,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  142,  Trenton  Gr. 

congesta,  see  Triplesia  congesta. 

costata,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  305,  Quebec  Gr. 

cu»pidata,  see  Triplesia  cuspidata. 

extans,  see  Triplesia  extans. 

hemiplicata,  Hall,  1847,  Atrypa  hemi- 
plicata,) Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1.,  p.  144, 
Trenton  Gr.  FIG 

lenticularis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil. 
Foss.  Antic.,  p.  45,  Anticosti  Gr. 

longirostra,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  302,  Chazy  Gr. 

nucleus,  see  Triplesia  nucleus. 

ops,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
148,  Mid.  Sil. 

ortoni,  see  Triplesia  ortoni. 

panderi,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  301,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 


parva,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

219,  Quebec  Gr. 
polita,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

305,  Quebec  Gr. 

primordialis,  see  Triplesia  primordialis. 
reversa,  see  Anastrophia  reversa. 
varians.Billings, 

1859,  Can.  Nat. 

and  Geo.,  vol. 

4,     p.      44  5, 

™OK/!!^v,i      -R'li    FIG-    546. —  Camarella"  vol- 

VOlbortni,     Kill-     bortni.     Dorsal,     ventral, 
ings,       1859,     and  side  views. 
Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  301,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

waldronensis,  see  Triplesia  waldronensis. 
Camarium,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
486,  syn.  for  Merista. 

elongatum,  see  Merista  elongata. 

typum,  see  Merista  typus. 
CAMAROPHORIA,  King,  1844,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  14,  p.  313.  [Ety.  kamara, 
an  arched  chamber;  phoreo,  I  carry.] 
Subtrigonal,  convex  longitudinally ; 
mesial  fold  and  sinus;  beak  acute, 
more  or  less  incurved,  small  fissure  be- 
neath ;  no  area  or  deltidium ;  plicated, 
impunctate,  articulating  by  teeth  and 
sockets;  dental  plates  in  the  ventral 
valve,  conjoined  at  their  dorsal  mar- 
gins, forming  a  trough-shaped  process 
affixed  to  a  low,  medio-longitudinal 
plate ;  the  space  between  the  sockets 
in  the  dorsal  valve  is  occupied  by  a 
small,  cardinal,  muscular  protuberance, 
on  either  side  of  which  two  slender 
processes  curve  upward ;  from  beneath 
the  cardinal  process  a  vertical  mesial 
septum,  a  third  or  more  of  the  length 
of  the  valve,  supporting  along  its  upper 
edge  a  spatula-shaped  process,  dilated 
toward  its  free  extremity,  and  projected 
with  a  curve  to  near  the  center  of  the 
shell.  Type  C.  schlotheimi. 

bisulcata,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  296,  Permian  Gr. 

eucharis,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
368,  Corniferous  Gr. 


547.— Camarophoria  giflbrdi.    a,  Dorsal  view;  b, 
ventral  valve;  c,  profile  view. 


giffordi,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  39,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
Ill,  vol.  7,  p.  318,  Middle  Coal  Meas. 

globulina,  Phillips,  1844,  as  identified  by 
Geinitz,  is  Rhynchonella  uta. 

occidentalis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  4,  p,  313,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


CEN. — CHO.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


339 


schlotheimi,  Von  Buch,  1834,  (Terebra- 
tulites  schlotheimi,)  Mem.  de  la  Soc. 
Geol.,  vol.  3,  p.  138,  Permian  Gr. 

subtrigona,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 
(Rhynchonella  subtrigona,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  451,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  251,  Keokuk  Gr. 

swallovana,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  394,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  (Rhynchonella  wor- 
theni,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  11,  and 
Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  54,  War- 
saw Gr. 

CENTRONELLA,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  131.  [Ety.  a  little  point.] 
General  form  like  Terebratula ;  dorsal 
valve  with  a  loop  consisting  of  two 
ribbon-like  lamellae,  which  extend  about 
half  the  length  of  the  shell,  at  first 
curving  outward  and  then  approaching 
until  their  lower  extremities  meet  at 
an  acute  angle ;  here  they  unite  and  are 
reflected  backward  toward  the  beak  in 
a  thin,  flat,  vertical  plate;  near  their 
origin  each  bears  upon  the  ventral 
side  a  single  triangular  crural  process. 
Type  C.  glansfagea. 

allii,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  123,  Waverly  or  Marshall  Gr. 

alveata,  Hall,  1857,  (Rhynchonella  al- 
veata,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  124,  Onondaga  Gr. 

anna,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  300, 
Subcarb. 

billingsana,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  352,  Niagara  Gr. 

crassicardinalis.Whitfield,  1882,  Bull.Ann. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  3,  p.  55,  War- 


flora,    Winchell,    1879,   Proc.    Am.    Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  12,  p.  254,  Marshall  Gr. 
glansfagea,  Hall,  1857,  (Rhynchonella 
glansfagea,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  125,  and  Pal.N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  399,  Schoharie  grit,  Cornif.  Gr.  and 
Oriskany  sandstone. 

glaucia,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,   p. 
403,  Ham.  Gr. 

hecate,  Bil  1  i  n  g  s , 
1861,  Can.  Jour, 
vol.  6,  p.  272,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
impressa,  Hall, 
1861,  14th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
102,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  402, 
Ham.  Gr.  Prof.  Billings  said  this  is  a 
syn.  for  C.  hecate. 

julia,  Winchell,  1862,   Proc.    Acad.   Nat. 
Sci.  vol.  14,  p.  405,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  419,  Marshall  Gr. 
ovata,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  419, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Charianella,  Billings,  1861,  Can.   Jour.  Ind. 
Sci.,  and  Art,  p.  148,  syn.  for  Meristella. 
circe,  see  Meristella  circe. 
doris,  see  Meristella  doris. 


FIG.  5-18.— Ce ntronella 
hecate.  a,  Showing  loop; 
6,  c,  and  d,  different 

views. 


(?)  hyale,  see  Meristella  hyale. 
CHONETES,  Fischer,  1837,  Oryckt.  Moscou, 
p.  134.  [Ety.  chone,  a  little  cup.]  Shell 
thin,  semi-cylindrical,  transverse  section 
semi-oval,  ventral  valve  convex,  dorsal 
concave  hinge-line  straight;  external 
margin  of  the  area  of  ventral  valve 
bearing  a  row  of  tubular  spines,  fora- 
men distinct  but  partially  closed  by 
a  pseudo-deltidium  ;  dorsal  valve  with  a 
cardinal  process,  simple  at  the  base,  but 
bifid  orgrooved  at  the  extremity ;  valves 
articulated  by  teeth,  surface  radiately 
striated,  often  spinous,  interior  pustii- 
lose  or  papillose.  Type  C.  arcinulatus. 

acutiradiatus,  Hall,  1843,  (Strophomena 
acutiradiata,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 

6171,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  120,  Up. 
eld.  Gr. 
antiope,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  19,  Low  Devonian, 
arcuatus,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.   Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  116,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  119,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
armatus,   DeKoninck,  the   specimens  re- 
ferred  to    this    species    belong    to    C. 

pusillus. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

2,  p.  17,  Lower  Devonian, 
carinatus,    Conrad,    1842,    (Strophomena 

carinata,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 

6257,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  133, 
am.  Gr. 

complanatus,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  56,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  418,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

cornutus,  Hall,  1843,  (Strophomena  cor- 
nuta,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y,,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  64,  Clinton  Gr. 

dawsoni,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  18,  Low.  Devonian. 

deflectus,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  149,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  126,  Ham.  Gr. 

emmetensis,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 

filistriatus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  127,  Devonian. 

fischeri,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  25,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 

flemingi,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  26,  Permian  Gr. 

geinitzanus,  N.  Sp.,  Up.  Coal  Meas.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  C.  glabra  of  Geinitz  in 
Carb.  und  Dyas  |in  Neb.,  p.  60,  tab.  4, 
fig.  15  to  18,  which  name  was  pre- 
occupied. 

geniculatus,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  ,p.  29,  Waverly  or 
Marshall  Gr. 

gibbosa,  syn.  for  C.  deflectus. 

glaber,  Hall,  1857, 10th  Rep.N.  Y.  St.  Mus 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  117,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

glabra,  Geinitz,  1866,  Carb.  und  Dyas. 
The  name  was  preoccupied.  See  C. 
geinitzanus. 

granuliferus,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.. 
Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  583,  Coal  Meas 


340 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[cox. 


hemisphericus,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.    Mus.  Nat.   Hist,  p.   116,  and    Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  118,  Schoharie  grit  and 

Cornif.  Gr. 
illinoisensis,  Worthen,    1860,    Trans.    St. 

Louis   Acad.  ScL,  vol.    1,  p.  571,   and 

Geo.   Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  505,  Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
io  wen  sis,   Owen,  1852,  Geo.    Rep.    Iowa, 

Wis.  and  Minn.,  p.  584,  Carb. 
koninckanus,  Norwood  &  Pratten,   1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  2d  ser.,  p. 

30,  Devonian. 
Isevis,  Keyes,  1888,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  pi.  xii,  figs.  3a,  3b,  Coal  Meas. 
laticosta,  syn.  for  C.  mucronatus. 
lepidus,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.   St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  148,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,   p.    132,    Marcellus    shale    and 

Ham.  Gr. 
lineatus,     Conrad,     1839,     (Strophomena 

lineata,)  Ann.  Geo.  Rep.   N.  Y.,  p.  64, 

and    Pal.    N.   Y.,    vol.    4,    p.   121,   Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
littoni,  Norwood  &  Pratten,   1854,  Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  25,  Ham.  Gr. 
loganensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.   253, 

Waverly  Gr. 
logani,  Norwood  &   Pratten,    1854,  Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  vol.  3,  p.  30,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 
logani  var.  aurora,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.    4,   p.    137,   Tully    limestone    and 

Ham.  Gr. 
maclurii,     Norwood     &     Pratten,    1854, 

Jour.    Acad.    Nat.   Sci.,    vol.   3,  p.    28, 

Ham.  Gr. 
macrostriatus,     Walcott,    1885,    Monogr. 

U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  126,   Devo- 
nian, 
martini,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854,  Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  29.  Ham.  Gr. 
melonicus,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.15,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  Devonian, 
mesolobus,   Norwood   & 
Pratten,     1854,    Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3, 
p.  27,  Coal  Meas. 

michiganensis,    Stevens, 

FIG.  549.— Chonetes          1ftc;5?     ,m     }nnr     q  •  ' 
mesolobus.   Ven-  MOB,   Al»,  JW..  •  WL, 

tral  valve.  vol.   25,   p.  262,  Mar- 

shall Gr. 
millepunctatus,   Meek  &  Worthen,  1870, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  35,  and   Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  566,  Coal  Meas. 
minimus,    Hall.      Being    preoccupied    by 

Sowerby.    See  C.  undulatus. 
mucronatus.   Hall,  18-43,    Geo.    Rep.   4th 

Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  180,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  124,  Corniferous  and  Ham.  Grs. 
mucranata,  Meek,  &  Hayden,   1858,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat,  Sci.,  p.  262,  Coal  Meas.    This 

name  was  preoccupied ;  moreover  it  is  a 

syn.  for  C.  granuliferus. 
multicosta,  Winchell,  1863,    Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  5,  Marshall  Gr. 
muricatus,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  143,  Chemung  Gr. 


novascoticus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  144,  Niagara  Gr. 

ornatus,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  of  Mo.,  p. 
202,  Waverly  or  Kinderhook  Gr. 

parvus,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  of  Mo.,  p. 
201,  Coal  Meas. 

permianus,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  390,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

planumbonus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  450,  an-i  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  253,  Keokuk  Gr. 

platynotus,White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 
p.  19,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100  Mer.,  vol.  4, 
p.  121,  Subcarboniferous. 

pulchellus,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  410,  Marshall  Gr. 

pusillus,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  149,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  128,  Ham.  Gr. 

reversus,  Whitfield,  1882,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss.,  from  Ohio,  p.  213,  Marcellus 
shale. 

scitulus,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  147,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  130,  Ham.  Gr. 

setigerus,  Hall,  1843,  (Strophomena  seti- 
gera,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  180, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  129,  Ham.  and 
Chemung  Grs. 

shumardanus,  DeKoninck,  1847,  Recher- 
ches  sur  les  Anim.  Foss.,  p.  192,  Wa- 
verly Gr. 

smithi,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  24,  Coal 
Meas. 

striatellus,  Dalman,  1827,  (Orthis  stri- 
atella,)  Kongl.  Svenska  Ak.  Handl.,  p. 
Ill,  Up.  Sil. 

syrtalis,  syn.  for  C.  carinata. 

tenuistriatus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  144,  Up.  Sil. 

tuomeyi,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  2d  ser.,  p.  28, 
Ham.  Gr. 

undulatus,  Hall,  1879,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  155,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

variolatus,  DeKoninck,  1847,  Monogr.  du 
genre  Chonetes,  p.  206,  Coal  Meas. 

verneuilanus,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854, 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  26,  Coal 
Meas. 

verneuilanus  var.  utahensis,  Meek,  1876, 
Simpson's  Rep.  on  Gt.  Basin  of  Utah, 
p.  348,  Carboniferous. 

yandellanus,  Hall,  1857, 10th  Rep.  N.  Y.St. 
Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  118,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  123,  Corniferous  Gr. 
COSLOSPIRA,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst, 
vol.  4,  p.  146.  [Ety.  kmlos,  hollow; 
speira,  spire.]  Ovate  or  suborbicular, 
concavo-convex,  surface  finely  plicated, 
usually  undefined  mesial  fold  and  sinus, 
beak  small,  foramen  triangular;  inter- 
nal-spires forming  two  flattened  coils 
connected  by  a  strong  loop.  Type  C. 
concava. 


CRA.] 


BRACH10PODA. 


341 


ooncava,  Hall,  1857,  (Leptocoelia  concava,) 
10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p. 


FIG.  551. — Ccelospira  dis- 
parilis.  Dorsal  and 
ventral  views. 


FIG.  550.— Ccelospira  concava.    Magnified  view 
of   spirals. 

107,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  245,  Cor- 
niferous  Gr. 

dichotoma,  Hall, 
1859,  (Leptocoelia 
dichotoma,)  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
452,  O  risk  any 
sandstone, 
disparilis,  Hall, 
1852,  (  A  t  r  y  p  a 
disparilis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  277, 
Niagara  Gr. 

CRANIA,  Retzius,  1781,  Schrif  tender  Berliner 
Gesellschaft  Naturforschende  Freund, 
vol.  2,  p.  72.  [Ety.  kranion,  the  upper 
part  of  a  skull.]  Shell  circular,  subquad- 
rate,  transverse,  or  elongated,  attached 
by  its  ventral  valve  to  some  foreign 
object ;  upper  or  dorsal  valve  more  or 
less  convex  or  conical;  apex  central 
or  subcentral;  surface  smooth,  spiny, 
radiated,  or  concentrically  lined,  and 
not  unfrequently  having  the  markings 
of  the  object  to  which  the  lower  valve 
is  attached ;  no  articulating  hinge  or 
ligament,  but  valves  held  in  place  by 
four  muscles ;  anterior  adductor  scars 
approximate  and  close  to  the  center; 
posterior  pair  near  the  cardinal  edge, 
and  widely  separated;  structure  calca- 
reous and  tubular.  Type  C.  bratten- 
burgensis. 


Fio.  552.  —  Crania  anomala,  2  diam.    a,  Anterior 
posterior  adductors;  c,  protractor  sliding  mr 
muscle  ;  r,  o,  retractor  sliding  muscles. 

acadiensis,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  144,  Up.  Sil. 
anna,  Spencer,   1884,  Bull.    No.   1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  57,  Niagara  Gr. 
aurora,  Hall,  1863,  16th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  30,  Schoharie  Grit. 


bell  a,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

15,  passage  beds  between  Up.   Sil.  and 

Devonian, 
bordeni,    Hall    &   Whitfield,   1872,   24th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  187, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
carbonaria,  Whitfield,   1882,   Desc.    New 

Spec.    Foss.,  from  Ohio,  p.   229,   Coal 

Meas. 
corrugata,  Hall,  1843,  (Orbicula  corruga- 

tus,)    Geo.    Rep.    N.  Y.,   p.  109,   Nia- 
gara Gr. 
crenistriata,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  28,  Ham.  Gr. 
deformata,  Hall,  1847,  (Orbicula  deform- 

ata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  23,  Chazy  Gr. 

Is  it  a  Crania  ? 
dentata,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  16,  Niagara  Gr. 
dyeri,  S.  A .  Miller,  1875,  Cin .  Quar.     ^ 

Jour.   Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  13,  Hud.     mjjl 

Riv.  Gr. 
eccentrica,  Emmons,  1856,  (Orbic-  ^ranlf ' 

ula  eccentrica,)   Am.  Geol.,  p.    dyeri. 

112,  Up.  Taconic. 
famelica,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  236,  Che- 

mung  Gr. 
gracilis,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  17,  Niagara  Gr. 
granulosa,  Winchell,  1880,  8th  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Minn.,  p.  63,  Trenton  Gr. 
gregaria,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  31,  Ham.  Gr. 
hamiltoaiee,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.   Mus.   Nat.    Hist.,  p.  77,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  27,  Ham.  Gr. 
Iselia,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  220,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
leoni,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  30,  Chemung  Gr. 
modesta,  White  &  St.  John,  1868,  Trans. 

Chi.   Acad.    Sci.,   p.    118,         ^^ 

Up.  Coal  Meas.  §11 

multipunctata,  S.  A.  Miller,          WU 

1875,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  _ 

IT/I!     9    r\     13     FIG.  5o4. — Cra- 
Vpl.  2,  p.  Id,      Dla     mulli. 

Hud.       Riv.      punctata. 
Gr. 

pannosa,  Ringueberg,   1886, 
Bull.  Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  5,  p.  17,  Niagara  Gr. 
parallella,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,   vol. 
1,  p.  98,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
percarinata,     Ulrich,     1878, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist, 
vol.   1,   p.   98,   Hud.    Riv. 
Gr. 

penniana,    Shumard,    1859, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  P.  395,  Permian  Gr. 
prima,    Owen,    1852,    (Orbicula    prima,) 
Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  Wis.,  and  Minn.,  p.  583, 
Potsdam  Gr. 

radicans,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 


842 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[CRY. — CYR. 


reposita,  White,  1866,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  9,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 

reticularis,    S.    A.    Miller,   1875,   A 
Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p. 
280,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  FlG  5.5.5  _ 

rowleyi,  Gurley,  1883,  New  Garb,     era  n  i  a 
Foss.    Kinderhook     (Jr.     Not     reti  c « - 
denned  and  published  as  re-    larls" 
quired  by  the  rules  of  nomenclature. 

scabiosa,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  220,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

setifera,  Hall.  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
4,  p.  209,  Niagara  Gr. 

setigera,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  220,  Trenton  Gr. 

sbeldoni,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 

siluriana,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  208,  Niagara  Gr. 

socialis,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  99,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

spinigera,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
FOBS.,  p.  13,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and 
Nat.  Hist,  Ind.,  p.  283,  Niagara  Gr. 

trentonensis,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  219,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

truncata,  Emmons,  1856,  (Orbicula  trun- 
cata,)  Am.  Geol.,  p.  200,  Trenton  Gr. 
CRYPTONKLLA,  Hall,  1861,  14th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,   p.    102.     [Sig.  a 
little  cavity.]    Equilateral,  inequivalve, 
elongate   oval   or    ovoid;     valves    un- 
equally   convex,   no    mesial     fold    or 
sinus ;  ventral  valve  with  beak  extended 
or  incurved,  perforate  ;  foramen  termi- 
nal ;  punctate  smooth  or  with  concen- 
tric  striae;   articulating   by  teeth   and 
sockets ;  dental  lamellae  of  the  ventral 
valve    extending    downward   into  the 
cavity  of  the  shell;  crura  extend  in  a 
long  recurved  loop,  with  long  processes 
into  the  ventral  valve,  between  which 
and   the   apex   they  are  united  by  a 
transverse  band.     Type  C.    rectirostra. 
calvini,     Hall      & 
Whitfield,   1870, 
23d  Rep.  N.   Y. 
St.     Mus.     Nat. 
Hist.,     p.      239, 
Chemung  Gr. 
circula,      Walcott, 
FIG.     556.  —  CryptonelJa          1885,       Monogr. 
lincklseni.    Dorsal  and          U.  S.  Geo.   Sur., 
profile  views.  p.  163, Devonian. 

eudora,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
398,  Chemung  Gr. 

iphis,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
396,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

lens,  Hall,  1860,  (Terebratula  lens,)  13th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  89, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

lincklseni,  Hall,  1860,  (Terebratula  linck- 
lseni,) 13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  88,  Ham.  (Jr. 

pinonensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  V.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  p.  163,  Devonian. 

planirostra,  Hall,  1860,  (Terebratula  plan- 
irostra,)  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 


transverse  band. 

*» 


Hist.,  p.  89,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   4,  p 
395,  Ham.  Gr. 

rectirostra,  Hall.  1860,  (Terebratula  recti- 
rostra,) 13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  88,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
394,  Ham.  Gr. 

CYRTIA,  Dalman,  1827,  Kongl.  Vet,  Acad. 
Handl.,  p.  93.  [Ety.  kyrtia,  a  fishing 
basket.]  Shell  somewhat  trigonal, valves 
convex,  hinge-line  nearly  as  long  as  the 
width  of  the  shell,  articulating  by  teeth 
and  sockets ;  ventral  valve  deep,  more 
or  less  pyramidal,  beak  straight  or 
slightly  recurved,  area  wide  and  triangu- 
lar, fissure  covered  by  a  convex  pseu- 
dodeltidium,  generally  perforated  close 
to  the  beak  by  a  circular  foramen,  a 
longitudinal  depression  in  the  deltid- 
ium  sometimes  shows,  at  the  ex- 
tremity a  circular  aperture  lor  the 
passage  of  pedicle  muscular  "fibers ; 
dorsal  valve  less  convex  ;  a  mesial  lon- 
gitudinal septum,  in  the  ventral  valve, 
extends  from  ihe  fissure  to  near  the 
margin,  to  the  sides  of  which  the 
dental  plates  converge,  and  are  united 
after  having  formed  the  fissure  walls. 
Type  C.  exporrecta. 

acutirostris,  see  Cyrtina  acutirostris. 

biplicata,  see  Cyrtina  biplicata. 

curvilineata,  see  Cyrtina  curvilineata. 

dalmani,  see  Cyrtina  daltnani. 

exporrecta,  Wahlenberg, 
1821,  Nova.  Acta.  Regiae. 
Soc.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  64,  and 
24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat,  Hist.,  p.  183,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

exporrecta  var.  arrecta,  Hall  Fin   --7    ,, 
&   Whitfield,    1872,    24th     t?a       expor- 
Rep.  N.  Y.   St.   Mus.  Nat.     recta. 
Hist.,  p.  183,  Niagara  Gr. 

hamiltonensis,  see  Cyrtina   hamiltonensis. 

missauriensis,  see  Cyrtina  missouriensis. 

myrtea,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  165,  Mid  Sil. 

occidental™,  see  Cyrtina  occidentalis. 

rostrata,  see  Cyrtina  rostrata. 

triquetra,  see  Cyrtina  triquetra. 

umbonata,  see  Cyrtina  umbonata. 
CYRTINA,  Davidson,  1858,  Monog.  Brit. 
Carb.  Brach.,  p.  66.  [Ety.  the  diminu- 
tive of  Cyrtia  is  Cyrtidium,  but  the  au- 
thor said  he  preferred  bad  Greek  to  a 
long  name.]  Spirifera-like  shells ;  valves 
very  unequal,  ventral  being  extremely 
elevated,  with  high  area  and  narrow- 
fissure,  closed  by  a  pseudodeltidium  ; 
dental  plates  converge  from  the  inner 
margins  of  the  fissure,  and,  uniting, 
form  a  septum  to  the  bottom  of  the 
internal  cavity,  thus  dividing  it  into 
two  parts;  shell  punctate.  Type  C. 
heteroclyta. 

acutirostris,  Shumard,  1855,  (Cyrtia  acuti- 
rostris,) Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p.  204,  Wa 
verly  or  Choteau  Gr. 

affinis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 
49,  Gaspe  No.  8,  Devonian. 


DEL.— DIN.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


343 


billingsi,   Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  97,  Ham.  Gr. 
biplicata,  Hall,   1857,   (Cyrtia  biplicata,) 

10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

165,  Schoharie  grit  and  Cornif.  Gr. 
crassa,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

267,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
curvilineata,  White,  1865,  (Cyrtia  cur<ri- 

Hneata,)    Proc.    Bost.    Soc.   Nat.    Hist., 

vol.  9,  p.  25,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

270,  Ham.  Gr. 
dalmani,   Hall,    1857,    (Cyrtia    dalmani,) 

10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

64,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
davidsoni,  Walcott,   1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  146,  Devonian, 
euphemia,  Billings,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geol.,  vol.  8,  p.  19,  Corniferous  Gr. 


FIG.  558. — Cyrtina    hamiltonensis.    Dorsal,   veii- 
iral,  and  side  views. 

hamiltonensis,  Hall,  1857,  (Cyrtia  hamil- 
tonensis,) 10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,,  p.  166,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
268,  Schoharie  grit,  Cornif.  and 
Ham.  Grs. 

hamiltonensis  var.  recta,  Hall,  1867,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  270,  Ham.  Gr. 

missouriensis,  Swallow,  1860,  (Cyrtia  mis- 
souriensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  647,  Ham.  Gr. 

occidentalis,  Swallow,  1860,  (Cyrtia  occi- 
dentalis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  648,  Ham.  Gr. 

panda,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 
p.  100,  Ham.  Gr. 

pyramidalis,  Hall,  1852,  (Spirifer  pyra- 
midalis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 266,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

rostrata,  Hall,  1857,  (Cyrtiarostrata,)  10th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  64, 
Oriskany  sandstone. 

triquetra,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyrtia  triquetra,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  513, 
Ham.  Gr. 

umbonata,  Hall,  1858,  (Cyrtia  umbonata,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  vol.   1,  pt.  2,  p.  512, 
Ham.  Gr. 
Delthyris,  Dalman,  1827,  syn.  for  Spirifera. 

acanthoptera,  syn.  for  Spirifera  disjuncta. 

acuminata,  Conrad,  see  Spirifera  acumi- 
nata. 

acuminata,  Hall,  syn.  for  Spirifera  mesa- 
costal  is. 

acutilirata,  see  Orthis  acutilirata. 

arenosa,  see  Spirifera  arenosa. 

audacula,  see  Spirifera  audacula. 

bialveata,  see  Spirifera  bialveata. 

bilobata,  see  Orthis  bilobata. 

brachynota,  see  Spirifera  brachynota. 

chemungensis,  syn.  for  Spirifera  disjuncta. 

conge»ta,  see  Spirifera  cpngesta. 

cuspidala,  syn.  for  Spirifera  disjuncta. 

decemplicata,  see  Spirifera  decemplicata. 


deltoidea,  syn.  for  Orthis  lynx. 

disjuncla,  see  Spirifera  disjuncta. 

duodenaria,  see  Spirifera  duodenaria. 

dupliplicata,  see  Spirifera  dupliplicata. 

euruteines,  see  Spirifera  euruteines. 

expansa,  see  Pterotheca  expansa. 

fimbriata,  see  Spirifera  fimbriata. 

granulifera,  see  Spirifera  granulifera. 

granulosa,  see  Spirifera  granulosa. 

inermis,  see  Spirifera  disjuncta. 

laevis,  see  Spirifera  leevis. 

mctcronota,  see  Spirifera  macronota. 

macropleura,  see  Spirifera  macropleura. 

medialis,  see  Spirifera  medialis. 

mesacoslalis,  see  Spirifera  mesacostalis. 

mesastrialis,  see  Spirifera  mesastrialis. 

microptera,  syn.  for  Orthis  lynx. 

mucronuta,  see  Spirifera  mucronata. 

niagarensis,  see  Spirifera  niagarensis. 

pachyptera,  see  Spirifera  pachyptera. 

perlata,  see  Spirifera  disjuncta. 

prolata,  see  Spirifera  prolata. 

prora,  see  Spirifera  prora. 

radiata,  see  Spirifera  radiate. 

raricoista,  see  Spirifera  raricosta. 

rugoiina,  see  Spirifera  rugatina. 

sculptilis,  see  Spirifera  sculptilis. 

staminea,  see  Spirifera  staminea. 

triloba,  see  Spirifera  triloba. 

undulata,  see  Spirifera  undulata. 

varica,  see  Orthis  varica. 

ziczac,  see  Spirifera  ziczac. 
Dicellomus,    Hall,  1873,  23d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 246.    Agenericname 
proposed  for  the  reception  of  Obolella 
crassa   and    O.    polita,  without  distin- 
guishing the  generic  characters. 
Dicraniscus,  Meek,  syn,  for  Triplesia. 

ortoni,  see  Triplesia  ortoni. 
DIGNOMIA.  Hall,  1873,  23d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  245.  [Ety.  di,  from ; 
dis,  twice  ;  gnoma,  a  sign.]  Lingula-like 
shells  having  a  longitudinal  septum  in 
one  or  both  valves.  Type  D.  alveata 

alveata,   Hall,  1873,   23d  Rep.  N.  Y.   St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  245,  Ham.  Gr. 
DINOBOLUS,  Hall,  March,  1871,  23d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  247.  [Ety. 
dis,  twice;  Obolus,  a  genus  of  shells.] 
Shell  subcircular,  valves  thick;  umbo 
of  the  ventral  valve  slightly  prominent ; 
area  wider  thau  long;  platform  sin- 
uated,  widely  V-shaped  ;  crescent  prom- 
inently marked  in  crown  and  sides; 
hinge  moderately  thick,  edge  rounded, 
with  a  pair  of  subcardinal  scars  in  front 
of  the  cardinal  facet;  umbo  of  the 
brachial  valve  tumid ;  platform  trilobed ; 
outer  margins  raised ;  antemedian  por- 
tion rounded,  projecting,  and  terminat- 
ing in  a  median  plate ;  crescent  a  marked 
linear  scar  on  the  hinge ;  arching  for- 
ward in  front  of  the  cardinal  facet;  an 
indentation  on  the  inner  border  of  its 
sides  near  the  hinge,  another  further 
forward ;  outer  border  a  fine  line ;  sub- 
cardinal  scar  in  the  umbonal  cavity; 
rhomboidal,  postmediah  scar  in  front  of 
the  latter.  Type  D.  conradi. 


344 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[nis. 


canadensis,  Billings,  1857,  (Obolus  cana- 
densis,) Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  of 
Can.,  p.  189,  and  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  6,  p. 
222,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

conradi,  Hall,  1868,  (Obolus  conradi,)  20th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  368, 
Niagara  Gr. 

galtensis,  see  Trimerella  galtensis. 

magnificus,  Billings,  1872,  (Obolellina 
magnifica,)  Canadian  Naturalist,  vol.  6, 
p.  330,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

parvus,  Whitfield,  1882,  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  347,  Galena  Gr. 

DISCINA,  Lamarck,  1819,  Hist.  Nat.  Anim. 
sans  Vert.,  vol.  6,  p.  236.  [Ety.  discus, 
a  flat,  round  plate ;  the  termination 
inus,  implying  resemblance.]  Circular, 
longitudinally  or  transversely  oval ; 
dorsal  valve  conical,  with  apex  inclined 
toward  the  posterior  margin;  ventral 
valve  opercular, 

•  flat,    or     partly 

convex,  perfo- 
rated by  a  nar- 
row, oval,  longi- 
tudinal  slit, 


reaching  to  near 
the  posterior 

margin,     and 
i       *     . 


FIG.  559,-Discina  ostre- 
oides. 

placed     in     the 

middle  of  an  oval  depressed  disk ;  sur- 
face    smooth,    striated 

from    the   apex   to  the  \.  '. 

margin,  or  having  con- 
centric lines  of  growth 

produced  in   foliaceous 

expansions;      structure 

horny,    and   perforated 

by  minute  tubuli.    Type 

D.  ostreoides. 
acadica,     see    Stenotheca 

acadica. 
alleghania,     Hall,     1860, 

13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.   Hist.,  p.    77,   and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  25, 

Chemung  Gr. 
ampla,    Hall,    1867,    Pal. 

N.    Y.,    vol.   4,    p.    17, 

Oriskanv         sandstone  FIG.  561.— Discina  ostreoides,  2diam.    u, 
iauusujue.     r<(  anterior  adductors ;  6,  posterior  add 
*'•     ing  muscles  ;  ?•,  retractor  muscles. 


convexa,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  221,  Coal  Meas. 
discus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

159,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
doria,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,,  p.  26,  Ham.  Gr. 
elmira,  Hall,  1863,  16th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  29,  Chemung.  Gr. 
gallaheri,   Winchell,    1865,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  112,  Marshall  Gr. 
grandis,  Vanuxem,    1842,   Geo.    Rep.   3d 

Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  152,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  17,  Cornif.  and  Ham.  Gr. 
grandis,    Hall,    1859,  Pal.    N.    Y.,   vol.  3. 

The    name   was   preoccupied.    See   D. 

ampla. 
humilis,   Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  25,  Marcellus  Slate 

and  Ham.  Gr. 
inutilis,  Hall,   1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  130,  Potsdam  Gr. 
lamellosa,  Hall,  1847,  (Orbicula  lamellosa.) 

The  name  was  preoccupied  by  Broder- 

ick  in  1833.     Billings  has  described  it 

as  D.  circe. 
lodensis,    Vanuxem,   1842,    (Orbicula   lo- 

densis,)  Geo.   Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 

168,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  22,  Gen- 

esee  Slate, 
manhattanensis,  Meek  and  Hayden,  1859, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  25,  Coal  Meas. 


Proposed  instead 

grandis  of  Hall, 
capax,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  30,  Waverly  or  Marshall  Gr. 
capuliformis,  McChesney,  syn.  for  D.  nitida. 
circe,  Billings,  1862, 

Pal.  FOBS,  vol.  1,  p. 

51,TrentonGr.  See 

remarks  on   D.  la- 
mellosa. 
clara,  Spencer,  1884, 

Bull.  No.   1,   Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  56, 

Niagara  Gr. 
c  o  n  n  a  t  a ,  Walcott, 

1885,  Monogr.  U.S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  214,  Devonian, 
conradi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

161,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


Umbo ;  /,  foramen  ;  d,  disk  ; 
uctors;  c,  c,  protractor  slid- 


ViQ.  560.-Discina 
circe. 


marginalis,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  70,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  325,  Ham.  Gr. 

media,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  27,  Ham.  and  Che- 
mung Grs. 

meekana,  Whitfield,  1882,  Desc.  New 
Spec.  Foss.  from  Ohio,  p.  228,  Coal  Meas. 

microscopica,  Shumard,  1861,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  32,  p.  213,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

minuta,  Hall,  1843,  (Orbicula  minuta,) 
Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  180,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  16,  Marcellus  Shale. 

missourierws,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  Coal  Meas.  Syn.  for 
D.  nitida. 


EAT. — EIC.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


345 


neglecta,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  29,  Chemung  Gr. 

newberryi,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  30,  Waverly  Gr. 

nitida,  Phillips,  1836,  (Orbicula  nitida,) 
Geo.  of  York.,  vol.  2,  p.  221,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  572,  Coal  Meas. 

patellaris,  Winehell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  4,  Waverly  or  Marshall  Gr. 

pelopea,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  52,  Trenton  Gr. 

pleurites,  Meek,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
278,  Waverly  Gr. 

randalli,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  25,  Ham.  Gr. 

saffordi,  Winchell,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn., 
and,  in  1870,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p. 
248,  Marshall  Gr. 

seneca,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  26,  Ham.  Gr. 

sublamellosa,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  97.  Probably  the  cast  of 
a  Trematis. 

subtrigonalis,  McChesney,  1865,  Desc.  New 
Pal.  Foss.,  Coal  Meas.  Not  recognized. 

tenuilamellata,  Hall,  1852,  (Orbicula  ten- 
uilamellata,) Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  250, 
Niagara  Gr. 

tenuilamellata  var.  subplana,  Hall,  1860, 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  144, Up.  Sil. 

tenuilineata,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1859,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  25,  Coal  Meas. 

tenuistriata,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  96.  Probably  the  cast  of 
a  Trematis. 

trigonalis,  syn.  for  D.  subtrigonalis. 

truncata,  see  Schizobolus  truncatus. 

tullia,  Hall,  1863, 16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,  p.  28,  Tully  limestone. 

vanuxemi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  162,  Water-lime  or  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

varsoviensis,  Worth  en,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat  Hist,  p.  23,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  102,  Keokuk  Gr. 
EATONIA,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  90,  and  12th  Rep., 
p.  35.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Oval,  ovoid, 
subcircular,  elongate,  or  transverse ; 
valves  very  unequally  convex ;  mesial 
fold  and  sinus;  beak  of  ventral  valve 
small,  perforate,  closely  incurved  over 
the  umbo  of  the  dorsal  valve;  two 
teeth  in  the  ventral,  with  corresponding 
sockets  in  the  dorsal  valve ;  a  prominent 
bifurcating  cardinal  process  and  four 
crural  processes  in  the  dorsal  valve  dis- 
tinguish this  genus.  Type  E.  medialis. 

eminens,  Hall,  1857,  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  p.  92,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  242, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
medialis,     Vanux- 
em,  1842,  (Atrypa 
mediaalis,)   Geo. 
Rep.3d    Dist.  N. 
FIG.  562.-Eatoma  medi-          Y^p.121  andPal. 

alls.   Anterior  view.  N.Y.,  vol.3,p.241, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 

peculiaris,  Conrad,  1841,  (Atrypa  pe- 
culiaris,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  56,  and 


Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  244,  Oriskany  and 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pumila,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

437,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
singularis,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Atrypa  sin- 
gularis,)    Geo.   Rep. 
3d   Dist.   N.   Y.,  p. 
120,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,   p.  243,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

sinuata,     Hall,     1857,    FIG.  563.-Eatonia 
10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  singularis. 

Mus.  Nat  Hist,  p. 
91,  and  Pal.   N.  Y.,    vol.   3,   Oriskany 
sandstone. 
whitfieldi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  437,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
EICHWALDIA,  Billings,  1858,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  190.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Ovate  or  subtrigonal,  with  or 
without  mesial  fold  and  sinus  ;  ventral 
valve  obscurely  perforate  on  the  umbo  ; 
apex  acute  and  entire;  space  beneath 
occupied  by  an  imperforate  concave 
plate  ;  interior  of  the  rostral  cavity 
containing  a  transverse  septum  ;  dorsal 
valve  with  a  slender  cardinal  process 
and  a  very  elevated  medio-longitudinal 
septum  ;  valves  articulated  in  a  narrow 
groove  in  the  dorsal  valve  ;  surface  of 
the  shell  reticulate,  solid,  and  fibrous 
beneath.  Type  E.  subtrigonalis. 
anticostiensis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil. 
Foss.  Antic.,  p.  10,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

concinna,  Hall, 

1868.   20th   Rep. 

N.   Y.    St.   Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  31  9, 

Niagara  Gr. 
coral  lifera,  Hall, 

1852,    (Atrypa 

corallif  era,  )    Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

281,  Niagara  Gr. 

Prof.  Davidson 
regarded  this  shell  as  identical  with  E. 
capewelli,  which  was  described  in  1848, 
in  Bull.  Soc.  Geol.  France,  vol.  3. 
g  i  b  bosa, 
Hall,  1868, 
20th  Rep. 
N.   Y.   St. 
Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,     p. 
319,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
r  eticulata, 
Hall,  1863, 
(  Rh  y  n- 
chonella(?) 
reticula- 
ta,)  Trans. 

™l  '  ADSri' 
v°l-    4.    P- 

217,  Niag-     front,  and  apex  views. 
ara    Gr. 
Davidson  said  a  syn.  for  E.  capewelli. 
subtrigonalis,  Billings,  1858,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  192,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  564.— Eichwaldia 
reticulata. 


| 


-  565.—  Ecb  waldia    subtrigo- 
nails.     Dorsal,    ventral,    side, 


346 


BRA  CHIOPODA. 


[ELK. — KON. 


ELKANIA,  Ford,  1886,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  32,  p.  325.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Shell  thin,  calcareous, 
inarticulate,  longitudinally  ovate  or  sub- 
circular,  convex ;  ventral  valve,  with 
solid  beak  and  minute-grooved  area ; 
muscular  scars,  six  in  each  valve ;  be- 
neatb  the  rostrum  a  spoon-shaped  pit 
separates  the  scars.  Type  E.  de- 
siderata. 

desiderata.  Billings,  1862,  (Obolella  desid- 
erata,) Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  69,  Up. 
Taconic. 

EUMETRIA,  Hall,  1864,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  59.  Shell  lon- 
gitudinally Buboval ;  striated,  without 
mesial  fold  and  sinus ;  structure  punc- 
tate ;  beak  of  the  ventral  valve  incurved ; 
hinge  area  contracted  ;  foramen  large; 
internal  spires  as  in  Athyris ;  dorsal 
valve  in  the  form  of  a  pectinoid  shell, 
with  diverging  lamella*,  which  extend 
beneath  the  cardinal  area  of  the  ventral 
valve  on  either  side  of  the  center ;  pro- 
cesses extending  into  the  cavity  of  the 
dorsal  valve,  gradually  converge,  and 
are  united  by  a  transverse  concave 
septum.  Type  E.  vera. 
prima,  White,  1862,  (Acambona  prima,) 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  9,  p.  27, 
Burlington  Gr. 

vera,  Hall,  1858,  (Retzia  vera,)  Geo.  Sur. 
Iowa,  p.  704,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

vera  var.  costata,  Hall, 
1858,  (Retzia  vera  var. 
costata,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  704,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
verneuilana,  Hall,  1858, 
(Retzia  verneuilana,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol.  4, 

FIG.  566,-Eume-         P- 19,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
tria   verneull-          p.  657,  Warsaw  Gr. 
ana-  GLASSIA,     Davidson,      1881, 

Lond.  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  8,  p.  11.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Shell  ovate ;  spiral  coils 
in  the  dorsal  valve  for  the  support  of 
the  brachial  appendages  connected  by 
a  loop  as  in  Atrypa;  lamellae  converge 
downward  like  the  letter  V,  with  the 
extremities  turned  slightly  upward  be- 
fore uniting  ;  principal  coils  face  the 
lateral  margins;  ends  of  the  spirals 
meet  in  the  center  of  the  shell ;  spirals 
consist  of  four  or  five  compressed  coils. 
Type  G.  obovata. 

headi,  Meek,  1873,  (Zygospira  headi,) 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  127,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

Gonioccelia,  Hall,  syn.  for  Pentagonia. 

GYPIDULA,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
373.  [Ety.  gyps,  vulture  ;  in  allusion  to 
the  strongly  incurved  beak.]  Short, 
gibbous  or  ventricose ,  ventral  valve 
muchjthe  larger,  with  or  without  mesial 
fold ;  a  large  fissure,  and  elongate,  much 
incurved,  trough-shaped  pit ;  dorsal 
valve  depressed  in  front ;  area  on  both 
valves,  that  of  the  ventral  striated  as  in 
Spirifera ;  lamella?  of  dorsal  valve  sepa- 
rate and  diverging.  Type  G.  occidentalis. 


I      laeviuscula,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  381,  Devonian. 

munda,  Calvin,  1878,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  4,  No.  3,  p.  730,  Low.  Devo- 
nian. 

obsolescent,  see   Pentamerella  obsolescens. 

occidentalis,  Hall,  1858,  (Pentamerus  oc- 
cidentalis,) Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  vol.  1,  pt. 
2,  p.  514,  Ham.  Gr. 

unguiformis,    Ulrich,   1886,  Cont.  to  Am. 

Pal.,  p.  28,  Niagara  Gr. 

Hemipronites,  Pander,  1830.  This  name, 
not  having  been  defined,  has  been 
superseded  by  Streptorhynchus,  if  the  two 
names  refer  to  the  same  form. 

americanus,  see    Streptorhynchus    ameri- 

canum. 

HINDELLA,  Davidson,  1882,  Monogr.  Brit. 
Foss.,  Brachiopoda,  vol.  5,  p.  130.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Shell  elongate,  ovate; 
about  six  coils  in  each  spiral;  apices 
directed  laterally  ;  stems  attached  to  the 
hinge  plate,  and  extending  into  the  in- 
terior, they  are  abruptly  bent  backward, 
and  then  form  a  broad,  rounded  curve, 
facing  the  bottom  of  the  dorsal  valve  ; 
when  they  reach  the  front  they  give 
off  a  semicircular  loop,  having  a  spike- 
like  process  at  the  top,  directed  toward 
the  beak.  Type  H.  umbonata. 

umbonata,  Billings,  1865,  (Athyris  um- 
bonata,) Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  144,  Mid. 
Sil.,  Anticosti  Div.  1. 

Hipparionyx,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  3d  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  124,  syn.  for  Orthis.  The 
genus  was  founded  on  a  cast. 

consimilis,  syn.  for  Atrypa  reticularis. 

proximus,  see  Orthis  proximus. 

similaris,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  3d 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  Oriskany  sandstone.  Not 
defined. 

IPHIDEA,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 
76.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Ventral  valve 
conical,  elevated  at  the 
beak,  hinge-line  nearly 
straight,  posterior  angles 
rounded,  sides  and  front 
nearly  uniformly  rounded ; 
posterior  side  with  a  large  ideabelfa. 
false  area  and  a  convex 
pseudodeltidium ;  dorsal  valve  semi- 
circular, moderately  convex,  most  ele- 
vated at  the  beak ;  surface  concentrically 
marked.  Typal.  bella. 

bella,  Billings,  1872,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  6,  p. 
477,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  76,  Up. 
Taconic. 

sculptilis,  see  Kutorgina  sculptilis. 
KONINCKIA,  Suess,  1853.  MS.  published  by 
Woodward,  1854,  in  Manual  of  Mol- 
lusca,  p.  231.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Shell  circular,  inequivalve,  com- 
pressed ;  ventral  valve  convex,  with 
a  slight  longitudinal  depression ; 
beak  incurved,  with  auricular  expan- 
sions ;  dorsal  valve  concave ;  surface 
smooth ;  no  area  or  deltidium  ;  valves 
inarticulated ;  mesial  ridge  in  dorsal 
valve ;  oral  appendages  supported  by  a 


KUT. — LEP.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


347 


spiral,  calcified  lamella.     Type  K.  leon- 
hardi. 

americana,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  94,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
KUTORGINA,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  8.     [Ety.  proper  name.]     Shell  more 
or  less  subquadrate  in  out- 
line ;    hinge-line  straight ; 
sides  slightly  convex,  an- 
terior     angles      rounded, 
front  slightly  convex  ;  sur- 
face with  concentric  ridges 
terminating    on    the  car- 
dinal edges,  and  the  course 
conforming  to  the  margin 
of  the  shell,  and  sometimes 
with  lines  radiating  from  the  beak  to 
the  margin ;  ventral  valve  tumid,  most 
convex  about  the  middle,  beak  slightly 
depressed;  cardinal    edges   straight  or 
slightly  concave  and  diverging  from  the 
beak  at  an  obtuse  angle ;  dorsal  valve 
less  convex,  most  elevated  at  the  beak, 
and  along  the  middle  there  is  a  shallow 
concavity  extending  to  the  front  mar- 
gin.    Type  K.  cingulata. 
cingulata,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 


FIG.  568.— Ku- 
torgina  pan- 
nula.  En- 
larged  o 
diam. 


p.  8,  Up.  Taconic. 


lorica,  Billings,  1861,  (Obolus  labra- 
doricus,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  6,  Up. 
Taconic. 

latourensis,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  42,  St.  John  Gr. 

minutissima,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  parallel,  syn.  for  K. 
sculptilis. 

pannula,White,  1874,(Trematispannulus,) 
Rep.  Invert.  Foss.,  p.  6,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W. 
100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  36,  Up.  Taconic. 

prospectensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  8,  p.  19,  Up. 
Taconic. 

pterineoides,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  43,  St.  John  Gr. 

sculptilis,  Meek,  1873,  (Iphideasculptilis,) 
6th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p. 
479,  and  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr., 
vol.  8,  p.  20,  Potsdam  Gr. 

stissingensis,  Dwight,  1889,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  38,  p.  145, 
Up.  Taeonic. 

whitfieldi,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  8,  p.  18,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

LEIORHYNCHUS,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  75.  [Ety.  leios, 
smooth ;  rhynchos,  beak.]  Ovate,  cir- 
cular or  transverse,  valves  unequally 
convex;  mesial  fold  and  sinus,  which 
are  plicated ;  articulating  by  teeth  and 
sockets;  apex  of  ventral  valve  perfo- 
rate, two  diverging  lamellae  extend 
into  and  join  the  sides  or  bottom  of  the 
rostral  cavity  ;  muscular  impressions  oc- 
cupy a  narrow  triangular  cavity  below 
the  dental  lamellae ;  median  septum  in 
the  dorsal  valve  extending  half  the 
length  of  the  shell ;  hinge  plates,  nar- 
row, strong  processes,  embraced  by  the 


curving  teeth  of  the  opposite  valve ;  sub- 
stance fibrous.  Type  L.  quadricostatum. 

dubium,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  364,  Marcellus  Shale. 

globuliforme,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Atrypa 
globuliformis,)  Geo.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 
182,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  364,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

hecate,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 
No.  16,  p.  31,  Genesee  Shales. 

huronense,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag. 
Lond.,  n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p.  120,  Ham.  Gr. 

iris,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  360, 
Chemung  Gr. 

kelloggi,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

361,  Chemung  Gr. 

laura,  Billings,  May,  1860,  (Rhynchonella 

laura,)  Can.  Jour.,vol.  5,  p.  273,  Ham.  Gr. 
limitare,    Vanuxem,  1842, 

(Orthis   limitaris,)   Geo. 

3d    Dist.   N.  Y.,  p.  146, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

356,  (Atrypa    limitaris,) 
4th    Dist.   N.   Y.,   Mar- 
cellus Shale. 

mesacostale,     Hall,     1843, 

(Atrypa     mesacostalis,)  FIG.    569,-Leio- 
Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi      ^U-icosta3 
64,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.     S 
4,  p.  362,  Chemung  Gr. 

multicosta,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  85,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  358,  Ham.  Gr. 

mysia,  Hall,    1867,  Pal.    N.  Y..  vol.  4.  p. 

357,  Marcelkis  Shale. 

nevadense,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  157,  Devonian, 
newberryi,  Hall    &   Whitfield,    1873,  23d 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  240, 

Wayerly  Gr. 
quadricostatum,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Orthis 

qnadricostata,)    Geo.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 

168,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  357.  Gen- 
esee Slate, 
sesquiplicatum,  Winchell,1866,  Rep.  Low. 

Penin.  Mich.,  p.  95,  Ham.  Gr. 
sinuatum,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

362,  Chemung  Gr. 

LEPTJSNA,  Dalman,  1827,  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad. 
Handl.,p.  93.  [Ety.  leptos,  thin.]  Shell 
thin,  semicircular,  transversely  elon- 
gated, smooth  or  finely  striated  ;  hinge- 
line  straight,  ventral  valve  convex,  fis- 
sure partly  covered  by  a  deltidium ; 
beak  inconspicuous,  sometimes  per- 
forated ;  cardinal  area  narrow ;  muscular 
scars  small,  not  marginal ;  adductor 
scars  close  to  a  mesial  ridge,  while  the 
cardinal  scars  are  on  either  side ;  vas- 
cular impressions  radiating;  dorsal 
valve  concave  ;  socket  ridges  large,  car- 
dinal process  small,  multifid,  connate 
with  their  bases ;  adductor  impressions 
large,  produced,  elongated,  and  bor- 
dered by  ridges;  area  on  both  valves. 
Type  L.  trans versalis. 

alternata,  see  Strophoraena  alternata. 

alternistriata,  see  Strophomena  alterni- 
striata. 


348 


BRACHIOPODA. 


analoga,  see  Strophomena  analoga. 

aspera,  James,  syn.  for  L.  sericea. 

barabuensis,  Winchell,  1864,  (Orthis  bara- 
buensis,) Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser., 
vol.  37,  p.  229,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p. 
171,  Potsdam  Gr. 

bipartita,  see  Strophomena  bipartita. 

camerata,  see  Strophomena  camerata. 

concava,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  47,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  197,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

decipiens,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  74,  Quebec  Gr. 

dfflecta,  see  Streptorhynchus  deflectum. 

deltoidea,  see  Strophomena  deltoidea. 

depressa,  see  Strophomena  depressa. 

fasciata,  see  Strophomena  fasciata. 

fihtexta,  see  Streptorhynchus  filitextum. 

fragaria,  syn.  for  Productella  subaculeata. 

incrassata,  see  Strophomena  incrassata. 

indenta,  see  Strophodonta  indenta. 

latwosta,  syn.  for  Tropidoleptus  carinatus. 

melita,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo. 
Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  208,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

membranacea,  see  Productella  hirsuta. 

mesacosta,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep.  Mo., 
p.  205,  Trenton  Gr. 

nasuta,  see  Strophomena  nasuta. 

nucleata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  47,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  419,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

obscura,  see  Strophomena  obscura. 

orthididea,  see  Strophomena  orthididea. 

planoconvexa,  see  Streptorhynchus  piano- 
con  vexum. 

planumbona,  see  Streptorhynchus  planum-  j 
bouum. 

plicatella,  IJlrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  \ 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  15,  Utica  Slate  Gr.  I 

plicifera,  see  Strophomena  plicifera. 

profunda,  see  Strophodonta  profunda. 

prolongata,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab.  | 
Denison  Univ.,  p.  79,  Niagara  Gr. 

punctulifera,  see  Strophonella  punctulifera. 

quadrilatera,,  syn.  for  Strophomena  rhom- 
boidalis. 

recta,  see  Streptorhynchus  rectum. 

rugosa,  see  Strophomena  rugosa. 

semiovalis,  syn.  for  L.  sericea. 

sericea,  Sowerby,  1839,  Murch.  Sil.  Syst., 
p.  636,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  110, 
Trenton  to  Clinton  Gr. 


FIG.  570.— Leptsena  sericea.    Dorsal  view,  and  in- 
terior of  dorsal  valve. 

sordida,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

73,  Quebec  Gr. 
subquadrata,   Hall,   1883,  Rep.  St  Geol, 

pi.  46,  fig.  32,  33,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
subtenta,  see  Streptorhynchus  subtentum. 
tenuilineata,  see  Strophomena  tenuilineata. 
tenuistriata,  see  Strophomena  tenuistriata. 


tranversalis,  Wahlenberg,  1821,  (A  no- 
mites  transversalis,)  Act.  Soc.  Upsal., 
vol.  8,  p.  64,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
p.  256,  Anticosti  and  Clinton  Gr. 

trilobata,  see  Strophomena  trilobata. 

victna,  Castelnau,   1843,  Syst.  Sil.,   p.  39. 

Not  recognized. 

LEPTOBOLUS,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  226.  [Ety.  leptos, 
minute;  Obolus,  a  genus.]  Shell  small, 
ovate,  fragile,  semiphosphatic,  concen- 
trically lined;  ventral  valve  with  an 
area  and  pedicel  groove,  muscular  scar 
elevated,  subquadrate;  dorsal  valve 
with  trifid  muscular  impressions.  Type 
L.  lepis. 

insignis,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  227,  Utica  Slate. 

lepis,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  226,  Utica  Slate. 

occidentalis,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist ,  p.  227,  Utioa  Slate. 
LEPTOCUCLIA,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  107,  and  12th  Rep., 
p.  32.  [Ety.  lejrtos,  minute ;  koilia, 
belly;  in  allusion  to  the  shallow  vis- 
ceral cavity.]  Shell  inequivalve,  vari- 
able in  form,  plicated,  usually  mesial 
fold  and  sinus,  substance  lamellose  or 
fibrous;  ventral  valve  convex,  beak  ex- 
tended, and  more  or  less  incurved; 
foramen  terminal,  the  lower  side  formed 
by  two  deltoid  pieces;  two  strong 
teeth,  denticulated ;  muscular  impres- 
sions marking  a  flabelliform  area  with  a 
thin  median  septum,  adductor  imprints 
small ;  dorsal  valve  flat,  concave,  or  de- 
pressed convex ;  on  each  side  of  a  strong 
cardinal  process  are  the  deep,  oblique, 
dental  fossets,  from  the  inner  margins 
of  which  the  crural  processes  proceed, 
supported  below  by  thickened  plates, 
extending  obliquely  on  the  border  of 
the  muscular  impression  toward  the 
middle  of  the  shell;  muscular  impres- 
sion divided  by  a  low  median  septum  ; 
the  crura,  in  their  extension,  are  united, 
in  a  flattened  disk,  which  terminates  in 
an  acute  point;  on  the  center  of  the 
cardinal  side  a  slender  process  extends 
downward,  and  near  the  junction  of 
the  crura  two  slender  processes  extend 
into  the  cavity  of  the  ventral  valve. 
Type  L-.flabellites. 

acutiplicata,  Conrad,  1841,  (Atrypa  acuti- 

glicata,)   Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,   p.  54,  and 
al.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  365,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
concava,  see  Ccelospira  concava. 
dichotoma,  see  Ccelospira  dichotoma. 
disparttis,   see  Coelospira 

disparilis. 
fimbriata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal. 

N.   Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  451, 

Oriskany  sandstone, 
flabellites,  Conrad    1841    Flfl.  57l.  _ 

(Atrypa        flabellites,)    coelia  flabellltes. 

Ann.   Rep.    N.   Y.,   p. 

55,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  449,  Oris- 

kanv  sandstone. 


UN.] 


BRA  CHIOPODA. 


349 


alveata,  Hall,   1863,    16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  23,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  12,  Ham.  Gr. 
ampla,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  Iowa, 

and  Minn.,  p.  583,  Potsdam  Gr. 
antiqua,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  268,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  3,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 
antiquata,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol.,  p. 

202,  Potsdam  Gr. 
artemis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  14,   passage   beds  between   Up.  Sil. 

and  Devonian. 


hemispherica,    Sowerby,    1839,    (Atrypa  | 
hemispherica,)  Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  p.  639,  j 
and   Pal.    N.   Y.,    vol.    2,    p".   74,   Clin- 
ton  Gr. 

imbricata,  see  Trematospira  imbricata. 

intermedia,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat,  and  Geo.,  \ 
vol.  5,  p.  144,  Up.  Sil. 

planoconvexa,  Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa  piano-  j 
convexa,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  75,  Clin-  | 
ton  Gr. 

propria,  Hall,  syn.  for  L.  flabellites. 
LINGULA,  Bruguiere,  1792,  Encyc.  Meth.,  j 
tab.  250.  [Ety.  lingula,  a  little  tongue.]  j 
Shell  oblong  or  ovoid, 
depressed,  thin,  gaping 
at  each  end,  rounded  or 
subtruncate  in  front, 
pointed  at  the  beaks, 
consisting  of  alternate 
fibrous,  corneous,  and  tu- 
bular testaceous,  phos- 
phatic  laminae ;  valves 
convex,  held  together  by 
the  action  of  muscles, 
beak  •  of  ventral  valve 
more  pointed  and  promi- 
nent than  the  other; 
surface  smooth  or  con- 
centrically lined ;  pe- 
duncle long,  thick,  cylin- 
drical, fleshy,  and  flexible; 

there  are  twelve  muscular  FIG.  573.— Lingula  anatina.    o«,  Anterior  adductors;  a,  posterior 
impressions  in  the  dorsal      adductor :  pp,  external  protractors;  pp,  central  protractors;  rr, 
anrl       tViirtA^n       in       tVio     anterior  retractors;  r,  posterior  retractors;  c,  capsule  of  pedicel; 
ana      tnirteen      m       tne     n,  visceral  sheath ;  o,  (esophagus ;  .v,  stomach  ;   J,  liver;    v,  vent; 
ventral,  valve.    Type  L.     h,  auricles,  etc. 
anatina.      No    Palaeozoic 
shell  is  positively  known  to  agree  with 
this  genus  in  its  muscular  impressions, 
and  probably  none  belong  to  it.     Many 
referred    to   it    belong    to    Lingulella, 
others  to  Lingulepis,  and  others,  may 
be,  to  undefined  genera.    The  external 
appearance,   however,   resembles    Lin- 
gula, and  for  want  of  material  to  distin- 
guish internal  characters,  they  are  left, 
provisionall}r,  where  the  authors  of  the 
species  left  them. 

acuminata,  Conrad,  1839,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
Calcif.  Gr. 


FIG.  572.— Lingula  acuminata. 
a,  b,  c,  and  e  are  ventral  valve 
/and  g  are  young  shells. 


Various  forms; 
;  d,  dorsal ;  and 


acutangula,    Roemer,    1852,    Kreid.    von 

Texas,  p.  90,  Silurian, 
acutirostra,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist, 

N.  Y.,  p.  77,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

56,  Clinton  Gr. 
jequalis,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

95,  Trenton  Gr. 
albapinensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  108,  Devonian. 


attenuata,    Sowerby.     The    fossil  referred 

by  Hall  to  this  species  is  described  by 

Billings  under  the  name  of  L.  daphne. 
aurora,  see  Lingulella  aurora, 
belli,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol.  4, 

p.  431,  Chazy  Gr. 
bicarinata,  Ringueberg,  1884,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  149,  Niagara  Gr.    Not  de- 
fined so  as  to  be  recognized, 
billingsana,   Whiteaves,  1878,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  16,  p.  226,  St. 

John's  Gr. 
bisulcata,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3, 

p.  380,  Utica  Slate, 
briseis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

48,  Trenton  Gr. 
calumet,  N.  H.  Winchell,  1885,  13th  Ann. 

Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Minn.,  p.  65,  Taconic. 

Probably  an  Obolella. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  114,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
carbonaria,    Shumard,     1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  215,  CoalMeas. 
centrilineata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  155,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
ceryx,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,,  p.  19,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  5,  Schoharie  grit, 
clintoni,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.Y., 

p.  79,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  54,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 
cobourgensis,  Billings,    1862,   Pal.    Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  50,  Trenton  Gr. 


350 


ERACHIOPODA. 


complanata,  Williams,   1882,  Proc.  A.  A. 

A.  8.,  vol.  30,  p.  188,  Chemung  Gr. 
concentrica,    Conrad,    1839,     Ann.    Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  64,  and  Geo.  Rep.  3d   Diet. 

N.  Y.,  p.  168,  Genesee  Slate, 
covingtonensis,    Hall  &  W  bitfield,  1875, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  67,  Utica  Slate, 
crassa,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.   1,  p. 

98,  Trenton  Gr. 
crawfordsvillensis,  Gurley,  1883,  New  Carb. 

Foss.,  p.  2,  Keokuk  Gr.  The  publica- 
tion is  not  such  as  to  entitle  it  to  recog- 
nition. 

cmieata.  see  Lingulella  cuneata. 
curta,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Arad.  Nat.  Sci., 

vol.  8,  p.  266,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

97,  Utica  Slate, 
cuyahoga,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  24,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  ! 

vol.  4,  p.  15,  Waverly  Gr. 
cyane,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  i 

216,  Quebec  Gr. 
daphne,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  | 

p.  50,  Trenton  Gr.     See  L.  attenuata. 
dawsoni,  Mathew,  1884,  Bull.   U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  2,  p.  283,  St.  John  Gr. 
delia,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  j 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  22,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  12,  Ham.  Gr. 
densa,    Hall,   1863,    16th  Rep.    N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  p.  22,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  11,  Ham.  Gr. 
desiderata,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  19,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  6,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
elderi,  Whit  field,  1880,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.    19,   p.  472,  and  Geo. 

Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  345,  Trenton  Gr. 
elegantula,  syn.  for  Lingula  quadrata. 
elliptica,  Hall,    1843,  Geo.  Rep.   4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.    The  name  was  preoccupied  by 

Phillips  in  1836.    See  L.  subelliptica. 
elliptica,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.   Geol.     The 

name  was  preoccupied, 
elongata.  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

97,  Trenton  Gr. 
exilis,   Hall,   1860,    13th   Rep.   N.  Y.    St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  77.  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  7,  Marcellus  Shale, 
eva,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol.  6, 

p.  150,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
forbesi,   Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  115,  Hud.  Riv.  and  Mid.  Sil.  Grs. 
gibbosa,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec.  Foss., 

p.  13,    and    llth    Rep.    Geo.   and  Nat. 

Hist.  Ind.,  p.  284,  Niagara  Gr. 
halli,  White,  1862.  Proc.   Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  8,  Burlington  Gr. 
hurlbuti,  Winchell,  1880,  Geo.  Sur.  Minn., 

8th  Rep.,  p.  62,  Galena  Gr. 
huronensie,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  433,  Chazy  and    Black   Riv. 

Grs. 
ingens,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  56,  Niagara  Gr. 
insularis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  40,  Anticosti  Gr. 
iole,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

215,  Quebec  Gr. 


iowemis,  see  Lingulella  iowensis. 

irene,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

71,  Quebec  Gr. 
iris,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

301,  Quebec  Gr. 
kingstonensis,  Billings,   1862,  Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  48,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
lamellata,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y,,  p.  108,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

249,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 
leana,  Hall,  1863,   16th  Rep.    N.  Y.   St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  9,  Ham.  Gr. 
ligea,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  76,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  7,  Ham.  Gr. 
ligea  var.  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

8,  Portage  Gr. 
ligea    var.     nevadensis,     Walcott,     1885, 

Monogr.  U.  S.   Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  107, 

Devonian, 
lonensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S,  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  108.  Devonian, 
lucretia,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  14,  passage  beds  between  Up.  Sil.  and 

Devonian, 
lyelli,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol. 

4,  p.  348,  Calcif.  and  Chazy  Grs. 
maida,    Hall,   1863,    16th   Rep.   N.  Y,  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  9,  I  lam.  Gr. 
manni,   Hall,  1863,  16th   Rep.  N.  Y.   St. 

Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  p.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  6,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
mantelli,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.   Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  349,  Caloif.  Gr. 
manticula,  White,  1864,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 

p.  9,  and  (Jeo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer.,  vol. 

4,  p.  52,  Up.  Taconic. 
matlhtwi,  see  Acrothele  matthewi. 
melie,    Hall,  1863,    16th   Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  24.  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  14,  Waverly  Gr. 
membranacea,      Winchell,      1863,     Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  15,  p.  3,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 
minuta,    Meek,   1868,  Trans.    Chi.    Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  87,  Devonian, 
mosia,   Hall,  1863,    16th    Rep.   N.   Y.   St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  126,  Potsdam  Gr. 
murrayi,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  66,  Up.  Taconic. 
mytiloides,   Sowerby,   1812,  Min.  Conch., 

p.  55,  tab.  19,  Coal  Meas. 
nebraskensis,  Meek,  1872,  (L.  scotica  var. 

nebraskensis,)    Pal.    E.    Neb.,    p.    158, 

Coal  Meas. 
norwoodi,  James,  1875,  Cin. 

Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p. 

10,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
nuda,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  * {?„ f;4'^1;"" 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,     woodi. 

p.  22,  Ham.  Gr. 
nympha,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  214,  Quebec  Gr. 
oblata.  Hall,    1843,   Geo.   Rep.   4th    Diet, 

N.  Y.,  p.  77,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

54,  Clinton  Gr. 


BRA  CHIOPODA. 


351 


oblonga,  Conrad,  1839,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y. 
The  name  was  preoccupied,  and  after- 
ward it  was  called  L.  clintoni. 

obtusa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
98,  Trenton  Gr. 

ovata,  McCoy,  1844,  Syn.  Sil.  Foss.  Ire- 
land, p.  24.  Not  clearly  identified  in 
America. 

paliformis,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat,  Hist,  p.  76,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 

papillosa,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol.,  p. 
202,  Trenton  Gr. 

perlata.  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

156,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

perovata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
55,  Clinton  Gr. 

perplexa,  Hall,  1877, 1st  ed.  Am.  Pal.  Foss., 
p.  244.  Proposed  instead  of  L.  ellip- 
tica,  which  was  preoccupied,  but  D'Or- 
bigny had  previously  proposed  L.  sub- 
elliptica. 

perryi,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
20,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

philomela,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  49,  Trenton  Gr. 

pinmformis,  see  Lingulepis  pinniformis. 

polita,  see  Obolella  polita. 

prima,  see  Lingulepis  prima. 

prima,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol.  This 
name  was  preoccupied. 

proctori,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3, 
p.  377,  Trenton  Gr. 

progne,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
47,  Utica  Slate  and  Trenton  Grs. 

punctata,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  21,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  10,  Ham.  Gr. 

quadrata,  Eichwald,  1829,  (Crania  quad- 
rata,)  Zool.  Specialis,  vol.  1,  p.  273, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  96,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

quebecensis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  72,  Quebec  Gr. 

reciilatera,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  156,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

rectilateralis,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  399,  Utica  Slate. 

ricinifomiis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  95,  Trenton  Gr. 

scotica,  Davidson,  1860,  Monogr.  Scot. 
Garb.  Brach.,  p.  62,  Waverly  Gr. 

scotica  var.  ntbraskensis,  see  L.  nebras- 
kensis. 

spathata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

157,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

spatiosa,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

158,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

spatulata,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  3d 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  168,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  13,  Genesee  slate. 

stoneana,  Whitfield,  1882,  Geo.  Wis.,  vol. 
4,  p.  344,  Potsdam  Gr. 

striata,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol.,  p.  112, 
Up.  Taconic. 

subelliptica,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d. 
Paleont,  t.  1,  p.  34,  Clinton  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  L.  elliptica,  Hall,  in 
1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  77. 


suboblonga,  D'Orbigny,  syn.  for  L.  clintoni. 

subspatulata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  437,  Ham.  Gr. 

thedfordensis,  Whiteaves,  1887,  Cont.  to 
Can.  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  Ill,  Ham.  Gr. 

trentonensis,   Conrad,   1842,  Jour.   Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  266,  Trenton  Gr. 

triquetra,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  16,  p.  62,  Portage  (Jr. 

umbonata,  Cox,  1857, 
Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,vol.  3,  p. 
576,  Coal  M'eas. 

vanhorni,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1875,  Gin.  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  9,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

varsoviensis,     Worthen,  F       RwTTrjn 
1884,  Bull.    No.   2   111.          vanimrn" 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
24,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  104,  War- 
saw Gr. 

whitii,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  109,  Devonian. 

whitfieldi,  Uliich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  3, 
p.  381,  Utica  Slate. 

winona,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  126,  Potsdam  Gr. 
LINGULELASMA,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geol.,  vol. 
3,  p.  383.  [Ety.  Lingula,  a  genus;  elasma, 
plate.]  Form  and  composition  like 
Lingula ;  pedicle  valve  with  slightly 
projecting  beak,  faintly  arched  deltid- 
ium,  no  area,  small  socket  on  each  side 
of  the  deltidial  borders,  and  subtrian- 
gular  scar  opposite  their  anterior  ends 
subtriangular,  trilobed  platform  from 
base  of  detidium  to  middle  of  valve, 
with  central  part  produced  below  in  a 
low  median  ridge ;  two  muscular  scars 
on  the  lower  lateral  sides  of  the  plat- 
form ;  brachial  valve,  with  transverse 
ridge  and  swollen  ends  for  sockets  on 
the  opposite  valve ;  platform  concave, 
elevated  in  front,  and  prolonged  in  a 
median  plate,  subcardinal,  umbolateral 
and  postmedian  scars.  Type  L.  schu- 
cherti. 


FIG.  576.— Lingulelasma  schucherti.  «,  Posterior 
transverse  ridge;  6,  subcardinal  scars;  u,  um- 
bolateral scars ; 'p,  postmedian  scars;  I,  lateral 
scars;  TO.  median  scars;  n,  anterior  scars;  t, 
transverse  scars;  s,  septum;  5a,  ventral  valve. 

schucherti,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  GeoL,  vol. 
3,  p.  389,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


352 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[LIN.— MAR. 


LINGULELLA,  Salter,  1861,  Mem.  Geo.  North 
Wales,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Gt.  Brit.,  vol.  3, 
p.  333.  [Ety.  diminutive  of  Lingula.] 
General  form  like 
Lingula;  nearly 
equi  valve,  ventral 
valve  pointed  with  a 
pedicle  groove ;  mus- 
cular scars  as  in  obo- 
lus,  but  anterior  re- 
tractors more  linear, 
and  sliding  muscles 
small  and  not  quite 
as  much  external. 


Type  L.  davisi. 
?affinis, 


FIG.   578.— Lingu- 
lella  cuiieata. 


Fig.  577.—  Lingulella      ?affinis,  Billings,  1874, 

cincinnatiensis.  pa]      Foss.,    vol.     2, 

p.  67,  Up.  Taconic. 

aurora,  Hall,  1861,  (Lingula  aurora,)  Geo. 
Rep.  Wis.,  p.  24,  Potsdam  Gr. 

ctelata,  Hall,  1847,  (Orbicula  cailata,)  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  290,  Georgia  Gr. 

cincinnatiensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  67,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

cuneata,  Conrad,  1839, 
(lingula  cuneata,)  Geo. 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  64,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  8, 
Clinton  Gr. 

dawsoni,  Matthew,  1885, 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can., 
p.  33,  St.  John  Gr. 

ella,  Hall  &  Whitfield, 
1877,  (Lingulepis  ella,) 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  Paral- 
lel, vol.  4,  p.  232,  Up. 
Taconic. 

g  r  a  n  v  i  llensis,  Walcott, 
1887,    Am.    Jour.    Sci. 
and  Arts.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  187,  Up. 
Taconic. 

inflata,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  33,  St.  John  Gr. 

iowensis,  Owen,  1840,  (Lingula  iowensis,) 
Rep.  Min.  Lands,  p.  70,  Galena  Gr. 

lamborni,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  185,  Calciferous  or  Potsdam  Gr. 

linguloides,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  34,  St.  John  Gr. 

?  spissa,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  67,  Up.  Taconic. 

LINGULEPIS,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  126.  [Ety.  lingula, 
little  tongue ;  lepis,  scale.]  Linguloid, 
inequi valve,  equilateral,  ovate  or  spatu- 
late,  corneous,  phosphatic;  visceral  im- 
pressions in  dorsal  valve  flabelliform,  in 
ventral  valve  tripartite,  the  lateral  di- 
visions the  larger.  Type  L.  pinni- 
formis. 

cuneolus,  Whitfield,  1877,  Prelim.  Rep. 
Pal.  Black  Hills,  p.  8,  and  Geol.  Black 
Hills,  p.  336,  Potsdam  Gr. 

dakotensis,  Meek&Hayden,  1864,  Pal.  Up. 
Mo.,  p.  3,  and  Geol.  Black  Hills,  p.  337, 
Potsdam  Gr. 

ella,  See  Lingulella  ella. 

maera,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S.  Expl. 
40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  206,  Potsdam  Gr. 


FIG.  579.— Lingule- 
pis pi  uniform  is. 


minima,  Whitfield,  1884,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  139,  Up.  Taconic. 

minuta,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  206,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

morsii,  N.  H.  Winchell,  1876,  (Lingula 
morsensis,)  Geol.  Fillmore  Co.,  Minn., 
p.  31,  St.  Peters  sandstone. 

perattenuata,  Whitfield,  1877,  Prelim. 
Rep.  Pal.  Black  Hills,  p.  9,  and  Geol. 
Black  Hills,  p.  337,  Potsdam  Gr, 

pin  niformis,  Owen, 
1852,  (Lingula  pinni- 
formis,)  Geo.  Rep. 
Iowa,Wis.,and  Minn., 
p.  583,  Potsdam  Gr. 

prima,     Conrad,     1847, 

(Lingula  prima,)  Pal. 

N.   Y.,    vol.   1,  p.    3, 

Potsdam  Gr. 

LINGULOPS,  Hall,  1871,23d 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  245. 
[Ety.  Lingula,  a  genus;  opsis,  appear- 
ance.] In  external  appearance  like 
Lingula  orLingulella;  the  ventral  valve 
presents  a  small  area,  with  a  narrow 
pedicle  groove  and  a  large  lobed  mus- 
cular impression,  which,  in  the  cast, 
extends  as  a  narrow  groove  toward  the 
base  of  the  shell ;  the  ramifications  of 
the  vascular  lines  originate  at  nearly 
the  same  point  as  in  existing  Lingula, 
but  do  not  extend  so  far  backward  to- 
ward the  beak.  Type  L.  whitfieldi. 

whitfieldi,  Hall,  1871,  23d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  245,  Low.  Sil. 
LINNARSSONIA,  Walcott,  1885,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  29,  p.  114.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Ovate  or  subcircular; 
inarticulate ;  apex  of  ventral  valve  per- 
forated by  a  minute  foramen  ;  no  area ; 
cardinal  edge  thin ;  two  scars  in  the  in- 
terior, on  each  side  of  the  foramen,  close 
to  the  posterior  margin ;  dorsal  valve, 
with  no  area  ;  two  scars  in  the  interior, 
close  to  the  posterior  margin,  separated 
by  a  ridge  that  extends  forward  between 
two  small  divaricator  scars.  Type  L. 
transversa. 

taconica,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  189,  Up. 
Taconic. 

transversa,  Hartt,  1868,  (Obolella  trans- 
versa,) Acad.  Geol.,  p.  644,  St. 
John  Gr. 

MARTINIA,  McCoy,  1844,  syn.  Garb.  Foss., 
Ireland,  p.  128.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
General  characters  the  Bame  as  Spirifera, 
for  which  it  is  usually  regarded  as  a 
synonym.  It  is  distinguished  by  its 
smooth  surface  without  radiating  ribs, 
and  by  having  smaller  spiral  append- 
ages. Type  M.  decora. 

athyroides,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  94,  Ham.  Gr. 

planoconvexa,  see  Spirifera  planoconvexa. 

subumbonata,  Hall,  1867,  (Spirifera  sub- 
umbonata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  234, 
Ham.  Gr.  and  Tully  limestone. 


MEE.— MER.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


353 


MEEKELLA,  White  &  St.  John,  1868,  Trans. 
Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  120.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Globose,  rather  longer 
than  wide,  plications  large,  hinge-line 
shorter  than  greatest  breadth  of  the 
valves ;  dorsal  valve  most  prominent 
on  the  umbo,  beak  incurved,  no  me- 
sial sinus ;  cardinal  process  long,  curv- 
ing backward  in  front  of  the  pseudo- 
deltidium,  and  haying  upon  each  side  a 
wing- like  expansion,  which  is  curved 
up  at  its  outer  edge  forming  an  elon- 
gated dental  fossette;  ventral  valve 
more  convex,  cardinal  area  high,  no 
median  septum  ;  two  broad  dental  la- 
mella?, continuous  from  the  cardinal 
teeth  to  the  beak,  pass  directly  in  front 
of  the  sutures  between  the  cardinal 
area  and  the  pseudodeltidium,  and 
thence,  slightly  diverging,  extend  for- 
ward along  the  bottom  of  the  valve 
about  half-way  to  the  front,  the  an- 
terior margins  of  the  lancellse  arching 
backward  and  upward  to  the  dental 
processes ;  a  cross  section  shows  three 
chambers  opening  anteriorly  into  the 
shell.  Type  M.  striato-costata. 
striato-costata,  Cox,  1857,  (Plicatula  stri- 
ato-costata,) Geo.  Rep.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p. 
568,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  580.— Meekella  striatocostata.     Dorsal    and 
ventral  view. 

Megarderis    sequiradiata,     see     Rensselseria 
sequiradiata. 

cumberlandix,    see    Rensselseria    cumber- 
landiae. 

elliptica,  see  Rensselseria  elliptica. 

elongata,  see  Amphigenia  elongata. 

laevis,  see  Rensselseria  Isevis. 

rmUabilis,  see  Rensselseria  mutabilis. 

ovalis,  see  Rensselseria  ovalis. 

ovoides,  see  Rensselseria  ovoides. 

subtrigonalis,  see  Amphigenia  elongata  var. 
subtrigonalis. 

suessana,  see  Rensselseria  suessana. 
MERISTA,  Suess,  1851,  Jahrb.  Geol.  Reichs. 
Austalt,  vol.  2,  p.  150.  [Ety.  meros,  a 
part.]  General  form  like  Athyris,  usu- 
ally mesial  fold  and  sinus  poorly  de- 
fined ;  the  principal  stems  forming  the 
spirals  attach  to  the  hinge  plate,  in- 
cline forward  toward  the  interior  of 
the  shell,  then  abruptly  bend  back- 
ward and  make  a  curve  facing  the  bot- 
tom of  the  dorsal  valve,  and,  after  con- 
verging to  about  half  their  length,  again 
diverge  toward  the  front  and  form  the 


first  spiral  coil ;  there  are  10  or  12  whorls 
in  each  spiral;  the  genus  is  distin- 
guished by  a  shoe-lifter  process  under 
the  beak  of  the  ventral  valve,  consisting 
of  two  roof-shaped  plates,  fixed  by  their 
lateral  margins  to  the  medio-longitudi- 
nal  region  of  the  valve,  and  with  their 
narrow  end  fitting  under  the  extremity 
of  the  beak.  Type  M.  herculea. 
arcuata,  see  Meristella  arcuata. 


FIG.  581.  —  Merista   bella.     Dorsal   and  anterior 

view. 

bella,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  92,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  248,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

bisulcata,  Vanuxem,  1843,  (Atrypa  bisul- 
cata,)  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  112, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  253,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

elongata,  Hall,  1859,  (Camarium  elonga- 
tum,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  488,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

houghtoni,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  6,  2d  ser.,  p.  407,  Port- 
age Gr. 

Isevis,  see  Meristella  Isevis. 

lata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  431, 
Oriskany  sandstone. 

lens,  Wincbell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 
Mich.,  p.  94,  Ham.  Gr. 

meeki,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  97,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  252,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

princeps,  see  Meristella  princeps. 

subquadrata.  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  93,  and  Pal 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  249,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

sulcata,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Atrypa  sulcata,) 
Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  112,  Water- 
lime  Gr. 

typus,  Hall,  1859,  (Camarium  typus.) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  487,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

MERISTELLA,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  74.  [Ety.  di- 
minutive of  Merista.']  Shells  variable 
in  form,  ovoid  or  transverse ;  valves 
unequally  convex,  with  or  without  a 
median  fold  and  sinus;  beak  of  ventral 
valve  imperforate,  incurved  over  the 
beak  of  the  other  valve;  no  area; 
valves  articulating  by  teeth  and  sock- 
ets; surface  smooth  or  with  fine  con- 
centric strise;  interior  of  dorsal  valve 
having  a  longitudinal  septum  and 
the  upper  part  of  the  ventral  valve 
a  deep  subtriangular  muscular  im- 
pression, which  unites  with  the  rostral 
cavity ;  spires  are  continued  from  their 
origin  obliquely  backward  into  the 
cavity  of  the  ventral  valve,  and  then, 


354 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[MER. — MON. 


FIG.  582.  —  Meristella 
circe.  Showing  re- 
mains of  spiral  ap- 
pendages in  the 
dorsal  valve. 


recurving    upon    themselves,    are    re- 
united laterally.     Type  M.  Isevis. 

arcuata,  Hall,  1857, 
(Merista  arcuata,) 
10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p. 
95,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  249,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

barrisi,  Hall,  1860, 
13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat  Hist,  p. 
84,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  304,  Mar- 
cell  us  shale  and 
Ham.  Gr. 

circe,  Billings,  1861, 
,'Charionella  circe,) 
Can.  Jour.,  vol.  6, 
p.  273,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

cylindrica,  Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa  cylin- 
drica.)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  76,  Clinton 
and  Niagara  Gr. 

doris,  1860,  Hall,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  84,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  303,  Schoharie  grit  and  Cor- 
niferous  Gr. 

elissa,  syn.  for  Meristella  nasuta. 
haskinsi,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  84,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  306,  Ham.  Gr. 
(?)  hyale,    Billings,     1862,     (Charionella 
(?)  hyale,)    Pal.    Foss.,    vol.  1,  p.   166, 
Guelph  Gr. 
julia,  Billings,  1862,  (Athyris  Julia,)  Pal. 

Fpss.,  vol.  1,  p.  146,  Mid.  Sil. 

laevis,    Yaauxem,    1843,    (Atrypa  leevis,) 

Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.   120,   and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  247,  Low  Held.  Gr. 

lenta,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  420, 

Oriskany  sandstone. 
maria,  see  Whitfieldia  maria. 
meta,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  308, 

Ham.  Gr. 

nasuta,  Conrad,  1840,  (Atrypa  nasuta,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  18,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  299,  Schoharie  grit,  Up.  Held, 
and  Ham.  Gr. 

princepp,  Hall,  1857,  (Merista  princeps,) 
10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat  Hist,  p. 
95,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  252,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

prinstana,  Billings,  1862,  (Athyris  prins- 

tana,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  145,  Mid.  Sil. 

rectirostra,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  15,  and   llth  Rep.  Geo.  and 

Nat.  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  301,  Niagara  Gr. 

rostrata,  Hall,  1843,(Atrypa 

rostrata,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th 

Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  202,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  307, 

Ham.     (ir.     and     Tully 

limestone. 

scitula,  Hall,  1843,  (Al 

scitula,)    Geo.   4th   Dist.     Hide  view. 
N.  Y.,  p.   171,  and  Pal. 
N.Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  302,  Corniferous  Gr.    1  lall 
regards  M.  circe  as  a  syn.  for  this  species. 


unisulcata,  Conrad,  1841,  (Atrypa  uni- 
sulcata,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  56,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  309,  Up.  Held,  and 
Ham.  Gr. 

MERISTINA,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat  Hist.,  p.  186,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  299.  [Ety.  Merista,  a  genus ; 
inus,  implying  resemblance.]  General 
form  like  Meristella  ;  apex  perforated  ; 
lamellae  of  the  spires  united  by  a  sim- 
ple loop  ;  spirals  oval,  and  each  con- 
tains about  nine  convolutions ;  the 
two  principal  stems  attach  to  the  hinge 
plate  and  extend  into  the  interior  be- 
tween the  spirals,  where  they  bend 
backward  and  give  forth  converging 
lamelke,  which  cross  between  the  spirals 
to  the  ventral  side,  where  they  unite  in 
an  angular  point  Type  M.  nitida. 
nitida,  Hall,  1843, 
(Atrypa  nitida,) 
Geo.  Rep.  4th 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  14, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.    268,    Niagara 
Gr. 

nitida  var.  oblata, 
Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa 
nitida  var.  oblata,)  FlG.  584.  _  Meristina 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  nitida.  Dorsal 
269,  Niagara  Gr.  vlew- 

MONOMERELLA,  Billings,  1871,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  6,  p.  220.  [Ety.  monos,  one  ; 
meros,  a  part ;  ella,  diminutive  termina- 
tion.] Shell  thick,  circular  or  trans- 
versely oval  in  its  marginal  outline; 
umbo  of  the  pedicle,  valve  large,  pro- 
jecting, double-chambered ;  area  and 
deltidium  large  ;  hinge  thick,  elevated, 
ledge-shaped,  concave  in  the  middle 
portion ;  cardinal  facet  a  wall-like 
space  behind  the  ledge  or  flat  of  the 
hinge;  cardinal  buttress  strong,  la- 
melliform  ;  platform  flat,  slightly  ele- 
vated, widest,  highest,  and  obtusely 
angulated  in  front;  umbo  of  the 
brachial  valve  rounded ;  hinge  moder- 
ately thick;  platform  trilobed;  usually 
with  a  thin  margin.  Type  M.  prisca.' 
newberry  i, 
Hall  & 
Whitfield, 
1875,Ohio, 
Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  131, 
Niagara 
Gr. 

orbiculari  s , 
Bill  ings  , 
1871,  Can. 
Nat,  vol. 
6,  p.  220, 
Guelph  Gr. 
ovata,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  -Foss.,  vol. 

3,  p.  5,  Guelph  Gr. 

ovata    var.  lata,   Whiteaves,    1884,    Pal. 

Foss.,  vol.  3,  p.  6,  Guelph  Gr. 
prisca,  Billings,  1871,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  6,  p.  220,  Guelph  Gr. 


FIG.  583.— Mouomerella  prisca. 


Nl^C.— OBO.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


355 


NUCLEOSPIRA,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  219.  [Ely.  nucleus,  kernel ;  speira, 
spire.]  Shell  spheroidal,  or  trans- 
versely elliptical,  more  or  less  gibbous, 
and  furnished  with  spires  as  in  Spirif- 
era ;  hinge-line  short,  cardinal  ex- 
tremities rounded,  valves  subequal,  ar- 
ticulating by  teeth  and  sockets  ;  surface 
smooth,  structure  punctate  and  cov- 
ered with  minute  hair-like  spines  ; 
ventral  valve  having  the  beak  ex- 
tended, with  a  triangular  depression 
beneath,  on  each  side  of  which  at  the 
base  is  a  strong  tooth,  a  narrow  septum 
from  beak  to  base ;  dorsal  valve  with 
spatulate  cardinal  process,  which  bends 
upward  into  the  cavity  of  the  opposite 
beak;  from  the  sides  of  this  process 
the  brachial  processes  originate,  which 
support  the  spires;  muscular  imprints 
confined  to  a  narrow  oval  space.  Type 
N.  ventricosa. 

barrisi,  White,  1860,  Bost. 
Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7, 
p.  227,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
concentrica,     Hall,     1859, 
Pal.  N.  YM  vol.  3,  p.  223, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
concinna,       Hall,       1843, 
( Atrypaconcinna,)  Geo. 
4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  200, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
279,  Hamilton  Gr. 
FIG.    586.  -  Nn-     elegans,   Hall,    1859,    Pal. 
cleosp.ra    con-  £  y'      ^    ^    p>    ^ 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pisiformis,    Hall,  1859,     (Orthis     pisum, 

1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  218,  Niagara  Gr. 
rotundata,    Whitfield,    1882,    Desc.    New 

Spec.   Foss.  from    Ohio,    p.   194,   Low. 

Held.  Gr. 


FH;.  587.— Spiral  coils  of  Nucleospira  pisiformis. 

ventricosa,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  220,  Low.  Held.  Gr.  This  species 
was  first  described  in  1856,  in  9th  Reg. 
Rep.,  as  Spirifera  ventricosa. 
OBOLELLA,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  7.  [Ety.  diminutive  of  obolus,  a 
small  Greek  coin.]  Shell  ovate,  circu- 
lar or  subquadrate,  convex  or  plano- 
convex ;  ventral  valve  with  a  false 
area,  which  is  sometimes  minute  and 
usually  grooved  for  the  passage  of  the 
peduncle ;  dorsal  valve  with  or  without 


ing  muscular 
impressions; 
d,  side  view. 


an  area;  muscular  impressions  in  the 
ventral  valve  four,  one  pair  in  front  of 
the  beak  near  the  middle  or  in  the 
upper  half  of  the  shell,  and  the  others 
situated  one  on  each  side  near  the  car- 
dinal edge  ;  shell  calcareous ;  surface 
concentrically  striated.  Type  O.  chro- 
matica. 

ambigua,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  67,  Chazy  Gr. 

chromatica,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  7,  Up.  Taconic. 

cingulata,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  8,  Up.  Taconic. 

circe,  Billings,  1871,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  6,  p.  219,  Up.  Taconic. 

crassa,  Hall,  1847,  (Orbicula  c  d 
crassa,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  I,  /ff^  £ft 
p.  290,  Up.  Taconic  Gr.  \£J  y 

desiderata,  see  Elkania  de-  FlG  5g8  _Obol. 
siderata.  ella  chroma!  - 

discoidea,  Hall  &  Whitfield,    iea    c.Show- 
1877,    U.   S.    Geo.    Expl. 
40th    parallel,  vol.  4,    p. 
205,  Potsdam  Gr. 

gemma,  Billings,  1871,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  6,  p.  218,  Up.  Taconic. 

ida,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  71, 
Quebec  Gr. 

misera,  Billings,  1874.  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  69,  Up.  Taconic. 

nana,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1861,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  435,  and  Pal.  Up.  Mo., 
p.  4,  Potsdam  Gr. 

nitida,  Ford,  1873,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  213,  Up.  Taconic. 

polita,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  24, 
and  Geol.  Black  Hills,  p.  339,  (Lin- 
gula  polita,)  Potsdam  Gr. 

pretiosa,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  68,  Quebec  Gr. 

transversa,  see  Linnarssonia  transversa. 
Obolellina,  Billings,    Dec.,   1871,  Can.  Nat., 
vol.  6,  p.  220,  syn.  for  Dinobolus. 

canadensis,  see  Dinobolus  canadensis. 

galtensis,  see  Dinobolus  galtensis. 

magnifica,  see  Dinobolus  maguifieus. 
OBOLUS,  Eichwald,  1829,  Zoologia  Specialis, 
vol.  1,  p.  274.  [Ety.  obolus,  a  small 
coin.]  Shell  orbicular,  equilateral, 
transverse  or  elongated,  depressed ; 
valves  not  articulated  ;  larger  valve  most 
convex,  beak  obtuse  or  pointed,  wide 
flattened  cardinal  edge  or  false  area, 
over  which  the  concentric  lines  of  sur- 
face growth  pass  uninterruptedly ;  car- 
dinal edge  grooved  longitudinalfy  by  a 
semicylindrical  furrow ;  smaller  valve 
shorter,  slightly  convex,  without  prom- 
inent beak  ;  hinge-linean  arch  ;  cardinal 
edge  flattened,  horizontally  striated ;  sur- 
face smooth  or  having  minute  undulating 
wrinkles  ;  interior  of  larger  valve  with 
a  mesial  ridge,  on  each  side  of  which 
are  two  oval  muscular  scars,  one  pair 
near  the  cardinal  angles,  the  other 
toward  the  center  of  the  valve  beyond 
the  mesial  ridge ;  structure  calcareo- 
corneous.  Type  O.  apollinis. 


356 


BRA  CHIOPODA. 


[ORB. — CRT. 


canadensis,  see  Dinobolus  canadensis. 

conradi,  see   Dinobolus  conradi. 

galtensis,  see  Tri- 
merella  galten- 
sis. 

labradoricy.s,    see 
Kutorgina     lab- 
FIG.  589.— Obolus  apolli-         radorica. 

nis.     6,  Dorsal    valve;      (?)   murrayi,    Bill- 

a,   interior  of     ventral          jngs     1865,    Pal. 

valve  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

362,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

pectinoides,  Whitfield,  1875,  Ludlow'sRep. 
Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  p.  103,  Up. 
Taconic. 

Orbicula,  Cuvier,  1808,  Tabe.  Elem.  d'Hist.  [ 
Nat,,  p.  435,  syn.  for  Crania. 

cselata,  see  Lingulella  CH'lata. 

cancellata,  see  Trematis  cancellata. 

corrugata,  see  Crania  corrugata. 

crassa,  see  Obolella  crassa. 

deformata,  see  Crania  deformata. 

eccentrica,  see  Crania  eccentrica. 

filosa,  see  Schizocrania  filosa. 

grandis,  see  Discina  grandis. 

Iamello8a,see  Discina  lamellosa. 

lodensis,  see  Discina  lodensis. 

minuta,  see  Discina  minuta. 

nitida,  see  Discina  nitida. 

prima,  see  Crania  prima. 

squamiformis,  see  Pholidops  squamiformis. 

subtruncata,  see  Pholidops  subtruncatus. 

tenuilamellata,  see,  Discina  tenuilamellata. 

terminalis,  see  Trematis  terminalis. 

truncata,  see  Crania  truncata. 
ORBICULOIDEA,  D'Orbigny,  1847,  Comptes 
rendus  de  1'Academie  des  Sciences,  and 
Prodr.  de  Paleont.,  t.  1,  p.  44.  [Ety. 
Orbifula,  a  genus;  aides,  like.]  Subor- 
bicular,  patelliform,  longitudinally  or 
transversely  oval,  upper  valve  convex, 
with  vertex  near  the  posterior  margin  ; 
lower  valve  conical  or  concave ;  no 
pedicle  disk ;  a  narrow  oval  or  circular 
aperture,  more  or  less  confined  in  its  | 
shape,  is  situated  in  a  furrow  or  depres- 
sion. Type  O.  elliptica. 

conica,  Dwight,  1880,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  452,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

ORTHIS,  Dalman,  1827,  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad. 
Handl.,  p.  93.  [Ety.  orthos,  straight,  in 
allusion  to  the  straight  hinge-line.] 
Shell  variable  in  form,  hinge-line 
straight;  valves  convex  or  plano-con- 
vex, plicated,  with  or  without  mesial 
fold  and  sinus ;  cardinal  area  notched  in 
the  center ;  ventral  valve  with  two 
prominent  diverging  teeth,  muscular 
impression  saucer-shaped,  divided  by  a 
median  septum  on  which  the  central 
adductor  attached ;  divaricator  and  ped- 
icle impressions,  lateral,  fan-like ;  dor- 
sal valve  with  a  tooth-like,  cardinal 
process  between  two  curved  brachial 
processes;  adductor  impression  quad- 
ruple ;  vascular  impressions  numerous, 
spreading ;  no  coiled  spiral  arms.  Type 
O.  zonata  and  O.  callactis. 


aeuminata,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  440,  Chazy  Gr. 
acutilirata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Delthyrisacuti- 

lirata,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 

260,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
acutiloba,  Ringueberg,  1888,  Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  134,  Niagara  Gr. 
aequivalvis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  120,  Trenton  Gr. 

aequivalva,   Shaler.    The    name  was   pre- 
occupied. 

sequivalvis,  Hall,  see  Orthis  eryna. 
alata,  Shaler.    The  name  was  preoccupied, 
alsus,   Hall,   1863,    16th   Rep.   N.    Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  33,  Schoharie  grit, 
alternans,    Casteluau,    1843,    Syst.  Sil.,   p. 

38.     Not  recognized, 
amcena,  Winchell,  1880,  Geo.  Sur.  Minn. 

8th  Rep.,  p.  65,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
anticostiensis,  syn.  for  Orthis  porcata. 
apicalis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  301,  Quebec  Gr. 
armanda,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  303,  Quebec  Gr. 
assimilis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

175,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
aurelia,  Billings,  18*74,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

34,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  Devonian. 
barabuensis,  see  Lepta.'na  barab'uensis. 
battis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

185,  Quebec  Gr. 
bellarugosa,    Conrad,    1843,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  1,  p.  333,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  118,  Trenton  Gr. 
bellula,  Meek,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

103,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
biforata,  Scblotheim,  1820,  (Terebratulites 

biforatus,)    Petrefact.,   p.  265,   Trenton 

and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
billingsi,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  644, 

St.  John  Gr. 
biloba,  Linna-us,  1767,  (Anomia  biloba,) 

Linne.    Syst.,    ed.    12,    p.    1154,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 
bilobata,  Conrad,  1838,  (Delthyrisbilobata,) 

Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.    The  name  was  pre- 
occupied by  Sowerby. 
bisulcata,  see  Camarella  bisulcata. 
borealis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  436,  Chazy  and  Trenton  Grs. 
carbonaria,  Swallow,  1858,  syn.  for  Orthis 

pecosi. 
carinata,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  267,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

58,  Portage  and  Chemung  Grs. 
carleyi,  Hall,  syn.  for  Orthis  retrorsa. 
centrilineata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  289,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
centrosa,  n.  sp.,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.     Proposed 

instead  of  O.  crassa,  in  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  20,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  117,  pi.  10,  fig.  3. 
charlottae,  Winchell,  1880,  Geo.  Sur.  Minn., 

8th  Rep.,  p.  67,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cincinnatiensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  *Ed. 

Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  296,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr., 

Cincinnati,  Ohio.     Proposed  instead  of 

Orthis   costata,    Hall,  1845,   Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  294. 


ORT.J 


BRACHIOPODA. 


357 


circularis,  Winchell,  1880,  Geo.  Sur.  Min. 

8th  Rep.,  p.  66,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
circulus,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  71,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

86,  Clinton  Gr. 
clarkensis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  81,  Keokuk  Gr. 
cleobis,  Hall,   1863,  16th  Rep.  N.   Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  35,  Onondaga  lime- 
stone, and  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
clytie,  Hall,    1861,    14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat,  Hist,,  p.  90,  Trenton  Gr. 
coloradoensis,  Shumard,  1860,   Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,    vol.   1,  p.   627,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 
coloradoensis,   Meek,  1870,  see  O.   desmo- 

pleura. 
concinna,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

172,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
conradi,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.   Sil.  p.  37. 

Not  recognized, 
conradi,  Winchell,  1880,  Geo.  Sur.  Minn. 

8th  Rep.,  p.  68,  Hud.  River.  Gr. 
cooperensis,    Swallow,    1863,    Trans.    St. 

Louis   Acad.   Sci.,  vol.   2,   p.   82,  War- 
saw Gr. 
corinna,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  302,  Quebec  Gr. 
costalis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

20,  Chazy  Gr. 

costata,  Hall,  1845.    This  name  was  preoc- 
cupied  by   Sowerby  in    1839.    See   O. 

cincinnatiensis. 
crassa,  James,  1874.  Gin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  1,  p.  20.    The  name  was  preoccupied 

by  Lindstrom  in  1860.     See  O.  centrosa. 
crispata,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  404,  Trenton  Gr. 
cumberlandia,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  481,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
cuneata,   Owen,    1852,   Geo.    Sur.    Wis., 

Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  585,  Devonian, 
cyclas,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  52,  Ham,  Gr. 

cydus,  James,  syn.  for  Orthis  multisecta. 
cypha,  James.    Not  characterized  so  as  to 

establish  a  species, 
dalyana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  313,  Burlington  Gr. 
davidsoni,  Verneuil,  1840,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc. 

France,  vol.  5,  p.  341,  Up.  Sil. 
daytonensis,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.,  Lab. 

Denison  Univ.,  p.  87,  Niagara  Gr. 
deflecta,  see  Streptorhynchus  deflectum. 
deformis,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  44,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  174,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
delicatula,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  217,  Quebec  Gr. 
dentata,  Pander,  1830,  (Porambonites  den- 

tatus,)    Bietr.    Geogn.    Russl.,    p.    100, 

Trent,  and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
desmopleura,  Meek,  1872,  Hayden's  Geo. 

Rep.  of    Wyoming,    p.    295,    Silurian. 

Proposed  instead  of  0.  coloradoensis. 
dichotoma,  svn.  for  Orthis  fissicosta. 
discus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

165,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


disparilis,  Conrad,  1843,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  333,  and  Pal.N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  119,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Gr. 

dubia,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
4,  p.  12,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  45,  Warsaw  Gr. 

eboracensis,  n.  sp.,  Up.  Held.  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  0.  lenticularis  of 
Vanuxem  in  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 
147,  which  was  preoccupied.  It  was  re- 
described  by  Hall  in  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  35. 

electra,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.  vol.  1,  p. 
79,  Quebec  Gr. 

elegantula,  Dalman,  1827,  Kongl.  Vet. 
Acad.  Handl.,  p.  117,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  57,  and  252,  Clinton  and  Ni- 
agara Gr. 


FIG.  590.— Orthis  elegantula.    Dorsal 
and  ventral  views. 

ella,  Hall,  1861,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  121,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
emacerata,   Hall,    1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  121,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
emarginata,  see  Orthis  oblata  var.  emargi- 

nata. 
eminens,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  42,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  167,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
erratica,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,vol.  1,  p. 

288,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
eryna,    Hall,    1863,    (Corrigenda    eryna,) 

16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist,  p. 

35,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  42,  Cor- 

nif.  Gr.     Named  instead  of  0.  sequival- 

vis  in  10th  Rep.,  p.  102. 
eudocia,  Billings,    1862,   Pal.    Foss.,    vol. 

1,  p.  83,  Quebec  Gr. 
eurekensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  22,  Up.  Taconic. 
euryone,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  78,  Quebec  Gr. 
evadne,  Billings,  1862,    Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  81,  Quebec  Gr. 
fasciata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

255,  Niagara  Gr. 

fausta,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab.  Dem- 
son  Univ.,  p.  85,  Niagara  Gr. 
fissicosta,   Hall,   1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  121,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
fissiplica,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil.  Fauna  West 

Tenn.,  p.  64,  Niagara  Gr. 
flabellum,  Sowerby,  1839,  in  Murch.  Sil. 

Syst.,  p.  639,  and  Pa,l.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

254,  Niagara  Gr. 
flava,  Winchell,  1865,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  117,  Marshall  Gr. 
gemmicula,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  75,  Quebec  Gr. 
gibbosa,    Billings,   1857,    Rep.    of   Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  296,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
hamburgensis,    Walcott,    1885,    Monogr. 

U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  73,  Chazy  Gr. 


358 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[ORT. 


highlandensis,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  119,  Upper  Ta- 
conic. 

hipparionyx,  syn.  for  O.  proximus. 
hippolyte,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  81,  Quebec  Gr. 
huronensis,   Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

37.    Not  recognized, 
hybrida,  Sowerby,  1839,  Murch.  Sil.  Syst., 

p.  630,  Niagara  Gr. 
idonea,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

52,  Ham.Gr. 
imperator,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  435,  Chazy  Gr. 
impressa,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist., 

N.  Y.,  p.  268,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

60,  ChemungGr. 
injequalis,    Hall,    1858,   Geo.  of  Iowa,  p. 

490,  Ham.  Gr. 
infera,  Calvin,  1878,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 

Terr.,  vol.  4,  No.  3,  p.  728,  Low.  Devonian, 
insculpta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

125,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
insignis,  see  Skenidium  insigne. 
interlineata,  Sowerby,  see  Orthis  tioga. 
interstrialis,  Phillips,  1841,  Pal.  Foss.,  De- 
vonian.   This  species  is  probably  for- 
eign to  America, 
iowensis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  of  Iowa,  p.  488, 

Ham.  Gr. 
iowensis  var.  furnarius,  Hall,  1858,  p.  489, 

Geo.  of  Iowa,  Ham.  Gr. 
iphigenia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  133,  Trenton  Gr. 
jamesi,  Hall,  1861,  14th    Rep.  N.    Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  89,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
kankakensis,  McChesney,  1860,  Desc.  New 

Pal.  Foss.,  p.  77,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
kassubse,  Winchell,  1880,  Geo.  Sur.  Minn. 

8th  Rep.,  p.  65,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
kennicotti,  McChesney,  syn.  for  O.  retrorsa. 
keokuk,   Hall,   1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

640,  Keokuk  Gr.    This  species  was  re- 
ferred  to   Orthis  umbraculum   of  De- 

Koninck  by  Owen. 
lasallensis,   McChesney,    1860,    New    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  32,  syn.  for   Streptorhynchus 

crassum. 
laticosta,  Meek,  1873,  Pal.  Ohio,  vol.  1,  p. 

116,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
laurentina,  Billings,   1857,  Rep.  of  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  297,  Mid.  Sil.,   Anticosti 

Gr.,  Div.  1. 
lenticularis,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  3d 

Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  139.    The  name  was  pre- 
occupied by  Wahlenberg  in  1821.    See 

O.  eboracensis. 
leonensis,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

62,  Cbemung  Gr. 
lepida,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.   N.   Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  46,  Ham.  Gr. 
lepis,  as  identified  by  d'Archiac  &   Ver- 

neuil.    Not  American, 
leptsenoides,   Emmons,    1842,   Geo.  Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  396,  Trenton  Gr. 
leucosia,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,   p.  80,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  48,  Ham.  Gr. 


limitaris,  see  Leiorhynchus  limitare. 
livia,  Billings,  1860,   Can.  Jour.  Ind.,  Sci. 

and  Art,  vol.  5,  p.  267,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
lonensis,   Walcott,   1885,    Monogr.    U.   S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  74,  Trenton  Gr. 
lucia,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

35,  Gaspe  Limestone  No.  8,  Devonian, 
lynx,  Eichwald,  1830,  (Terebratula  lynx,) 

Nat.  Skizze  von  Podol.,  p.  202,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  133,  Trenton  and  Hud. 

Riv.  Grs. 
maria,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

137,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Div.  1,  Mid.  Sil. 
macfarlanii,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  88,  Ham.  Gr. 
macleodi,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.    Hist.,    vol.     2,    p.    43,    Calcifer- 

ous  Gr. 
media,  Shaler,  1865,  Bull.  No.  4,  M.  C.  Z., 

p.  65,  Anticosti  Gr.      This  is  probably 

only  a  variety  of  O.  elegantula. 
media,    Winche'll,    1880,  Geo.  Sur.  Minn. 

8th   Rep.,  p.  64,   Hud.   Riv.  Gr.    The 

name  was  preoccupied, 
meeki,   S.  A.    Miller,    1875,    Cin.    Quar. 

Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  20,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

A  variety  of  O.  testudinaria. 
merope,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  139,  Trenton  Gr. 
michelini,        (Terebratula         michelini,) 

L'Eveille,  1835,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  France, 

vol.  2,  p.  39,  Subcarboniferous. 
michelini  var.  burlingtonensis,  Hall,  1858, 

Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  596,  Burlington  Gr. 
minna,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  303,  Quebec  Gr. 
minneapolis,    Winchell,    1880,   Geo.  Sur. 

Minn.,    8th    Rep.,  p.    63, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
missouriensis,        Shumard, 

1855,  Geo.  Rep.   Mo.,   p. 

205,  Up.  Sil. 
missouriensis,  Swallow,  1860,  FjtQ      591  _Or. 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.     this     lynx. 

This     name     was    preoc-     Small    Tren- 

cupied.  j£|J     8Peci- 

mitis,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  34,  Scho- 

harie  grit. 
morrowensis,  James,   not  defined  so  as  to 

be  recognized, 
multisecta,  Meek,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  112,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
multistriata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.    Mus.    Nat.   Hist.,   p.  45,   and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  176,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
musculosa,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  43,  Oriskany  sand- 
stone, 
mycale,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  82,  Quebec  Gr. 
nisis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,   24th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  181,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
nucleus,   Hall,   syn.   for  Amboccelia   um- 

bonata. 
oblata,  Hall,  1857,  10th   Rep.   N.  Y.    St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  41,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  162,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


CRT.] 


BRA  CH1OPODA. 


359 


oblata  var.  emarginata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  164,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

occasus,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  Ill,  Waverly  Gr. 

occidental,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  127,  Trenton  to  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

orbicularis,  Sowerby,  1839,  Murch.  Sil. 
Sys.,  p.  611,  Up.  Sil. 

orthambonites,  Eichwald,  1840,  Sil.  Syst. 
in  Esthl.,  p.  150,  Quebec  Gr. 

pecosi,  Marcou,  1858,  Geo.  N.  America, 
p.  48,  Coal  Meas.  This  species  was 
subsequently  described  by  Swallow 
under  the  name  of  Orthis  carbonaria. 

pecten,  as  identified  by  d'Archiac  &  Ver- 
ne uil.  Not  American. 

pectinella,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Sur.  2d 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  394,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  123,  Trenton  Gr. 

pectinella  var.  semiovalw,  Hall,  1847,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  124,  Trenton  Gr.  Not  dis- 
tinguishable from  the  type  species. 

peduncularis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  174,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

peloris,  Hall,  1863,  16th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,   p.  32,  Schoharie   grit, 
penelope,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  79,  and  Pal.   N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  50,  Ham.  Gr. 
pepina,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.    St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  135,  Potsdam  Gr. 
perelegans,  Hall,  1857, 10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  44,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol  3,  p.  171,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
perversa,  see  Streptorhynchus  perversum. 
perveta,  Conrad,   1843,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  333,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  120,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
pigra,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol. 

4,  p.  442,  Chazy  Gr. 

pisum,  as  identified  by  Hall,  see    Nucleo- 

spira  pisiformis. 
planoconvexa,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  168,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

platys,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol. 

4,  p.  438,  Chazy  Gr. 

plicata,  Vanuxem,  see  Spirifera  vanuxemi. 
plicatella,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

122,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
pogonipensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.    Expl.    40th    parallel,    vol.    4,    p. 

232,  Chazy  Gr. 

porcata,  McCoy,  1844,  Sil.  FOBS,  of  Ire- 
land, p.  32,  Trenton,  'Hud.  Riv.,  and 

Mid.  Sil. 
porcia,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol. 

4,  p.  439,  Chazy  Gr. 

prseumbona,  see  Ambocoelia  prseumbona. 
pralteni,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal.  Foss., 

Coal  Meas.    Not  recognized, 
prava,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.   of  Iowa,  p.  490, 

Ham.  Gr. 
propinqua,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.    N.   Y. 

St.  Mus.   Nat,  Hist.,  p.  110,   and   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  43,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
proximus,  Vanuxem,  1842,   (Hipparionyx 

proximus,)  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,p. 

124,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  407,  Oris- 

kany  sandstone. 


punctostriata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  254,  Niagara  Gr. 
pyramidalis,  see  Skenidium  pyramidale. 
quacoensis,  Matthew,  1885,    Trans.    Roy. 

Soc.  Can.,  p.  43,  St.  John  Gr. 
quadricostata,    see    Leiorhynchus   quadri- 

costatum. 
remnicha,  Winchell,  1886, 14th  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Minn.,  p.  317,  Potsdam  Gr. 
resupinata,   Martin,   1809,   Petref.  Derb., 

tab.  49,  figs.  13  and  14,  Subcarb. 
resupinoides,  Cox,  1857,   Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 

vol.  3,  p.  570,  Coal  Meas. 
retrorea,  Salter,  1858,   Mem.  Geo.  Sur.  of 

Gt.  Brit.,  vol.  2,  p.  373,   Trenton    and 

Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
rhynchonelliformis,    Shaler,    1865,    Bull. 

No.  4,  M.  C.  Z.,  p.  66,  Anticosti  Gr. 
richmondi,    McChesney,    1860,  New.   Pal. 

FOBS.,  p.  32,  syn.  for   Streptorhynchus 

crassum. 
robusta,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  713, 

syn.  for  Streptorhynchus  crassum. 
rugiplicata,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  182, 

Niagara  Gr. 
ruida,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  42,  Anticosti  Gr. 
salemensis,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 

and  Arts,  3d  ser.,    vol.  34,  p.  190,  Up. 

Taconic. 
sandbergi,  Winchell,  1886, 14th  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Minn.,  p.  318,  Potsdam  Gr. 
schohariensis,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

36.    Not  recognized, 
scovillii,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  40,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
sectostriata,  Ulrich,  Jour.  Cin.   Soc.    Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  15,  syn.  for  O.  ella. 
semele,   Hall,  1863,   16th  Rep.  N.   Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  34,  Onondaga  and 

Up.  Held.  Grs. 
sinuata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

128,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
sola,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic., 

p.  12,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
solitaria,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  80,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  45,  Ham.  Gr. 
stonensis,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p. 

286,  Trenton  and  Nashville  Grs. 
striatella,  see  Chonetes  striatellus. 
striatula,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y. 

This  name  was  preoccupied  by  Schlot- 

heim. 
strophomenoides,  Hall,    1857,  10th    Rep. 

N.   Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,    p.  46,  and 

Pal.     N.    Y.,     vol.    3,     p.    177,    Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
subcarinata,   Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  42,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  169,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
subsequata,    Conrad,    1843,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  333,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  118,  Chazy  to  Trenton  Gr. 
subelliptica,    White   &    Whitfield,    1862, 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.   Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p. 

292,  Waverly  or  Kinderhopk  Gr. 
subjugata,  syn.  for  Orthis  occiden tails. 


360 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[ORT. — PEN. 


subnodosa,  Hall,    1879,   Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss.,  p.  14,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  286,  Niagara  Gr. 
suborbicularis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  of  Iowa, 

p.  486,  Ham.  Gr. 
subquadrata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  126,  Trenton  to  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
mbumbona,  see  Martinia  subumbonata. 
swallovi,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

597,  Burlington  Gr. 
tenuidens,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

58,  Clinton  Gr. 

tenuistriata,    Hall,    1843,    Geo.    Rep.    4th 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  244,  Portage  Gr.    The 
name  was  preoccupied  by  Sowerby. 
testudinaria,  Dalman,    1827,    Vet.    Acad. 
Hand.,  p..-115,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
117,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
thiemii,   White,    1860,    Jour.    Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  231,  and  Cont.  to 
Pal.  No.  8,  p.  164,  Kinderbook  Gr. 

tioga,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  59,  (O.  interlineata, 
Sow.,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  Portage  and  Chemung 
Grs. 

tricenaria,  Conrad,  1843,  Proc.  ' 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  333,  I 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  121,  | 
Trenton  Gr. 

trinucleus,     Hall,     1852,    Pal.  ! 
N.Y.,  vol.2,  p.  58,  Clinton  Gr.  | 
triplicatella,  Meek,  1873,  Ohio  I 
Pal.,    vol.    1,    p.    109,    Hud.  j 
Riv.  Gr. 
tritonia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  76.  Quebec  Gr. 

tubulostriata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.   Mus.    Nat.   Hist.,    p.  42,    and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  166,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tulliensis,  Vanuxem,  1843,  Geo.   Rep.  3d 


of  ventral  valve  with  two  broad,  dental 
lamellae  bordering  the  cardinal  pit,  and 
converging  to  a 
mesial  line  at 
the  surface  of 
the  shell ;  in- 
terior of  dorsal 
valve  with  a  FIG.  593.— Orthisina  grand- 
trifid  rostral  »va.  Dorsal  and  ven- 
tooth,  from  **™*™- 
which  a  small  mesial  septum  extends 
toward  the  margin ;  lateral  cardinal 
teeth  as  in  Orthis.  Tpye  O.  verneuili. 

alternate,  see  Streptorhynchus  perversum. 

arctostriata,  see  Streptorhynchus     arcto- 
striatum.  ' 

crassa,  see  Streptorhynchus  crassum. 

diversa,    Shaler,    syn.  for    Orthisina   ver- 
neuili. 

festinata,    Billings,  1861,  Pal.    Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  10,  Georgia  Gr. 

grandseva,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  349,  Calcif.  Gr. 

missouriensis,     Swallow,    1858,      syn.     for 
Meekella  striatocostata. 

occidentals,    Swallow,     1863,    Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  82,  Up.  Coal 


FIG.  592.— 
Ortbls  tri- 
ce n  aria. 
Half  nat- 
ural size. 


Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  163,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

p.  55,  Tully 
uberis,    Billings,    1866,   Catal.  Sil.    Foss. 


4,  p.  55,  Tully  limestone. 


Antic.,  p.  42,  Anticosti  Gr. 

umbonata,  see  Amboccelia  umbonata. 

umbraculum,  DeKoninck,  see  Orthis  keo- 
kuk  and  Streptorhynchus  umbraculum. 

unguiculus,  Phillips,  as  identified  by  Hall 
in  1843,  see  Ambocoelia  gregaria. 

unguiformis,  Castlenau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 
37,  syn.  for  Orthis  hipparionyx. 

vamixemi,  Hall,  1857,  10  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  135,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  47,  Ham.  Gr. 

vanuxemi,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  6,  2d  ser.,  p.  409,  Portage 
Gr.  The  name  was  preoccupied. 

varica,  Conrad,  1842,  (Delthyris  varica,) 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci..  vol.  8,  p.  262,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  179,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

OHTHISINA,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  16.  [Ety.  Orthis,  a  genus ;  inus, 
implying  resemblance  to.]  External 
characters  of  Orthis,  but  the  triangular 
pit  in  the  cardinal  area  of  the  ventral 
valve  is  closed  by  a  cicatrix  with  an 
oval  perforation  near  the  apex ;  interior 


orientalis,  Whitfield,  1884,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  139,  Georgia  Gr. 

shumardana,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  183,  Permian  Gr. 

transversa,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  8,  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  121,  Up.  Taconic. 

verneuili     Eichwald,    1842,    (Orthis   ver- 
neuili,)   Urwelt   Russie,    vol.  2,  p.  51, 
Trenton  and  Anticosti  Gr. 
Pentagonia,  Cozzens,  1846,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ly- 
ceum, vol.  4,  p.  158.     [Ety.  pente,  five; 
Cia,  an  angle.]    This  genus  seems  to 
re   been     founded    upon    Conrad's 
Atrypa  unisulcata,  which  is  now  referred 
to  Meristella.    The  genus  is  not  recog- 
nized by  authors. 

ptersi,  Cozzens,  1846,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Ly- 
ceum, vol.  4,  p.  158,  syn.  for  Meristella 
unisulcata. 


FIG.  594.— Pentamerella  arata.    Dorsal  view. 

PKNTAMKRELLA,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  375.     [Ety.  diminutive  of    Penta- 


PEN.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


361 


FIG.  595.—  Pentamerella 
arata.    Side  view. 


rnerus.~\     Ventral   valve  gibbous,   beak 
incurved,    fissure   triangular,  area  nar- 
row, mesial  sinus;  in  the  interior  an 
elongate,  spoon-shaped   pit,  the  upper 
part  supported  on  a    central  septum ; 
dorsal  valve  convex,  mesial  fold  ;  crura 
conjoined    at  their   bases,    making    a 
V-shaped  pit,  which  is  attached  to  the 
valve  in  its  upper  part,  and  continues 
sessile  for  about  half  the  length  of  the 
shell ;  surface  plicated.    Type  P.  arata. 
arata,      Conrad, 
1841,    (Atrypa 
arata  and    At- 
rypa octo-cos- 
tat*,)        Ann. 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  p. 
55,  and  Pal.  N. 
Y.,    vol.  4,   p. 
375,  Schoharie 
grit    and   Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
compressa,  Ring- 
ueberg,     1886, 
Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 
Nat.   Sci.,  vol. 
5,  p.  15,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

dubia,  Hall, 1860, 
(Spirifer     du- 
bius,)         13th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 
micula,  Hall,  1867,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

378,  Ham.  Gr. 
obsolescens,   Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  379,  Devonian. 

papilipnensis,  Hall,  1858,  (Pentamerus 
papilionensis,)  Geo,  Rep.  Iowa,  vol.  1, 
pt.  2,  p.  514,  Ham.  Gr. 

PBNTAMERUS,  Sowerby,  1812,  Min.  Conch., 
vol.  1,  p.  73.  [Ety.  penta,  five;  meros, 
apartments.]  Shell  globose,  ovate,  re- 
ceiving valve  largest ;  generally  desti- 
tute of  mesial  fold  and  sinus,  but  when 
present,  the  fold  is  in  the  receiving, 
and  the  sinus  in  the  entering  valve ; 
no  hinge-line;  area  large,  undefined, 
and  having  a  deep,  triangular  pit  in  the 
center,  under  the  beak  of  the  dorsal 
valve,  and  into  which  the  beak  of  the 
entering  valve  is  strongly  incurved; 
internally  the  receiving  valve  has  one 
large  bipartite  central  septum,  the  walls 
of  which  suddenly  divaricate  as  they  ap- 
proach the  entering  valve,  forming  the 
walls  of  the  external  triangular  open-  j 
ing,  and  inclosing  between  them  a  j 
triangular  cbannbrr  much  smaller  than  \ 
the  two  lateral  ones;  in  the  entering 
valve  the  two  corresponding  plates  are 
subparallel,  and  separate  from  their 
origin,  being  so  curved  that  internal 
casts  show  one  of  their  edges,  like  the 
diverging  cardinal  teeth  of  Orthis,  and 
the  inner  edges  form  the  long,  subparal- 
lel slits,  the  middle  one  of  the  three  re- 
sulting chambers  being  much  the  nar- 
rower. Type  P.  knighti. 


aratus,  see  Pentamerella  arata. 

arcuosus,    McChesney,    1861,     New     PaL 

Fpss.,  p.    87,   Niagara  Gr.    Not  recog- 
nized, 
barrandi,  Billings,   1857,  Rep.  of   Progr., 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  296,  Mid  Sil. 
beaumanti,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.    Sil.,  p. 

38.    Not  recognized, 
bisinuatus,   McChesney,   1859,  New  Pal. 

Fogs.,  p.  85,  and  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 

vol.  1,  p.  30.  Niagara  Gr. 
borealis,  Meek,    1868,   Trans.    Chi.    Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  95,  Ham.  Gr.    This  name   was 

preoccupied  by  Eichwald  in  1840. 
brevirostris,  Sowerby,  1839,  (Terebratula 

brevirostris,)  Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  p.  631, 

and   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  278.     Niag- 
ara Gr. 
chicagoensis,  Winchell    &    Marcy,    1865, 

Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  94,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
comis,  Owenv  1852,  (Atrypa  comis,)  Geo. 

Sur.    Wis.,   Iowa  and   Minn.,   p.    583, 

Ham.  Gr. 
coppingeri,  Etheridge,   1878,  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  593,  Up.  Silurian. 
crassiradiatus,  McChesney,  1861,  New  Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  87,  Niagara  Gr.   Not  recognized. 
deshayesi,  Castelnau,   1843,  Syst.  Sil.,   p. 

38.     Not  recognized.     Probably  syn.  for 

Amphigenia  elongate. 
elongatus,  see  Amphigenia  elongata. 
fornicatus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  81,  Clinton  Gr. 
galeatiformis,  Meek   &  Worthen,   syn.    for 

P.  galeatus. 
galeatus,  Dalman,  1827,  (Atrypa  galeatus,) 

Vet.   Acad.  Handl.,   p.    130,   and    Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  257,  Low.  Held  Gr. 
intralineatus,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low 

Penin.  Mich.,  p.  94,  Ham.  Gr. 
knappi,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th  Rep. 
*  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  184,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
knighti,  Sowerby, 

1812,  Min. 

Conch.,   vol.    1, 

p.  73,  Devonian, 
laqueatus,       Con-  j 

rad,  1855,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  441,  Niagara 

Gr. 
len  ti  cul  aris, 

White  &  Whit- 
field, 1862,  Proc. 

Bost    Soc.   Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.     FIG.  596.— PentameruB 

295,        Kinder-  kuighti. 

hook  Gr. 
littoni,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p, 

262,  Low.  Held,  and  Niagara  Gr. 
lotis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.   S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  161,  Devonian, 
multicostatus,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Wis.  Sur.,  p.  1,  Niagara  Gr. 
nucleus,    Hall    &  Whitfield,    1872,    24th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  200, 

Niagara  Gr. 


362 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[PHO — PRO. 


nysius,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mue.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  184,  Niag- 
ara Gr.    There  are  two  varieties,  one 

having    coarse    and    the    other    finer 

radii.    These  are  designated  P.  nysius 

var.    crassicostus  and    P.    nysius    var. 

tenuicostus. 
oblongus,    Sowerby,    1839,    Murch.    Sil. 

Syst.,  p.  641,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

79,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Gr. 
oblongus  var.  cylindricus,  Hall  &  Whit- 
field, 1872,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.    St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  183,  Niagara  Gr. 
occidentalis,  Hall,  1852,    Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  341,  Guelph  Gr. 
occidentalis,  see  Gypidula  occidentalis. 
ovalis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

103,  Clinton  Gr. 
papilionensis,  see  Pentamerella  papilion- 

ensis. 
pergibbosus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  139,  Niagara  Gr. 
peeovis,  Whitfield,  1882,  Desc.  New  Spec. 

Foss.,  from  Ohio,  p.  195,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pseudogaleatus,    Hall,    1857,    10th.    Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  106,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  259,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
reverms,  see  Anastrophia  reversa. 
salinensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  652,  Devonian, 
similior,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  (Spirif- 

era  similior,)  Mem. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  93,  Niagara  Gr. 
subglobosus,   Meek  & 

Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.   111.,  vol.   3,   p. 

429,  Ham.  Gr. 
trisinuatus,     McChes- 

ney  1861   Desc.  New  FIG.  598. — Porambonites    ottawensis.    n,  b,  c,  d,  Different  views;  e,  in- 

Pal       ffnaa  eft      terior  of  ventral  valve ;  /,  interior  of  dorsal  valve ;  g,  showing  oral 

rai.     J  088.,     p.     so,     arms 

Niagara  Gr. 
ventricosus,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  Progr.  Wis. 


linguloides,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  414,  Ham.  Gr. 
oblata,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

414,  Ham.  Gr. 
ovalis,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.   Inst.,  vol. 

4,  p.  209,  Niagara  Gr. 
ovata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.   N.   Y.,  vol.  3,   p. 

490,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
quadrangularis,    Walcott,    1885,  Monogr. 

U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  114,  Devonian, 
squamiformis,  Hall,  1843,  (Orbicula  squa- 

miformis,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 

p.  108,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.    2,   p.    250, 

Niagara  Gr. 
subtruncata,    Hall,   1847,    (Orbicula    sub- 

truncata,)  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.    1,    p.   290, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
terminalis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  490,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
trentonensis,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  221,  Trenton  Gr. 
Platystrophia,  King,  syn.  for  Orthis. 

regularis,  syn.  for  Orthis  lynx. 
Plectambonites  area,  syn.  for  Leptana  trans- 
versal is. 

glabra,  syn.  for  Leptsena  sericea. 
tenera,  syn.  for  Leptsena  transversalis. 
Plicatula,  Lamarck,   1809.     Not    Palaeozoic. 
striatocostata,  see  Meekella  striatocostata. 
PORAMBONITES,  Pander,  1830,  Beitrage  zur 

Geog.   des   Russichen  Reiches,    p.  99. 


Sur.,  p.  2,  and  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  374,  Niagara  Gr. 
verneuili,  see  Anastrophia  verneuili. 
PHOLIDOPS.  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
489.     [Etv.    pholis,    pholidos,    a    scale.] 
Small,  thin,  subelliptical,  inequivalve  ; 
apex  excentric,  foramen  in  front  of  the 
apex  of  the  ventral  valve  ;  surlace  marked 
by  concentric  lamellae  of  growth  ;  dorsal 
valve  marked  with   bilobed    muscular 
impressions.    Type  P.  squamiformis. 
arenaria,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

413,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
areolata,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  31,  Schoharie  grit. 
bellula,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.   113,    De- 
vonian. 

cincinnatiensis,  Hall,  1872, 
24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  pi.  7,  fig.  10, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

cinnPaStiensins      hamiltoniw,  Hall,  1860,  13th 
cinnatienais.          Rep    N    ^     ^  '  Mugj  ^ 

Hist.  p.  92,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
32,  Ham.  Gr. 


t 


FIG.  597,-Plio- 


[Ety.  poros,  opening ;  ainbon,  umbone.] 
Subglobose,  depressed,  dorsal  valve  the 
larger,  beaks  obtuse,  subequal,  sepa- 
rated by  a  small  cardinal  area  in  each 
valve ;  foramen  in  each  valve  small, 
triangular,  reaching  the  hinge-line ; 
two  long,  slightly  diverging  dental  la- 
mella; in  each  valve,  those  of  the  ven- 
tral valve  closer  together;  surface 
coarsely  punctured  in  lines.  Type  P. 
aequirostris. 

dentatm,  see  Orthis  dentata. 

obscurus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  234, 
Quebec  Gr. 

ottawensis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,3>.  140,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
PRODUCTELLA,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  153.  [Sig.  diminutive  of  Productus.~] 
Shells  having  the  general  form  of  Pro- 
ductus,  but  with  a  narrow  area  on  each 
valve,  a  foramen  or  callosity  on  the 
ventral  area,  small  teeth,  and  more  or 
less  distinct  teeth  sockets.  Type  P. 
subaculeata. 

arctirostrata,  Hall,  1857,  (Productus  arcti- 
rostratus,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 


PRO.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


363 


Nat.  Hist.,  p.  177,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  182,  Chemung  Gr. 
bialveata,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

183,  Chemung  Gr. 
boydi,   Hall,    1857,    (Productus    boydii,) 

10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

179,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  169,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

concentrica,  Hall,  1857,  (Productus  con- 
centricus,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  180,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

costatula,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

180,  Chemung  Gr. 

costatula  var.  strigata,  Hall,  1867,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  181,  Chemung  Gr. 

dissimilis,  see  P.  hallana. 

dumosa,  Hall,  1861,  (Productus  dumosus,) 
14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
99,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  162, 
Ham.  Gr. 

eriensis,  Nicholson,  1874,  Geo.  Mag.,  n.  s., 
vol.  1,  p.  118,  Cornif.  Gr. 

exanthemata,  Hall,  1857,  (Productus  ex- 
anthematus,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,  p.  174,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  163,  Ham.  Gr. 

hallana,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  130,  Ham.  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  P.  dissimilis  of  Hall, 
which  was  preoccupied  by  DeKoninck. 


FIG.  599.— Productella  hirsuta. 

hirsuta,  Hall,  1857,  (Productus  hirsutus.) 

10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

175,  Chemung  Gr. 
hirsuta   var.   rectispina,  Hall,  1867,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  168,  Chemung  Gr. 
hystricula,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  178,  Chemung  Gr. 
lachrymosa,  Conrad,  1842,  (Strophomena 

lachrymosa,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 

8,  p.  256,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  174, 

Chemung  Gr. 
lachrymosa    var.     lima,     Conrad,     1842, 

(Strophomena  lima,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  256,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  174,  Chemung  Gr. 
lachrymosa  var.  stigmata,  Hall,  1867,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  174,  Chemung  Gr. 
navicella,  Hall,    1857,    (Productus    navi- 

cella,)   10th    Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  172,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

156,  Cornif.  and  Ham.  Grs. 
newberryi,  Hall,  1857,    (Productus   new- 

berryi,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  180,  Chemung  Gr. 
onusta,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

184,  Chemung  Gr. 
pyxidata,    Hall,    1858,  (Productus  pyxi- 

datus,)  Geo.  of  Iowa,  p.  498,  Ham.  Gr. 


rarispina,    Hall,    1857,  (Productus    raris- 

pinus,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.   Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  178,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

170,  Chemung  Gr. 
shumardana,  Hall,  1858,  (Productus  shu- 

mardanus,)  Geo.  Rep.  of  Iowa,  vol.  1, 

pt.  2,  p.  499,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

157,  Up.  Held.   Gr.,    Marcellus    shale, 

Ham.  and  Chemung  Grs. 
speciosa,  Hall,  1857,   (Productus   specio- 

sus,)  10th  Rep.   N.  Y.    St.    Mus.   Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  176,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

175,  Chemung  Gr. 
spinulicosta,  Hall,  1857,  (Productus  spin- 

ulicostus,)  10th    Rep.   N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  173,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,      p.     160,     Marcellus     shales     and 

Ham.  Gr. 
striatula,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

177,  Chemung  Gr. 
subaculeata,     Murchi- 

son,  1840,  (Productus 

subaculeatus, )     Bui. 

Soc.  Geo.  de  France, 

vol.  11,  p.  255,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

154,  Waverly  Gr. 
subalata,    Hall,    1857,  „ 

fPrnrlnptiis      cmhalfl.    FlG-WX).— Productella 
1       x  i«  L  ?>        £  v      subalata.     Ventral 
tus,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.     valve. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  174,  and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  4,   p.   165, 
Ham.  Gr. 

truncata,  Hall,  1857,   (Productus   trunca- 

tus,)  10th    Rep.  N.  Y.    St.    Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  171,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

160,  Marcellus  shales  and  Ham  Gr. 

tullia,  Hall,   1867,   Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

164,  Ham.  Gr. 

PRODUCTUS,  Sowerby,  1812,  Min.  Conch., 
vol.  1,  p.  153.  [Ety.  productus,  pro- 
duced—so named  from  one  valve  of 
the  shell  being  prolonged  beyond  the 
other,  and  often  to  a  great  extent.] 
Shell  inequivalve,  transverse,  or  elon- 
gated with  auricular  expansions ;  ven- 
tral valve  convex,  geniculated,  or  per- 
pendicularly incurved ;  hinge-line 
straight;  area  narrow,  or  the  cardinal 
edge  thickened  ;  beak  incurved  ;  in  the 
interior  a  narrow  mesial  ridge  separates 
two  elongated,  ramified,  muscular  ad- 
ductor scars ;  under  and  outside  these  are 
two  deep,' longitudinally  subquadrate  im- 
pressions for  cardinal  muscles,  widely 
separated  by  a  crest,  and  lower  down 
toward  the  center  of  the  shell  two  deep 
concave  subspiral  depressions  for  spiral 
or  labial  appendages  ;  dorsal  valve  con- 
cave, following  the  other  valve ;  cardi- 
nal process  for  the  attachment  of  mus- 
cles prominent,  trifid,  and  below  it  a 
mesial  ridge,  upon  each  side  of  which 
are  the  ramified  adductor  scars;  out- 
side and  in  front  of  these  are  two  reni- 
form  impressions ;  a  prominence  on 
each  side  the  mesial  ridge  indicates  the 
origin  of  spiral  arms;  surface  of  shell 
striated,  more  or  less  concentrically 


364 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[PRO. 


wrinkled,  and  bearing  tubular  spines. 

Types  P.  longispinus  and  P.  semiretic- 
ulatus. 
sequicostatus,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep. 

Mo.,  p.  201,  Coal  Meas. 
alternatus,    Norwood    &    Pratten,    1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  3, 

p.  20,  Keokuk  Gr. 
altonensis,    Norwood    &    Pratten,    1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  3, 

p.  7,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
americanus,   Swallow,    1863,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  91,  Up.  Coal 

Meas. 
arctirostratus,    see      Productella     arctiro- 

strata. 
arcuatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

518,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
asper,  McChesney,   syn.    for   P.    nebras- 

kensis. 
auriculatus,    Swallow,    1863,    Trans.    St. 

Louis    Acad.   Sci.,   vol.  2,  p.  92,   Coal 

Meas. 
biseriatus,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.   Alb.  Inst.,  i 

vol.  4,  p.  12,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  | 

Hist.,  p.  46,  Warsaw  Gr. 
boonensis,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  217,  Coal  Meas. 
boydi,  see  Productella  boydi. 
calhounanus,   Swallow,    1858,  Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.   1,  p.  215,  Coal 

Meas.     Prof.  Meek  regarded  this  name 

as  a  synonym  for  P.  semireticulatus. 
callawayensis,  Swallow,   1860,  Trans.  St. 

Louis     Acad.     Sci.,    vol.    1,     p.     640, 

Ham.  Gr. 
cancrini,  as  identified  by    Geinitz,  is  P. 

pertenuis  of  Meek. 
capaci,  D'Orbigny,  1843,  as  identified  by 

early  authors,  is  referred  to   P.  longi- 
spinus. 
cestriensis,    Worthen,    1860,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,   vol.  1,  p.  570,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 
clavus,  Norwood  &  Pratten,   1854,  Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  3,  p.  10, 

Coal  Meas. 
eomoides,   as    identified   by   d'Archiac   & 

Verneuil.    Not  American. 
concentricus,  see  Productella  concentrica. 
eonfragosus,  Conrad,  1835,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc. 

Perm.,  vol.  1,  p.  2,  p.  267,   Coal  Meas. 

This  species  is  not  recognized, 
cooperensis,    Swallow,     1860.    Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  640,  Waverly 

or  Choteau  Gr. 
coi a,  D'Orbigny,  1842,  Paleont.  d.  1'Am. 

Merid.,  p.  48,  Coal  Meas. 
cora  var.  mogoyoni,  Marcou,  1858,  Geo.  N. 

Amer.,  p.  45,  Subcarboniferous. 
coriformis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  94,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
costatoides,    Swallow,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  217,  Up.  Coal 

Meas. 
costetus,  Sowerby,  1827,  Min.  Concb.,vol., 

6,  p.   115,  Coal   Meas.    It  is  doubtful 

whether  this  species  has  been  identified 

in  America. 


curtirostratus,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  114,  Marshall  Gr. 
delawari,  Marcou,  1858,  Geol.  N.  Amer., 

p.  45,  Subcarb. 
depremts,  Sowerby,  1825,  see  Strophomena 


depressus,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  93,  Keokuk  Gr. 
dissimilis,  see  Productella  dissimilis. 
dolorosus,  Winchell,    1865,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  114,  Marshall  Gr. 
dumosus,  see  Productella  dumosa. 
duplicostatus,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  113,  Marshall  Gr. 
elegans,   Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854.    This 

name  was  preoccupied,  and  the  fossil 

is  now  named  P.  cestriensis. 
exanthematus,  see  Productella  exanthemata. 
fasciculatus,   McChesney,   1860,  New  Pal. 

Foss.,  Coal  Meas.    Not  recognized, 
fentonensis,    Swallow,    1863,    Trans.    St. 

Louis   Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  93,   Keo- 
kuk Gr. 
flemingi,  Sowerby,  1812,  Min.  Conch.,  vol. 

1,  p.  155,  Subcarb. 
flemingi  var.  burlingtonensis,  Hall,  1858, 

Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  598,  Burlington  Gr. 
gracilis,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  112,  Cuyahoga  shale, 
gradatus,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2.  p.  93,  Keokuk  Gr. 
hepar,  Morton,  1836,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  vol.  29,  p.  149,  Coal  Meas.     Not 

recognized, 
hildrethanus,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p. 

18,  Coal  Meas. 
hirsutiformis,    Walcott,     1885,    Monogr. 

U.  8.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  133,  Up.  De- 
vonian. 

hirsutus,  see  Productella  hirsute. 
horridus,  as   identified   by    Geinitz,  1866. 

Prof.   Meek   regarded   the   fossil  as  P. 

longispinus. 
incurvatus,  Shepard,  1838,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  34,  p.  144.    Not  recognized.     Prob- 
ably a  Streptorhynch us  or  Strophodonta. 
indianensis,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  13,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat 

Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  47,  Warsaw  Gr. 
inflatus,  syn.  for  P.  semireticulatus. 
ivesi,    Newberry,    1861,    Ives's  Col.   Ex. 

Exped.,  p.  122,  Mid.  Garb, 
lasallensis,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  5,  p.  569,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
laevicostus,  White,  1860,  Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  230,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
latissimus,  Sowerby,   1822,    Min.  Conch., 

vol.  4,  p.  32,  Garb. 


FIG.    HOI.— Productus    longispinus.     Dorsal    nnd 
ventral  views. 

longispinus,  Sowerby,  1812,  Min.  Conch., 
vol.  1,  p.  154,  Coal  Meas. 


PRO.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


365 


lobatus,  as  identified  by  d'Archiac  &  Ver- 

neuil.     Not  American, 
magnicostatus,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  641,   Coal 

Meas. 
magnus,    Meek  &  Worthen,    1861,   Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  142,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  528,  Keokuk  Gr. 
margin icinctus,    Prout,    1857,    Trans.   St. 

Louis    Acad.    Sci.,    vol.    1,    p.    43,   St. 

Louis  Gr. 
mesialis,   Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

636,  Keokuk  Gr. 
mexicanus,    Shumard,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.   1,  p.  291,  Per- 
mian Gr. 
morbillianus,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  113,  Burlington  Gr. 
multistriatus,    Meek,    1860,    Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  12,  p.  309,  and  Simpson's 

Rep.  Gt.  Basin   of   Utah,  p.  350,  Coal 

Meas. 
muricatus,    Norwood    &    Pratten,     1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  14, 

Coal  Meas.    Prof.  Meek  regarded  this 

as  a  syn.  for  P.  longispinus. 
nanus,    Meek   &    Worthen,    1860,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  450,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  320,  Coal  Meas. 
navicella,  see  Productella  navicella. 
nebraskensis,    Owen,    1852,    Geo.    Rep. 

Wis.,   Iowa,  and  Minn.,   p.  584,   Coal 

Meas. 
nevadensis,   Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 

40th  parallel,  p.  64,  Carboniferous, 
nodosus,  Newberry,   1861,  Ives'  Col.  Ex. 

Exped.,  p.  124,  Carb. 
norwoodi,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  p.  182,  Permian  Gr. 
occidentalis,  Newberry,    1861,  Ives'   Col. 

Ex.  Exped.,  p.  122,  Up.  Carb. 
orbignyanus,  DeKoninck,   1847,  Mon.  du 

genre    Productus,    p.    152,    Up.    Coal 

Meas. 
ovatus.  Hall,  1858,   Geo.    Rep.  Iowa,   p. 

674.  St.  Louis  Gr. 
parvulus,   Winchell,    1863,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  4,  Marshall  Gr. 
parvus,   Meek   &   Worthen,    1860,   Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  450,  and  Geo. 

Sur.     111.,    vol.     2,    p.     297,     Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
pectenoideus,    Shepard,    1838,    Am.    Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  34,   p.  150.    Not   recognized. 

Probably  a  Streptorhynchus. 
pertenuis,  Meek,   1872,    Pal.  E.   Neb.,  p. 

164,  Coal  Meas. 
phillipsi,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854,  Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.   3,  2d  series,  p.  8, 

Subcarb. 

pileiformis,  syn.  for  Productus  cora. 
pileolus,     Shumard,      1858,     Trans.     St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,   vol.  1,  p.  291,    Per- 
mian Gr. 
pocillum,    Morton,    1836,    Am.    Jour.   Sci. 

and   Arts,  vol.  29,    p.    149,  Coal  Meas. 

Not  recognized, 
popii.    Shumard,    1858,    Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  290,  Permian  Gr. 


portlockanus,   Norwood   &  Pratten,  1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  3, 

p.  15,  Coal  Meas. 
prattenanus,  Norwood,  1854,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  2d  series,  vol.  3,  P.  17, 

Coal  Meas. 
punctatus,  Martin,  1809,  Petrif.  Derb.,  pi. 

37,  fig.   6,  Low.   Carb.  and    Coal  Meas. 
pyxidatm,  see  Productella  pyxidata. 
pyxidiformis,    DeKoninck,    1847,   Mono- 
graphic  du   genre    Productus,    p.   220, 

Subcarboniferous. 

rarispinus,  see  Productella  rarispina. 
rogersi,  Norwood   &  Pratten,  1854,  Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  9,  Coal  Meas. 

Prof.  Meek  regarded  this  as  a  synonym 

for  P.  nebraskensis. 
scabriculus,    ( Conch yliolith  us    Anomites 

scabriculus,)  Martin,  1809,  Petrif.  Derb., 

p.  8,  tab.  36,  fig.  5,  Carb. 
scitulus,   Meek    &   Worthen,  1860,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci..  p.  451,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  280,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
semipunctatus,  Shepard,  1838,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  34,  p.  153,  Coal  Meas. 
semipunctat'us,  Hildreth,  1838,  syn.  for  P. 

punctatus. 
s  e  m  i  r  eticulatus, 

Martin,       1809, 

(Conchy  lipli- 

thus    Anomites 

semi  r  eticula- 
tus,)    Petrif. 

Derb.,      p.      7, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
semistriatus, 

Meek,         1860,         

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  FlG  602.-Productus  seini- 

Scu,   vol.    12,  p.  reticulatus. 

309,  and  Simp- 
son's Rep.  Gt.  Basin  of  Utah,  p.  349, 

Coal  Meas. 
setigerus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

638,  Keokuk  Gr. 
setigerus  var.  Keokuk,  Hall,  1858,   Geo. 

Rep.  Iowa,  p.  639,  Keokuk  Gr. 
shumardanus,  see  Productella  shumardana. 
speciosus,  see  Productella  speciosa. 
spinulicostus,  see  Productella  spinulicosta. 
spinulosus,  Sowerby,    1812,  Min.  Conch., 

vol.  1,  p.  155,  Carb. 
splendens,    Norwood    &    Pratten,    1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.   Phil.,  vol.  3,  p. 

11,  Coal   Meas.    Prof.    Meek   regarded 

this  as  a  synonym  for  P.  longispinus. 
subaculeatus,  see  Productella  subaculeata. 
subalatus,  see  Productella  subalata. 
subhorridus,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

40th  parallel,  p.  75,  Carboniferous. 
sulcatus,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  39, 

Not  recognized, 
svmmetricus,    McChesney,     1860,    Desc. 

New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  35,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb. 

p.  167,  Coal  Meas. 
tenuicostus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  675,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
tenuistriatus,  Verneuil,   1845,  Geol.  Rus- 
sia and  Ural  Mountains,  vol.  2,  p.  260, 

Carb. 


366 


BRACHIOPOA. 


[PSE.— RET. 


trmicatua,  see  Productella  truncata. 
lubulospinus,    McChesney.    Syn.    for.    P. 

semipunctatus. 
viminalis,  White,    1862,   Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.    Hist.,    vol.    9,    p.    29,    Burling- 
ton Gr. 
vittatus,  Hall,  1858,   Geo.  Rep.   Iowa,  p. 

639,  Keokuk  Gr. 
wabashensis,    Norwood  &  Pratten,   1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  13,  Coal 

Meas. 
wilbericmus,   McChesney,   syn.  for   P.  ne- 

braskensis. 
wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

635,  Keokuk  Gr. 
PSKUDOCRANIA,  McCoy,  1851,  Ann.  and  Mag. 

Nat.    Hist.,    2d   series,   vol.  8,  p.  387. 

yEty.  pseudo,  false;  Crania,  a  genus.] 
hell  slightly  inequivalve,  free ;  each 
valve  depressed,  subconical ;  dorsal 
valve  with  or  without  a  small  cardinal 
area;  internally,  margin  broad,  flat, 
smooth,  or  minutely  striated  concen- 
trically ;  anterior  pair  of  muscular  im- 
pressions much  larger  than  the  poste- 
rior pair ;  pallial  impressions  numerous, 
linear,  not  interrupted  along  the  mid- 
dle. Type  P.  divaricata. 

anomala,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen. 

Mich.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 
RENSSEL^ERIA,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  454.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Inequi- 
valve, oval,  ovoid,  or  snborbicular, 
elongated,  rarely  transverse,  sometimes 
subtrigonal,  gibbous  or  ventricose ; 
no  mesial  fold  or  sinus ;  beak  prominent , 
incurved,  foramen  terminal ;  articula- 
tion by  two  widely  separated  teeth  and 
sockets;  surface  striated;  structure 
punctate.  Type  R.  ovoides. 

sequiradiata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Atrypa 
sequiradiata,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 
8,  p.  266.  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  255, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

condoni,  McChesney,  1861,  New  Pal.  Foss., 
p.  85,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

cumberlandise,  Hall,  1857,  (Meganteris 
cumberlandise,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  101,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  464,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

elliptica,  Hal),  1857.  (Meganteris  elliptica,) 
10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
98,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

elongata,  see  Amphigenia  elongata. 

intermedia,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  463,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

johanni,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
385,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Isevis,  Hall,  1857,  (Meganteris  Ise vis,)  10th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  99, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

tevis,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 
p.  108.  This  name  was  preoccupied. 

inarylandica,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  461,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

mutabilis,  Hall,  1857,  (Meganteris  muta- 
bilis,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  97,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


ovalis,    Hall,    1857,    (Meganteris  ovalis,) 

10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

101,        and 

Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.     3,    p. 

458,      Oris- 

kany sand- 

stone. 
ovoides,     Ea- 

ton,     1832, 

(Terebratu- 

la  ovoides,) 

Geo.    Text- 

book, p.  45, 

and  Pal.  N. 

Y.,   vol.    3, 

p.  456,  Oris- 

kany sand- 


stone. 

sues  sana, 
1857, 


Hall, 


FIG.  604. 
Ret/cia  evax. 


10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  100,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  459, 
Oriskany  sandstone. 

portlandica,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  115,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

RETZIA,  King,  1850,  Mono- 
graph of  Permian  Foss., 
p.  137.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Longitudinally 
oval,  ribbed,  with  large 
punctures ;  foramen  in 
ventral  valve;  area  tri- 
angular ;  fissure  closed. 
Type  R.  adrieni. 
altirostris,  White,  1862,  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
9,  p.  28,  Marshall  Gr. 
compressa,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  California, 

vol.  1,  p.  14,  Coal  Meas. 
deweyi,  Hall,  1857,  (Waldheimia  deweyi,) 
10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
89,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
dubia,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  113,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
electta,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  114,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
eugenia,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  6, 

p.  147,  Ham.  Gr. 

evax,  Hall,  1863,    (Rhynchospira   evax,) 

Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  213,  and  Rep. 

Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Ind.,  Niaeara  Gr. 

formosa,    Hall,    1857,    (Waldheimia   for- 

mosa,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.   Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  88,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

hippolyte,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  112,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

lepida,  Hall,  1860,  (Rhynchospira  lepida,) 

13th   Rep.   N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  83,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   4,  p.  275, 

Ham.  Gr. 

marcyi,  Shumard,  1854,  (Terebratula  mar- 
cyi,)  Marcy's  Exp.  Red  Riv.,  p.  177, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 

maria,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  112,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


RHY.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


367 


FIG.  605.— Retzia 
mormoni. 


meekana,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci ,  vol.  1,  p.  295,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

mormoni,  Marcou,  1858,  (Terebratula 
mormonii,)  Geo.  N. 
Amer.,  p.  51,  Coal 
Meas.  This  species 
was  subsequ ently, 
though  in  the  same 
year,  described  by 
Shumard  under  the 
name  R.  punctilifera. 

osagensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  653,  Waverly  or 
Choteau  Gr. 

papillata,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  294,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

popana,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  654,  Waverly  or 
Choteau  Gr. 

punctilifera,  Shumard,  1858,  syn.  for  Retzia 
mormoni. 

polypleura,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  406,  Port- 
age Gr. 

sexplicata,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 
Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  294,  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 

sinuata,  Hall,  1860,  (Rhynchospira  sin- 
uata,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  5, 
Up.  Sil. 

subglobosa,  Hall,  1867,  (Rhynchospira 
subglobosa,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  421, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

subglobosa,  McChesney,  syn.  for  Retzia  mor- 
moni. 

vera,  see  Eumetria  vera. 

vera  var.  costata,  see  Eumetria  vera  var. 
costata. 

verneuilana,  see  Eumetria  verneuilana. 

woosteri,  White,  1879,  Bull.  U.  S.  Sur., 
vol.  5,  No.  2,  p.  215,  and  Cont.  to  Pal., 
No.  6,  p.  134,  Coal  Meas. 
RHYNCHONELLA,  Fischer,  1809,  Mem.  Soc. 
Imp.  Mosc.,  vol.  2,  p.  35.  [Ety.  rhyn- 
chos,  beak;  ella,  little.]  Shell  oval  or 
trigonal,  subglobose,  with  or  without 
mesial  fold  and  sinus ;  surface  plicated ; 
beak  of  ventral  valve  acute,  entire, 
prominent,  curved  ;  foramen  under  the 
beak,  by  the  incurving  of  which  it  is 
sometimes  closed,  partly  surrounded  by 
a  deltidium,  which  is  composed  of  two 
pieces ;  two  teeth  in  the  ventral  valve, 
supported  by  dental  plates,  which  ex- 
tend to  the  bottom  of  the  valve ;  two 
sockets  in  the  dorsal  valve ;  apophyses 
two,  short,  flattened,  curved,  attached  to 
the  hinge  plate;  adductor  scars  four, 
separated  by  a  mesial  ridge;  pedicle 
scars  on  the  cardinal  plates ;  pedicle 
muscles  of  the  ventral  valve  in  a  saucer- 
shaped  cavity  at  the  base  of  the  dental 
plates ;  shell  impunctate.  Type  R. 
loxia. 

abrupta,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  68,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3.  p.  228,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


acadiensis,  Davidson,   1863,  Quar.   Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  172,  Low  Carb. 
acinus,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 

4,  p.  215,  Niagara  Gr. 
acutiplicata,  Hall,  1857,  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  73,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.f  vol.  3.  p. 

232,  Low  Held.  Gr. 
acutirostris,    Hall,    1847,    (Atrypa   acuti- 

rostra,)    Pal.    N.    Y.,    vol.    1,    p.    21, 

Chazy  Gr. 
aequivalvis,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  66,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  224,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
sequiradiata,  Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa  aequira- 

diata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.   70,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 
ainslsei,  Winchell,  1886,  14th  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Minn.,  p.  315,  Trenton  Gr. 
algeri,  McChesney,   1860,  New  Pal.  Foss. 

Carb.     Not  recognized, 
altilis,   Hall,   1847,   (Atrypa  altilis,)   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  23,  Chazy  Gr. 
altiplicata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.    N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  72,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  231,  Low  Held.  Gr. 
alveata,  see  Centronella  alveata. 
ambigua,  Calvin,  1878,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.   4,  No.  3,  p.   729,   Low.  De- 
vonian. 
angulata,  Linnaeus,  as  identified  by  Gei- 

nitz,    syn.    for   Syntrielasma    hemipli- 

catum. 
anticostiensis,  Billings,  1862,   Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  142,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
aprinis,   DeVerneuil,    1845,    (Terebratula 

aprinis,)  Geo.   Russia  and  Ural    Mts., 

vol.  2,  p.  90,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

280,  Niagara  Gr. 
arctirostrata,   Swallow,    1863,   Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  84,  Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
argentea,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  43,  Anticosti  Gr. 
argenturbica,  White,   1874,  Rep.   Invert. 

Foss.,  p.  14,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 

Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  75,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
aspasia,   Billings,   1863,  Proc.   Port.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  Ill,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
barquensis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  408,  Marshall  Gr. 
barrandi,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  82,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  442,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
bialveata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  73,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  233,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
bidens,  Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa  bidens,)  Pal. 
'  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  69,  Clinton  Gr. 
bidentata,    Hisinger,    1826,    (Terebratula 

bidentata,)  Vet.  Acad.   Handl.,  p.  343, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  276,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 

billingsi,  see  Stenoschisma  billingsi. 
boonensis,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep.  Mo., 

p.  205,  Burlington  Gr. 
brevirostris,  see  Pentamerus  brevirostris. 
campbellana,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  79,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  239,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


368 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[RHY. 


camerifera,  Winchell.    1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  408,  Marshall  Gr. 
capax,    Conrad,    1842,    (Atrypa   capax,) 

Jour.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci.,  vol.   8,  p.  264, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  606.— Rhynchonella  capax. 

caput-testudinis,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  [ 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  23,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

carica,  see  Stenoschisma  carica. 

carbonaria,   McChesney,    1860,   New   Pal.  j 
Foss.,  Coal  Meas.    Not  recognized. 

Carolina,  see  Stenoschisma  Carolina. 

castanea,  Meek,   1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  ! 
Sci.,  p.  93,  Devonian. 

congregata,  see  Stenoschisma  congregatum.  j 

conttacta,  see  Stenoschisma  contractum. 

cooperensis,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep. 
Mo.,  p.  204,  Waverly  or  Choteau  Gr. 

corinthia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  220,  Quebec  Gr. 

cuboides,  Sowerby,  (Atrypa  cuboides,)  see 
R.  venustula. 

cuneata,  see  Rhynchotreta  cuneata  var. 
Americana. 

dawsonana,  Davidson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  172,  Subcarbon- 
iferous. 

dentata,  Hall,  1847,  (Atrypa  dentata,)  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  148,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

dotis,  see  Stenoschisma  dotis. 

dryope,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  37,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  De- 
vonian. 

dubia,  Hall,  1847,  (Atrypa  dubia,)  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.1,  p.  21,  ChazyGr. 

duplicata,  syn.  for  Stenoschisma  con- 
tractum. 

eatoniiformis,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  syn.  for  R.  rockymontana. 

emacerata,  Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa  ema- 
cerata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  71,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

eminens,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  237,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

emmonsi,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  547, 
Devonian. 

endlichi,  Meek,  1876,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  of 
Colorado,  p.  47,  and  White's  Cont.  to 
Pal.  No.  6,  p.  133,  Up.  Devonian. 

eurekensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  223,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

eva,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic., 
p.  44,  Anticosti  Gr. 

evangelina,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
299,  Snbcarboniferous. 


excellens,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  36,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  De- 
vonian. 

eximia,  see  Stenoschisma  eximium. 
explanata,   McChesney,   1860,  Desc.    New 
Pal.  Foss.,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
Not  recognized, 
ntchana,    Hall,    1857,    10th 
Rep.   N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  p.  85,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.    3,    p.    441,   Oriskany 
sandstone. 
formosa,    see    Stenoschisnia 

formosum. 
fringilla,  Billings,  1862,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  141,  Anti- 
costi Gr.,  Div.  1.,  Mid.  Sil. 
glacialis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  143,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Div.  1,  Mid.  Sil. 


i,  see  Centronella  glansfagea. 
greeiiana,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 

p.  26,  Waverly  Gr. 
grosvenori,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  10,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  53,  Warsaw  Gr. 
guadalupae,    Shumard,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,   vol.   1,   p.   295,  Per- 
mian Gr. 
heteropsis,    Winchell,   1865,  Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  121,  Marshall  Gr. 
harsfordi,  see  Stenoschisma  horsfordi. 
hubbardi,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  407,  Marshall  Gr. 
huronensis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  6,  p.  409,  Portage  Gr. 
hydraulica,  Whitfield,   1882,    Desc.   New 

Spec.   Foss.  from   Ohio,   p.    194,    Low. 

Held.  Gr. 

ida,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  298,  Sub- 
carboniferous. 
illinoisensis,Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  24,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  104,  Coal  Meas. 
increbescens,  syn.  for  Rhynchonella  capax. 
indentata,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  393,  Permian  Gr. 
indianensis,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  215.  Niagara  Gr. 
insequiplicata,    Hall,    1857,     10th     Rep. 

N.Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  p.  126,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
intermedia,  Barris,  1879,  Proc.  Davenport 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  285,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
inutilis,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  74,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  233,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
janea,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  43,  Anticosti  Gr. 
lacunosa.     Not  an  American  species, 
lamellata,  Hall,  1852,  ( Atrypa  lamellata,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  329,  Coralline  Lime- 
stone. 

laura,  see  Leiorhynchus  laura. 
macra,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4, 

p.  11.  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

52,  Warsaw  Gr. 
maineneis,     Billings,     1863,    Proc.     Port. 

Soc.    Nat.   Hist.,  vol.   1,    p.    110,   Low. 

Held.  Gr. 


RHY.] 


BRA  CHIOPODA. 


marshallensis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  408,  Marshall  Gr. 
medea,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  5, 

p.  271,  Corniferous  Limestone, 
metallica,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 

p.  20,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer.,  vol. 

4,  p.  129,  Garb, 
mica,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.     Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  44,  Anticosti  Gr. 
micropleura,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  122,  Marshall  Gr. 
missouriensis,    Shumard,    1855,    Geo.    of 

Mo.,  p.  204,  Waverly  or  Choteau  Gr. 
multistriata.  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  85,  and  Pal.N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  440,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
mutabilis,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  66,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  225,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
mutata,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 

4,  p.  10,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  658,  War- 
saw Gr. 

neenah,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
.    Sur.  Wis.,  p.  62,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  265,  Trenton  Gr. 
neglecta,   Hall,    1852,   (Atrypa   neglecta,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  274,  Niagara  Gr. 
neglecta   var.   scobina,  Meek,   1872,   Am. 

Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  277, 

and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  179,  and  vol. 

2,  p.  116,  Niagara  Gr. 
nobilis,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  80,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  240,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
nucleolata,    Hall,   1857,  10th  Rep.   N.  Y. 

St.   Mus.   Nat.    Hist,  p.   68,  and   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  227,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
nucula,      Sowerby,     1839,      (Terebratula 

nucula,)     Murch.     Sil.     Syst.,    p.  .  611, 

Up.  Sil. 
nutrix,    Billings,   1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  43,  Anticosti  Gr. 
oblata,   Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  86,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  439,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
obsolescens,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.     Mus.     Nat.     Hist,     p.     Ill,     Wa- 
verly Gr. 
obtusiplicata,  Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa  obtusi- 

plicata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  279,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
occidens,   Walcott,    1885,    Monogr.    U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  152,  Devonian, 
opposita,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  294,  Kin- 

derhook  Gr. 

orbicularis,  see  Stenoschisma  orbiculare. 
orientalis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  443,  Chazy  Gr. 
osagensis,  Swallow,   1858,  syn.  for  Rhyn- 

clionella  uta. 
ottumwa,   White,  1862,   Proc.  Bost.   Soc. 

Nat.   Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  23,  and  Cont  to 

Pal.,  No.  8,  p.  165,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
parvini,    McChesney,    syn.    for    Camero- 

phoria  subtrigona. 
perlamellosa,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.   73,  and  Geo.   Sur. 

Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  265,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


perrostellata,    Swallow,    1863,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,   vol.  2,   p.  85,    Kas- 

kaskia  Gr. 
persinuata,  Winchell,  1865,   Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  121,  Marshall  Gr. 
phoca,  see  Atrypa  phoca. 
pisum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  135,  Niagara  Gr. 
planoconvexa,  Hall,  1857, 10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,  p.  75,  and    Pal 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  235,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pleiopleura,  Conrad,  1841,  (Atrypa  pleio- 

pleura,)   Ann.   Rep.   N.  Y.,  p.  55,   and 

Pal.  N.    Y.,  vol.  3,    p.    440,    Oriskany 

sandstone, 
plena,  Hall,    1847,    (Atrypa   plena,)    Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  21,  Chazy  Gr. 
plicata,  Hall,  1852,   (Atrypa  plicata,)  Pal. 

N.  Y..  vol.  2,  p.  10,  Medina  Gr. 
plicatula,  Hall,  1843,    (Atrypa  plicatula,) 

Geo.   Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  71,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  74,  Clinton  Gr. 
plicifera,   Hall,    1847,  (Atrvpa   plicifera.) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  22,  Chazy  Gr. 
principalis,    Hall,  1857,  10th   Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  84,  and  Pal.  N. 

Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  443,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
prolifica,  see  Stenoschisma  prolificum. 
pugnus,    Martin,    1809,    (Conchiliolrthus 

Anomites    pugnus,)   Petrif.    Derb.,  pi. 

22,  figs.  4  and  5,  Subcarboniferous. 
pustulosa,  White,  1860,  Bost  Jour.  Nat. 

Hist,  vol.  7,  p.  236,  Burlington  Gr. 
pyramidata,  Hall,   1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  70,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  229,  Low.  Held  Gr. 
pyrrha,   Billings,   1866,   Catal.  Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  44,  Anticosti  Gr. 
quadricostata,  Hall,  1852,  ( Atrypa  quadri- 

costata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  68,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 
ramsayi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

446,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
raricosta,  Whitfield,  1882,  Desc.  New  Spec. 

Foss.,  from  Ohio,  p.  201,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
recurvirostra,  see  Anazyga  recurvirostra. 
reliculata,  see  Eichwaldia  reticulata. 
ricinula,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol. 

4,  p.  9,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist, 

p.  53,  Warsaw  Gr. 
ringens,  Swallow,  1860,   Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  653,  Burlington  Gr. 
robusta,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

71,  (Atrypa  robusta,)  Clinton  Gr. 
rockymontana,  Marcou,  1858,  (Terebratula 

rocky mon tana,)    Geo.  North   America, 

p.  50,  Coal  Meas. 

royana,  see  Stenoschisma  royanum. 
ridleyana,   Safford,  1869,   Geo.    of    Tenn. 

Not  defined, 
rudis,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  75,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  235,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
rugosa,  Hall,  1852,  (Atrypa   rugosa,)  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  271,  Niagara  Gr. 
saffordi,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  144,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
sagerana,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  407,  Marshall  Gr. 


370 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[RHY.— SCH. 


sappho,  see  Stenoschisma  sappho. 
Bemiplicata,  Conrad,   1841,  (Atrypa  semi- 

plicata,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  56,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  224,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
septata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

443,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
sordida,  Hall,  1847,  (Atrypasordida,)  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  148,  Trenton  Gr. 
speciosa,  Hall,  1857,   10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  81,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol."  3,  p.  444,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
gtephani,  see  Stenoschisma  stephani. 
stricklandi,  Sowerby,  1839,  (Terebratula 

stricklandi,)   Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  p.  631, 

Niagara  Gr. 
subcircularis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  408,  Marshall  Gr. 
subcuboides.    Not  an  American  species, 
subcuneata,  Hall,  1856,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,, 

vol.  4,  p.   11,  and  Geo.   Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

658,  Warsaw  Gr. 

subtrigona,  see  Camerophoria  subtrigona. 
subtrigonalis,  Hall,  1847,  (Atrypa  subtri- 

gonalis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  145,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
sulcoplicata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.    Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,  p.   76,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  236,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tennesseensis,  Roemer,  1860,  Sil.    Fauna 

West  Tenn.,  p.  72,  Niagara  Gr. 
tethys,  see  Stenoschisma  tethys. 
tetraptyx,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  120,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
texana,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  393,  Permian  Gr. 
thalia,  see  Stenoschisma  billings! . 
thera,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  TJ.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  223,  Subcarboniferous. 
transversa,  Hall,   1857,  10th    Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.    Mus.   Nat.  Hist.,    p.   74,  and    Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  234,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tuta,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,   Jour.    Gin.  Soc., 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  315,  Burlington  Gr. 
unica,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  122,  Marshall  Gr. 
unisulcata,  see  Meristella  unisulcata. 
uta,  Marcou,  1858,  (Terebratula  uta,)  Geo. 

N.  Amer.,  p.  58,  Coal  Meas.    This  was 

subsequently  described  by  Swallow  as 

R.  osagensis. 
vellicata,  Hall,  1857, 10th  Rep.  N.   Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  71,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  230,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
ventricosa,   Hall,   1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  238,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
venustula,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.   346,    Tully    limestone.      This    was 

identified  by  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  3d 

Dist.    N.     Y.,    as    Atrypa    cuboides     of 

Sowerby. 
vicina,   Billings,   1866,    Catal.    Sil.    FOPS. 

Antic.,  p.  44,  Anticosti  Gr. 
warrenensis,    Swallow,    1860,    Trans.   St. 

Louis     Acad.    Sci.,    vol.     1,     p.     653, 

Ham.  Gr. 
wasatchensis,  White,   1874,  Rep.  Invert. 

Foss.,  p.  19,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.   100th 

Mer.,  vol.  4.  p.  130,  Carb.  . 


whitiana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  FOBS.,  p.  297,  Niagara  Gr.,  from 
Waldron,  Indiana.  Proposed  instead 
of  R.  whitii,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  216,  and  also  in  28th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  164, 
pi.  26,  figs.  23-33,  and  again  in  the  llth 
Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  and  Nat..  Hist,  of  In- 
diana, p.  307,  pi.  26,  figs.  23-33. 
whitii,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  407,  Marshall  Gr. 
whitii,  Hall,  see  R.  whitiana. 
wilsoni,  Sowerby,  1816,  (Terebratula  wil- 
soni,)  Min.  Conch.,  vol.  2.  p.  38,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

wortheni,  see  Camarophoria  worth  eni. 
Rhynchospira,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

syn,  for  Retzia. 
deweyi,  see  Retzia  deweyi. 
evax,  see  Retzia  eyax. 
formosa,  see  Retzia  formosa. 
lepida,  see  Retzia  lepida. 
nobilis,  see  Trematospira  nobilis. 
rectirostra,  see  Trematospira  rectirostra. 
subglobosa,  see  Retzia  subglobosa. 
sinuatoL,  see  Retzia  sinuata. 
RHYNCHOTRETA,    Hall,  1879,   28th,  Rep.  N. 
Y.  St.    Mus.  Nat,   Hist.,  p. 
166.     [Ety.  rhynchos,   beak  ; 
tretos,   with    a    hole   in    it.] 
Distinguished    from   Rhyn- 
chonella    by    the    straight, 
produced,    perforated   beak 
of   the    ventral    valve  and 
divided  deltidium,  and  by 
the  crurae  which  rise  near 
the  dorsal  beak,  curve  into 
the  ventral  cavity,  and  re- 
curve   to    the    dorsal    side.      Type  R. 
cuneata. 
cuneata      v  a  r  . 
americana, 
Hall,     1879, 
28th   Rep.  N. 
Y.    St.     Mus. 

167*' 
Ib7, 

Gr. 

quadriplicata,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  (Tre- 
matospira quadriplicata,)  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  60,  Trenton  Gr. 

Rhynobolus,  Hall,  1871,  23d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,    p.   247,  syn.  for  Tri- 
merella. 
galtensis,  Hall,  see  Trimerella  galtensis. 

SCHIZAMBON,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  69.  [Ety.  schiza, 
a  cleft  ;  ambon,  the  boss  of  a  shield.] 
Inequivalve,  ovate  ;  valves  inarticulate; 
no  area  or  deltidium  ;  foramen  oblong  ; 
structure  calcareo-corneous  ;  two  scars 
in  each  valve.  Type  S.  typicalis. 
typicalis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  70,  Chazy  Gr. 

SCHIZOBOLUS,  Ulricb,  1886,  Cont,  to  Am. 
Pal.,  p.  25.  [Ety.  schiza,  a  cleft; 
Obolus,  a  genus.]  Ventral  valve  with 
apex  at  the  terminus  of  a  notch  in  the 
posterior  margin  ;  two  pair  of  adductor 


FlO.  607.  - 
Rhyncho- 
treta  cun- 
eata var. 
americana 


FlG-  608.-Rhynchotreta 
quadriplicata. 


SCH. —  SPI.] 


BRA  CHIOPODA. 


371 


scars  separated  by  a  ridge  ;  dorsal  valve 
with  truncated  posterior  margin ;  two 
pairs  of  muscular  scars  separated  by  a 
septum.  Type  S.  truncatus. 
truncatus,  Hall,  1862,  (Discina  truncata,) 
16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
28,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  23,  Gen- 
esee  slate  to  Chemung  Gr. 
SCHIZOCRANIA,  Hall  &  Whitfield, 
1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
73.  [Ety.  schiza,  a  cleft; 
Crania,  a  genus.]  Shell 
parasitic  inequi valve,  in- 
articulated,  surface  of  the 
upper  valve  finely  stri- 
ated ;  interior  with  six  muscular  scars. 
Type  S.  filosa. 

filosa,  Hall,  1847,  (Orbicula  (?)  filosa,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  99,  Hud.  Riv.  and 
Utica  Slate. 

SIPHONOTRETA,  DeVerneuil,  1845,  Russia  and 
Ural  Mountains,  vol.  2,  p.  286.  [Ety. 
siphon,  siphon ;  tretos,  with  a  hole  in  it.] 
Shell  oblong  oval,  unarticulated  ;  ven- 
tral valve  most  convex  with  a  straight, 
thick,  perforated,  conical  beak  near  the 
hinge-line ;  foramen  opening  on  the  j 
back  of  the  beak,  and  communicating  ! 
with  the  interior  of  the  shell  by  a  I 
cylindrical  tube  or  siphon  for  the  pas- 
sage of  the  muscle  of  attachment;  dorsal  | 
valve  slightly  convex,  the  hinge-line 
forming  an  arch  which  merges  imper- 
ceptibly into  the  lateral  margins;  each 
valve  has  a  wide,  crescent-shaped  car- 
dinal edge,  covered  by  horizontal  lines 
of  growth;  struc- 
ture calcareo-cor- 
neous,  with  a  dis- 
tinctly punctured 
structure  arranged 
in  tubular  layers ; 
surface  smooth, 
with  numerous 
lines  of  growth  and 
slender  hollow  spines  dilated  at  the 
base.  Type  S.  unguiculata. 
scotica,  Davidson,  1877,  Geol.  Mag.,  new 

ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  13,  Utica  slate. 
SKENIDIUM,  Hall,   1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  His.,  p.  70.     [Ety.  skenidian,  a 
little  tent.]     Distinguished  from  Orthis 
by  its  large  triangular  area ;    the  car- 
dinal process  extends  as  a  median  sep- 
tum through  the   length  of  the  shell, 
and  may  be  simple  or  divided  at  the 
extremity.    Type  S.  insigne. 
devonicum,  Walcbtt,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  116,  Devonian. 
halli,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.    of   Tenn.     Not 

defined, 
insigne,  Hall,  1859,  (Orthis   insignis,)  Pa!. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  173,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pyramidale.  Hall,  1852,  (Orthis    pyramid- 
alis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  251,   Niag- 
ara Gr. 

SPIRIFERA.  Sowerby.  1815,  Mi n.  Conch.,  vol. 
2,  p.  42,  and  Linmean  Trans.,  vol.  12, 
p.  514.  [Ety.  spira,  spire  ;  fero,  to  bear.] 


FIG.  610.  —  Siphono- 
treta  unguiculata. 
a,  Ventral  valve ;  6, 
interior  of  same. 


Triangular  semicircular,  transversely 
elongate,  subglobose  or  otherwise  vari- 
able in  form,  with  or  without  mesial 
fold  and  sinus ;  structure  impunctate  ; 
surface  smooth,  striated  or  plicated; 
cardinal  line  straight,  area  in  each 
valve  ;  hinge  articulated  by  short  teeth 
and  sockets ;  area  of  the  ventral  valve 
larger  than  the  other,  and  divided  by  a 
triangular  foramen  more  or  less  closed 
by  a  false  deltidium ;  area  of  the  dorsal 
valve  divided  in  the  middle  by  a  fissure 
occupied  by  the  cardinal  muscular  pro- 
cess ;  beak  of  ventral  valve  more  prom- 
inent than  that  of  the  other ;  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  dorsal  valve  the  spiral 
supports  of  the  labial  arms  are  attached 
by  their  crurato  the  hinge  plates,  some 
distance  from  which  they  are  nearly  or 
quite  connected  by  a  small  process  ex- 
tending inward  from  each  ;  the  cardinal 
muscles  seem  to  have  been  attached  to 
the  cardinal  process,  under  and  in  front 
of  which  four  scars  of  the  adductor 
muscles  occur ;  on  each  side  of  a  mesial 
ridge  in  the  ventral  valve  occur  the 
scars  of  the  adductors,  and  outside  of 
these  the  scars  of  the  cardinal  muscles. 
Type  S.  striata. 

acanthoptera,  Conrad,  1842,  (Delthyris 
acanthoptera,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.Sci.,  vol. 
8,  p.  264,  Chemung  Gr. 

acuminata,  Conrad,  1839,  (Delthyris 
acuminata,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  65,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  198,  Up.  Held,  and 
Ham.  Grs. 

acuticostata,  DeKoninck,  1843,  Desc.  Ann. 
Foss.  Terr.  Garb.  Belg.,  p.  265,  Sub- 
carboniferous. 

agelaia,  Meek,  1873,  Hayden's  Geo.  Sur. 
Terr.,  p.  470,  and  White's  Cont.  to  Pal. 
No.  6,  p.  135,  Subcarboniferous. 

alata,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  42. 
Not  recognized. 

albapinensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877, 
U.  S.Geo.  Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p. 
255,  Waverly  Gr. 

aldrichi,  Etheridge,  1878,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  634,  Devonian. 

alta,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4.  p.  248, 
Chemung  Gr. 

amara,  Swallow.  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  642,  Waverly  or 
Choteau  Gr. 

angusta,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  164,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  230,  Ham.  Gr. 

annse,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  641,  Ham.  Gr. 

annectans,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  216,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

arata,  syn.  for  S.  granulifera. 

archiaci,  see  S.  disjuncta. 

arctica,  Haughton,  1857,  Jour.  Roy.  Soc. 
Dub.,  vol.  1,  p.  183,  Devonian. 

arctisegmenta,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  131,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  208,  -Up.  Held.  Gr. 


372 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[SH. 


arenosa,    Conrad,    1839,    (Delthyris    are- 

nosa,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  65,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  425,  Oriskany   sand- 

stone. 

argentaria,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.    Sur. 

40th  Parallel,  p.  42,  Devonian. 
arrecta,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

422,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
aspera,    Hall,   1858,   Geo.  Rep.   Iowa,  p.  I 

508,  Ham.  Gr. 
asperata,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  16,  Niagara  Gr. 
atwaterana,     S.    A.    Miller,     1878,    Proc.  I 
Davenport  Acad.  Sci.,   vol.  2,   p.   221, 
Ham.  Gr.    Proposed  instead  of  S.  pen- 
nata,  Owen,  which  was  preoccupied. 
audacula,  Conrad,    (Delthyris  audacula,) 
1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,   vol.   8,  p. 
262,  Ham.  Gr. 
belphegor,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  30,  Genesee  shales. 
bialveata,  Conrad,  (Delthyris  bialveala,)  j 
1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  261,  j 
Niagara   Gr.     Probably   a  syn.    for   S. 
radiata. 

bicostata,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Orthis  bicos- 

tatus,)  Geol.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  91, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  263,  Niagara  Gr. 

bicostata    var.  petila,    Hall,   1879,    Desc. 

New  Spec.  Foss.,  p.  15,  and  llth  Rep. 

Geo.  and  Nat.  Hist.   Ind.,  p.  297,   Ni- 

agara Gr. 

bidorsalis,    Winchell,    1866,    Rep.    Low. 

Penin.  Mich.,  p.  93,  Ham.  Gr. 
bifurcata,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.   Alb.   Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  8,  and  Bull.  Am.   Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  47,  Warsaw  Gr. 
billingsana,  n.  sp.,  Upper  Devonian  Gaspe 
limestone,  No.  8.    Proposed  instead  of 
S.   superba,   Billings,   1874,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  2,  p.  45,  which  name  was  preoc- 
cupied. 

biloba,  Linnseus,  1768,  (Anomia  biloba,) 
Syst.  Nat.,  p.  115,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol. 
2,  p.  260,  Niagara  Gr. 
bimesialis,   Hall,   1858,  Geo.   Rep.   Iowa, 

vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  507,  Ham.  Gr. 
biplicata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  vol. 

1,  pt.  2,  p.  519,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
boonensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.   Sci.,   vol.  1,  p.   646,    Low    Coal 
Meas. 

brachynota,  Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  brachy- 
nota,)  Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  71,  Clin- 
ton Gr.    Not  well  defined. 
calcarata,  syn.  for  S.  disjuncta. 
camerata,  Morton,  1836,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  29,  p.  150,  Coal  Meas. 
camerata  var.  kansasensis,  Swallow,  1866, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  409, 
Coal  Meas. 


camerata  var.  percrassa.  Swallow,    1866,  | 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.   2,  p. 

409,  Coal   Meas.    This  name  was  pre-  ! 

occupied  as  a  species. 
capax,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  vol.  | 

1,  pt.  2,  p.  520,  syn.  for  S.  parryana. 
carteri,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  170,  Waverly  Gr. 


cedarensis,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 
Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  585,  Ham.  Gr. 

centrouota,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  118,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 
Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  87,  Cuyahoga  Shale. 

clara,  Swallow,  1853,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  86,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

clavatula,  McChesney,  1861,  Desc.  New 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  84,  Burlington  Gr.  Not 
recognized. 

clintoni,  syn.  for  S.  granulifera. 

dio,  syn.  for  S.  ziczac. 

coinpacta,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 
Sci.,  p.  102,  Ham.  Gr. 

concinna,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  60,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

congesta,  syn.  for  S.  granulifera. 

couradana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  298,  Oriskany,  Up.  Held, 
and  Ham.  Grs.  Proposed  instead  of  S. 
fimbriata  of  Conrad  in  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  263,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  214,  which  was  preoccupied. 

consobrina,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d. 
Paleont,  t.  1,  p.  98,  Ham.  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  S.  ziczac,  Hall,  1843, 
Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  200,  which 
was  preoccupied  by  Roemer. 

censors,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  93,  Ham.  Gr. 

cooperensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  643,  Wa- 
verly or  Choteau  Gr. 

corticosa,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  160,  Ham.  Gr. 

costalis,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  41. 
Not  recognized. 

crenistriata,  see  Streptorhynchus  crenis- 
triatum. 

crispa,  Hisinger,  1826,  (Terebratula  crispa, ) 
Act.  Acad.  Sci.,  Holm.,  t.  7,  fig.  4,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  262,  Niagara  Gr. 

crispa  var.  simplex,  Hall,  1879,  28th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  157,  Ni- 

cumberlandise,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  63,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  421,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
cuspidatiformis,  n.  sp.,  Keokuk  Gr.     Pro- 
posed instead  of  S.  subcuspidata,  Hall, 

1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  646,  pi.  20,  fig. 

5  a,  b,  which  name  was  preoccupied, 
cycloptera,  Hall,   1857,   10th   Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.   Mus.  Nat.    Hist.,   p.   58,  and   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  199,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
cyrtiniformis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  238, 

Chemung  Gr. 
decemplicata,    Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  de- 

cemplicata,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 

p.  106,  Niagara  Gr. 
desiderata,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  217,  Subcarb. 
disjuncta,  Sowerby,  1840,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  704,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  243,  Chemung  Gr. 
disparilis,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  134,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  204,  Up.  Held  Gr. 


SPI.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


373 


distans.  syn.  for  S.  disjuncta. 

divaricata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  133,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  213,  Cornif.  and  Ham.  Grs. 

dubia,  see  Pentamerella  dubia. 

duodenaria,  Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  duo- 
denaria,)  Geol.  4th  Dist,  N.  Y.,  p.  171, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  189,  Schoharie 
grit  and  Cornif.  Gr. 

dupliplicata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Delthyris  du- 
pliplicata,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 
p.  261,  Ham.  Gr. 

eatoni,  see  S.  medialis  var.  eatoni. 

engelmanni,  Meek,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  308,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p. 
398,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

eudora,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Prog.  Wis. 
Sur.,  p.  25,  Niagara  Gr. 

euruteines,  Owen,  1844,  (Delthyris  euru- 
teines,  Report  on  Min.  Lands,  p.  74, 
and  Pal.  N.Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  209,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

euruteines  var.  fornacula  see  S.  fornacula. 

exporrecta,  see  Cyrtia  exporrecta. 

exporrecta  var.  arrecta,  see  Cyrtia  expor- 
recta var.  arrecta. 

extensa,  syn.  for  S.  disjuncta. 

extenuata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 
520,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

fasciger,  Keyserling  in  Owen's  report,  see 
Spirifera  camerata. 

fastigata,  Morton,  1836,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  29,  p.  149,  Coal  Meas. 

fastigata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  36.  The  name  was 
preoccupied  by  Morton.  See  S.  mor- 
tonana. 

filicosta,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  94,  Ham.  Gr. 

fimbriata,  Morton,  1838,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  29,  p.  149,  Coal  Meas. 

fimbriata,  Conrad.  The  name  was  preoc- 
occupied.  See  S.  conradana. 

fischeri,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  42. 
Not  recognized. 

forbesi,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  73,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

formosa,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  154,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  220,  Ham.  Gr. 

fornacula,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Hist,,  p.  154,  Ham.  Gr. 

fornax,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat,  Hist.,  p.  155,  Ham.  Gr. 

franklini,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 
Sci,  p.  107,  Ham.  Gr. 

fultonensis,  Worthen,  1873,  Geol.  Rep. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  572,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 

gaspensis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  74,  Devonian. 

gibbosa,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis. 
Sur.,  p.  25,  Niagara  Gr. 

gigantea,  syn.  for.  S.  disjuncta. 

glabra,  Martin,  1809,  (Anomites  glabra,) 
Petrif.  Derb.,  tab.  28,  figs.  9  and  10,  Sub- 
carboniferous. 

glabra  var.  contracta,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
1861,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  143,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111., 'vol.  2,  p.  298,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


glabra    var.    nevadensis,    Walcott,    1885, 

Monog.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  139, 

Up.  Devonian. 
glanscerasi,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 
grandaeya,  syn.  for  S.  disjuncta. 
granulifera,  Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  granu- 

lifera,)  Geol.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.  p.  207,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  223,  Ham.  Gr. 
granulosa,  Conrad,  1839,  (Delthyris  gran- 

ulosa,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  65,  Low. 

Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  611.—  Spirifera  gregaria. 

gregaria,  Clapp,    1857,  10th    Rep.    N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  127,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  195,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
grieri,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  His.,  p.  127,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,    p.    194,    Schoharie    grit    and    Up. 

Held.   Gr. 
grimesi,  Hall,   1858,  Geo.  Rep.  of  Iowa, 

p.  604,  Burlington  Gr. 
guadalupensis,  Shumard,  1S59,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,   vol.  1,   p.    391,  Per- 

mian Gr. 
hannibalensis,   Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  647,  Waverly 

or  Choteau  Gr. 
hemicycla,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  399,  Oriskany  sand- 

stone. 
hemiplicata,  see  Syntrielasma  hemiplica- 

tum. 

heteroclitus,  syn.  for  S.  granulifera. 
hirtus,  White   &    Whitfield,    1862,  Proc. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  293,  Kin- 

derhook Gr. 
hungerfordi,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  501,  Ham.  Gr. 
huronensis,   Winchell,  1862,   Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  405,  Portage  Gr. 
huronensis,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  41. 

Not  recognized. 
imbrex,  Hall,   1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

601,  Burlington  Gr. 

insequivalvis,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

40.     Not  recognized. 
incerta,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.    Iowa,  p. 

602,  Burlington  Gr. 

inconstans,  syn.  for  Spirifera  racinensis. 
increbescens,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  706,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
increbescens    var.    americana,    Swallow, 

1866,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2, 

p.  410,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
increbescens  var.  transversalis,  Hall,  1858, 

Geol.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  708,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
insequicostata,    Owen,    1852,    Geo.    Rep. 

Wis.:  Iowa,  and  Min.,  p.  586,  Carb. 
inornata,  syn.  for  S.  disjuncta. 
insolita,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  405,  Portage  Gr. 


374 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[SPI. 


intermedia,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.   N.   Y.,   vol.  3, 

p.  424,  Oriskany  sandstone.    This  name 

was  preoccupied  by  Brongniart  in  1829. 
inutilis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,   vol. 

1,  pt.  2,  p.  505,  Ham.  Gr. 
iowensis,    Owen,    1852,    Geo.    Sur.    Wis., 

Iowa,  and  Min.,  p.  585,  Ham.  Gr. 
kelloggi,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  ScL,  vol.  2,  p.  86,  Keokuk  Gr. 
kennicotti,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  101,  Ham.  Gr. 
kentuckensis,  see  Spiriferina  kentuckiensis. 
kenttickenm  var.  propatula,  see  Spiriferina 

kentuckiensis  var.  propatula. 
keokuk,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.   Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

642,  Keokuk  Gr. 
keokuk  var.  shelbyensis,  Swallow,   1866, 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p. 

410,  Keokuk  Gr. 
laevigata,  Swallow,  1853,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  86,  Keokuk  Gr. 
Isevis,  Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  lams,)  Geol. 

4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  345,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  239,  Portage  Gr. 
lamellosa,  see  Athyris  lamellosa. 
laminosus,  McCoy,  as  identified  by  Geinitz, 

is  Spiriferina  kentuckiensis. 
lateralis,  Hall,   1858,  Geo.  Rep,  Iowa,  p. 

661,  Warsaw  Gr. 
latior,   Swallow,    1863,    Trans.   St.   Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  86,  Waverly   or 

Choteau  Gr. 
leidyi,    Norwood  &  Pratten,   1855,    Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  3,  p.  72, 

Kaskaskia  Gr. 
leidyi  var.  chesterensis,   Swallow,    1866, 

Trans.    St.   Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p. 

409,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

leidyi  var.  merrimacensis,  Swallow,  1866, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p. 

410,  Warsaw  Gr. 

ligus,  Owen,  1852,  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 
Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  585,  Ham.  Gr. 

lineatoides,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  645,  Burlington  Gr. 

lineata,  Martin,  1809,  (Conchiliolithua  An- 
omites  lineatus,)  Petrif.  Derb.,  tab.  36, 
fig.  3,  and  13th  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Ind.,  p. 
133,  Coal  Meas. 

lineata  var.  striato-lineata,  Swallow,  1866, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p. 
408,  Coal  Meas. 

littoni,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  646,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

logani,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  647, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

lonsdalii,  syn.  for  S.  disjuncta. 

macra,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  134,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  190,  Schoharie  grit  and  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

macra,  Meek.  This  name  was  preoc- 
cupied. See  S.  strigosa. 

macronota,  Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  macro- 
nota,)  Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,"p.  206,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  231,  Ham.  Gr. 

macropleura,  Conrad,  1840,  (Delthyris 
macropleura,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  217, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  202,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 


macropleura,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

41.  The  name  was  preoccupied. 
macroptera,  as  identified  by  d'Archiac  & 

Verneuil,  is  S.  pennata. 
macrothyris,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  132,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  202,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
maia,  Billings,  1860,  (Athyris  maia,)  Can. 

Jour.  Ind.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  5,  p.  276, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
manni,  Hall,  1857,  10th   Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  128,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  211,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
marcyi,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  158,  and  Pal.,  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  226,  Ham.  Gr. 
marionensis,  Shumard,  1855,   Geo.    Rep. 

Mo.,  p.   203,  Waverly  or  Choteau    Gr. 
medialis,  Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  medialis,) 

Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  208,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  207,  Ham.  Gr. 
medialis  var.  eatoni,  Hall,  1857,  (Spirifer 

eatoni,)    10th    Rep.    N.  Y.  Mus.   Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  157,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

229,  Ham.  Gr. 
meeki,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.,  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  645,  Burlington  Gr. 
meristoides,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  106,  Ham.  Gr. 
mesacostalis,  Hall,  1843,   (Delthyris  mes- 
acostalis and  D.  acuminata,)  Geo.  4th 

Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  269,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  240,  Chemung  Gr. 
mesastrialis,  Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  mes- 

astrialis,)  Geo.  4th   Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  269, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  242,  Ham.  and 

Chemung  Gr. 
meta,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat  Hist,  p.  380,  Niagara  Gr. 
meusebachianus,    syn.   for    Spirifera    cam- 

erata. 
mexicana,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  292,  Permian  Gr. 
missouriensis,    Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  643,  Waverly 

or  Choteau  Gr. 
modesta,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat  Hist.,  p.  61,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  203,  Low  Held.  Gr. 
mortonana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2dEd.,  Am. 

p.  298,  Pal.  Foss.  Keokuk  Gr.    Proposed 

instead  of  S.  fastigata  of  Meek  and  Wor- 

then,  1870,  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p. 

36,  and  afterward  in  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

6,  p.  521,  pi.  30,  fig.  3,  from  Crawfords- 

ville,  Indiana. 

mucronata,  Conrad,  syn.  for  S.  pennata. 
multicoslata,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

42.  Not  recognized, 
multigranosa,  Worthen,  (in  press,)   Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  105,  Coal  Meas. 

multistriata,  see  Trematospira  multistriata. 

murchisoni,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  41. 
Not  recognized. 

mysticemds,  Meek,  1873,  Hayden's  Geo. 
Sur.  Terr.  6th  Rep.,  p.  466.  Not  satis- 
factorily defined. 

neglecta,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 
642,  Keokuk  Gr. 


SPI.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


375 


newberryi,  Hall,  1883,  Rep.  St.  Geol.  pi. 

56,  fig.  9,  10,  Waverly  Gr. 
niagarensis,  Conrad,    1842,    Jour.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  261,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  2,  p.  264,  Niagara  Gr. 
niagarensis    var.     oligoptycha,     Roemer, 

1860,    Sil.  Fauna    West   Tenn.,  p.  68, 

Niagara  Gr. 
nictavensis,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

499,  Devonian, 
norwoodana,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  7,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist,  p.  48,  Warsaw  Gr. 
norwoodi,  Meek,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  12,  p.  308,  Devonian, 
novamexicana,  S.  A.  Miller,   1881,  Jour. 

Gin.  Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  314,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 
nympha,   Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc. 

Nat.     Hist.,     vol.     1,    p;     116,     Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
octocostata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  62,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  205,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
opima,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  711, 

syn.  for  S.  rockymontana. 
orestes,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.   Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.    237,    Che- 

mung  Gr. 
oregoneusis,    Slmmard,    1863,  Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.   2,  p.   108,  Coal 

Meas. 
osagensis.  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.   1,  p.  641,  Waverly  or 

Choteau  Gr. 
oweni,  Hall,  1857,  10th   Rep.    N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  129,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pachyptera,  Goldfuss,  as  identified  by  Con- 
rad  in    1839,    (Delthyris    pachyptera). 

Not  American, 
parryana,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  vol. 

1,  pt.  2,  p,  509,  Ham.  Gr. 
peculiaris,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep.  Mo., 

p.  202,  Waverly  or  Choteau  Gr. 
pennata,     Atwater,     1820,     (Terebratula 
pennata,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  Vol. 

2,  p.  242,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  612.— Spirifera  pennata. 

pennata,  Owen.    The  name  was  preoccu- 
pied, see  S.  atwaterana. 
percrassa,  McCoy,   1855,  Brit.  Pal.  Rocks., 

p.  194,  Sil.    Not  satisfactorily  identified 

in  America, 
perextensa,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  414,  Ham.  Gr. 
(?)  perforata,  see  Trematospira  perforata. 
perlamellosa,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  57,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  200,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
perplexa,    McChesney,    1860,     New     Pal. 

Foss.,  syn.  for  S.  lineata. 


pertenuis,  Hall,  1857,   10th   Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  163,  Ham.  Gr. 
pharovicina,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  405,  Portage  Gr. 
pinonensis,  Meek,  1870,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  60,  and  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol. 

4,  p.  45,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
planoconvexa,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Eep. 

Mo.,  p.  202,  Coal  Meas. 
plena,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  603, 

Burlington  Gr. 

plicata,  Vanuxem,  1843,  see  S.  vanuxemi. 
pluto,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

No.  16,  p.  31,  Genesee  shales, 
prsematura,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  250,  Chemung  Gr. 
prolata,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Delthyris  pro- 

lata,)    Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  181,   Che- 
mung Gr. 
propinqua,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

647,  Keokuk  Gr. 
prora,    Conrad,  1842,   (Delthyris    prora,) 

Jour.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  263, 

Ham.  Gr. 

protensa,  syn.  for.  S.  disjuncta. 
pseudolineata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  645,  Keokuk  Gr. 
pulchra,  Meek,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  310,  and    Simpson's    Gt.  Basin    of 

Utah,  p.  352,  Coal  Meas. 
pyramidalis,  see  Cyrtina  pyramidalis. 
pyxidata,  Hall.  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

428,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
racinensis,  McChesney,  1860,  Pal.  Foss., 

p.  84,  Niagara  Gr. 
radiata,  Sowerby,  1839,  Murch.  Sil.  Syst, 

p.  637,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  pp.  66,  265, 

Niagara  Gr. 
raricosta,  Conrad,  1842,    (Delthyris    rari- 

costa,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 

262,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  192,Scho- 

harie  grit  and  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
resupinata,  as  identified  by  d'Archiac  & 

Verneuil.     Not  American, 
richardsoni,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  104,  Ham.  Gr. 
rockymontana,  Marcou,    1858,    Geo.    N. 

Amer.,  p.  50,  Coal  Meas. 
rostellata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

641,  Keokuk  Gr. 
rostellum,  Hall  &   Whitfield,  1872,  24th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  182,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
rostrata,  Morton,  1836,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  vol.  29,  p.  149,  Coal  Meas. 
rugicosta,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol. 

5,  p.  144,  Up.  Sil. 

rugatina,  Conrad,  1842,  (Delthyris  ruga- 

tina,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  <vol.  8,  p. 

261,  Niagara  Gr. 
saffordi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

203,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
scobina,    Meek,    1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  310,  and  Simpson's  Gt  Basin  of 

Utah,  p.  351,  Coal.  Meas. 
sculptilis,  Hall,  1843,  (Delthyris  sculpti- 

lis,)  Geo,  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  202, 

and     Pal.     N.    Y.,     vol.     4,     p.    221, 

Ham.   Gr. 


376 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[SPI. 


segmenta,   Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.   Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  131,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  207,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
semiplicata,  Hall,  1860,  13th   Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.     Nat.     Hist.,    p.     Ill,    Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
setifzera,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

705,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

sheppardi,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  42. 
Not  recognized,  but  probably  a  variety 
of  Orthis  lynx, 
sillana,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  119,  Cuyahoga  shale. 
wmili&r,  see  Pentamerus  similior. 
solidirostris,  White,  1860,  Bost.  Jour.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  232,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
sowerbyi,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  43. 

Not  recognized. 

spinosa,  see  Spiriferina  spinosa. 
staminea,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  105,  Niagara  Gr. 
striatiformis,  Meek,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  289,  Waverly  Gr. 

striata,  Mar- 
tin, 1809, 
(Anomites 
striat  us,) 
Pe tr i  f  . 
Derb.,  tab. 
23,  Garb, 
striata  var. 
triplicata,) 
Marcou, 
1858,  Geol. 
Subcarbonif- 


FiG.  613.— Sptrifera   striata. 
terlor  of  ventral  valve. 


In- 


-  614.-Spirifera  striata. 
terior  of  dorsal  valve. 


In- 


North    America,    p 

erous. 
substriatulus, 

as     identi- 
fied        by 

d'Archiac 

&         Ver- 

neuil.   Not 

American, 
strig  o  s  a  , 

Meek,1860, 

Proc.  A  cad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  309,  and  Simpson's  Rep. 

Gt.  Basin  of  Utah,   p.  347,  Devonian. 

Proposed  instead  of   S.   macra,  Meek, 

which  was  preoccupied, 
subsequalis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  663,  Warsaw  Gr. 
subattenuata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.,  Iowa, 

index,  p.  3,  Ham.  Gr. 
subcardiformis,    Hall,    1858,    Geo.    Rep. 

Iowa,  p.  660,  Warsaw  Gr. 
tubcuspidata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.    646,    Keokuk  Gr.    Preoccupied  by 

Schnur  in  1831.    See  S.  cuspidatiformis. 
subdecussata,  Whiteaves,  1887,   Cont.  to 

Can.  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  114,  Ham.  Gr. 
subelliptica,    McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal. 

Foss.     Not  recognized,  Coal  Meas. 
sublineata,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad. 

Sci.,  p.  103,  Ham.  Gr. 
submucronata,    Hall,     1857,     10th    Rep. 

N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  62,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,   p.  419,  Oriskany  sand- 
stone. 


submucronata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
vol.  1,  pt.  2,  Ham.  Gr.  This  name  was 
preoccupied.  See  S.  subattenuata. 

suborbicularis,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep. 
Iowa,  p.  644,  Keokuk  Gr. 

subrotundata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  521,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

subsulcata,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  5,  Up.  Sil.  This  name  was 
preoccupied  by  Dalman  in  1828. 

subumbonata,  see  Martinia  subumbonata. 

subundifera,  Meek  &  Worthen,1868.  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  434,  Ham.  Gr. 

subvaricosa,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  237,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

subventricosa,  McChesney,  syn.  for  S. 
rockymontana. 

sulcata,  Hisinger,  1831,  (Delthyris  sulca- 
tus,)  Anteckn.  Physik.  Och.  Geognosi., 
p.  119,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  261,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

sulcifera,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  293,  Permian  Gr. 

superba,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  2, 
p.  45,  Devonian.  The  name  was  pre- 
occupied by  Eichwald  in  1842.  See  S. 
billingsana. 

taneyensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  645,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 

temeraria,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  314,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

tenuicostata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
p.  662,  Warsaw  Gr. 

tenuimarginata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep. 
Iowa,  p.  641,  Keokuk  Gr. 

tenuis,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  162,  Ham.  Gr. 

tenuistriata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  204,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

tenuistriata,  Shaler,  1865.  The  name  was 
preoccupied. 

texana,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  179,  Coal  Meas. 

texta,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  169,  Waverly  Gr. 

translata,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  85,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

transversa,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  Kaskaekia  Gr.  Not  recognized. 

tribulis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
420,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

triplicata,  Hall,  syn.  for  Spirifera  cam- 
erata. 

troosti,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  41. 
Not  recognized. 

tullia,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  218, 
Ham.  Gr. 

undulata,  Vanuxem,  1843,  (Delthyris  un- 
dulatus,)  Geo.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  132, 
Onondaga  Gr.  The  name  was  preoc- 
cupied. 

unica,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
203,  Cornif.  Gr. 

utahensis,  Meek,  1860,  syn.  for  S.  nor- 
woodi. 


SPI.— STE.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


377 


vanuxemi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

S,  198,  Low.  Held.  Gr.,  described    as 
rthis  plicata  by  Vanuxera  in  the  Geo. 
Ken.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  but  that  name  was 
preoccupied. 

varicosa,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,  p.  130,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  205,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

venlricosa,  see  Nucleospira  ventricosa. 

venusta,  syn.  for  Spirifera  divaricata. 

vernonensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  644,  Wa- 
verly  or  Choteau  Gr. 

verneuili,  syn.  for  S.  disjuncta. 

t  waldronensis,  see  Triplesia  waldronensis. 

waverlyensis,  Winchell,  1870,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  12,  p.  251,  Marshall  Gr. 

whitneyi,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 
502,  Ham.  and  Chemung  Gr. 

wortheni,    Hall,    1857,   10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  156,  Ham.  Gr. 
ziczac,  Hall,  1843.  The  name  was  preoc- 
cupied by  Roemer.  See  S.  consobrina. 
SPIRIFERINA,  D'Orbigny,  1847,  Consid.  Zool. 
et  Geol.  Sur.  les  Brachiopodes,  Comp- 
tes  rendus  des  Sciences  de  1'Academie 
des  Sciences.  [Ety.  Spirifera,  a  genus; 
inus,  implying  resemblance.]  Shell 
transverse,  valves  unequally  convex ; 
with  or  without  mesial  fold  and  sinus  ; 
smooth  or  costated;  beak  straight  or 
recurved;  area  large,  and  interrupted 
by  a  pseudodeltidium,  notched  near 
the  cardinal  edge ;  structure  punctate ; 
surface  spinous;  tooth  on  each  side  of 
the  fissure,  supported  by  vertical, 
shelly  plates,  the  space  intervening  oc- 
cupied by  the  cardinal  muscles;  me- 
sial septum  wide  at  the  base,  and  taper- 
ing to  an  acute  blade;  dorsal  valve 
with  dental  sockets  and  shelly  lamellae, 
for  the  support  of  serrated  arms  in  the 
form  of  two  large  spiral,  horizontal 
cones.  Type  S.  rostrata. 

billingsi,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  294,  Permian  Gr. 

binacuta,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  120,  Burlington  Gr. 

clarksvillensis,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  119,  Marshall  Gr. 

kentuckiensis,  Shumard,  1855,  (Spirifera 
kentuckiensis,)  Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p.  203, 
Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  615.— Spiriferina  kentuckiensis. 

kentuckiensi»  var.  propatula,  Swallow, 
1866,  (Spirifera  kentuckiensis  var.  pro- 
patula,) Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  2,  p.  409,  Coal  Meas. 

spinosa,  Norwood  &  Pratten.  (Spirifera 
spinosa,)  1855,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  3,  2d  series,  p.  71,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

spinosa  var.  campestris,  White,  1874,  Rep. 
Invert.  Foss.,  p.  21,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W. 
100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  139,  Carb. 


subtexta,   White,   1862,   Proc.   Bost.  Sob. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  8,  Burlington  Gr. 
Spirigera,  D'Orbigny  in  Comptes  Rendus,  t. 
25,  p.  268,  syn.  for  Athyris. 

americana,  see  A.  americana. 

biloba,  see  A.  biloba. 

caput-serpentis,  see  A.  caput-serpentis. 

charitonensis,  see  A.  charitonensis. 

clintonensis,  see  A.  clintonensis. 

concentrica,  syn.  for  A.  spiriferoides. 

corpulenta,  see  A.  corpulenta. 

eborea,  see  A.  eborea. 

euzona,  see  A.  euzona. 

formosa,  see  A.  formosa. 

fultonensis,  see  A.  fultonensis. 

hannibalensis,  see  A.  hannibalensis. 

haivni,  see  A.  hawni. 

jacksoni,  see  A.  jacksoni. 

maconensis,  see  A.  maconensis. 

minima,  see  A.  minima. 

missourwnsis,  see  A.  missouriensis. 

monticola,  see  A.  monticola. 

obmaxima,  see  A.  obmaxima. 

ohioensis,  see  A.  ohioensis. 

pectinifera,  see  A.  pectinifera. 

plattensis,  see  A.  plattensis. 

prouti,  see  A.  prouti. 

reftexa,  see  A.  reflexa. 

singleloni,  see  A.  singletoni. 

spiriferoides,  see  A.  spiriferoides. 
STENOSCHISMA,  Conrad,  1839,  Ann.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  59.  [Ety.  stenos,  narrow; 
schisma,  fissure.]  Writtten  Stenocisma 
by  Conrad.  Subtriangular,  ovoid,  or 
subglobose,  hinge-line  short;  beak  of 
ventral  valve  extended,  attenuate,  more 
or  less  arcuate,  and  appressed  upon  the 
opposite  valve ;  mesial  fold  and  sinus ; 
surface  plicated,  valves  articulated  by 
teeth  and  sockets;  median  septum  in 
dorsal  valve,  on  each  side  of  which  the 
crura  are  supported.  Type  S.  formo- 
sum.  Conrad'  mentioned  Terebratula 
schlotheimi  as  the  type  which  is  now 
the  type  of  Camarophoria ;  but,  as  Hall 
shows,  Conrad  was  mistaken  in  identi- 
fying what  is  now  known  as  S.  formp- 
sum,  with  the  European  Camarophoria 
schlotheimi. 

billingsi,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

336,  Cornif.  Gr.    The  same  that  Bill- 
ings  called  Rhynchonella  thalia,  Can. 
Jour.  1860,  but  the   name  was  preoc- 
cupied. 

carica,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  344, 

Ham.  Gr. 
Carolina,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

337,  Cornif.  Gr. 

congregatum,  Conrad,  1841,  (Atrypa  con- 
gregata,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  55,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  341,  Ham.  Gr. 

contractual,  Hall,  1843,  (Atrypa  con- 
tracta,)  Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  66,  fig. 
3a,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  351,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

contractum  var.  saxatile,  Hall,  1867,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  417,  Chemung  Gr. 

dotis,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  344, 
Ham.  Gr. 


378 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[STR. 


duplicatum,  Hall,  1843,  (Atrypa  dupli- 
cata,)  Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  67,  fig.  2 
and  2a,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  350, 
Chemung  Gr. 

eximium,  Hall,  1843,  (Atrypa  eximia,) 
Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  66,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  348,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  616. — Stenochisma  eximium. 

formosum,  Hall,  1857,  (Rhynchonella 
formoea,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  76,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
236,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

horsfordi,  Hall,  1860, 13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  87,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.4, 
p.  339,  Cornif.  Gr.,  Marcellus  shale  and 
Ham.  Gr. 

orbiculare,  Hall,  1860,  (Rhynchonella  or- 
bicularis,)  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,,  p.  88,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  353, 
Chemung  Gr. 

prolificum,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  343,  Ham.  Gr. 

royanum,  Hall,  1860,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
338,  Cornif.  Gr. 

sappho,  Hall,  1860,  (Rhynchonella 
sappho,)  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  87,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
340,  Marcellus  shale  and  Ham.  Gr. 

stephani,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
349,  Chemung  Gr. 

tethys,  Billings,  1860,  (Rhynchonella 
tethys,)  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  5,  p.  271,  Cor- 
nif. Gr. 

STBEPTORHYNCHUS,  King,  1850,  Monograph 
of  Permian  Fossils,  p.  107.  [Ety.  strepto, 
I  bend  or  twist ;  '  rhynchos,  beak.] 
Semicircular  or  in  general  form  of 
Strophomena,  concavo-convex,  plano- 
convex, Or  both  valves  convex  and 
striated;  ventral  beak  small,  or  pro- 
longed, bent  and  twisted,  fissure  be- 
neath, closed  or  partially  closed  by  a 
solid  deltidium ;  area  wide  on  the  ven- 
tral valve  and  narrow  on  the  dorsal ; 
externally  like  Strophomena,  but  inter- 
nally resembling  Orthis.  Type  S.  pe- 
largonatum. 

alternatum,  Hall,  1860,  (Orthisina  alter- 
nate,) 13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  81,  Ham.  Gr. 

americanum,  Whitfield,  1878>  (Hemi- 
pronites  americanus,)  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  72,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  243,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

antiquatum,  Sowerby,  1839,  (Orthis  anti- 
quata,)  Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  p.  630,  Anti- 
costi  Gr.,  Div.  3,  Mid.  Sil. 

arctostriatum,  Hall,  1843,  (Strophomena 
arctostriata,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 
p.  266,  Chemung  Gr. 

arctQstriatum,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat  Hist.,  p.  80,  (Ortbisina  arcto- 


striata,) Ham.  Gr.     This  name  was  pre- 
occupied, 
biloba,  Hall,  1883,   Rep.  St.  Geol.,  pi.  41, 

figs.  4,  5,  Coal  Meas. 
cardinale,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  61,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  261,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

chemungense,    Conrad,    1843,    (Stropho- 
mena chemungensis,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  357,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,  p.  67,  Chemung  Gr. 
crassum,     Meek    & 

Hayden,     1858, 

(Orthisina     cras- 

sa,)    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.    Sci..    Phil., 

p.  260,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p. 

570,  Coal  Meas. 
crenistriatum,  Phil- 
lips,   1836,     (Spi-  FIG.    617.— Streptorhyn- 

rifera  crenistria.)     ch us  crassum.    Dorsal 

Geo.  York.,  vol.  2,     vlew- 

p.  216,  Waverly  Gr. 
deflectum,   Conrad,    1843,    (Strophomena 

deflecta,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 

332,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  113,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
elongatum,  James,  1874,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  1.  p.  240,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.    A 

variety  of  S.  subtentum. 
filitextum,  Hall,  1847,  (Lepteena  filitexta,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  Ill,  Trenton  and 

Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
flabellum,    Whitfield,    1882,    Desc.    New 

Spec.    Foss.,    from    Ohio,    p.    200,   Up. 

Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  618.— Streptorhynchus  hallanum.    Exterior 
and  interior  of  dorsal  valve. 

hallanum,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  148,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hemiastfr,  syn.   for  S. 

subplanum. 
hydraulicum,     Whit- 
field,   1882,     Desc. 
New    Spec.    Foes., 

'rh'  ncnusballanuin"          from   Ohio>    P-    193> 
Interior   of  ventral          Low.  Held.  Gr. 
valve.  inflatum,     White    & 

Whitfield,   1862,  Proc.   Bost.  Soc.   Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  293,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
lens,  White,  1862,   Proc.  Bost.  Soc.   Nat. 

Hist,  vol.  9,  p.  28,  Chemung  Gr. 
minor,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  75,  Trenton  Gr. 
nutans,    Meek,   1873,    (Hemipronites  nu- 
tans,   Pal.    Ohio,   vol.   1,  p.   77,    Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

occidental,  Newberry,  syn.  for   Meekella 
striatocostata. 


STR.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


379 


pandora,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  5, 

p.  266,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  68, 

Schoharie  grit  and  Cornif.  Gr. 
pectinaceum,   Hall,    1843,    (Strophomena 

pectinacea  and  S.  bifurcata,)  Geo.  Rep. 

4th  Disk  N.  Y.,  p.  266,  and  Pal.  N.  Y. 

vol.  4,  p.  73,  Chernung  Gr. 
perversum,  Hall,  1857,  (Orthis  perversa,) 

10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  137, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  72,  (Orthisina 

alternata,  1860,  13th  Rep.,)  Cornif.  and 

Ham.  Gr. 
planoconvexum,    Hall,     1847,    (Leptsena 

planoconvexa,)    Pal.   N.   Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

114,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
planumbonum,     Hall,     1847,     (Leptsena 

planumbona,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  112, 

Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
primordiale,Whitfield,1886,Bull.Am.Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  301,  Birdseye  Gr. 
pyramidale,  Newberry,    syn.  for  Meekella 

striatocostata. 
radiatum,  Vanuxem,  1843,  (Strophomena 

radiata,)    Geo.  Rep.   3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 

122,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  193,  Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
rectum,     Conrad,     1843,      (Strophomena 

recta,)   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 

332,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  113,  Black 

Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
sinuatum,  Emmons,  1855,  Am.  Geol.,  p. 

199,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
subplanum,    Conrad,  1842,    Jour.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  258,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  2,  p.  259,  (Strophomena  subplana,) 

Niagara  Gr. 
subtentum,  Conrad,  1847,  (Strophomena 

subtenta,)    Pal.  N.   Y.,   vol.  1,  p.  115, 

Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

sulcatum,      Verneuil, 
1848,  (Leptsena  sul- 
cata,)  Bull.  Geol.  Soc. 
France,    vol.    5,    p. 
U., 


350,  and  Ohio  Pal 
vol.  1,   p.  85,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

tenue,  Hall,  1863, 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  210,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

1860,  (Strophomena 
thalia,)  Can  ."Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p. 
39,  Trenton  Gr. 

umbraculum,  Schlotheim,  1820,  (Tere- 
bratulites  umbraculum,)  Petrefakten- 
kunde,  p.  256,  Devonian  to  the  Per- 
mian Gr. 

vetustum,  James,  1874,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  241,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  One 
of  the  forms  of  S.  subtentum. 
woolworthanum,  Hall,  1857,  (Stropho- 
mena woolworthiana,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  48,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  192,  Low.  Held  Gr. 
Stricklandia,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 
vol.  4.  This  name  having  been  pre- 
viously applied  to  a  genus  of  fossil 
plants,  the  author  abandoned  it'  and 
proposed  Stricklandinia. 


FIG.  620.- 
rhynchu 
Interior    of    dorsal 
valve. 

thalia,      Billings, 


STRICKLANDINIA,  Billings,  1863,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  8,  p.  370.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Large,  elongate-oval,  trans- 
versely subcircular,  sometimes  com- 
pressed, valves  subequal ;  short  mesial 
septum  in  the  interior  of  the  ventral 
valve,  supporting  a  small  triangular 
chamber,  beneath  the  beak,  as  in  Pen- 
tamerus ;  in  the  dorsal  valve  no  longi- 
tudinal septum,  spires,  or  loop;  two 
short,  rudimental  plates,  bearing  pro- 
cesses. Type  S.  gaspensis. 

anticostiensis,  Billings,  1863,  Can.  Nat. 
Geo.,  vol.  8,  p.  370,  Anticosti  Gr. 

(?)  arachne,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  85,  Quebec  Gr. 

(?)  arethusa,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  85,  Quebec  Gr. 

brevis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol. 
4,  p.  135,  Mid.  Sil. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  135,  Clinton  Gr. 

castellana,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  30,  Niagara  Gr. 

davidsoni,  Billings,  1868,  Lond.  Geo. 
Mag.,  vol.  5,  p.  59,  Up.  Sil. 

deformis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  p.  37,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  502,  Niagara  Gr. 

elongata,  see  Amphigenia  elongata. 

elongata  var,  curta,  see  Amphigenia  curta. 

gaspensis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  134,  Mid.  Sil. 

melissa,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  89,  Mid.  Sil. 

multilirata,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  81,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  315,  Niagara  Gr. 

salteri,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

87,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Mid.  Sil. 
STROPHALOSIA ,  King,  1844,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  14,  p.  313.  [Ety.  strophe, 
a  bending ;  alos,  a  disk.]  Having  the 
general  form  and  muscular  impressions 
of  Leptsena,  with  the  tubuliferous  or 
spinous  surface  of  Productus;  pos- 
sessed of  a  well-developed  condyloid 
hinge,  area,  and  deltidium.  Type  S. 
excavata. 

horrescens,  Geinitz,  1866,  Carb.  und  Dyas 
in  Neb.,  p.  49.  Prof.  Meek  regarded  this 
name  as  a  syn.  for  Productus  nebras- 
kensis. 

numularis,  Winchell,  1863,   Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  4,  Marshall  Gr. 
STROPHODONTA,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.   63.     [Ety.  strophes,  bent ;   odous, 
tooth.]    General  form  and  characters  as 
in  Strophomena,  one  valve  convex  and 
the  other  concave,  and  following  nearly 
the  same  curve  as  tLe  convex  one,  leav- 
ing only  a  thin  space  for  the  animal, 
and  the  surface  radiated ;  distinguished, 
however,  by  a  crenulated  hinge-line; 
the  absence  of  a  foramen  in  the  area  of 
the  ventral  valve;  dental  lamellae  ab- 
sent, or  nearly  so ;  the  divaricator  mus- 
cular  impressions    spreading,   flabelli- 
form,  without  limitation,  by  an  elevated 


380 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[STR. 


ridge;  cardinal  process  in  the  dorsal 
valve  bifurcated  from  its  origin,  and  di- 
rected backward  beneath  the  area  of 
the  ventral  valve;  on  the  lower  side 
of  the  ventral  area  a  bilobed  process  is 
embraced  by  the  divisions  of  the  cardi- 
nal process  of  the  dorsal  valve.  Type 
S.  demissa. 

sequicostata,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  639, 
Ham.  Gr. 

altidorsata,  Swallow,  I860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  637, 
Ham.  Gr. 

alveata,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  36,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  81,  Schoharie  grit. 

ampla,  see  Strophonella  ampla. 

arcuata,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  of  Iowa,  p.  492, 
Ham.  Gr. 

becki,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  52,  and  PaJ.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  191,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

boonensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  638,  Ham.  Gr. 

cxlata,  see  Strophonella  caelata. 

callawayensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  638,  Ham.  Gr. 

callosa,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  36,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  82,  Schoharie  grit. 

calvini,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 
Foss,  p.  298,  Upper  Helderberg  Gr. 
Proposed  instead  of  S.  quadrata,  Cal- 
vin, 1878,  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr., 
vol.  4,  No.  3,  p.  728,  which  was  preoc- 
cupied. 

canace,  Hall  &  Whittield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  236,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

cavumbona,  see  Strophonella  cavumbona. 

cayuta,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
110,  Chemung  Gr. 

cincta,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 
Mich.,  p.  93,  Ham.  Gr. 

concava,  Hall,  1857,  (Strophomena  con- 
cava,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  115,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  96, 
Cornif.  and  Ham.  Grs. 

costata,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  Iowa, 
and  Minn.,  p.  585,  Devonian. 

crebristriata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Strophomena 
crebristriata,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 
8,  p.  254,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  86, 
Schoharie  grit. 

cymbiformis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  635, 
Ham.  Gr. 

demissa,  Conrad,  1842,  (Strophomena  de- 
missa,) Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 
258,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  81,  Scho- 
harie grit,  Cornif.,  Ham.,  and  Che- 
mung  Grs. 

erratica,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  93,  Ham.  Gr. 

feildeni,  Etheridge,  1878,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  598,  Up.  Sil. 

fragilis,  Hall,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  per- 
plana. 


geniculata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  483,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
headleyana,  Hall,  1857,  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  49,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

185,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
hemispherica,  Hall,  1857,   (Strophomena 

hemispherica,)   10th  Ren.   N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  113,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

4,    p.    90,     Schobarie    grit    and    Cor- 
nif. Gr. 
hybrida,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.   Y.   Mus.  Nat.    Hist.,  p.   239,   Che- 

mung  Gr. 
imitata,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin. 

Mich.,  p.  93,  Ham.  Gr. 
insequiradiata,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  113,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  87,  Schobarie  grit  and  Cor- 
nif. Gr. 
insequistriata, 

Conrad,   1842, 

(Strophomena 

i  n  se  quistriata, ) 

Jour.      Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 

p.  254,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

93,   Cornif    and 

Ham.  Grs.,  Mos- 
cow shales. 
indenta,  Conrad,  1838,  (Lepteena  indenta,) 

Ann.  Rep.,  N.  Y.  p.  117,  Low  Held.  Gr. 

Not  properly  defined, 
inflexa,  Swallow,   1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  637,  Ham.  Gr. 
intermedia,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  482,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
iowensis,   Owen,    1852,    Geo.    Sur.   Wis., 

Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  585,  Devonian, 
junia,  Hall,   1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

108,    Cornif.,    Ham.    and    Tully    Grs. 

(Changed  from   textilis,  in   the  corri- 
genda and  index.) 
kemperi,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  636,  Ham.  Gr. 
leavemvorthana,  see   Strophonella  leaven- 

worthana. 

lepida,  Hall,  syn.  for  S.  nacrea. 
lincklseni,   Hall,    1857,   10th    Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  55,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  415,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
magnifica,   Hall,   1857,   10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  54,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  414,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
magniventra,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  54,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  411,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
mucronata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Strophomena 

mucronata,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 

8,  p.  257,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  Ill, 

Chemung  Gr. 
nacrea,  Hall,  1857,  (Strophomena  nacrea,) 

10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  144, 

and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  104,   Cornif. 

and  Ham.  Grs. 
navalis,   Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  635,  Ham.  Gr. 
parva,    Owen,     1852,     Geo.     Sur.    Wis., 

Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  584,  Ham.  Gr. 


STR.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


381 


p 

N. 


parva,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,   p.  37,  Schoharie  grit.    This 

name  was  preoccupied. 
patersoni,  Hall,  1857,  (Strophomena  pat- 

ersoni,)  10th  Rep,  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  114,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  89,  Scho- 

harie grit  and  Cornif.  Gr. 
perplana,    Conrad,    1842,    (Strophomena 

perplana,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 

p.  257,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   4,   p.  92, 

Onondaga,    Schoharie,    Cornif.,    Ham., 

and  Chemung.  Grs. 

perplana  var.  nervosa,  Hall,  1843,  (Stro- 
homena nervosa,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 
.  Y.,  p.  266,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

113,  Chemung  Gr. 
planulata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  184,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
plicata,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  90,  Ham.  Gr. 
prisca,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  63, 

Clinton  Gr. 
profunda,  Hall,  1852,  (Leptsena  profunda,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  61,  Clinton  and 

Niagara  Grs. 
punctulifera,    see    Strophonella     punctu- 

lifera. 
quadrata,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  639,  Ham.  Gr. 
quadrata,   Calvin,  1878,  Bull.   U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.  Terr.,   vol.  4,  No.  3,  p.  728.     The 

name  was  preoccupied.    See  S.  calvini. 
reversa,  see  Strophonella  reversa. 
semifasdata,  see  Strophonella  semifasciata. 
striata,  Hall,  1843,  (Strophomena  striata,) 

Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  104,  Ni- 

agara Gr. 
suhcymbiformis,    Swallow,    1860,    Trans. 

St.    Louis    Acad.  Sci.,   vol.    1,   p.   636, 

Ham.  Gr. 
subdemissa,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  145,  Ham.  Gr. 
textilis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

327,  Coralline  Limestone. 
variabilis,  Calvin,  1878,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,     vol.     4,     No.     3.    p.     727,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
varistriata,  Conrad,   1842,   (Strophomena 

varistriata,  )  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 

8,  p.  255,  and  Pal.  N.'  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  180, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
varistriata   var.    arata,    Hall,    1859,   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  183,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
vascularia,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3. 

p.  412,  Oriskany  sandstone. 
STROPHOMENA,  Rafinesque,  18%,  Manuel  de 

Malacologie  of  Blainville,  p.  513.     [Ety. 

strophos,  bent;  mene,  a  crescent.]     Shell 

somewhat    semicircular,  or   somewhat 

semioval,   though  variable  in  outline; 

thin  ;  one  valve  convex,  the  other  con 

cave,  with  a  thin  space  between  them  for 

the  animal  ;  surf  ace  with  radiating  striae  ; 

hinge-line    straight,    longer   or  shorter 

than  the   width   of   the   shell   below; 

anterior  end  of  the  shell  usually  de- 

flected or  bent  over  toward  the  dorsal 

valve  ;  ventral  valve  convex,  flat  on  the 

umbo;  beak  small,  and  minutely  per- 


forated ;  cardinal  area  nearly  cut  in 'two 
parts  by  an  angular  notch,  which  is 
closed,  or  nearly  closed,  by  the  bifid 
cardinal  process  of  the  dorsal  valve; 
two  divergent  teeth,  two  adductor  scars, 
and  two  cardinal  muscular  impressions ; 
dorsal  valve  having  a  linear  area,  two 
cardinal  processes  close  together  at  the 
middle  of  the  hinge-line,  directed  for- 
ward ;  sockets  for  the  reception  of  the 
teeth  of  the  ventral  valve ;  two  mus- 
cular scars  in  front  of  the  cardinal  pro- 
cesses. Type  S.  rugosa,  which  is  gener- 
ally regarded  as  synonymous  with  S. 
rhomboidalis. 

aculiradiata,  see  Chonetes  acutiradiatus. 

alternata,  Conrad,  1838,  (Leptsena  alter- 
nata,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  115,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  pp.  102,  286,  Trenton 
and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

alterniradiata,  Shaler,  1865,  Bulletin  No. 
4,  M.  C.  Z.,  Anticosti  Gr.  Not  defined 
so  as  to  be  recognized. 

alternistriata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  109,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

alternata  var. 
loxorhytis, 
Meek,  1873, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  91,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

ampla,  see  Stro- 
p  h  o  n  e  1  1  a 
ampla. 

analoga,Ph  illips, 
1836,     G  e  o  1 . 
Yorkshire,  vol.  2,  pi.   7,  fig.   10,  Sub- 
carb. 

anticostiensis,  syn.  for  Strophomena  alter- 
nata. 

antiquata,  see  Streptorhynchus  anti- 
quatum. 

arctostriata,  see  Streptorhynchus  arcto- 
striatum. 

arcuata,  Shaler,  1 865.  This  name  was  pre- 
occupied. 

arethusa,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  132,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

aurora,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  218,  Quebec.  Gr. 

bijurcala,  syn.  for  Streptorhynchus  pecti- 
naceum. 

bipartita,  Hall,  1852,  (Leptsena  bipartita,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  326,  Coralline  Lime- 
stone. 

blainvillii,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

2,  p.  28,  Up.  Sil. 

camerata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  254,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  106,  Trenton  Gr. 
carinata,  Conrad,  1838,  see  Tropidoleptus 

carinatus. 

carinata,  Conrad,  1842,  see  Chonetes  car- 
inatus. 
ceres,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.    5,    p.    54,    Hud.    Riv.    Gr.    and 

Mid.  Sil. 
chemungensis,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  257,  Chemung  Gr. 


PIG.  622.— Strophomena 
alternata. 


382 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[STR. 


concava,  see  Strophodonta  concava. 
conradi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

194,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
convexa,   Owen,  1840,  Rep.  on    Mineral 

Lands,  p.  70,  Calcif.  Gr. 
cornuta,  see  Chonetes  cornutus. 
corrugata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  256,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  59,  Clinton  Gr. 
crebristriata,    see     Strophodonta     crebri- 

striata. 

crenistria,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  perplana. 
dedivis,  James,  syn.  for  Strophomena  al- 

ternata. 

deflecta,  see  Streptorhynchus  deflectum. 
deltoidea,  Conrad,  1839,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  64,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  4,  p.   106, 

Trenton  Gr. 

delthyris,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  perplana. 
demissa,  see  Strophodonta  demissa. 
depressa,   Sowerby,    1825,   (Producta  de- 

pressa,)    Min.   Conchology,   vol.   5,    p. 

86,   and   Pal.    N.    Y.,   vol.    2,    p.    257, 

Up.  Sil.    Generally  regarded  as  a  syn- 
onym for  S.  rhomboidalis. 
depressa  var.  ventricosa,  see  Strophomena 

rugosa  var.  ventricosa. 
donneti,  Salter,  1852,  Sutherland's  Jour., 

vol.  2,  App.,  p.  218,  Devonian, 
elegantula,    Hall,   1843,    Geo.    Rep.,   4th 

Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  73,  Clinton  Gr. 
elongata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  259,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
elliptica,  Conrad,  1839,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  64,  Niagara  Gr. 
fasciata,   Hall,   1847,    (Leptsena  fasciata,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  20,  Chazy  Gr. 
filite'xta,  see  Streptorhynchus  fiiitextum. 
fluctuosa,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 

vol.    5,     p.    57,     Trenton     and     Hud. 

Riv.  Grs. 
fontinalis,    White,    1874,     Rep.    Invert. 

Foss.,  p.  10,   and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 

Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  54,  Quebec  Gr. 
fracta,    Meek,    1873,    (S.    alternata    var. 

fracta,)   Pal.   Ohio,   vol.  1,  p.  91,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 

fragilis,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  perplana. 
galatea,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.    20,    Gaspe    limestone    No.    8,    De- 
vonian. 
geniculata,  Shaler,  (Brachyprion  genicula- 

tum.)    The  name  was  preoccupied, 
gibbosa,   Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Geo.  Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  25,  Onondaga  Gr. 
hecuba,   Billings,    1860,  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  60,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hemispherica,    see    Strophodonta    hemis- 

pherica. 
imbecilis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  219,  Quebec  Gr. 
imbrex,  Pander,  1845,  in  Russia  and  Ural 

Mountains,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.    The  identi- 
fication very  doubtful  in  America. 
imprensa,    syn.    for    Strophodonta    vari- 

striata. 
incrassata,  Hall,   1847,  (Leptsena  incras- 

sata,)  Pal.  N.,  vol.  1,  p.  19,  Chazy  to 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


insequiradiata,    see  Strophodonta   inaequi- 

radiata. 
insequistriata,    see    Strophodonta    insequi- 

striata. 
interstrialis,    Phillips,    in   Geo.    4th    Dist. 

N.  Y.,  see  Strophodonta  cayuta. 
irene,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

27,  Devonian, 
ithacensis,    Vanuxem,    1842,    Geo.    Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  174,  Portage  Gr. 
Julia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss,  vol.  1,  p. 

127,  Anticosti  Gr.,  Div.  4,  Mid.  Sil. 
kingi,  Whitfield,    1878,  Ann.   Rep.   Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  72,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  261,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
lachrymosa,  see  Productella  lachrymosa. 
lyevis,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p. 

385,  Birdseye  Gr. 
leda,  Billings,  1860,  Can  Nat.  Geo.,  vol.  5, 

p.  55,  Mid.  Sil. 

lepida,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  nacrea. 
lima,    see    Productella    lachrymosa    var. 

lima. 

lineata,  see  Chonetes  lineatus. 
macra,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  semifasciata. 
magniventra,    see    Strophodonta    magni- 

ventra. 
membranacea,  of  Phillips,  as  identified  by 

Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  see 

Productella  hirsuta. 
modesta,  Conrad,  1839,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  64,  Niagara  Gr. 

mucronata,  see  Strophodonta  mucronata. 
nacrea,  see  Strophodonta  nacrea. 
nasuta,   Conrad,   1842,  Jour.   Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  260,  Trenton  and  Hud. 

Riv.  Grs. 
naswla,  Conrad,   1846,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  23.    Not  defined  so  as  to 

be  recognized, 
nemea,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  233,  Que- 
bec Gr. 
nervosa,  see  Strophodonta  perplana  var. 

nervosa, 
niagarensis,  Winchell  &  Marcy,   syn.  for 

Strophodonta  profunda. 
nitens,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  Geo.,  vol. 

5,  p.  53,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
nutans,  see  Streptorhynchus  nutans. 
obscura,  Hall,    1852,  (Lepttena  obscura,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  62,  Clinton  Gr. 
orthididea,  Hall,  1852,  (Leptsena  orthi- 

didea,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  62,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 
patenta,  Hall,   1852,   (Leptsena  patenta,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  60,  Clinton  Gr. 
patersoni,  see  Strophodonta  patersoni. 
pecten,  Linnaeus,  1758,  (Anomia  pecten,) 

Syst.  Nat., -Niagara  Gr.    Not  American. 
pectinacea,    see    Streptorhynchus    pectin- 

aceum. 

perplana,  see  Strophodonta  perplana. 
philomela,  Billings,  1860.  Can.  Nat.  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  56,  Mid.  Sil. 
planoconvexa,  see  Streptorhynchus  piano- 
con  vexum. 
planumbona,  see  Streptorhynchus  planum- 

bonum. 


STR.— SYN.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


FIG.  623. — Strophomena 
rugosa. 


plicata,  syn.  for  Streptorhynchus  sub- 
tentum. 

plicifera,  Hall,  1847,  (Leptsena  plicifera,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  19,  Chazy  Gr. 

pluristriata,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  per- 
plana. 

profunda,  see  Strophodonta  profunda. 

punctulifera,  see  Strophonella  punctulifera. 

pustulosa,  syn.  for  Productella  truncata. 

radiata,  see  Streptorhynchus  radiatum. 

recta,  see  Streptorhynchus  rectum. 

rectilateris,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  vari- 
striata. 

reticulata,  Shaler,  1865,  Bulletin  No.  4, 
M.  G.  Z.,  Anticosti  Gr.  Not  denned 
so  as  to  be  recognized. 

rhomboidalis,  Wilckins,  1769,  (Conchites 
rhomboidalis,)  Nachrict  von  Seltenen 
Verst.,  p.  77.  This  species  ranges  from 
the  Trenton  Gr.  to  the  Keokuk,  regard- 
ing S.  tenuistriata,  S.  depressa,  and  S. 
rugosa  as  varieties  only.  The  type, 
however,  is  the  Devonian  form. 

rugosa,  Dai- 
man,  1827, 
(Leptsena 
rugosa,) 
Vet.  Acad. 
Handlinger, 
p.  106,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p. 
195,  Niagara 
and  Low. 
Held.  Gr.  This  form  is  supposed  to  be 
the  type  of  Rafinesque's  genus  Stropho- 
mena. The  species  is  usually  regarded 
as  merely  a  variety  of  S.  rhomboidalis. 

rugosa  var.  ventricosa,  Hall,  1857,  (S.  de- 
pressa var.  ventricosa.)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  53,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  417,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

setigera,  see  Chonetes  setigerus. 

semiovalis,  Conrad,  syn.  for  Leptsena 
sericea. 

semwvalis,  Shaler.  The  name  had  been 
twice  preoccupied. 

squamula,  James,  1874,  Gin.  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  335,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

striata,  see  Strophodonta  striata. 

subdemissa,  syn.  for  Strophodonta  demissa. 

subplana,  see  Streptorhynchus  subplanum. 

subtenta,  see  Streptorhynchus  subtentum. 

syrtalis,  syn.  for  Chonetes  carinatus. 

tenuilineata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  259,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  115,  Trenton  Gr. 

tenuistriata,  Sowerby,  1839,  (Leptsena 
tenuistriata,)  Murch.  Sil.  Syst.,  p.  636, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  108,  Low.  Sil. 

textitts,  see  Strophodonta  junia. 

thalia,  see  Streptorhynchus  thalia. 

transversalis,  see  Leptsena  transversal  is. 

trilobata,  Owen,  1852,  (Leptsena  trilobata,) 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  584, 
Trenton  Gr. 

tullia,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 
29,  Low.  Devonian. 

undulata,  syn.  for  S.  rhomboidalis. 


undulosa,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  54,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

unicostata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  335,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

varistriata,  see  Strophodonta  varistriata. 

ventricosa,  Shaler,  (Brachyprion  ventrico- 
sum.)  The  name  was  preoccupied. 

wisconsinensis,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann. 
Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  61,  and  Geo. 
Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  263,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

woolworthana,  see   Streptorhynchus  wool- 

worthanum. 

STROPHONELLA,  Hall,  1879,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y., 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  153.  [Ety.  diminu- 
tive of  strophos,  twisted.]  Distinguished 
from  Strophodonta  by  the  resupinate 
character,  the  strong  and  more  re- 
stricted muscular  impression  of  the  ven- 
tral valve  and  strong  median  septum 
of  the  dorsal  valve ;  and  from  Strepto- 
rhynchus by  the  cardinal  process,  the 
crenulations  on  the  inner  margins  of 
the  cardinal  area,  and  the  solid  area, 
with  sometimes  a  triangular  deltidium. 
Type  S.  semifasciata. 

ampla,  Hall,  1857,  (Strophomena  ampla,) 
10th  Rep.  N.  Y.,  Mus.  Nat.  Hiet.,  p.  Ill, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  93,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

ceelata,  Hall,  1867,  (Strophodonta  cselata,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  112,  Chemung  Gr. 

cavumbona,  Hall,  1857,  (Strophodonta  ca- 
vumbona,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  51,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
187,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

leavenworthana,  Hall,  1857,  (Stropho- 
donta leavenworthana,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
MUP.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  53,  and  Pal.  N,  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  189,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

punctulifera,  Conrad,  1838,  (Lepttena 
punctulifera,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  117, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  188,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 


FIQ.  624. — Strophonella  punctulifera. 

reversa,  Hall,  1858,  (Strophodonta  re- 
versa,)  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  494,  Ham.  Gr. 

semifasciata,  Hall,  1863,  (Strophodonta 
semifasciata,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4, 
p.  210,  Niagara  Gr. 

SYNTRIELASMA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  277.  [Ety.  syn,  to- 
gether; treis,  three;  elasma,  plate.] 
Shell  thin,  gibbous ;  valves  articulated 
by  teeth  and  sockets;  hinge-line  short; 
area  higher  in  the  ventral  valve  than 


384 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[SYR.— TER. 


in  the  dorsal;  beaks  incurved,  sub- 
equal;  surface  radiated,  forming  inter- 
locking angular  projections  at  their 
terminations ;  shell  structure  punctate. 
Type  S.  hemiplicatum. 


FIG.  625.—  Syntrielasma  hemiplicalum.    /,  Dental 
laminge ;  ra,  mesial  septum. 

hemiplicatum,  Hall,  1852,  (Spirifera  hemi- 
plicata,)  Stan.'s  Ex.  to  Great  Salt  Lake, 
p.  409,  Coal  Meas. 

SYRINGOTHVRIS,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  6.  [Ety.  syrinx,  a  tube; 
thyris,  a  window.]  General  aspect  like 
Spirifera;  shell  substance  fibrous  and 
impunctate;  beak  extremely  elevated; 
area  of  ventral  valve  large,  with  a  nar- 
row triangular  fissure  closed  toward  the 
apex  by  an  external,  convex  pseudo- 
deltidium,  beneath  which,  and  di- 
verging from  it,  is  another  transverse 
plate,  connecting  the  vertical  dental 
lamellae,  arched  above,  and  beneath 
giving  off  a  couple  of  median  parallel 
lamellae,  which  are  incurved  so  as  to 
nearly  join  their  inferior  edges,  thus 
forming  a  slit-bearing  tube,  which  pro- 
jects into  the  interior  of  the  shell.  Type 
S.  typus. 
halli,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  8,  Marshall  Gr. 
typus,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.   Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  7,  Marshall  Gr. 

TEREBRATUL  A  ;  Lib  wydj!699, 
Lith.  Brit.  Ichn.   [Ety. 
diminutive      of      tere- 
bratus,     perforated.] 
Shell  variable  in  form, 
oval,  elongated    or 
transverse ;  smooth  or 
plicated ;    valves    un- 
equally con  vex;  hinge- 
line    curved;     beak 
short,  truncated  by  a  foramen ;    deltid- 
ium  in  one  or  two  pieces ;   loop  short ; 
confined  to  the  posterior  portion  of  the 
shell,    not    more    than    one-third    the 
length  of  the  valve,  simply  attached  to 
a  hinge  plate ;    two  ribbon-shaped  la- 
mellae are  united  by  a  transverse  lamella 
bent  upward  in  the  middle;  the  cirrated 
arms  are  supported  by  the  crura,  and 
project  in  front  of  the  loop ;  no  median 
septum  in  the  socket  valve.    Type  T. 
vitrea  and  T.  maxillata. 


FIG.  626.  —  Tere- 
bratula  maxil- 
lata. 


acuminatissima,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil., 
p.  40.  Not  recognized. 

affinis,  syn.  for  Atrypa  reticularis. 

aprinis,  see  Rhynchonella  aprinis. 

arcuata,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.  The  name  was  preoccupied 
by  Roemer  in  1840.  See  T.  Shumardana. 

argentea,  see  Athyris  argentea. 

aspera,  see  Atrypa  aspera. 

bidentata,  see  Rhynchonella  bidentata. 

bisacula,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal.  Foss., 
p.  82,  Kaskaskia  Gr.  Not  recognized. 

borealis,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  40, 
Not  recognized. 

bovidens,  Morton,  1836,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  29,  p.  150,  Coal  Meas. 

brevirostris,  see  Rhynchonella  brevirostris. 

brevilobata,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  84,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

burlingtonensis,  White,  1860,  Bost.  Jour. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  228,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W. 
100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  93,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

concentrica,  syn.  for  Athyris  spiriferoides. 

cooperensis,  n.  sp.,  Keokuk  Gr.  Proposed 
instead  of  T.  parva,  Swallow,  1863, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  83, 
which  name  was  preoccupied. 


FIG.  627.— Terebratula  bovidens. 

crenulata,  Sowerby,  1840,  (Atrypa  crenu- 

lata,)  Geo.  Trans.,  2d  series,  vol.  5,  p. 

704,  Devonian. 

cuneata,  see  Rhynchonella  cuneata. 
elia,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  390, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
formosa,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 

4,  p.  6,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  55.  Warsaw  Gr. 

geniculosa,  syn.  for  Terebratula  bovidens. 
gracilis,  Swallow,   1863,   Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.    The  name  was  preoccupied 

by  Von   Buch    in   1834.    See  T.  swal- 

lovana. 
harmonia,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

388,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
inornata,    McChesney,    1860,    New.    Pal. 

Foss.  Garb. 

insperata,  Phillips,  1841,  Pal.  Foss.,  De- 
vonian. 

interplicata,  see  Anastrophia  interplicata. 
jucunda,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 

390,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
lacunosa.    Not  American, 
lapillus,  Morton,  1836,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  vol.  29,  p.  149,  Coal  Meas. 
lens,  see  Cryptonella  lens. 
laticosta,  see  Atrypa  laticosta. 
lincklsmi,  see  Cryptonella  lincklseni. 
lynx,  see  Orthis  lynx. 
marcyi,  see  Retzia  marcyi. 


TER.— TRE.] 


BRACHIOPODA. 


385 


marginalia,  see  Atrypa  marginalia. 

michelini,  see  Orthis  michelini. 

millepunctata,  syn.  for  T.  bovidens. 

mormoni,  see  Retzia  mormoni. 

navicella,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
391,  Ham.  Gr. 

nuciformis,  Morton,  1836,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
-  and  Arts,  vol.  29,  p.  149,  Coal  Meas. 

nucula,  see  Rhynchonella  nucula. 

Ontario,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
418,  Ham.  Gr. 

ovoides,  see  Rensselseria  ovoides. 

parva,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  p.  83.  The  name  was  pre- 
occupied by  d'Archiac  in  1846.  See 
Terebratula  copperensis. 

pennata,  see  Spirifera  pennata. 

perinflata,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  392,  Permian  Gr. 

planirostra,  see  Cryptonella  planirostra. 

rectirostra,  see  Cryptonella  rectirostra. 

reticularis,  see  Atrypa  reticularis. 

rockymontana,  see  Rhynchonella  rocky- 
montana. 

roemingeri,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  48,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  389,  Ham.  Gr. 

rowleyi,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  23,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

sacculus,  Martin,  1809,  Petrif.  Derb.,  Low. 
Carb. 

schlotheimi,  see  Caraerophoria  schlotheimi. 

shumardana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed. 
Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  299,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
Proposed  instead  of  T.  arcuata,  Swallow, 
1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2, 
p.  83,  which  was  preoccupied. 

simulator,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p. 
391,  Ham.  Gr. 

spiri/troides,  see  Athyris  spiriferoides. 

stricklandi,  see  Rhynchonella  stricklandi. 

subretziaforma,  McChesney,  1860,  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  82,  Kaskaskia  Gr.  Not  recog- 
nized. 

subtilita,  see  Athyris  subtilita. 

sullivanti,  Hall,  1867,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 
p.  387,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

swallovana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  299,  Kaskaskia  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  T.  gracilis,  Swallow, 
1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2, 
p.  83,  which  was  preoccupied. 

traversensis,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  95,  Ham.  Gr. 

trinuclea,  see  Athyris  trinuclea. 

turgida,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol. 
4,  p.  6,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist, 
p.  54,  Warsaw  Gr. 
uta,  see  Rhynchonella  uta. 

utah,  Hall"&  Whitfield,  1877,  U.S.  Geo. 
Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  258,  Wa- 
verly  Gr. 

valenciennei,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 
39.  Not  recognized. 

wilsoni,  see  Rhynchonella  wilsoni. 
Terebralulites,    Schlotheim,    syn.    for    Spir- 
ifera. 

biforatus,  see  Orthis  biforata. 


TREMATIS,  Sharpe,  1848,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  66.  [Ety.  trema,  an 
opening.]  Shell  suborbicular  or  trans- 
versely oval,  lenticular ;  valves  un- 
equally convex ;  umbo  of  the  upper  or 
dorsal  valve  submarginal,  slightly  pro- 
jecting; lower  or  ventral  valve  with  a 
subcentral  umbo,  behind  which  a  nar- 
row, oblong,  oval  slit  reaches  to  near 
the  posterior  margin,  and  afforded  pas- 
sage to  the  pedicle  fibers  of  attachment; 
shell  punctate  in  the  outer  layers,  and 
fibrous  and  of  a  pearly  luster  within. 
Type  T.  terminalis. 

cselala,  see  Obolella  cselata. 

cancellata,  Sowerby,  1825,  (Orbicula  can- 
cellata,)  Zool.  Jour.,  vol.  2,  Trenton  Gr. 

crassa,  see  Obolella  crassa. 

crassipuncta,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geo.,  vol. 
4,  p.  22,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

dyeri,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874, 
Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 
1,  p.  347,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

filosa,  see  Schizocrania  filosa. 

fragilis,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am. 
Geo..  vol.  4,  p.  21,  Utica 
Slate. 

huronensis,  Billings,  1862,  FlG  m,_Tre. 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  53,  matis  dyeri. 
Black  Riv.  Gr. 

montrealensis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  52,  Trenton  Gr. 

millepunctata,  Hall,1866, 
24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.     Hist.,     p.    221, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
oblata,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am. 
Geo.,   vol.    4,    p.    23, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
ottawensis,    Billings, 
1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  53,  Trenton  Gr. 

pannulus,  see  Kutorgina  pannulus. 

punctostriata,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  243, 
Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

(?)  pustnlosa,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  222,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

quincuncialis,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont. 
to  Pal.  No.  2,  p.  8,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

rudis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  243,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

terminalis,  Emmons,  1842,  (Orbicula  ter- 
minalis,) Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  395,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  100,  Trenton  Gr. 

umbonata,  Ulrich,  1889,  Am.  Geo.,  vol.  4, 

p.  23,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

TREMATOSPIRA,  Hall,  1859,  12th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  27.  [Ety.  trema, 
foramen;  spira,  a  spire;  in  allusion 
to  the  perforation  in  the  beak  of  the 
ventral  valve.]  Transverse,  elliptical 
or  subrhomboidal, inequi valve;  mesial 
fold  and  sinus ;  surface  plicated  ;  inter- 
nal spires,  as  in  Spirifera;  hinge-line 
short ;  cardinal  angles  rounded ;  valves 
articulated  by  teeth  and  sockets ;  beak 
of  ventral  valve  produced  or  incurved, 


FIG.  629.  —  Treraa- 
tls  millepunc- 
tata. 


386 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[TRI. 


and  truncated  by  a  small,  round  per- 
foration, separated  from  the  hinge-line 
by  a  deltidium;  deep,  triangular  pit 
beneath  the  beak  of  the  ventral  valve, 
which  is  filled  by  the  closely  incurved 
beak  of  the  dorsal  valve ;  structure 
punctate.  Type  T.  costata  and  T.  mul- 
tistrlata. 

acadia?,  Hall,  1860,  Can. 
Nat.  and  Geo.,vol.  5,  p. 
144,  Up.  Sil. 

camura,        Hall,        1852, 
FIG.  630.— Trema-         (Atrypa    camura,)    Pal. 
tospira  acadise.          N.    Y.,  vol.    2,    p.    273. 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
costata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

210,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

deweyi,  see  Rhynchospira  deweyi. 
formosa,  see  Rhynchospira  formosa. 
gibbosa,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  82,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4, 

p.  272,  Ham.  Gr. 
globosa,  Hall,  1857,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  87,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

215,(Waldheimiaglobosa,)Low.Held.Gr. 
granulifera.  Meek,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  318,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  128,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hirsuta,  Hall,  1857,  (Atrypa  hirsuta,)  10th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  168,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  274,  Up.  Held,  and 

Ham.  Gr. 
imbricata,  Hall,  1857,  (Leptocoalia  imbri- 

cata,)  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  108,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  246, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
infrequens,  Walcott,  1885,  Mongr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  151,  Lower  Devonian, 
mathewsoni,  McChesney,  1861,  New   Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  71,  Niagara  Gr. 
multistriata,  Hall,   1857,  (Spirifer  multi- 

striatus,)    10th  Rep.  N.  Y.   Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  59,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
liniuscula,    Winchell,    1866,    Rep.    Low. 

Peninsula  Mich.,  p.  94,  Ham.  Gr. 
(?)  uobilis,    Hall,     1860,     (Rhynchospira 

nobilis,)  13th    Rep.    N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  83,  Ham.  Gr. 
perforata,  Hall,  1857,  (Spirifera  perforata,) 

10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  60, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
(f)  quadriplicata,  see  Rhynchotreta  quad- 

riplicata. 
rectirostris,  Hall,  1856,  (Waldheimia  rec- 

tirostra,)    10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  49,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

217,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
simplex,  Hall,  1856,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

211,  Low.  Held.  Gr.    • 

Trigonotreta,  Konig,  1825,  Icon.  Foss.  Sect., 
p.  3.  [Ety.  trigorws,  a  triangle;  tretos, 
perforated.]  Syn.  for  Spirifera.  Meek, 
concluding  that  S.  cuspidatus  men- 
tioned by  Sowerby  in  Minn.  Conch., 
vol.  2,  p.  42,  should  be  considered  as 
the  type  of  Spirifera,  proposed  to  retain 
Trigonotreta  for  shells  of  the  type  of  S. 
striata,  contrary  to  the  views  of  most 
authors.  See  Pal.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  18. 


TRIMERELLA,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  166.  [Ety.  treis,  three;  meros, 
part;  ella,  diminutive.]  Large  subo- 
vate  or  subcircular ;  valves  convex; 
beaks  solid  and  transversely  striated ; 


FIG.  631.— Trimerella  grandis.    Cast  of  dorsal 
valve. 

shell  thick,  and  surface  concentrically 
striated ;  area  of  pedicle  valve  longer 
than  wide ;  deltidium  large ;  hinge 
thick,  elevated,  rudely  or  slightly  den- 
tary ;  cardinal  facet  large ;  crescent 
well  defined ;  platforms  elevated  and 
doubly  vaulted,  occasionally  solid  and 
slightly  raised ;  median  plate  in  both 
valves,  longest  in  the  brachial  one. 
Type  T.  grnndis. 


FIG.  632.— Trimerella   grandis.     Cast   of   ventral 
valve. 

acuminata,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol. 

1,  p.  167,  Guelph  Gr. 
billingsi,  Dall,  1871,  Am.  Jour.   Conch., 

vol.  7,  p.  82,  Guelph  Gr. 


BRACH10PODA. 


387 


dalli,  Davidson  &  King,  1872,  Brighton 
Meeting  Brit.  Assoc.,  and  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  1874,  p.  154,  Guelph  Gr. 

galtensis,     Billings, 
1862,          (Obolus 
galtensis,)       Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.    1,   p. 
168,    Guelph  Gr. 
grandis,       Billings, 
1862,  Pal.    Foss., 
vol.    1,    p.     166, 
Guelph  Gr. 
minor,  Ball,  syn.  for 

T.  galtensis. 
ohioensis,       Meek, 
1871,    Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,    2d     series, 
vol.  1,  p.  315,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 
183,  Niagara  Gr. 
TRIPLESIA,    Hall,    1858,   12th   Rep.    N.  Y. 


FIG. 


633.  —  Trimerella 
galtensis. 


FIG.  634.— Triplesia  extans. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  44.  [Ety.  triplasios, 
thrice ;  in  allusion  to  the  trilobate 
character  of  the  shell.]  Shell  trans- 
verse or  elongate,  trilobate  or  subtri- 
lobate ;  ventral  valve  deeply  sinuous 
and  dorsal,  having  a  corresponding 
fold ;  hinge-line  straight ;  area  small ; 
foramen  triangular;  surface  concen- 
trically striated ;  ventral  valve  with  a 
strong  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  fissure ; 
muscular  impressions  small ;  dorsal 
valve  with  a  prominent  bifurcating 
cardinal  process,  on  each  side  of 
which  there  is  a  brachial  process  di- 
rected obliquely  inward  and  laterally. 
Type  T.  extans. 

congesta,  Conrad,  1842,  ( Atrypa  congesta,) 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  265,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  67,  Clinton  Gr. 

cuspid  ata,. Hall,  1847,  (Atrypa  cuspidata,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  138,  Trenton  Gr. 


nucleus,  Hall,  1847,  (Atrypa  nucleus,)  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  138,  Trenton  Gr. 

ortoni,  Meek,  1872,  (Dicraniscus  ortoni,) 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  4, 
p.  280,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  178, 
Niagara  Gr. 

primordialis,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  51,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  172,  Potsdam  Gr. 

putillus,  Hall,  syn.  for  T.  waldronensis. 

radiata,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  43,  Calciferous  Gr. 

waldronensis,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  (Spirif- 
era  ?  waldronensis,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  37,  Niagara  Gr. 
TROPIDOLEPTUS,  Hall,  1857,  proposed  in  10th 
Rep.,  but  described  in  1859  in  12th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  31.  [Ety. 
tropis,  the  keel  or  bottom  of  a  ship; 
leptos,  slender.]  General  form  of  Stro- 
phomena ;  surface  plicated  ;  structure 
punctate ;  ventral  valve  convex,  with 
an  area  and  wide  fissure  beneath  the 
beak ;  dental  lamellae  distinct  from  the 
margin  of  the  fissure,  crenulate;  dorsal 
valve  concave,  with  crenulate  dental 
fossets  ;  a  strong,  cardinal  process,  with 
diverging  lobes  in  the  interior,  which 
support  slender  crura  that  converge  to 
and  unite  with  the  median  crest.  Type 
T.  carinatus. 


FIG.  635.— Triplesia  ortoni. 

extans,  Emmons,  1842,  (Atrypa  extans,) 
Geo.  Rep.  2d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  395,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  137,  Trenton  Gr. 

lateralis,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  303,  Birdseye  Gr. 


FIG.  636.— Tropidoleptus  carinatus. 

carinatus,    Conrad,    1839,    (Strophomena 
carinata.)  Ann.  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  64, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  4,  p.  407,  Ham.  Gr. 
occidens,  Hall,   1860,    13th    Rep.   N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  91,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  4,  p.  408,  Ham.  Gr.       - 
VITULINA,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  72.     [Ety.    mythological 
name.]      Externally    it    is 
like    Leptocoelia,    but   dis- 
tinguished   by    its    strong 
dental    lamellae    and    pro- 
cesses.   Type  V.  pustulosa. 
pustulosa,    Hall,    1860,    13th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  72,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
4,  p.  410,  Tully  limestone. 
WALDHEIMIA,  King,  1849,  Mon- 
ograph of  Permian  Fossils, 
p.      145.        [Ety.      proper 
name.]    Shell  circular,  sub- 
quadrate,      transverse      or 
elongated ;    valves   unequally    convex, 
smooth,  or   plicated ;   beak   truncated, 
perforated ;    deltidium  in  one   or  two 
pieces ;  loop  long,   formed   of   lamellae 
attached    by  the    crura   to  the   hinge 


388 


BRACHIOPODA. 


[WHI.— ZYG, 


plate  ;  one  tooth  on  each  side  of  the 
deltidium,  supported  by  plates,  and 
fitting  in  the  sockets  of  the  dorsal 
valve ;  structure  punctate.  Type  W. 
australis. 


maria,  Hall,  1863,  (Meristellamaria,)  Trans 
Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  212,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  637.— Waldheimia  australis.  Dorsal  valve' 
.7,  cardinal  process;  t,  dental  sockets;  p,  hinge 
plate  :  *,  septum :  c,  crura  of  the  loop ;  I,  re- 
flected portion  of  the  loop ;  m,  quadruple 
adductor  impression.  Ventral  valve ;  /,  fora- 
men; d,  deltidiumj;  I,  teeth;  a,  single  adductor 
impression  ;  r,  cardinal  muscle ;  x,  accessory 
muscles;  p,  pedicle  muscles;  v,  position  of  the 
vent;  2,  attachment  of  pedicle  sheath. 

compacta,  White  &  St.  John,  1868,  Trans. 
Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  119,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
deweyi,  see  Retzia  deweyi. 
formosa,  see  Retzia  formosa. 
globosa,    see   Trematospira 

globosa. 
rectirostra,  see  Trematospira 

rectirostra. 

WHITFIELDIA,  Davidson,  1 881 , 
Lond.  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  8, 
p.     289.      [Ety.     proper 
name.]    While      Meris- 
tella     is     distinguished 
from  Merista  by  having 
no  shoe-lifter  process ;  Whitfieldia  is  dis- 
tinguished from  both  by  the  absence 
of  those  peculiar  ring-shaped  processes 
attached  to  the  loop,  and  has  instead 
only  a  short,  bifurcating  process,  where 
in  Merista  and  Meristella  the  rings  are 
formed.    These  internal   differences  in 
the  spirals   seem    to    distinguish    the 
genera.    Type  W.  tumida. 


FIG.  638.— Wald- 
heimia aus- 
tralis. 


FIG.  639.— Whitflelda  maria.    Internal  casts. 

ZYGOSPIKA,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,   p.  126.     [Ety.  zygos,  yoke; 

xpira,  spire.]    General  form  of  Atrypa 

with  internal    spires    having  a    broad 

loop  passing   from  the  outer  limbs  of 

the   spiral  band  entirely   across    from 

side  to  side,  near  to  or  above  the  center, 

and  close  to  the  inner  side  of  the  dorsal 

valve.    Type  Z.  modesta. 
concentrica,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  14,  Hud  Riv.  Gr. 
headi,  Billings,  1862,  (Athyris  headi,)  Pal. 

Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  147,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
headi  var.   anticostiensis,   Billings,    1862, 

(Athyris  headi  var.  anticostiensis,)  Pal. 

Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  147,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
headi  var.  borealis,  Billings,  1862,  (Athyris 

headi  var.  borealis,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  147,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
headi,  Meek,  see  Glassia  headi. 
minima,   Hall,    1879,    Desc.    New    Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  14,  and  llth   Rep.  Geo.    and 

Nat.  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  305,  Niagara  Gr. 
modesta,   Say,   1847,    (Atrypa    modesta,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.   141,  Trenton  and 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
modesta  var.  cincinnatiensis, 

Meek,  1872,  Pal.  Ohio,  vol. 

1,  p.  126,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
pauper,  Billings,  1866,  Catal. 

Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  46,  An- 

ticosti  Gr.  desta. 

subconcava,  Meek  &  Wor- 

then,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  380, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 


PTEROPODA. 


389 


CLASS  PTEROPODA. 


THE  Class  Pteropoda  consists  wholly  of  marine  animals  of  small  size,  furnished 
with  a  pair  of  fins  at  the  sides  of  the  head,  by  means  of  which  they  swim  in  the 
open  sea.  The  living  forms  are  divided  into  two  orders :  the  Gymnosomata  and 
Thecosomata.  The  Gymnosomata  have  no  shells,  and  occur  in  such  prodigious 
numbers  that  they  furnish  food  for  whales  and  many  sea-birds.  The  Thecosomata 
have  either  straight  or  coiled  shells,  some  of  which  are  glassy  in  their  texture  and 
very  beautiful.  It  may  well  be  doubted  whether  or  not  any  of  the  Palseozoic  fossils 
belong  to  this  order.  They  are  referred  to  the  following  families : 

FAMILY  ASPIDELLID^E. — Aspidella. 

FAMILY  CLATHROCCELIIDJE — Clathrocoelia. 

FAMILY  CONULARIID^. — Conularia. 

FAMILY     HYOLITHID^;. — Coleolus,     Coleoprion,     Diplotheca,     Hyolithellua, 

Hyolithes,  Pharetrella,  Stenotheca. 
FAMILY  MATTHEVIDJE. — Matthevia. 
FAMILY  PTEROTHECID^.  — Pterotheca , 
FAMILY  ScENELLnxss. — Scenella. 
FAMILY  TENTACULITID^;. — Styliola,  irentaculites. 


ASPIDELLA,  Billings,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
3d  ser.,  vol.  3,  and  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  76.  [Ety. 
aspidella,  little  shield".] 
Small,  ovate,  bordered  by  a 
narrow  ring  within  which 
it  is  concave ;  in  the  middle 
there  is  a  ridge,  from  which 
grooves  radiate  to  the 
border.  Type  A.  terrano- 
vica. 

terranovica,      Billings,     1872, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  3,  and  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  77,  Taconic. 
Camerotheca,  Matthew,  1885,  Can.  Rec.  Sci., 

vol.  1,  p.  149,  syn.  for  Hyolithes. 
oracilis,  see  Hyolithes  gracilis. 
CLATHROCOSLIA,   Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  pt.  2,  p.  203.     [Ety.  clathro,  latticed ; 
koilia,  belly.]    An  oblique  conical  tube, 
expanding  more  rapidly  on    one   side 
than  the    other;    interior   crossed   by 
unsymmetrical,  arching,  septal  lines  and 
longitudinal  ones,  which  give  it  a  can- 
cellated aspect;  shell  thin,  translucent, 
lamellose.    Type  C.  eborica. 
eborica,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  204,  Ham.  Gr. 
Clioderma,  Hall,  syn.  for  Pterotheca. 
attcnuata,  see  Pterotheca  attenuata. 
expansa,  see  Pterotheca  expansa. 


26 


COLEOLUS,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  184.  [Ety.  kokos,  sheath.]  Tubu- 
liform,  elongate-conical,  straight  or 
slightly  curved, 
annulated,  some- 
times  obli 

sometimes  longi 

tudinally       stri- 
ated, interior  smooth.    Type  C.  tenui- 

cinctus. 
acicula,  Hall,  1843,    (Orthoceras  acicula,) 

Geo.  Sur.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  243,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  187,  Gen- 

esee  Slate, 
aciculatus,  Hall,  1860,  (Dentalium  acicula- 

turn,)    13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.   Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  107,  Marcellus  Shale  and  Por-  ' 

tage  Grs. 
crenatocinctus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  188,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
gracilis,   Hall,  1879,    Pal.   N.   Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  190,  Chemung  Gr. 
herzeri,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

7,  Waverly  Gr. 
Isevis,   Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  199,  Devonian, 
mohri,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  189,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
spinulus,  Hall,    1879,    Desc.   New  Spec. 

Foss.,  p.  18,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and  Nat. 

Hist.  Ind.,  p.  322,  Niagara  Gr. 


PTEROPODA. 


[COL.— CON- 


tenuicinctus,  Hall,  1876,  (Coleoprion 
tenuicinctum,)  Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi. 
27,  Ham.  Gr. 

COLEOPRION,  Sandberger,  1847,  Leonhardt  & 
Bronn,  Jahrbuch,  vol.  1,  p.  25.  [Ety. 
koleos,  sheath ;  priori,  saw.]  Tubuliform, 
appearing  as  an  elongate  cone,  encircled 
by  oblique  annulations,  which  are  in- 
terrupted along  a  longitudinal  line,  and 
attenuate  at  their  extremities ;  internal 
walls  smooth.  Type  C.  gracilis. 

minutum,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  TJ.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  85,  Trenton  Gr. 

tenue,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  of  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  184,  Ham.  Gr. 

tenuicinctum,  see  Coleolus  tenuicinctus. 
CONULARIA,  Miller,  1821,  in  Sowerby's  Minn. 
Conch.,  vol.  3,  p.  107.  [Ety.  conulus, 
little  cone.]  Elongate  pyramidal; 
transverse  section  varying  from  quad- 
rangular to  octagonal ;  angles  indented 
by  longitudinal  grooves ;  septum  near 
the  apex  ;  surface  reticulated  and  orna- 
mented. Type  C.  quadrisulcata. 

asperata,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  21,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

bifurca,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  18.'  Not  properly 
denned. 

byblis,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  22,  Waverly  Gr. 

cayuga,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss  , 
pi.  28,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 
211,  Ham.  Gr. 

chesterensis,  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  325,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

congregate,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  28,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  214,  Portage  Gr. 

continens,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  28,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  212,  MarcelJus  Shale. 

continens  var.  rudis,  Hall,  1879,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  pi.  28,  Ham.  Gr. 

crawfordsvillensis,  Owen,  1862,  Geo.  Sur. 
Ind.,  p.  362,  Keokuk  Gr. 

crebristriata,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  29,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  210,  Ham.  Gr. 

crustula,  White,  1880,  12th  Rep.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  170,  Coal  Meas. 

elegantula,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  85,  aud  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 
p.  288,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

formosa,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  38,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

gattingeri,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn., 
p.  289,  Trenton  Gr. 

gracilis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
224,  Trenton  Gr. 

granulata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  223,  Trenton  Gr. 

hudsoni,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geo.,  vol. 
1,  p.  208,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

huntana,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
348,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

indentata,  Conrad,  1854,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  7,  p.  31,  Trenton  Gr. 


infrequens,  Hall,   1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
Foss.,    p.   17,  and  llth   Rep.  Geo.  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  321,  Niagara  Gr. 
laqueata,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  57,  Niagara  Gr. 
lata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  479, 

Oriskany  sandstone, 
longa,   Hall,  1852,    Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  2,  p. 

295,  Niagara  Gr. 

magnifica,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1, 
Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  58,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

marionensis,    Swallow,    1860,    Trans.    St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  656,  Ham.  Gr. 
micronema,   Meek,    1871, 
Proc.   Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  84,  and   Ohio 
Pal.,    vol.     2,     p.     316, 
Waverly  Gr. 

missouriensis,  Swallow, 
1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 
657,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  541,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

molaris,      White,     1876, 
Proc.  Acad.    Nat.    Sci., 
p.  33,  Devonian, 
multicostata,      Meek     & 

Worthen,  1865,  Proc.  FIG. 643.-Conula- 
Acad.  Nat  Sci.,  p.  252,  ria  microneraa. 
Waverly  Gr. 

muttipuncta,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  18.  Not  prop- 
erly denned. 

newberryi,  Winchell,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  130, 
Waverly  Gr. 

niagarensis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  294,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

osagensis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans. 
St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2, 
p.  98,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
papillata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  223,  Trenton  Gr. 
planocostata,     Dawson,     1868, 

Acad.Geol.,  p.  307,  Garb, 
pyramidalis,    Hall,    1859,    Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.   3.   p.  347,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

quadrata,   Walcott,    1876,  [28th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  93, 
Trenton  Gr. 
quadrisulcata,     (?)     Miller,     1821,     Min. 

Conch.,  vol.  3,  p.  107,  Niagara  Gr. 
rugosa,  Spencer.  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  59,  Niagara  Gr. 
splendida,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  21,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
subcarbonaria,   Meek    &    Worthen,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  253,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  520,  Keokuk  Gr. 
subulata,    Hall,    1858,   Trans.    Alb-  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  32.  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  91,  Warsaw  Gr. 
transversa,    Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.    Nat.   Sci.,   vol.    5,    p.    19,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 


DIP.— HYO.] 


PTEROPODA. 


391 


trentonensis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  222,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

triplicata,  Swallow,  I860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  657,  Ham.  Gr. 
undulata,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  57,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 
208,  Ham.  Gr. 

verneuilana,  Emmons,   1846,   Am.    Quar. 
Jour.  Agr.  and  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  330.  Sub- 
carboniferous, 
victa,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  22,  Burlington  Gr. 
whitii,    Meek  &     Worthen,    1865,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  253,  Waverly  Gr. 
wilkinsi,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  59,  Niagara  Gr. 
DIPLOTHECA,  Matthew,  1885,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  30,  p.  293.  [Ety. 
diploos,  double  ;  Theca,  a  genus.]  Slen- 
der, conical,  section  triangular ;  internal 
septa  dividing  it  in  segments ;  body 
cavity  separated  from  one  side  by  a 
thin  partition,  supported  by  delicate 
transverse  septa ;  distinguished  from 
Hyolithes  by  more  rapidly  expand- 
ing, and  by  a  firmer,  rounder  side, 
where  it  has  the  support  of  the  lateral 
septa.  Type  D.  acadica. 
acadica,  Matthew,  1885,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  30,  p.  294,  St. 
John  Gr. 

hyattana,  Matthew,  1885,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  30,  p.  294,  St. 
John  Gr. 

hyattana  var.  caudata,  Matthew,  1885, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol. 
30,  p.  294,  St.  John  Gr. 
HYOLITHELLUS,  Billings,  1871,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geol,  vol.  6,  p.  240,  and  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  360. 
[Ety.  diminutive  of  Hyolithes.]  Dis- 
tinguished from  Hyolithes  by  its  long, 
slender  form  and  structure  of  the  oper- 
culum.  Type  H.  micans. 

micans,  Billings,  1871,  Can. 
Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  6, 
p.  240,  and  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts.,  3d  ser., 
vol.  3,  p.  354,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

micans  var.   rugosa,   Wal- 
cott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  34, 
p.  191,  Up.  Taconic. 
HYOLITHES,  Eichwald,  1840, 
Sil.     Scbicht.     Syst.    in 
Ehstl.,    p.    97.      Appar- 
ently the  internal  casts 
of     tubes    forming     an 
elongate,     subtriangular 
pyramid ;  lateral  margins 
acute  and  tapering  from 
the  base  to  an  acute  extremity ;  dorsal 
side  usually  more  convex  than  the  ven- 
tral, and  often  longitudinally  sinuate; 
aperture  usually  oblique  and  extended 
on  the  ventral  side ;  surface  smooth,  or 
having    arching    or    transverse    striae. 
Type  H.  acutus. 


FIG.  645,-Hyoli- 
thellus  micans. 
Terminal  por- 
tion enlarged. 


aclis,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss., 

pi.  27,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

197,  Ham.  Gr. 
aculeatus,   Hall,   1860,   (Theca  aculeata,) 

13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 

107,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
americanus,   Billings,   1871,  (Theca  trian- 

gularis,)  Hall,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol. 

6,  p.  213,  Up.  Taconic. 
baconi,  Whitfield,   1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  77,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  225,  Trenton  Gr. 
carbonaria,  Walcott,   Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  264,  Subcarboniferous. 
centennialis,    Barrett,    1877,    Ann.    Lye. 

Nat.     Hist.,     vol.     11,     p.    299,    Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
communis,  Billings,  1871,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geol.,  vol.  6,  p.  213,  Up.  Taconic. 
danianus,  Matthew,  1884,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  2,  p.  283,  St.  John  Gr. 
emmonsi,  Ford,  1873,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d 

ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  214,  Up.  Taconic. 
excellens,  Billings,   1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

2,  p.  70,  Up.  Taconic. 
gibbosus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  242,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 
gracilis,    Matthew,    1885,    (Camerotheca 

gracilis,)  Can.  Rec.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  149, 

St.  John  Gr. 
gregarius,   Meek  &  Hayden,   1861,   Proc. 

Acad.   Nat.   Sci.  Phil,  p.  436,  and  Pal. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  5,  Potsdam  Gr. 
heros,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  7, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
impar,  Ford,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser., 

vol.  3,  p.  419,  Up.  Taconic. 
ligea,  Hall,  1863,  (Theca  ligea,)  15th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  62,  and 

Pal.   N.   Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  195,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 

micans,  see  Hyolithellus  micans. 
micmac,  Matthew,  1884,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  2,  p.  283,  St.  John  Gr. 
neapolis,   Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.   S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  56,  Portage  Gr. 
parviusculus,  Hall,  1862,  (Theca  parvius- 

cula,)   Geo.   Rep.    Wis.,   p.   425,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
primordialis,   Hall,  1861,  (Theca  primor- 

dialis,)  Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 

p.  48,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol. 

4,  p.  175,  Potsdam  Gr. 
princeps,     Billings,    1871, 

Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol. 
6,  p.  213,  and  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser., 
vol.  3,  p.  355,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

principalis,  Hall,  1876,  Il- 
lust. Devonian  Foss.,  pi. 
27,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.   2    p.    196,   Scho- 
hane  grit. 

shaleri,  Walcott,  1885,  Bull. 

U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  283,  Up.  Taconic. 
singulus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  202,  Ham.  Gr. 


392 


PTEROPODA. 


[MAT. — STY. 


FIG.  647.— Matthevia 
variabilis. 


striatus,  Hall,  1876,  lllust.  Devonian  Foss., 
pi.  27,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 
199,  Ham.  Gr. 

subimbricatus,    Ringueberg,    1888,    Proc. 
Acacl.    Nat.   Sci.    Phil.,    p.    135,   Niag- 
ara Gr. 
triliratus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  201,  Ham.  Gr. 
vanuxemi,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  8. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  85,  Chazy  Gr. 
MATTHEVIA,  Walcott,  1885,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  30,  p.  17.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Shell  conical ;  aperture 
sinuous,  transverse  section,  ovate,  el- 
liptical or  rounded  subquadrate;  two 
elongate  interior  chambers,  diverging 
from  the  apex,  open  into  the  terminal 
chamber,  and  are  crossed  by  a  single 
imperforate  sep- 
tum; surface  pa- 
pillose ;  opercu- 
lum  calcareous, 
nucleus  excentric, 
lines  of  growth 
concentric.  Type 
M.  variabilis. 
variabilis,  Walcott, 
1885,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  30,  p  18,  Calciferous  Gr. 
PHABETRELLA,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  7.  Shell  large,  elongate,  Hyolithes- 
like  in  outline  ;  apex  acute ;  surface  or- 
namented with  transverse,  undulating 
striae.  Type  P.  tenebrosa. 
tenebrosa,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

7,  Genesee  Slate. 

PTEROTHECA,  Salter,  1852,  Rep.  Brit.  Ass'n, 
p.  61.  [Ety.  pteron,  wing ;  The ca,  a  genus.] 
Shells  arcuate,  somewhat  calyptrseform, 
subtriangular,  or  oval ;  apex  marginal 
and  incurved  on  the  same  plane,  cari- 
nate  upon  the  back,  abruptly  and 
broadly  expanding,  with  the  anterior 
margin  sinuate ;  interior  concave,  shal- 
low ;  a  concave,  shelly  partition  covers 
the  posterior  half  of  the  cavity.  Type 
P.  transyersa. 

anatiformis,  Hall,  1847,  (Tellinomya  anat- 
iformis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  154,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

attenuata,  Hall,  1861,  (Clioderma  attenu- 
ata,)  14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  98,  Trenton  Gr. 

canaliculata,  Hall,  1861,  (Cleioderma  ca- 
naliculata,)  14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.   Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  97,  Trenton  Gr. 
expansa,   Emmons,    1842,   (Delthyris  ex- 
pansus,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  397,  Black 
Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
saffordi,  Hall,  1861,  (Cleioderma  saffordi,) 
14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
96,  Trenton  Gr. 
transverse,  Salter,  1852,  Rep.  Brit.  Ass'n, 

p.  61,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

undulata,  Hall,  1861,  (Cleioderma  undu- 
lata,)  14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  97,  Trenton  Gr. 


Pugiunculus  aculeatus,  see  Hyolithes  acu- 
leatus. 

SCENELLA,  Billings,  1872,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  6,  p.  479,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  77.  [Ety.  scene,  tent ;  ella,  diminu- 
tive.] Shell  small,  depressed,  conical ; 
apex  central,  an  obscure  carina  extend- 
ing from  the  apex  to  the  margin  ;  apex 
slightly  incurved  opposite  the  carina ; 
aperture  nearly  circular;  surface  finely 
reticulated.  Type  S.  reticulata. 

conica,     Whiteaves, 

1884,  Pal.     Foss., 
vol.     3,     p.     32, 
Guelph  Gr. 

conula, Walcott,  1885,  *io  648.— Scenella  con- 
Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo.        lca-    Side  view- 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  15,  Up.  Taconic. 

reticulata,  Billings,  1872,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  6,  p.  479,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  77,  Up.  Taconic. 

retusa,  Ford,  1873,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  series,  vol.  5,  p.  213,  Up. 
Taconic. 

varians,  Walcott,   1886,  Bull.   U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  30,  p.  127,  Up.  Taconic. 
STENOTHECA,  Hicks,  1872,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  28,  p.  180.  [Ety.  stenos,  nar- 
row; Theca,  genus.]  Shell  small,  curved; 
lines  of  growth  strongly  marked  trans- 
versely. Type  S.  cornucopia. 

acadica,  Hartt,  1868,  (Discina  acadica,) 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  644,  St.  John  Gr. 

concentrica,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  57,  St.  John  Gr. 

elongata,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  23,  Up.  Taconic. 

hicksana,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  56,  St.  John  Gr. 

nasuta,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  58,  and  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 
6,  p.  479,  St.  John  Gr. 

pauper,  Billings,  1872,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  77,  Up.  Taconic. 

radiata,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  57,  St.  John 

jjgfr  rugo^,  Hall,  1847,  (Me- 

— "*  toptoma  rugosa,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  306, 
Up.  Taconic. 
triangularis,    Matthew, 

1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  58,  St. 
John  Gr. 

STYI.IOLA,  Lesueur,  1826.  [Ety.  stylos,  pillar.] 
Small,  conical,  without  annulations 
which  distinguishes  it  from  Tentac- 
ulites. 

fissurella,  Hall,  1843,  (Tentaculites  fissurel- 
lus,)  Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  180,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  178,  Marcel- 
lus  Shale  and  Genesee  Slate. 

fissurella  var.  intermittens,  Hall,  1879, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  181,  Gen- 
esee Slate. 

fissurella  var.  obsolescens,  Hall,  1879, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  180,  Ham.  Gr. 

fissurella  var.  strigata,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  180,  Marcellus  Shale. 


Fio.  649.-Stenoth- 
eca  ragosa. 


TEN. — THE.] 


PTEROPODA. 


obtusa,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  182,  Ham.  Gr. 
spica,  Hall,   1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  7, 

Ham.  Gr. 
TKNTACULITES,  Schlotheim,  1820,Petrefakten., 

p.  377.     [Ety.  tentaculum,  feeler ;   lithos, 

stone.]     Straight,  elongate,  attenuately 

conical    tubes,  annulated   by  abruptly 

elevated  rings  closely  arranged  near  the 

apex,   and  more  distant  and    stronger 

with  the   increasing   size   of  the  shell 

and  distance    from  the  apex ;    surface 

marked  by  fine  transverse  striae,  rarely 

by  longitudinal  strife.    Type  T.  scalaris. 
acula,   Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  6, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
arenosus,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 

pi.  26,  and  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

166,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
attenuatus,   Hall,  1876,    Illust.  Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  26,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  170,  Ham.  Gr. 
bellulus,    Hall,     1876,   Illust.    Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  26,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  169,  Ham.  Gr. 
dexithea,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.7,  p. 

6,  Schoharie  grit. 
distans,  see  Cornulites  distans. 
elongatus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  136,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
fissurella,  see  Styliola  fissurella. 
flexuosa,  see  Conchicolites  flexuosus. 
gracilistriatus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  173,  Marcellus  Shale, 
hoyti,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  34,  Devonian, 
gyracanthus,    Eaton,  1832,    (Echinus  gy- 

racanthus,)  Geo.  Text-book,  p.  128,  Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
incurvus,  Shumard,  1856,  Geo.  Rep.  Mo., 

p.  195,  Trenton  Gr. 
irregularis,    Hall,   1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

syn.  for  T.  gyracanthus. 
minutus,  Hall,  1843,   Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  72,  and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

183,  Clinton  Gr. 


neglectus,  Nicholson  &  Hinde,  1874,  Can. 

Jour.,  p.  9,  Clinton  Gr. 
niagarens  i  s , 

Hall,  1852, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  __ 

vol.     2,    p.     FlQ   650.— Tentaculites  rich- 

352,     Niag-  mondensis. 

ara  Gr. 
niagarensis  var.  cumberlandise,  Hall,  1888, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  5,  Niagara  Gr. 
oswegoensis,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1865, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  254,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  342,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
richmondensis,    S.  A.  Miller,  1874,   Gin. 

Quar.  Jour.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.   234,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
scalariformis,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  26,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  167,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
scalaris,  Schlotheim,  1820,  Petref.     Not  an 

American  species, 
sicula,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss., 

pi.  26,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
spicula,    Hall,     1876,     Illust.    Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  26,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  172,  Chemung  Gr. 
sterlingensis,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1865, 

Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,  p.  255, 

and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,   vol.  3,  p.  342,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 

subtilis,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 
tenuistriatus,  Meek    &    Worthen,    1865, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  255,  and 

Geo.    Sur.  111.,    vol.    3,    p.    343,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 

Theca,  Sowerby,  1845,  syn.  for  Hyolithes. 
aculeata,  see  Hyolithes  aculeatus. 
gregaria,  see  Hyolithes  gregarius. 
ligea,  see  Hyolithes  ligea. 
parviuscula,  see  Hyolithes  parviusculus. 
primordialis,  see  Hyolithes  primordialis. 
triangulari*,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  313.    This  name  was  preoccupied  by 

Portlock  in  1843.     Billings  described  it 

as  Hyolithes  americanus. 


394  GASTEROPODA. 

CLASS  GASTEROPODA. 

[Ety.  gaster,  under  side  of  body ;  pous,  foot.] 


THE  locomotive  organ  in  the  Gasteropoda  consists  of  a  broad,  muscular  under  - 
surface,  or  foot,  upon  which  the  animal  creeps  with  a  gliding  motion.  The  expan- 
sion and  contraction  of  the  muscles  may  be  seen  when  a  snail  is  moving  over  glass. 
This  form  of  the  foot  is  the  most  important  characteristic  of  the  Gasteropoda.  The 
head  is  distinct,  and  usually  furnished  with  tentacles  and  eyes.  The  mouth  is  on 
the  lower  surface,  and  is  often  furnished  with  one  or  two  teeth,  or  jaws,  in  the  upper 
part,  and  a  ribbon-like  tongue,  with  minute  silicious  teeth  on  its  upper  surface,  which 
are  used  with  the  upper  teeth  in  separating  the  food.  The  teeth  on  the  tongue  are 
called  the  lingual  teeth. 

The  body  is  generally  much  larger  on  one  side  than  on  the  other,  which  produces 
a  spiral  shell  in  the  growth  of  the  animal,  because  the  shell  is  secreted  at  the  edge 
of  the  mantel.  The  shell  nearly  always  consists  of  one  piece  (univalve),  forming  a 
conical  tube,  twisted  spirally ;  but  the  tube  is  not  perfect,  because  the  inner  wall  of 
each  whorl  is  formed  of  the  preceding  whorl  with  only  a  thin  coating  of  shelly 
matter.  Sometimes  the  tube  is  rolled  in  a  plane,  producing  a  discoid  shell ;  and 
there  are  all  grades  of  form,  from  the  discoid  to  the  upright.  The  right  side  of  the 
animal  is  usually  the  larger,  and  the  shell  produced  is  dextral ;  but  in  some  species 
and  in  some  abnormal  specimens  of  dextral  species,  the  spire  is  turned  in  the  op- 
posite direction,  and  the  shell  is  therefore  called  sinistral.  The  winding  of  the  tube 
in  the  spiral  shells  as  the  animal  grows,  produces  a  central  axis,  which  is  called  the 
columella.  It  extends  from  the  apex  to  the  base,  and  forms  the  inner  margin  of 
the  aperture.  The  columella  is  usually  hollow,  and  terminates  at  the  base  of  the 
shell  with  a  small  opening,  called  the  umbilicus.  The  margins  of  the  aperture  are 
called  the  lips.  When  the  columella  forms  the  inner  lip,  it  is  called  the  columellar 
lip.  The  outer  lip  forms  the  convexity  of  the  shell.  Sometimes  the  lips  are  con- 
tinuous, and  sometimes  the  outer  lip  is  more  or  less  deeply  notched ;  and  both  lips 
may  be  furnished  with  teeth  or  denticulated  edges.  The  last  whorl  of  the  shell  is 
called  the  body  whorl,  from  its  receiving  the  body  of  the  animal,  and  the  remaining 
whorls  constitute  the  spire.  The  line  which  separates  the  whorls  is  the  suture. 
Many  Gasteropoda  have  a  calcareous  plate  attached  to  the  hinder  part  of  the  foot, 
which  closes  the  aperture  when  the  animal  retracts  itself  within  the  shell ;  this  cover- 
ing is  called  an  operculum. 

The  Gasteropoda  are  divided  into  two  subclasses :  the  Heteropoda  and  Gaster- 
opoda proper.  The  Heteropoda,  also  called  the  Nucleobranchiata,  are  all  inhabitants 
of  the  ocean,  and  usually  have  a  shell  covering  only  the  essential  organs  of  the  body. 
They  swim  rapidly  near  the  surface  of  the  water  with  the  back  downward,  and 
when  the  foot  is  present  it  is  used  to  attach  the  animal  to  floating  sea-weeds. 

The  Gasteropoda  proper  are  divided  into  two  orders:  one  breathing  air,  the 
Pulmonifera;  and  the  other  water,  the  Branchifera.  The  Pulmonifera  include  the 


ACL.— ACR.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


395 


land  snails  and  their  allies ;  the  Branchifera   are  furnished   with  gills,  and  include 
nearly  all  Palseozic  shells  of  this  Class. 

FAMILY    BELLEROPHONTID.E. — Bellerophon,   Bucanella,  Bucania,    Phragmos- 

toma,  Porcellia,  Tremanotus. 
FAMILY  BULIMORPHID.E. — Bulimorpha. 

FAMILY  CALYPTR^EID^E. — Capulus,   Conchopeltis,   Metoptoma,  Platyceras. 
FAMILY  CHITONID^. — Chiton. 
FAMILY  CLISOSPIRID^E. — Billiugsia,  Clisospira. 
FAMILY  CODONOCHILID.E.  — Codonochilus. 
FAMILY  CYCLONEMID^:. — Cyclonema,    Eunema,    Holopea,    Holopella,    Platy- 

schisma,  Orthonerna,  Palseacmsea,  Trochonema. 
FAMILY  CYCLORID.E.—  Cyclora. 
FAMILY    CYRTOLITID.E. — Carinaropsis,    Conchopeltis,    Cyrtolites,    Cyrtonella, 

Microceras. 

FAMILY  DENTALILTXE. — Dentalium. 
FAMILY  EUOMPHALID^E. — Calaurops,  Eccyliomphalus,  Euomphalus,  Omphalo- 

trochus,  Ophileta,  Pleuronotus,  Straparollina,  Straparollus. 
FAMILY  FUSISPIRID^. — Fusispira. 
FAMILY  HELICID^E. — Anthracopupa,  Dawsonella,  Pupa,  Streptaxis,  Strophites, 

Zonites. 

FAMILY  LITTORINID^. — Xenophora. 
FAMILY  MACLURIID^E. — Maclurea. 

FAMILY  NATACOPSID^. — Callonema,  Isonema,  Naticopsis,  Trachydomia. 
FAMILY  PATELLID.E. — Lepetopsis,  Tryblidiura. 
FAMILY    PLATYSTOMID^E. — Orthostpma,     Platystoma,     Scsevogyra,     Stropho- 

stylus. 
FAMILY  PLEUROTOMARIID^:. — Helicotoma,  Lophospira,   Microdoma,    Murchi- 

sonia,  Pleuro  torn  aria,  Raphistoma,  Scalites. 
FAMILY  PSEUDOPHORID^.  — Pseudophorus. 

FAMILY  PYRAMIDELLID^E. — Loxonema,  Macrochilina,  Soleniscus,    Zaptychius. 
FAMILY  ROTELLID^E. — Anomphalus,  Rotella. 
FAMILY  SUBULITID^E. — Polyphemopsis,  Subulites. 
FAMILY  TROCHID^E. — Eotrochus,  Palseotrochus. 
FAMILY  TURRITELLID^E. — Aclisina,  Turritella. 


Aclis,  Loven,  1846,  Index,  Mollusc,  litora 
Scandin.  occid.  habit.,  p.  16.  Not  an 
American  Palaeozoic  genus. 

minuta,  see  Aclisina  minuta. 

robusta,  see  Aclisina  robusta. 

stevensoni,  see  Aclisina  stevensoni. 

swallovana,  see  Aclisina  swallovana. 
ACLISINA,  DeKoninck,  1881,  Faune  du  Cal- 
caire  Carbonifere  de  la  Belgique  Ann.  d. 
Mus.  Hoy.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  t.  6,  p.  86.  [Ety. 
diminutive  of  Aclis.']  An  elongated, 
banded,  conical,  spiral  shell ;  distin- 
guished from  Murchisonia  by  its  oval 
aperture,  and  from  Loxonema  by  its 
spiral  bands.  Type  A.  striatula. 

minuta,    Stevens,    1858,    (Aclis    minuta,) 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  25,  p.  259,  Coal  Meas. 


robusta,   Stevens,   1858,    (Aclis   robusta,) 

Am.   Jour.  Sci.,  vol.   25,  p. 

259,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

5,  p.  596,  Coal  Meas. 
stevensoni,  White,  1882,  (Aclis 

stevensoni,)     Rep.    Invert. 

Foss.  New.  Mex.,  p.  xxxv, 

Coal  Meas. 
swallovana,      Geinitz,      1866, 

(Turbonilla     swallovana,) 

Carb.  und  Dyas  in  Neb.,  p. 

5,  Coal  Meas. 
Acroculia,    Phillips,    1841,    Pal. 

Foss.  Cornwall,  Devon,  and    F  t 

W.    Somerset,    p.    93,    syn.     Aclisina 

for  Platyceras.  swallovana. 

angulata,  see  Platyceras  angulatum. 


396 


GASTEROPODA. 


[AMP.— BEL- 


erecta,  see  Platyceras  erectum. 

ovalis,  see  Platyceras  ovale. 

niagarensis,  see  Platyceras  niagarense. 

trigonalis,  see  Platyceras  trigonale. 
Ampullaria,  Lamarck,  1801.  Syst.  An.  sans 
Vert.     [Ety.   ampulla,  a  flask.]    Not  a 
Palaeozoic  genus. 

helicoides,  see  Soleniscus  helicoides. 

pou-elli,  Walcott,  1883,  Science,  vol.  2,  p. 
808,  and  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol. 
8,  p.  261,  Subcarboniferous. 
ANOMPHALUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  268.  [Ety.  anom- 
phalos,  without  an  umbilicus.]  A  heli- 
coid  shell  of  three  or  more  volutions, 
and  having  an  aperture  transversely 
suboval.  Type  A  rotulus. 

meeki,  see  Dawsonella  meeki. 

rotulus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  268,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  597,  Coal  Meas. 
ANTHRACOPUPA,  Whitfield,  1881,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  21,  p.  126. 
[Ety.  anthrax,  coal ;  Pupa,  a  genus.] 
Shell  minute,  pupiform,  few  volutions, 
last  unsymmetrical ;  axis  imperf orate; 
aperture  large,  nearly  vertical;  peri- 
stome  thickened,  united  above  by  a 
thin  callus,  on  which  may  occur  one  or 
more  palatal  teeth;  other  tooth-like 
projections  on  the  inner  margin  of  lip ; 
circular  notch,  as  in  Pupina,  on  inner 
edge  of  outer  limb,  near  body  whorl ; 
surface  vertically  lined.  Type  A.  ohio- 
ensis. 

ohioensis,  Whitfield,  1881,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  21,  p.  126, 
Coal  Meas. 

BKLLEROPHON,  Montfort,  1808,  Conch.  Syst., 
vol.  1,  p.  50.  [Ety.  mythological  name.] 
Shell  thick,  symmetrical,  globose,  in- 
volute ;  sinus  in  the  middle  of  the  outer 
lip,  from  which  a  band  extends  back- 
ward along  the  outer  surface  of  the  vo- 
lution ;  inner  lip  thickened,  expanded 
on  the  inrolled  spire.  Type  B.  vasulites. 

acutilira,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  56,  Ham.  Gr. 

acutus,  Sowerby,  1839,  Murch.  Sil.  Syst., 
p.  643,  Low.  Silurian. 

allegoricus,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert. 
FOBS.,  p.  10,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 
Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  55,  Quebec  Gr. 

alternodosus,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  225,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

angustata,  see  Bucania  angustata. 

antiquatus,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  52,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  176,  Potsdam  Gr. 

apertus,  Sowerby,  1825,  Min.  Conch.,  vol. 
5,  p.  108,  Subcarboniferous. 

argo,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  5,  p.  167,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

auriculatus,  Hall,  1852;  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  334,  Coralline  limestone. 

barquensis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  425,  Marshall  Gr. 

bidorsatw,  see  Bucania  bidorsata. 


bilabiatus,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  304,  Kin- 

derhook  Gr. 
bilobatus,Sow- 

erby,     1839,  / 

Murch.    Sil.  / 

Syst.,  p.  643, 

and  Pal.  N. 

Y.,    vol.    1, 

p.  184,  Black  _  __ 

Riv.  to  Mid.        Flo.  652.-Bellerophon 

Sil.  bilobatus. 

bilobatus   var. 

acutus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

185,  Trenton  Gr. 
bilobatus  var  corrugatus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  185,  Trenton  Gr. 
blaneyanus,  syn.  for  B.  carbonarius. 
bowmani,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  32,  Devonian, 
brevilineatus,  Conrad,   1842,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat,  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  269,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  p.  2,  p.  107,  Ham.  Gr. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  18,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cancellatus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  307,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cancellatus,  Hall,   1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4.    The    name    was    preoccupied. 

See  B.  textilis. 
carbonarius,   Cox,   1857,    Geo.  Rep.  Ky., 

vol.  3,  p.  562,  Coal  Meas. 
carbonarius    var.    subpapillosus,   White, 

1876,  Geo.  Uinta  Mountains,  p.  92,  Up. 

Aubrey  Gr. 
carinatus,    Sowerby,    1839,    Murch.    Sil. 

Syst.,  p.  634,  Devonian, 
cassinensis,   Whitfield,    1886,   Bull.    Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  318,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 
charon,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol. 

vol.  5,  p.  169,    Black  Riv.  and   Tren- 
ton Grs. 
combsi,  Wolcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  193,  Devonian, 
convolutus,  Eaton,  1832,  Geo.  Text-book, 

p.  28,  Up.  Sil. 
crassus,    Meek   &  Worthen,    1860,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  458,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  385,  Coal  Meas. 
crenistria,  Hall,    1876,   Illust.   Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  25,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt 

2,  p.  116,  Ham.  Gr. 
curvilineatus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat.   Sci.,   vol.    8,   p.   269,    Onondaga, 

Schoharie  and  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cyrtolites,    Hall,    1860,    13th    Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.     Nat.     Hist.,      p.    107,     Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
declivis,  Conrad,   1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  269,  Trenton  Gr. 
disculus,    Billings,   1860,    Can.   Nat.   and 

Geo.,   vol.  5,  p.   168,    Black   Riv.   and 

Trenton  Gr. 
ellipticus,  McChesney,    1860,  Desc.   New 

Pal.  Foss.,  p.  58,  Coal  Meas. 
txpansw,  see  Bucania  expansa. 
explanatus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  109,  Chemung  Gr. 


BEL.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


397 


fiscellostriatus,  Foerste,   1885,   Bull.  Sci., 

Lab.  Denison  Univ.,  p.  99,  Niagara  Gr. 
fraternus,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  FOBS., 

Antic.,  p.  19,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
galericulatus.  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  426,  Marshall  Gr. 
gibsoni,  White,  1882,  llth  Rep.  Geol.  and 

Nat.  Hist.  Indiana,  p.  360,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
giganteus,    Worthen,    1884,    Bull.    No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  8,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  143,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
globosus,    Stevens,   1858,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  25:  p.  258,  Coal  Meas. 
harrorfi,   Gurley,  1883,  New   Carb.  Foss., 

p.  5.    Publication  not  such  as  to  establish 

a  species, 
helena,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  114,  Ham.  Gr. 
hiulcus,     Sowerby,     Min.     Conch.       Not 

American, 
hyalina,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  99,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
incisus,    Clarke,   1885,  Bull.    U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  16,  p.  53,  Portage  Gr. 
inspeciosus,    White,    1882,    Rep.    Invert. 

Foss.  New  Mex.,  p.  xxx,  Coal  Meas. 
interlineatus,  Portlock,  1843,  Geo.  of  Lon- 
donderry, p.  402,  Coal  Meas.     Probably 

not  American, 
kansasensis,    Shumard,    1858,    Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,   vol.  1,   p.  204,  Coal 

Meas. 
leda,   Hall,   1862,  15th  Rep.   N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  58,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  110,  Ham.  Gr. 
lineolatus,    Hall,   1860,   13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.   Nat.    Hist.,  p.    107,  Waverly  or 

Kinderhook  Gr. 
lindsleyi,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p. 

289,  Nashville  Gr. 
lyra,   Hall,   1862,  15th    Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  59,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  113,  Ham.  Ur. 
macer,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

347,  Calciferous  Gr. 
ma?ra,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss., 

pi.  22,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

119,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  653.— Bellerophon  mohri. 

majusculus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  256,  Subcarb. 
marcouanus,    Geinitz,     1866,    Carb.    und 

Dyas  in  Neb.,  p.  7,  and   Pal.  E.  Neb., 

p.  226,  Coal  Meas. 
meekanus,     Swallow,     1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis   Acad.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.   204,  Coal 

Meas. 


michiganensis,     Winchell,      1862,     Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  427,  Marshall  Gr. 
miser,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  20,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
missouriensis,    Swallow,  1863,   Trans.  St. 

Louis   Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  100,   Kas- 

kaskia  Gr. 
mohri,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  306,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
montfortanus,  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1855, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  74,  Coal 

Meas. 


FIG.  654.  — Bellerophon  palinurus. 

morrowensis,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cent- 

to  Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  8,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
nactus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  121,  Chemung  Gr. 
nashvillensis,  Troost,  1840,  5th  Geo.  Rep. 

Tenn.,  p.  54,  Trenton  Gr. 
natator,  Hall,    1862,   (Phragmostoma  na- 

tator,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  60,  and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

108,  Ham.  Gr. 
nautiloides,   Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  427,  Marshall  Gr. 
neleus,    Hall    &  Whitfield,    1876,    Illust. 

Devonian  Foss.,  pi.  22,  and  U.  S.  Geo. 

40th  Parallel,  p.  250,  Chemung  Gr. 
newberryi,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p"  77,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  222, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
nodocarinatus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 

p.  723,  Coal  Meas. 
obsoletus,   Hall,    1876,    Illust.   Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  22,  Chemung  Gr. 
otsego,  Hall,  1862,   15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  60,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  104,  Ham.  Gr. 
palinurus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  311,  Quebec  Gr. 

panneus,  White,    1862,    Proc.   Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  21,  Marshall  Gr. 
patersoni,  Hall,  1862,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 

55,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
patulus,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  196,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  100,  Ham.  Gr. 

pelops,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  56,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  95,  Schoharie  and  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pelops    var.    exponens,    Hall,    1879,   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  96,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
percarinatus,  Conrad,  1842,   Jour.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  268,  Coal  Meas. 
perelegans,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 

Bost.   Soc.   Nat.    Hist.,    vol.   8,   p.    304, 

Kinderhook  Gr. 
perforatus,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1866,  syn. 

for  Tremanotus  chicagoensis. 


GASTEROPODA. 


perplexus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  193,  Devonian. 
perlatus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  270,  Coal  Meas. 
platystoma,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  312,  Galena  Gr. 
plenus,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  62,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  Devonian. 
profundus,  Emmons,  Geo.  Rep.,  2d  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  393,  Trenton  Gr. 
propinquus,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  78,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  226, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 

punclifrons,  see  Bucania  punctifrons. 
repertus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,pt. 

2,  p.  128,  Ham.  Gr. 
rotalinea,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  115,  Ham.  Gr. 
rudis,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  57,  and   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  103,  Ham.  Gr. 
rugosiusculus,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  425,  Marshall  Gr. 
rugosus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol.,p.  166, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
scriptiferus,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  21,  Marshall  Gr. 
scissile,   Conrad,   1844,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  175,  Kaskaskia  Gr.    Very 


poorly  denned. 
litarius 


solitarius,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  FOSP. 

Antic.,  p.  20,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
stamineus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  269,  Marshall  Gr. 
stevensanus,  McChesney,  1860,  Desc.  New 

Pal.  Foss.,  p.  61,  Coal  Meas. 
sublsevis,  Hall,    1858,   Trans.  Alb.   Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  32,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  666, 

Warsaw  Gr. 
subpapillosus,  White,    1879,  Bull.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.  Ter.,  vol.  5,  p.  218,  and  Cont. 

to  Pal.  No.  6,  p.  138,  Carboniferous. 
sulcatinus,  see  Bucania  sulcatina. 
textiliformis,    Gurley,     1883,     New    Garb. 

Foss.,  p.  6.    Publication  not  valid. 
textilis,  Hall,  1877,    1st    Ed.    Am.    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  243,   Warsaw    Gr.     Proposed 

instead  of  B.    cancellatus,   Hall,   1858, 

which  was  preoccupied. 
thalia,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.   Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  60,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  105,  Ham.  Gr. 
tricarinatus,    Shumard,    1858,  Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.   1,  p.  204,   Coal 

Meas. 
tricarinata,  Hall,  1876,    Illust.    Devonian 

Foss.      The    name    was    preoccupied. 

See  B.  triliratus. 
triliratus,  Hall,    1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  243,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2, 

p.  117,  Chemung  Gr.     Proposed  instead 

of  B.  tricarinatus,  Hall,  1876,  which  was 

preoccupied. 
troosti,  D'Orbigny,  1840,  Cephal.,  p.  206, 

and  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p.  289,  Trenton  Gr. 
tuber,  Hall,  1876,  28th   Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  177,  Niagara  Gr. 
urii,  Fleming,  1828,  British   Animals,   p. 

338,  Devonian.    American   species.  (?) 


vinculatus,  White  &Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  304,  Kin- 

derhook  Gr. 

vittatus,  syn.  for  B.  carbonari  us. 
volutus,  Eaton,  1832,  Geol.  Text-book,  p. 

28,  Tip.  Sil. 
whittleseyi,  Winchell,   1865,  Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  130,  Cuyahoga  shale, 
wisconsinensis,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.   Sur.  Wis.,  p.  76,  and  Geo.  AVis., 

vol.  4,  p.  223,  Trenton  Gr. 
Billingsia,  Walcott,  1888,  Bull. 

No.  30,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  p. 

61.     [Ety.    proper    name.] 

Syn.     (?)     for     Clisospira.  I 

Turbinate,  whorls,   subcir- 

cular.     Type  B.  saratogen- 

sis.    Preoccupied. 
saratogensis ,    Walcott,     1888, 
'    Bull.   No.    30,   U.  S.   Geo. 

Sur.,  p.  61,  Up.  Taconic. 
BUCANELLA,  Meek,  1870,  Proc. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  11,  p.  426.     [Ety. 

diminutive  of  Bucania.]     Type  B.  nana. 
nana,  Meek,  1870,  Proc.   Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

vol.  11,  p.  426,  Silurian. 
BUCANIA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  32. 

[Ety.     bukane,    trumpet.]      Convolute, 

spire  equally  concave  on  either  side ; 

volutions  in  the  same  plane,  all  visibly 

outer  one  ventricose,  inner  one  usually 

angulated  on  the  edge,  concave  on  the 

ventral    side ;    aperture   rounded  oval, 

somewhat    compressed    on    the  inner 

side  by  contact  with  the  next  volution, 

laterally    and     dorsally    abruptly    ex- 
panded.    Type  B.  sulcatina. 
angustata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

349,  Niagara  and  Guelph  Gr. 
bellipuncta,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  93,  Clinton  Gr. 
bidorsata,  Hall,  1847,  (Bellerophon  bidor- 

satus.)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  186,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
buelli,  Whitfield,  1878,    Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  76,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  24,  Trenton  Gr. 
chicagpensis,     see     Tremanotus     chicago- 

ensis. 
costata,  James,  1872,  (Cyrtolites  costatus,) 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.   3,   p.   26, 

and  Ohio    Pal.,   vol.  1,  p.    150,    Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
crassolaris,    McChesney,    1861,  New  Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  91,  Niagara  Gr. 
devonica,  Hall    &    Whitfield,  1872,  24th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  195,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
euomphaloides,    Owen,    1862,    Geo.  Sur. 

Ind.,  p.    362.     Not    very   satisfactorily 

defined. 
exigua,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab.  Deni- 

son  Univ.,  p.  99.     Not  properly  defined, 
expansa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

186,  Trenton  Gr. 
intexta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

317,  Trenton  Gr. 
lirata,  Hall,  1862,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  55, 

Trenton  Gr. 


BUL. — CAR.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


399 


pervoluta,  McChesney,  1861,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  91,  Niagara  Gr. 

profunda,  Conrad,  1841,  (Euomphaluspro- 
fundus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  37,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  341,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  656.— Bucania  sulcatiua. 

punctifrons,  Emmons,  1842,  (Bellerophon 

punctifrons,)  Geo.  Rep.  2d  Dist.,  N.  Y., 

p.  392,  and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  187, 

Black  River  and  Trenton  Grs. 

rotundata,  Hall,  1847,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  33,  Chazy  Gr. 
stigmosa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

92,  Clinton  Gr. 

sulcatina,  Emmons,  1842,  (Bellerophon 
sulcatinus,)  Geo.  Rep.  2d  Dist.  N.  Y, 
p.  312,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  32,  Chazy, 
Black  Riv.,  and  Trenton  Grs. 
trilobata,  Conrad,  1839,  (Planorbis  tri- 
lobatus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  61,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  pp.  13  and  93,  Me- 
dina sandstone  and  Clinton  Gr. 
tripla,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  55,  Calcifer- 
ous  Gr. 

Sulimflla,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
4.     This    name    was     preoccupied    by 
Pfeiffer  in  1852.     See  Bulimorpha. 
bulimiformis,  see  Bulimorpha  bulimiformis. 
canaliculata,  see  Bulimorpha  canaliculata. 
elongata,  see  Bulimorpha  elongata. 
BULIMORPHA,   Whitfield,    1882,    Bull.    Am. 
Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  No.  3,    p.  74.     [Ety. 
Bulimus,  a  genus ;  morphe,  form.]     Fu- 
siform,   volutions    convex;    columella 
bent,  truncated  at  the  base,  separated 
from  the  outer  lip  by  a  notch, 
as  in   Achatina;    outer  lip 
slightly   notched   near   the 
upper  end ;  surface  smooth. 
Type  B.  bulimiformis. 
bulimiformis,      Hall,       1858, 
(Bulimella      bulimiformis,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p. 
29,    and    Bull.    Am.    Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.   74,   Warsaw 
Gr. 

canaliculata,        Hall,        1858, 
Bulimella         canaliculata,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p. 
29,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
74,  Warsaw  Gr. 


FIG.  657— Bu- 
lirnor  p  h  a 
bulimifor- 
inis. 


latulum. 


elongata,  Hall,  1858,  Bulimella  elongata,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  30,  and  Bull. 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  75,  Warsaw  Gr. 
CALLONEMA,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  2,    p.    50.     [Ety.    kallos,    beautiful; 
nema,  thread.]     Subglobose, 
turbinate    or  ovoid-conical ; 
volutions  rounded    or   sub- 
angular  above  and   below ; 
outer    lip    thin ;    columnar 
1'p      thickened,     spreading 
over    the    volution    above 
and  extended   below;    axis 
umbilicate ;  surface  marked 
by    striae    extending    back- 
ward from  the  sutures  over 
the     volutions.       Type    C. 
bellatulum. 

bellatulum,    Hall,     1861. 
(Loxonema         bellatulum,) 
14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,    p.    104,  .  and      Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.   2, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 
imitator,  Hall  &  Whitfield, 
1872,  (Pleurotomaria  imi- 
tator,) 24th    Rep.  N.   Y.< 
Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  p.  195,' 
Ham.  Gr. 

lichas,   Hall,   1861,    (Platy- 
stoma  lichas,)  14th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p. 
106,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
occidental,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  189,  Devonian. 
CALAUROPS,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  314.  [Ety.  kalaurops, 
a  shepherd's  crook.]  Univalve,  dis- 
coidal,  convolute,  inner  volutions  closely 
coiled,  outer  one  disunited  and  pro- 
jected in  a  straight  line.  Type  C. 
lituiformis.  It  seems  to  be  distinguished 
from  Eccyliomphalus  only  by  having  the 
last  whorl  straightened,  which  may  or 
may  not  be  of  generic  importance, 
lituiformis,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  l,p.  315,  Chazy  Gr. 
CAPULUS,  Montfort,  1810,  Conch.  Syst,  vol. 
2,  p.  55.  [Ety.  capulus,  a  head-piece  or 
cap.]  Shell  wide,  cap-shaped,  apex 
obliquely  inclined  backward  and  in- 
rolled  toward  the  left  side ;  aperture 
broad,  oval,  edge  irregularly  sinuated ; 
muscular  scar  horseshoe-shaped,  open 
in  front.  Type  C.  hungaricus.  The 
horseshoe-shaped,  muscular  impres- 
sion has  never  been  observed  in  any 
American  Palaeozoic  fossil,  and  hence 
the  species  referred  to  this  genus  do 
not  belong  to  it.  Those  named  have 
been  so  poorly  defined,  their  generic 
relations  can  not  be  determined,  and 
they  may  as  well  be  struck  from  the 
list  of  names. 

acutirostris,  see  Platyceras  acutirostrum. 
auriformis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.    N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  31,  Chazy  Gr. 

parvus,    Swallow,   ^858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  205,  Coal  Meas. 


400 


GASTEROPODA. 


[CAL.— CYC. 


FIG.  659.  —  Cari- 
naropsis  patel- 
liformis. 


triplicatus,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  205,  Coal  Meas. 

CARINAROPSIS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  183. 
[Ety.  from  its  resem- 
blance to  Carinaria.'] 
Shell  subconical,  patel- 
liform ;  apex  incurved 
or  convolute,  subcen- 
tral ;  aperture  oval,  ex- 
panded, narrowed  pos- 
teriorly. Type  C.  carinata. 
carinata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

183,  Trenton  Gr. 
orbiculata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  306,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
patelliformis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  183,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
Chemnitzia,    D'Orbigny,    1837,   Mollusques, 
Echinodermes,   Foraminiferes    et    Pol- 
ypiers,  etc.    Slender,  elongated,  many 
whorled,  plaited;  apex  sinistral;  aper- 
ture  simple,  ovate;  peristome  incom- 
plete ;     operculum    horny ;     subspiral. 
Type  C.  elegantissima.    Not  an  Ameri- 
can Palaeozoic  genus. 
attenuata,  see  Loxonema  attenuatum. 
parva,  see  Loxonema  parvum. 
swallovana,  see  Loxonema  swallovanum. 
tenuilineata,  see  Loxonema  tenuilineatum. 
Chiton,    Linnaeus,    1758, 
Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  10,  p. 
667.     [Ety.  chiton,  a 
coat  of  mail.]    Shell 
composed    of   eight 
transverse  imbricat- 
ing   plates,    lodged 
in  a  coriaceous  man- 
tle, which  forms  an 
expanded       margin 
round     the     body. 
Type  C.  squamosus. 
Not    an    American 
Palaeozoic  genus. 
canadensis,  see  Metop- 

toma  canadense. 
carbonarius,    Stevens,    1859,    Am.     Jour. 
.    Sci.,  vol.  25,  p.  264,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  608.    Probably  a  crustacean, 
Coal  Meas. 
parvus,  Stevens,  1859,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 

25,  p.  264,  Coal  Meas. 

CLISOSPIRA,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  yol.  1, 
p.  186  and  420. 
[Ety.    kleio,    to 
lock ;         spira, 
whorl.]      Shell 
conical ;     aper- 
ture widely  ex- 
panded       all 
round      in      a 
plane  at  a  right 
angle  to   the   longitudinal  axis   of  the 
conical  spire;  suture  in  the  spire,  but 
obsolete  below.     Type  C.  curiosa. 
curiosa,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1, 

pp.  186  and  420,  Up.  Taconic. 
lirata,  Whitfield,    1886,   Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  308,  Birdseye  Gr. 


FIG.       660.  —  Chiton 
squamosus. 


FIG.  661.— Clisospira 
curiosa. 


occidentalis,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  75,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  222,  Trenton  Gr. 
CODONOCHILUS,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  17.  [Ety.  kodon,  a 
trumpet;  chettos,  lip.]  Tur- 
reted,  subfusiform ;  volutions 
numerous,  compressed,  close- 
ly inrolled ;  outer  half  of  body 
whorl  produced  obliquely 
outward  and  downward  ;  lip 
thin,  expanded ;  aperture 
nearly  circular.  Type  C.  p  ^  _ 
striatum.  Codono- 

striatum,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.    c  h  i  i  u  s 
Foss.,  vol.  3,  p.  17,  Guelph  Gr.    sWatum. 
CONCHOPELTIS,     Walcott,    1876,    28th  Rep. 
N.  Y.,   Mus.   Nat.  Hist.,  p.  93.      [Ety. 
conche,  shell ;  pelie,  shield.]    Patelliform, 
more  or  less   conical,  apex    central  or 
subcentral,    vertically    striated,     older 
specimens  lined  concentrically.      Type 
C.  alternata. 
alternata,  Walcott,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  93,  Trenton  Gr. 
minnesotensis,  Walcott,    1876,  28th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  94,  Trenton  Gr. 
CYCLONEMA,  Hall,   1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  89.    [Ety.  kuklos,  circle ;  nema,  thread.] 
Turbinate,    thin,    whorls     ventricose, 
striae  concentric  and  crossed  by  oblique 
lines  of  growth  ;  no  umbilicus ;  mouth 
rounded  and  with  an  im- 
perfect   peritreme;     inner 
lip  thin,  closely  reflected, 
and  a  little  concave.  Type 
C.  bilix. 

bellulum,      Billings,       1866, 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p. 
55,  Anticosti  Gr. 
bilix,  Conrad,  1842,  (Pleuro- 
tomaria  bilix,)  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  271,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,   p.  305, 
Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
bilix  var.  conicum,    S.    A.    Miller,  1874, 
Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  320,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

bilix  var.  fluctuatum,  James,  1874,  (Cyclp- 

nema  fluctuata,)  Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  1,  p.  152,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

cancellatum,  Hall,  1843,  (Littorina  cancel- 

lata,)  Geo.  Rep.   4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  72, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  90,  Clinton  Gr. 

cincinnatiense,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour. 

Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  230,  Utica 

Slate  Gr. 

commune,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  55,  Anticosti  Gr. 
concinnum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.   Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  12,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  38,  Chemung  Gr. 
crenistria,    Hall,  1876,    Illust.   Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  12,  Schoharie  grit. 
crenulatum,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  79,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  213, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

decorum,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  56,  Anticosti  Gr. 


FIG.  663.-Cy- 
clonema  bi- 
lix. 


CYC.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


401 


doris,  Hall,  1862,  (Pleurotomaria  doris,) 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  M us.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  43, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2.  p.  34, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

elevatum,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  391,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  664.— Cyclonema  hageri. 

hageri,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

29,  Trenton  Gr. 
hallanum,  Salter,  1859,    Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  26,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
hamiltonije,  Hall,  1862,  15th   Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  47,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  37,  Ham.  Gr. 
humile,    Billings,   1866,  Catal.  Sil.    Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  56,  Anticosti  Gr. 

leavenworthanum,  Hall, 
1858,  (Pleurotomaria 
lea  venworthana,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst,,  vol. 
4,  p.  24,  and  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  75, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

liratum,  Hall,  1862,  15th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  47,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 


FIG.  665.— Cyclo- 
iiema  halla- 
num. 


35,  Ham.  Gr. 


mediocre,  Billings,  1866, 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  56,  Anticosti  Gr. 

montrealense,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  30,  Trenton  Gr. 

multiliratum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  48,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  36,  Ham.  Gr. 

obsolescens,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  243,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  38,  Chemung  Gr.  Proposed  in- 
stead of  C.  obsoleta,  Hall,  1876,  which 
was  preoccupied. 

obsoletum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  90,  Clinton  Gr. 

obsoleta,  Hall.  The  name  was  preoc- 
cupied. See  C.  obsolescens. 

percarinatum,  Hall,  1847,  (Pleurotomaria 
percarinata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  177, 
Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

percingulatum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of 
Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  304,  Clinton 
and  Niagara  Grs. 

phsedra,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  188,  Quebec  Gr. 


pyramidatum,    James,    1874,   Cin.   Quar. 

Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  152,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
rugilineatum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th 

Rep.   N.   Y.    Mus.   Nat.    Hist.,  p  186, 

Niagara  Gr. 
semicarinatum,   Salter,    1859,    Can.    Org. 

Rem.,  Decade  1,  p.  27,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
subangulatum,  Hall,  1858,  (Pleurotomaria 

subangulata,)  Trans.   Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4, 

p.  25,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.   Nat.  Hist, 

p.  76,  Warsaw  Gr. 
sulcatum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

347,  Guelph  Gr. 
tennesseense,  Roemer,  1860,  (Turbo  ten- 

nesseensis,)  Sil.  Fauna,  des  West  Tenn., 

p.  77,  Niagara  Gr. 
thalia,  Billings,  1857,  (Pleurotomaria  tha- 

lia,)  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo.   Sur.  Can.,  p. 

303,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
varians,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  305,  Mid.  Sil. 
varicosum,   Hall,    1870,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  pi.  8.     (Published  by 

mistake  in  14th  Rep.  1861,  as  C.  ven- 

tricosa.)     Trenton  Gr. 
ventricosum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  90,  Clinton  Gr. 
CYCLOBA,  Hall,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  48, 

p.  294.      [Ety.    kuklos,  circle.]      Shells 

minute,  suture    deep,  surface  smooth, 

lip  thin,  aperture  circular.      Type    C. 

minuta. 
alta,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab.   Deni- 

son  Univ.,  p.  96,  Niagara  Gr.      Does 

not  belong  to  this  genus, 
depressa,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  13,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hoffmanni,  S.  A.   Miller,  1874, 

Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1, 

p.  313,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
minuta,  Hall,  1845,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.,   vol.  48,  p.  294,    Utica 

Slate  and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
nana,  syn.  for  Cyclora  minuta. 
parvula,     Hall,     1845,    (Turbo    hoffman- 

parvula,)  Am.  Jour.  Sch,vol.     ni- 

48,  p.  294,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  154, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
pulcella,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  231,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
turbinata,    Whiteaves,    1881,    Can.   Nat., 

vol.  10,  p.  101,  Devonian, 
valvatiformis,  Whiteaves,  1881,  Can.  Nat., 

vol.  10,  p.  100,  Devonian. 
Oyclostoma,  Lamarck,  1801,    Syst.   An.    sans 

Vert.  [Ety.  kuklos,  circle ;  stoma,  mouth.] 

Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 
pervetusta,  see  Pleurotomaria  pervetusta. 
CYRTOLITES,  Conrad,  1838, 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  118. 
[Ety.  kurtos,  curved ; 
lithos,  stone.]  Shell 
coiled  in  the  same  plane, 
gradually  tapering,  volu- 
tions one  or  more,  angu- 
lar or  carinated  on  the 
back  and  sides ;  section 

subquadrate  ;  aperture  not  expanded  ; 

surface  ornamented.    Type  C.  ornatus. 


FIG.  667.— Cyr- 
tolltes  carina- 
tus. 


402 


GASTEROPODA. 


[CYR.— ECC. 


FIG.   608.— Cyrto- 
lites  tjlegaus. 


carinatus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874.  Cin.  Quar. 

Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  311,  Ulica  Slate. 
compressus,   Conrad,  1838,  (Phragmolites 
compressus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.    119, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  188,  Black  Riv. 
and  Trenton  Grs. 
conradi,  Hall,  1862,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  55, 

Trenton  Gr. 

costatus,  see  Bucania  costata. 
cristatus,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p. 

289,  Nashville  Gr. 
desideratus,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  21,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
dyeri,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.   N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  230,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

elegans,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874, 
Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  310,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

expansus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal. 
N.   Y.,  vol.   3,    p.    479, 
Oriskany  sandstone, 
filosus,     Emmons,     1842, 
Geo.  Rep.  2d  Dist.  N.Y., 
p.  372,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  190, 
Trenton  Gr. 
gillanus,  White  &  St.  John,  1868,  Trans. 

Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  123,  Coal  Meas. 
imbricatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  340,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
magnus.    S.    A.  Miller,   1878,    Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat,  Hist,,  vol.   1,    p.    103,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

mitella,  see  Cyrtonella  mitella. 
nitidulus,      Ulrich,    1878, 
Jour.    Cin.     Soc.      Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  12,TJtica 
Slate  Gr. 

ornatus,     Conrad,      1838,  // 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  118, 
and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  308,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
pannosus,    Billings,    1866, 
Catal.  Sil.  .Foss.  Antic., 
p.  20,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.        FlQ.  m._Cyrto_ 
pileolus,     see     Cyrtonella    lites  ornatus. 

pileolus. 

sinuatus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,   1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  237, 
Quebec  Gr. 
sinuosus,   Hall,   1876,    28th    Rep.    N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat  Hist.,  p.  178,  Niagara  Gr. 
trentonensis,    Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  270,  and  Pal.  N.  v., 
vol.  1,  p.  189,  Trenton  Gr. 
CYRTONELLA,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  2,  p.  123.     [Ety.  diminutive  of  Cyr- 
tolites.]   Shells  ovoid,  trumpet-shaped  ; 
volutions  one  or  more  in  the 
same    plane ;    apex    minute, 
making  about  a  single  turn, 
and  rapidly    expanding    be- 
yond ;  peristome  entire ;  dor- 
Fio    070  —         8um  angular  or  subcarinate  ; 
Cyrtonella         surface       sculptured ;      dis- 
pileolus.  tinguished    from     Cyrtolites 

by   the    rapid    expansion.      Type    C. 
mitella. 


mitella,  Hall,  1862,  (Cyrtolites  mitella,) 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  61, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  123, 
Ham.  Gr. 

pileolus,  Hall,  1862,  (Crytolites  pileolus,) 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  61, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  125, 
Ham.  Gr. 

DAWSONELLA,  Bradley,  1874,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
3d  series,  vol.  7,  p.  151.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Helicoid,  having  a  thin  plate 
attached  to  the  columella,  covering  half 
or  more  than  half  of  the  aperture  of  the 
shell  as  in  Navicella.  Type  D.  meeki. 

meeki,  Bradley,  1872,  (Anomphalus 
meeki,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  series,  vol. 
4,  p.  88,  Coal  Meas. 

DENTALIUM,  Linnaeus,  1740,  Syst.  Nat.,  2d 
Ed.,  p.  64.  [Ety.  dens,  tooth.]  Shell 
elongate,  terete,  or  angular,  smooth, 
costate,  or  striate;  aperture  circular; 
lip  simple,  entire  ;  margin  of  the  pos- 
terior opening  without  a  fissure.  Type 
D.  elephantinum. 

aciculatum,  see  Coleolus  acicu- 
latus. 

acutisulcatum,  Gurley,  1883, 
New  Garb.  Foss.,  p.  7.  Pub- 
lication not  valid. 

annulostriatum,  Meek  &  Wor- 
then, 1870,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  45,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  589,  Coal  Meas. 

barquense,  Winchell,  1862, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  425, 
Marshall  Gr. 

canna,  White,  1874,  Rep.  In-Fjo  &7l  _ 
vert.  Foes.,  p.  23,  and  Geo.  Denta- 
Sur.  W.  100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  "um  ele- 
p.  156,Carb.  Sum"11" 

grandaavum,  Winchell,  1863, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.,  p.  18,  Marshall  Gr. 

illinoisense,  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Snir.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  325,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 
p.  145,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

martini,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  203,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

meekanum,  Geinitz,  1866,  Garb.  undDyas 
in  Neb.,  p.  13,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.5, 
p.  590,  Coal  M.eas. 

missouriense,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  99,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

obsoldum,  Hall.  Preoccupied  by  Schlot- 
heim  in  1832.  See  D.  sublseve. 

primarium,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
p.  666,  Warsaw  Gr. 

sublreve,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  244,  Coal  Meas.  Proposed  in- 
stead of  D.  obsoletum,  Hall,  1858,  Geo. 
Sur.  Iowa,  which  was  preoccupied. 

venustum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  145,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  284,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
Discolites,  Emmons,  syn.  for  Cyclora. 

minutus,  see  Cyclora  minuta. 
ECCYLIOMPHALUS,  Portlock,  1843,  Geol.  Rep. 
Lond.,  p.  411.     [Ety.  ecculiomphalus,  un- 
rolled umbilicus.]    Shell  discoid,  a  few 


EOT.— EUO.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


403 


tapering,  widely  disconnected  whorls; 
upper  surface  usually  flattened  in  one 
plane,  or  slightly  elevated  ;  lower  sur- 
face of  whorls  round ;  no  chambers. 
Type  E.  bucklandi. 

atlanticus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  250,  Quebec  Gr. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Nat.  and 
GeoL,  vol.  6,  p.  320,  Quebec  Gr. 

circinatus,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  35,  Guelph  Gr. 

comes,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 
pi.  16,  Ham.  Gr. 

devonicus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  IT.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  187,  Devonian. 


FIG.  672.— Eccyiioiuplmlus  distans. 

distans,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  249,  Quebec  Gr. 
eboracensis,     Hall,     1861,     (Euomphalus 

eboraceusis,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  55,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  61,  Ham.  Gr. 
gyroceras,    Roemer,    1852,    (Euomphalus 

gyroceras,)    Kreid.   von   Texas,   p.   91, 

Silurian, 
intortus,    Billings,    1861,    Can.    Nat.    and 

GeoL,  vol.  6,  p.  321,  Quebec  Gr. 
laxus,    Hall,   1861,  (Euomphalus   laxus,) 

15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  54, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  60,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
paradoxus,  Winchell,  1863,  (Phanerotinus 

paradoxus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  21, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  60,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 
priscus,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  46,  Calciferous  Gr. 
spiralis,    Billings,    1861,    Can.    Nat.    and 

Geol.,  vol.  6,  p.  321,  Quebec  Gr. 
superbus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  250,  Quebec  Gr. 
undulatus,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p, 

37,  Trenton  Gr. 
volutatus,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  314,  Birdseye  Gr. 
EOTROCHUS,  Whitfield,  1882,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.    Hist.,    p.    77.     [Ety.    eos,    dawn ; 


Trochus,  a  genus.]  Conical  above,  flat 
or  concave  beneath,  and  broadly  and 
deeply  umbilicated  ;  aperture  very  ob- 
lique, and  the  outer  angle  of  volutions 
strongly  carinated;  surface  ornamenta- 
tion unlike  on  the  upper  and  lower 
parts.  Type  E.  concavus. 
concavus,  Hall,  1858, 
(Pleurotomaria  con- 
cava,)  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  24, 
and  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78, 


FIG.  674.— Eunema 
cerithioides. 


1826,  His- 

toire    Naturelle    des 
Principales,  p.  123.     Not  an  American 
Palaeozoic  genus. 

peracuta,  see  Polyphemopsis  peracuta. 
EUNEMA,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 1  ,  p.  24.  [Ety.  eu,  beautiful  ;  nema, 
line.]  Turbinate,  thin  ;  few  angular 
whorls,  strong  concentric  ridges,  crossed 
by  sinuate  or  oblique  lines  of  growth  ; 
inner  lip  not  reflected  ;  peritreme 
simple;  mouth  rather  effuse  below; 
no  umbilicus.  Type  E.  strigillatum. 

cerithioides,  Salter,1859, 
Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 1,  p.  30,  Black 
Riv.  Gr. 

erigone,  Billings,   1862, 
Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
35,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
pagoda,     Salter,     1859, 
Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade  1,    p.   30,   Black 
Riv.  Gr. 
priscum,    Billings,   1859,    Can.    Nat.    and 

Geo.  vol.  4,  p.  360,  Calciferous  Gr. 
salteri,  see  Orthonema  salteri. 
strigillatum,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  29,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
trilineatum,  Hall,  186(,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  397,  Niagara  Gr. 
EUOMPHALUS,  Sowerby,  1812,  Min.  Conch., 
vol.  1,  p.  97.     [Ety.  eu,  wide;  omphalos, 
umbilicus.]   Shell 
discoid,  spire  flat- 
tened; whorls  nu- 
merous,   angu- 
lated;     umbilicus 
very  wide,  expos- 
ing   volutions; 
mouth  nearly  cir- 
cular ;    peritreme 
entire,   not  in- 
dented    by     the 
preceding  whorl; 
surface  usually  KIG.  675.—  Euomphalus 
sculptured.   Type         pentangulatus. 
E.  pentangulatus. 

ammon,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  301,  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 
boonensis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  99,  Burlington  Gr. 

calciferus,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  47,  Calciferous  Gr. 


404 


GASTEROPODA. 


[FUS. 


catilloides,  Conrad,  1842,  (Inachus  catil- 
loides,) Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p 
273,  Coal.  Meas. 

circumliratus,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  308,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 
clymenioides,    see    Straparollus    clymeni- 

oides. 

comes,  Hall,  syn.  for  Phanerotinus  laxus. 
conradi,  syn.  for  Pleuronotus  decewi. 
cyclostomus,  see  Straparollus  cyclostomus. 
decewi,  see  Pleuronotus  decewi. 
decollates,   Hall,   1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  244,  Low.  Held,  Gr.     Proposed 

instead   of   E.   disjunctus,   Hall,    1859, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  340. 
depressus,    Hall,    1843.     Preoccupied    by 

Goldfuss    in    1832.     See    Straparollus 

hecale. 

disjunctus,   Hall.     Preoccupied   by    Gold- 
fuss.    See  E.  decollates. 
ebaracensis,    see    Eccyliomphalus    ebora- 

censis. 
exortivus,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

308,  Carboniferous, 
expansus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  273,  Niagara  Gr. 
gyroceras,  see  Eccyliomphalus  gyroceras. 
hecale,  see  Straparollus  hecale. 
hecale  var.  corpulens,  see  Straparollus  he- 
cale var.  corpulens. 
htmispherica,  see  platystoma  hemispher- 

icum. 

inops,  see  Straparollus  inops. 
latus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  605, 

Burlington  Gr. 

laxus,  see  Eccyliomphalus  laxus. 
lens,  see  Straparollus  lens, 
luxus,  White,  1875,  Expl.  W.  100th  Me- 
ridian, vol.  4,  p.  94,  Subcarboniferous. 
macrolineatus,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.   82,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  294,  Niagara  Gr. 
minnesotensis,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 

Iowa,    and    Minn.,    p.    581,    Calcifer- 

ous  Gr. 
minutissimm,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 

35.    Not  recognized, 
obtusus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

523,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
ophirensis,  see  Straparollus  ophirensis. 
pernodosus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  (Stra- 
parollus pernodosus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  45,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p. 

604,  Coal  Meas. 
perspectives,   Swallow,    1863,   Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  98,  Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
pervetus,    Conrad,   1843,    (Inachus    per- 

vetus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 

334,  Trenton  Gr. 
planidorsatus,   Meek   &   Worthen,   1860, 

Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.,    p.    462,    and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  302,   Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 

planispira,  see  Straparollus  planispiratus. 
planodiscus,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  109,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  57,  Ham.  Gr. 


polygyratus,    Roemer,    1852,    Kreid.    von 

Texas,  p.  91,  Silurian. 
profundus,  see  Bucania  profunda. 
quadrivolvis,  see  Straparollus  quadrivolvis. 
roberti,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  22,  Burlington  Gr. 
rotuliformis,  Meek,  1870,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  61,  Calciferous  Gr. 
rotundus,  see  Pleurotomaria  rotunda. 
rudis,  see  Straparollus  rudis. 
rugilineatus,  see  Cyclonema  rugilineatum. 
rugosus,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  722. 
Preoccupied  by  Sowerby  in  1812.    See 
E.  subrugosus. 

sanctisabse,  see  Straparollus  sanctisabae. 
sinuatus,  see  Straparollus  sinuatus. 
tpergenemis,  see  Straparollus  spergensis. 
spergenenm   var.  planorbiformis,   see  Stra- 
parollus   spergenensis    var.    planorbi- 
formis. 

spirorbis,  see  Straparollus  spirorbis. 
springvalensis,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  32,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No. 
8,  p.  167,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
strongi,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  66,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  200,  Lower  Magnesian  Gr. 
subplanus,  see  Straparollus  subplanus. 
subquadratus,    Meek  &   Worthen,   1870, 
( Straparollus  subquadratus,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  46,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
5,  p.  605,  Up.  Coal.  Meas. 
subrugosus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1873,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  607,  Coal  Meas.     Pro- 
posed   instead    of    E.    rugosus,    Hall, 
which  was  preoccupied, 
sulcatus,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  138,  Onondaga  Gr. 
tioga,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian   Foss., 
pi.  15,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 
56,  Chemung  Gr. 
triliratus,  Conrad,  1843,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  333,  Trenton  Gr. 
trochiscus,  see  Raphistoma  trochiscum. 
umbilicatus,  see  Straparollus  umbilicatus. 
uniangulatus,  see  Ophileta  uniangulata. 
utahensis,  see  Straparollus  utahensis. 
vaticinus,    Hall,    1863,   16th    Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  136,  Potsdam  Gr. 
verneuili,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  34. 

Not  recognized. 

whitneyi,  see  Omphalotrochus  whitneyi. 
FUSISPIRA,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  229.  [Ety.  fum»,  spindle ; 
spira,  spire.]  Fusiform,  imperforate ; 
spire  elevated,  with  rounded  volu- 
tions ;  aperture  elongate-ovate  or  el- 
liptical, produced  below,  forming  a 
subrimate  canal;  columella  slightly 
twisted,  without  folds ;  peristome  sharp. 
Type  F.  ventricosa. 

compacta,   Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Expl.    40th    Parallel,    vol.    4,    p.    236, 
Quebec.  Gr. 
elongata,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  229,  Trenton  Gr. 
subfusiformis,    Hall,    1847,    (Murchisonia 
subfusiforme,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  180, 
Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 


HEL.— HOL.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


405 


terebriformis, 
N.  Y.  Mus. 


FIG.  676.—  Fusispira  ventricosa. 


Hall,     1871,     24th     Rep. 
Nat.   Hist.,   p.  230,   Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

ve  n  t  r  i  cosa, 
Hall,  1871, 
24th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist, 
p.  229, 
Trenton 
Gr. 

vittata,  Hall, 
1847,  (Mur- 
chisonia 
vittata,) 
Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p. 
181,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
Fusus,  Bru- 

fu  i  e  r  e  , 
789,  Eu- 
cyc.  Meth. 
This  ge- 
nus is  un- 
known in 
the  Palaeo- 
zoic rocks. 
inhabilis,syn. 
for  Macrocliilina  primigenia. 
HELICOTOMA,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  1,  p.  13.  [Ety.  Helix,  genus  of 
shells;  tome,  notch.]  Depressed  discoid, 
spire  nearly  flat,  whorls  obtusely  an- 

fular  externally,  rounded  below ;  um- 
ilicus  broad ;  form  helicoid.     Type  H. 

planulata. 
declivis,  Safford,  1869, 

Geo.  of  Tenn.    Not 

denned, 
eucharis,  Billings, 

1865,     Pal.      Foss.,  FIG.  677.— Helicotoma 

vol.  1,  p.  249,  Que-  eucharis. 

bee  Gr. 
gorgonea,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  248,  Quebec  Gr. 
larvata,   Salter,    1859,    Can.    Org.    Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  15,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Grs. 
misera,  Billings,  1865,   Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  309,  Quebec  Gr. 
muricata,  Salter,  1859,  (H.  planulata  var. 

muricata,)  Can.  Org.   Rem.,  Decade  1, 

p.  14,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
naresi,  Etheridge,  1878,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  602,  Up.  Sil. 
perstriata,   Billings,   1859,  Can.   Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  356,  Calciferous  Gr. 
planulata,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.   Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  14,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton 

Grs. 
proserpina,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  247,  Quebec  Gr. 
serotina,  Nicholson,  1874,  Rep.  Pal.  Ont., 

p.  120,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
spinosa,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 1,  p.  15,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
tennesseensis,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of   Tenn. 

Not  defined. 

27 


tritonia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  247,  Quebec  Gr. 

HOLOPEA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
169.  [Ety.  holos,  entire ;  ope,  aperture.] 
Shell  conical,  ventricose,  more  or  less 
oblique,  or  .nearly  direct;  aperture 
round,  ovate;  margin  entire;  surface 
marked  by  fine  curved  strise  or  cancel- 
lated; distinguished  from  Cyclonema 
by  the  presence  of  an  umbilicus.  Type 
H.  symmetrica  and  H.  obliqua. 

antiqua,  Vanuxem,  1843,  (Littorina  an- 
tiqua,)  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  112, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  294,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

antiqua  var.  pervetusta,  Hall,  1859,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  295,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

cassina,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  310,  Birdseye  Gr. 

chicagoensis,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865, 
Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  99,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

conica,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  21,  Marshall  Gr. 

danai,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
295,  Low.  Held  Gr. 

dilucula,  Hall,  1847,  (Turbo 
dilucula,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  12,  Calciferous  Gr. 

(?)  elongata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  295,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

eriensis,  Nicholson,  1874, 
Rep.  Pal.  Ont.,  p.  120,  Up! 
Held.  Gr. 

gracia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
159,  Guelph  Gr. 

guelphensis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  159,  Guelph  Gr. 

harmonia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  158,  Guelph  Gr. 

lavinia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
28,  Trenton  Gr. 

leiosoma,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  187,  Quebec  Gr. 

magniventra,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  83,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  316,  Niagara  Gr. 

nana,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  172,  syn.  for  Cyclora  minuta. 

nereis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
27,  Trenton  and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 

newtonensis,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  224,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

niagarensis,    Winchell    &    Marcy,    1865, 
Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  99,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
obesa,  Whitfield,  1882,  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  348,  Low.  Magnesian  Gr. 
obliqua,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

170,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
obseura,  Hall,  1847,  (Turbo  obscura,)  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  12,  Calciferous  Gr. 
occidentalis,  Nicholson,  1875,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.     Soc.    Lond.,     vol.     31,    p.    550, 
Guelph  Gr. 

ophelia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  222,  Quebec  Gr. 


406 


GASTEROPODA. 


[HOL.— LOX. 


ovalis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  351,  Calciferous  Gr. 
paludiniformis,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.    N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  171,  Trenton  Gr. 
proserpina,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  28,  Calciferous  and  Chazy  Grs. 
proutana,    Hall,  1858,   Trans.   Alb.   Inst, 
vol.  4,  p.  30,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  72,  Warsaw  Gr. 
pyrene,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  27,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
reversa,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.   and  Geo. 

vol.  5,  p.  154,  Up.  Silurian, 
eubconica,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  294,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
sw6comca,Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  21.    This  name  was  preoccupied, 
sweeti,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.   Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  174, 
Potsdam  Gr. 
symmetrica,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  170,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
turgida,   Hall,   1847,   (Pleurotomaria  tur- 
gida,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  12,  Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 
ventricosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  171,  Trenton  Gr. 

HOLOPELLA,  McCoy,  1855,  Brit.  Pal.  Foss., 
3.  [Ety.  diminutive  of  Holopea.'] 
spiral,  elongate,  slender,  of  nu- 
merous gradually  increasing  whorls, 
generally  crossed  by  slightly  arched 
striae ;  mouth  circular,  with  the  peri- 
treme  entire;  base  rounded,  with  or 
without  a  minute  umbilicus.  Type  H. 
cancellata. 
mira,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  22,  Marshall  Gr. 
Inachus   catilloides,   see   Euomphalus    catil- 

loides. 

pervetus,  see  Euomphalus  pervetus. 
pervetustus,  see  Pleurotomaria  pervetusta. 
undalus,  see  Lituites  undatus. 
ISONKMA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  251.     [Ety.  isos,  equal ; 
nema,     thread.]    Depressed    turbinate, 
subglobose,  obtusely  angular  around  the 
middle  of    the  body  whorl;    aperture 
subrhombic  ;  outer  lip  thin,  entire ;  in- 
ner lip  a  little  flattened  in  the  umbil- 
ical region ;   surface  ornamented    with 
transverse,  very  regular  lines   on  the 
upper  side  of  the  volutions.    Type  I. 
depressum. 
bellatulum,  see  Callonema  bellatulum. 

depressum ,  Meek 
&  Worthen, 
1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  251, 
and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p. 
443,  Ham.  Gr. 
humile,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Aca>i.  Nat.  Sci., 

g79,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  214,  Up. 
eld.  Gr. 

lichas,  see  Callonema  licha?. 
LBPBTOPSI8,  Whitfield,  1882  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  No.  3,  p.  67.     [Ety.  Lepeta,  a 


FIG.  679.— Isonema  de- 
pressum. 


genus;  opsis,  resemblance.]  Shell  pa- 
telliform,  more  or  less  regularly  round 
or  oval,  apex  subcentral,  posterior  to 
the  middle,  directed  backward,  the  nu- 
cleus dextrally  coiled;  muscular  im- 
print horseshoe-shaped,  open  in  front, 
consisting  of  an  irregular  narrow  band, 
which  expands  more  or  less  at  the  an- 
terior extremities ;  surface  with  six  ra- 
diating lines,  two  anterior,  two  poste- 
rior, and  two  lateral. 
Type  L.  levettii. 

chesterensis,  Worthen, 
1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
25,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  8,  p.  140,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

levettii,  White,  1882,  (Pa- 
tella levettei,)  llth 

Re&oGw- of 

p.  359,  Warsaw  Gr. 
Littorina,    Ferussac,    1821,    Tab.   Syst.    An. 
Mollusques,  etc. 

antiqua,  see  Holopea  antiqua. 

cancellata,  see  Cyclonema  cancellatum. 

wheeleri,  see  Naticopsis  wheeled. 
LOPHOSPIRA,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  312.  [Ety.  lophos, 
the  keel ;  speira,  a  whorl.]  Spire  ele- 
vated, strongly  keeled,  and  axis  mi- 
nutely perforate,  when  whorls  are  not 
disconnected.  The  types  are  Murchi- 
sonia  milleri,  Hall,  and  M.  helicteres ; 
but  as  the  generic  characters  are  not 
very  satisfactorily  or  clearly  defined,  I 
leave  the  species  with  Murchisonia. 

cassina,  see  Murchisonia  cassina. 

calcifera,  see  Murchisonia  calcifera. 
LOXONEMA,  Phillips,  1841,  Pal.  Foss.,  Corn- 
wall, etc.,  p.  98.  [Ety.  loxos,  oblique ; 
nema,  thread.]  Shell  elongate,  many 
whorled;  aperture  simple,  attenuate 
above,  effuse  below;  lines  of  growth 
sigmoidal ;  no  umbilicus.  Type  L.  sinu- 
osum. 

aculeatum,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  55,  Anticosti  Gr. 

acutulum,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
309,  Carboniferous. 

approximatum,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  191,  Devonian. 

attenuatum,  Stevens,  1858,  (Chemnitzia 
attenuata,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  259,  Coal  Meas. 

attenuatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  296.  The  name  was  preoccupied. 
See  L.  emaceratum. 

attenuatum  var.  semicostatum,  see  L.  semi- 
costatum. 

bellatulum,  see  Isonema  bellatulum. 

bellona,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss., 
pi.  14,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  46, 
Ham.  Gr. 

bellum,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  258,  Subcarboniferous. 

boydi,  see  Murchisonia  boydi. 

breviculum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  2,  p.  132,  Ham.  Gr. 


GASTEROPODA. 


407 


cara,    Dawson,     1883,    Rep.   on    Red  path 

Museum,  No.  2,  p.  11,  Subcarbpniferous. 
carinatum,  see  Macrochilina  carinata. 
cerithi forme,    Meek    &     Worthen,    1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  465,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  379,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
coaptum,    Hall,    1876,    Illust.    Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  13,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  44,  Ham.  Gf. 
cornpactum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  297,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
cotteranum,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

6,  p.  360,  Corniferous  limestone. 
crassum,  Webster,  1888,  Am.  Nat.,  p.  446. 

Not  denned  so  as  to  be  recognized, 
danvillense,  Stevens,  1858,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  25,  p.  259,  Coal  Meas. 
delphicola,   Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  52,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  47,  Ham.  Gr. 
emaceratum,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  244,  Low.  Held.  Gr.     Proposed 
.    instead  of  L.  attenuatum.  Hall,  1859,  in 

Pal.  N.   Y     vol.  3,  p.   296,  which  was 

preoccupied, 
eurekense,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  TJ.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  190,  Devonian, 
fasciatum,  King,  1850,  Permian  Foss.,  p. 

209,  Permian  Gr. 
fitchi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

296,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
gigantea,  Webster,  1888,  Am.  Nat.,  p.  445. 

Not  properly  denned, 
halli,    Norwood    &    Pratten,    1855,   Jour. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  3,  p.  77, 

Coal  Meas. 

—  hamiltonise,  Hall,  1862, 1 5th 

Q  Rep.    N.    Y.    Mus.    Nat. 

jiL  Hist.,  p.  33,  and   Pal.  N. 

Si  Y.,  vol.  5,   pt.  2,  p.   45, 

yWlfl,  Ham.  Gr. 

jjjjjtt  hydraulicum,  Hall  &  Whit- 

m^  field,    1872,     24th     Rep. 

N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
PIG.  681.— Loxo-         193,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
nema  hamil-          5,  pt.  2,  p.  44,  Ham.  Gr. 
inornate,  see  Polyphemop- 

sis  inornatu. 
kanii,    Meek,   1865,    Am.  Jour.  Sci.   and 

Arts,    2d    ser.,    vol.   40,    p.    33,    Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
keviusculum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  131,  Ham.  Gr. 
laxum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  49,  Chemung  Gr. 
leda,   Hall,   1868,  20th   Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  His'.,  p.  398,  Niagara  Gr. 
magnum,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  83,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  317,  Niagara  Gr. 
macclintochi,  Haughton,  1857,  Jour.  Roy. 

Dub.  Soc.,  vol.  1,  Devonian, 
minutum,  Stevens,  1858,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

2d  series,  vol.  25,  p.  260,  Coal  Meas. 
moloch,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  TJ.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

No.  16,  p.  30,  Genesee  shales, 
multicostatum,  Meek  &   Worthen,   1861, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.,  p.  128,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  378,  Coal  Meas. 


murrayanum,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  31,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
newberryi,  see  Soleniscus  newberryi. 
nexile,  Sowerby.    Not  an  American  species. 
nitidula,  see  Polyphemopsis  nitidula. 
nobile,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  190,  Devonian, 
nodosum,  Stevens,  1858,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

2d  'ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  260,  Coal  Meas. 
noe,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  TJ.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

No.  16,  p.  55,  Portage  Gr. 
obtusum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

297,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
oligospiratum,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  22,  Marshall  Gr. 
owenmse,  Webster,  1888,  Am.  Nat.,  p.  446. 

Not  defined  so  as  to  be  recognized, 
parvum,  Cox,  1857,   (Chemnitzia  parva,) 

Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p.  567,  Coal  Meas. 
parvulum,   Whitfield,   1882,   Ann.  N.  Y. 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  204,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
peoriense,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  7,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  139,  Coal  Meas. 
pexatum.  Hall,  1861, 14th  Rep.  N,  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  104,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  42,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pexatum  var.   obsoletum,  Hall,  1876,  Il- 
lust. Devonian   Foss.,  pi.    13,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  43,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
planogyratum,  Hall,  1839,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  298,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
plicatum,    Whitfield,  1882,   Ann.    N.   Y. 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  231,  Coal  Meae. 
politum,  Stevens,  1858,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d 

series,  vol.  25,  p.  260,  Coal  Meas. 
postrenum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  132,  Chemung  Gr. 
quadricarinatum,    Worthen,    1884,    Bull. 

No.  2,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  7,  and 

Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    8,    p.    140,    Coal 

Meas. 
rectistriatum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  130,  Ham.  Gr. 
regukre,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3, 

p.  566,  Coal  Meas. 
robustum,  Hall,   1862,    15th   Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  52,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  40,  Schoharie  grit, 
rossi,   Haughton,    1857,   Jour.    Roy.   Soc. 

Dub.,  vol.  1,  Devonian, 
rugosum,   Meek  &  Worthen,   1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.   Sci.,  p.  465,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  378,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
scitulum,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1860,  Proc. 

Acad.   Nat.  Sci.,  p.  464,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  372,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
semicostatum,   Meek,   1871,   (L.  attenua- 
tum var.  semicostatum,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  174,   and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5, 

p.  596,  Coal  Meas. 
sicula,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  43,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
solidum.  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  51,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  41,  Schoharie  grit, 
styliola,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devon.  Foss.. 

pi.  14,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

48,  Chemung  Gr. 


408 


GASTEROPODA. 


[MAC. 


subattenuatum,    Hall,    1862,    15th    Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  52,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  40,  Schoharie  grit. 
subulata,  see  Murchisonia  subulata. 
swallovanum,    Shumard,     1859,     (Chem- 
nitzia    swallovana,)    Trans.    St.    Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  399,  Permian, 
tenuicarinatum,  Stevens,  1858,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  25,  p.  260,  Coal  Meas. 
tenuilineatum,   Shumard,    1855,    (Chem- 
nitzia  tenuilineata,)  Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p. 
207,  Waverly  Gr.  or  Choteau  limestone, 
terebra,  Hall,   1876,   Illust. 
Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  14,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 
48,  Chemung  Gr. 
teres,    Hall,    1876,    Illust., 
Devonian   Foss.,   pi.    13, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  42,  Corniferous  Gr. 
turritiforme,      Hall,     1860, 
13th    Rep.    N.  Y.    Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  109,  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 
vincta,  see  Murchisonia  vincta. 
yandellanum,    Hall,    1858,    Trans.    Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  28,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  77,  Warsaw  Gr. 
MACLUREA,    LeSueur,     1818,    (Maclurites,) 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.   312. 
[Ety.    proper    name.]    Discoidal,    few 
whorl ed,  reversed,  upper  surface  con- 
vex, deeply  perforate,  outer  side  spi- 
rally   grooved;    operculum    sinistrally 
subspiral,  solid,  with  two  internal  pro- 
jections for  the  attachment  of  muscles. 
Type  M.  magna. 


Tr.™ 

nema       yanl 
dellauum. 


FIG.  683,-Maclurea  crenulata. 


acuminata,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  240,  Quebec  Gr. 
affinis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  1,  p. 

238,  Quebec  Gr. 
annulata,  Walcott,  1885,   Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  81,  Chazy  Gr. 
atlantica,  Billings,    1859,    Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  459,  Chazy  Gr. 
bigsbyi,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  37, 

and   Geo.   Wis.,  vol.  4,   p.  222,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
carinata,  Walcott,    1885,    Monrgr.   U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  82,  Trenton  Gr. 
crenulata,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  1, 

p.  236,  Quebec  Gr. 
cuneata,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  75,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  246,  Trenton  Gr. 


emmonsi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  242,  Quebec  Gr. 
labiata,  see  Raphistoma  labiata. 
logani,  Salter,  1851,  Rep.  British   Assoc., 

p.  63,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

magna,  LeSueur,  1818,  Jour.   Acad.   Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  312,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  26,  Chazy  Gr. 
matutina,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  l,p. 

10,  Calciferous  Gr. 

minima,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  TJ.    S. 
Geo.  Expl.,  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  235, 
Chazy  Gr. 
oceana,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  237,  Quebec  Gr. 
ponderosa,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  239,  Quebec  Gr. 
psyche,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  244,  Quebec  Gr. 
rotundata,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  245,  Quebec  Gr. 
speciosa,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  240,  Quebec  Gr. 
sordida,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

10,  Calciferous  Gr. 
striata,  see  Scalites  striatus. 
striata,  Troost,  1840.     Not  defined, 
subannulata,    Walcott,     1885,      Monogr. 
U.  S.   Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,   p.    82,   Tren- 
ton Gr. 

subrotunda,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  75,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  246,  Trenton  Gr. 
sylpha,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

244,  Quebec  Gr. 

transitionis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  241,  Quebec  Gr. 

wadsworthi,  Whit- 
field, 1884,  Bull. 
Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  1,  p. 
139,  Up.  Taconic. 
Macrocheilus,  Phillips, 
1841,  Pal.  Foss., 
Cornwall,  etc.,  p. 
103.  This  name 
was  preoccupied 
by  Hope,  in  1838, 
for  a  genus  of 
Coleopterous  in- 
sects. Bayle  has 

proposed    Macrochilina,   to   which   all 
the  species  are  referred. 
altonense,  see  Macrochilina  worthenanus. 
altonense,  see  Macrochilina  altonensis. 
anguliferum,  see  Macrochilina  angulifera. 
attenuatum,    Hall,    syn.    for    Soleniscus 

fusiformis. 

cooperense,  see  Macrochilina  cooperensis. 
fusiforme,  see  Soleniscus  fusifprmis. 
gracik,  see  Macrochilina  gracilis. 
hallanum,  see  Soleniscus  hallanus. 
hamiltonise,  see  Macrochilina  hamiltonise. 
hebe,  see  Macrochilina  hebe. 
hildrethi,  see  Macrochilina  hildrethi. 
humile,  see  Machrochilina  humilis. 
inhabile,    syn.    for    Macrochilina    primi- 

genius. 
intercalare,  see  Macrochilina  intercalaris. 


MAC.— MET.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


409 


kansasens?,  see   Macrocbilina  kansasensis. 
klipparti,  see  Soleniscus  klipparti. 
macrostomum,   see    Macrochilina    macros- 

tomus. 

mediate,  see  Macrochilina  medialis. 
missouriense,    see  Macrochiliaa    missouri- 

ensis. 

newberryi,  see  Soleniscus  newberryi. 
paludinseformis,   see   Soleniscus  paludini- 

formis. 

pingue,  see  Macrochilina  pinguis. 
ponderosum,  see  Macrochilina  ppnderosus. 
primsevum,  see  Macrochilina  primaevus. 
primigenium,     see     Macrochilina     primi- 

genius. 

pri&cum,  see  Macrochilina  prisca. 
pulchellum,  syn.    for  Macrochilina    inter- 

calaris. 

spiratum,  see  Macrochilina  spirata. 
subcorpulentum,  see  Macrochilina  subcor- 

pulenta. 

terranovicum,  see  Macrochilina  terranovica. 
texanum,  see  Soleniscus  texanus. 
ventricosum,  see  Soleniscus  ventricosus. 
MACROCHILINA,  Bayle,  1880,  Journal  de  Con- 

cbyliologie,  3me.  ser.,  t.  19.    Proposed 

instead    of    Macrocheilus   of    Phillips, 

which    was    preoccupied      by    Hope. 

[Ety.  diminutive  of  Macrocheilus.}   Sub- 
globose,  elongate ;  apex  pointed ;  whorls 

convex,  smooth,  last  one  large ;   aper- 
ture subovate ;  cplumella  imperforate  ; 

outer  lip  thin,  without  notch  or  sinus ; 

inner  lip  thin  above  and  thickened  be- 
low.   Type  M.  acuta 
aUonensis,  Worthen,  1873,  (Macrocheilus 

altonense,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  593, 

Coal  Meas. 
angulifera,  White,  1874,  (Macrocheilus  an- 

guliferum,)  Rep.  Invertebrate  Foss.,  p. 

22,  and  Geo.  Sur.  100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p. 

160,  Carboniferous, 
carinata,  Stevens,  1858,  (Loxonema  cari- 

natum,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  25,  p.   259, 

Coal  Meas. 
cooperensis,  Swallow,  1863,  (Macrocheilus 

cooperense,)    Trans.    St.    Louis    Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  100,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
gracilis,  Cox,  1857,  (Macrocheilus  gracile,) 

Geo.    Sur.    Ky.,    vol.    3,   p.  570,  Coal 

Meas. 
hamiltonise,     Hall,    1862,    (Macrocheilus 

hamiltonire,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  49  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2, 

p.  33,  Ham.  Gr. 
hebe,  Hall,   1862,    (Macrocheilus    hebe,) 

15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  48, 

and   Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.   32, 

Ham.  Gr. 
hildrethi,    Conrad,     1842,     (Plectostylus 

hildrethi,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 

p.  275,  Coal  Meas. 
humilis,      Keyes,     1888,     (Macrocheilus 

humile,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  pi. 

xii,  fig,,  1,  Coal  Meas. 
intercalaris,     Meek     &    Worthen,     1860, 

(Macrocheilus  intercalare,)  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  467,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

2,  p.  371,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 


kansasensis,  Swallow,  1858,  (Macrochei- 
lus kansasense,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  201,  Coal  Meas. 

littonana,  Hall,  1858, 
(Natica  littonana,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol. 
4,  p.  30,  and  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  72, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

macrostoma,    Hall,  1862, 
(Macrocheilus   macros- 
tomum,)     15th      Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p   49   and  Pal.  N.  Y 
vol.    5,    pt.     2,    p.     33,     nana. 
Ham.  Gr. 

medialis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Ma- 
crocheilus mediale,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  466,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p. 
370,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

missouriensis,  Swallow,  1858,  (Macrochei- 
lus missouriense,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  201,  Coal  Meas. 

pinguis,  Winchell,  1863,  (Macrocheilus 
pingue,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  21, 
Marshall  Gr. 

ponderosa,  Swallow,  1858,  (Macrocheilus 
ponderosum,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  202,  Coal  Meas. 

primseva,  Hall,  1876,  (Macrocheilus  pri- 
maevum,)  Illust.,  Devonian  Foss.,  pi. 
12,  ^nd  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  35, 
Schoharie  grit. 

priinigenia,  Conrad,  1835,  (Stylifer  prim- 
igenia,)  Trans.  Geo.  Soc.  Penn.,  vol.  1, 
p.  267,  Coal  Meas. 

prisca,  Whitfield,  1882,  (Macrocheilus 
priscum,)  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2, 
p.  204,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

spirata,  McCoy,  1850,  (Macrocheilus  spira- 
tum,)  Brit.  Pal.  Rocks,  p.  549,  Coal 
Meas. 

subcorpulenta,  Whitfield,  1882,  (Macro- 
cheilus subcorpulentum,)  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  224,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

terranovica,  Dawson,  1883,  (Macrocheilus 
terranovicum,)  Rep.  on  Redpath  Mu- 
seum, No.  2,  p.  14,  Carboniferous. 

worthenanus,  n.  sp.  St.  Louis  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  Macrocheilus  alton- 
ense in  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  143, 
which  name  was  preoccupied. 
METOPTOMA,  Phillips,  1836,  Geo.  of  York- 
shire, pt.  2,  p,  223.  [Ety.  metopon, 
front :  tome,  incision.]  Patelliform, 
truncated  under  the  apex,  at  the  pos- 
terior side ;  horseshoe-shaped  muscular 
scar,  with  the  open  end  directed  from 
the  truncated  side.  Type  M.  oblonga. 

alceste,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  153,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

alta,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  44,  Calciferous  Gr. 

analoga,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  84,  Trenton  Gr. 

angusta,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  88,  Quebec  Gr. 

anomala,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  89,  Quebec  Gr. 


410 


GASTEROPODA. 


[MIC.— MUR. 


•  barabuensis,  Whitfield,   1878,  Ann.  Eep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  60,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  195,  Low.  Magnesian  Gr. 
billingsi,  Walcott,  1883,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  212,  Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.    685.  —  Metoptoma  canadensis.     a,  Upper 
side ;  ft,  side  view  ;  c,  under  side. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  394,   (Chiton    canadensis,)   Black 

Riv.  Gr. 
cornutiformis,  Walcott,  1879,  Desc.  New 

Spec.  Foss.,  p.  1,  Calciferous  Gr. 
devonica,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.   U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  195,  Devonian, 
dubia,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  23, 

Chazy  Gr. 

erato,  see  Tryblidium  erato. 
estella,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

153,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
eubule,  see  Tryblidium  eubule. 
hyrie,  see  Tryblidium  hyrie. 
instabilis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  251,  Quebec  Gr. 
melissa,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss..  vol.  1, 

p.  86,  Quebec  Gr. 
montrealensis,  Billings,   1865,  Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  394,  Chazy  Gr. 
niobe,  see  Tryblidium  niobe. 
nycteiz,  see  Tryblidium  nycteis. 
orithyia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  38,  Calcif.  Gr. 
orphyne,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  88,  Quebec  Gr. 
peroccidens,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  260,  Subcarb. 
perovalis,    Whitfield,    1878,    Ann.    Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.   74,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  211,  Trenton  Gr. 
phillipsi,  Walcott,  1885,   Monogr.   U.   S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  83,  Trenton  Gr. 
quebecensis,  Billings,  1865,-  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  308,  Quebec  Gr. 
recurva,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  61,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  196,  Low.  Mag.  Gr. 
retrorsa,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  54,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  197,  Low.  Mag.  Gr. 
rugosa,  see  Stenotheca  rugosa. 
similis,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.   Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  61,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  196,  Low.  Mag.  Gr. 
timplex,  see  Tryblidium  simplex, 
superba,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  172,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
trentonensis,    Billings,    1862,  Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  40,  Trenton  Gr. 
undata,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  131,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
umbel!  a,  Meek  &  Worth  en,  1866,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  267,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  506,  Burlington  Gr. 


venilia,  Billings,  1862,    Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  88,  Quebec  Gr. 

MICROCERAS,  Hall,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 
48,  p.  294.  [Ety.  mikros,  small ;  keras, 
horn.]  Geueral  form  like  Cyrtolites, 
but  distinguished  by  its  minute  size, 
smooth  surface,  and  less  angular  dorsal 
margin.  Type  M.  inornatxim. 

inornatum,  Hall,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 
48,  p.  294,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  147, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

minutissimum,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  13,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

MICRODOMA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  269.  [Ety.  mikros, 
small;  domus;  house.]  Shell  small,  sub- 
trochiform ;  volutions  seven  or  more, 
flattened  on  a  line  with  the  slope  of  the 
shell;  suture  deep;  aperture  oblique; 
surface  ornamented  with  nodular 
ridges.  Type  M.  conica. 

conica,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  269,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  598,  Low.  Coal 
Meas. 

MURCHISONIA,  D'Archiac  &  Verneuil,  1841, 
B.ull.  Soc.  Geo.  Fr.,  vol.  12,  p.  154,  and 
Phillips  Pal.  Foss.  Cornwall,  etc.,  p.  101. 
[Ety.  proper  name.]  Shell  elongated, 
many  whorled  ;  whorls  variously  sculp- 
tured and  zoned ;  outer  lip  deeply 
notched ;  aperture  slightly  channeled 
in  front.  Type  M.  bilineata. 

abbreviata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
32.  The  name  was  preoccupied  by 
DeKoninck  in  1841.  See  M.  subabbre- 
viata. 

aciculata,  Hall,  1860,  Can. 
Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  5,  p. 
154,  Up.  Silurian. 

acrea,  Billings,  1865,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  232,  Que- 
bec Gr. 

ada,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  346,  Calcif er- 
ous  Gr. 

adelina,  Billings,  1865,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  .p.  232,  Que- 
bec Gr. 

agilis,    Billings,    1865,      Pal. 
Foss     vol.    1,   p.  235,  Que-  Mu"nia 
bee  Gr.  bilineata. 

alexandra,  Billings,  1865,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  172,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

angulata,  Phillips,  1836,  (Rostellaria  an- 
gulata,)  Geo.  of  Yorkshire,  p.  230,  De- 
vonian. Very  doubtfully  identified  in 
America. 

angustata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.1,  p. 
41,  Birdseye  Gr. 

anna,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  4,  p.  358,  Calciferous  Gr. 

archimedea,  McChesney,  1861,  Desc.  New 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  89,  Coal  Meas. 

arenaria,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  359,  Calciferous  Gr. 

arisaigensis,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  154,  Silurian. 


MUR.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


411 


artemesia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

l,.p.  345,  Calciferous  Gr. 
aspera,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  458,  Chazy  Gr. 
attenuata,  Hall,    1858,   Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  27,  and  Bull.   Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist,,  p.  88,  Warsaw  Gr. 
augustina,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  234,  Quebec  Gr. 
bellicincta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  179,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
bidncto,,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

177.    Preoccupied  by  McCoy  in   1844. 

See  M.  milleri. 
bilirata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

299,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
billingsana,  n.  s.,  Guelph  Gr.      Proposed 

instead  of  M.  hercynain  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  157,  which  was  preoccupied, 
bivittata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

345,  Guelph  Gr. 
bowdeni,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p. 

288,  Nashville  Gr. 
boydi,  Hall,  1843,  (Loxonema  boydi,)  Geo. 

Rep.  4th   Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  138,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  346,  Guelph  Gr. 
boylii,  Nicholson,  1875,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  31,  p.  547,  Guelph  Gr. 
calcifera,    Whitfield,     1889,    (Lophospira 

calcifera,)   Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.   Hist, 

vol.  2,  p.  55,  Calciferous  Gr. 
carinifera,  Shumard,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.    Sci.,    vol.    2,    p.    106,    Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 
cassandra,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  189,  Quebec  Gr. 
cassina,  Whitfield,  1886,  (Lophospira  cas- 

sina,)  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1, 

p.  312,  Birdseye  Gr. 
catharina,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.    Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  231,  Quebec  Gr. 
chamberlini,   Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.    Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  84,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  317,  Niagara  Gr. 
confusa,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat,    Hist.,    vol.    2,    p.     54,    Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 
cicelia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

233,  Quebec  Gr. 
conoidea,  Hall,  1852.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

13,  Medina  Gr. 
conradi,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  396,  Niagara  Gr. 
constricta,  Whiteaves,  1884,    Pal.    Foss., 

vol.  3,  p.  25,  Guelph  Gr. 
copii,   White,    1882,   Rep.    Invert.    Foss. 

New  Mex.,  p.  xxx,  Coal  Meas. 
decuria,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  of  Am.  Pal. 

Foss.,    p.    244,    syn.    for    M.    subab- 

breviata. 
desiderata,   Hall,    1862,    15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  50,  and  Pal.  N.  Y. 

vol.  5,  pt,  2,  p.  89,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
egregia,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

58,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

elegantula,  see  Pleurotomaria  elegantula. 
estella,  Billings,   1862,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  157,  Guelph  Gr. 


extenuata,   Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  298,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
funata,  Billings,  1866,  Catal. 

Sil.  Fpss.  Antic.,  p.  55,  An- 

ticosti  Gr. 
gigantea,  Billings,  1857,  Rep. 

of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  Can., 

p.  298,  Mid.  Sil. 
gracilens,    Whitfield,     1889, 

Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.     2,    p.    53,    Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 
gracilis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  181,  Trenton  and 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
gypsea,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad. 

Geol.,    p,    310,    Carbonif- 
erous, 
hebe,     Billings,     1874     Pal. 

Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.    57,  Gaspe    gracilis. 

limestone  No.  8,  Devonian, 
helicteres,  Salter,  1859,   Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  21,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Grs. 
hercyna,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  158.    The  name  was  preoccupied  by 

Roemer  in  1843.    See  M.  billingsana. 
hermione,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  I, 

p.  33,  Cbazy  or  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
hespelerensis,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  3,  p.  24,  Guelph  Gr. 
hyale,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

33,  Chazy  or  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
infrequens,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  457,  Chazy  Gr. 
inornata,   Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.   274,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  5,  p.  599,  Coal  Meas. 
insculpta,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.   Inst, 

vol.  4,  p.  26,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.  p.  85,  Warsaw  Gr. 
intercedens,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt  2,  p.  92,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
Jessica,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

189,  Quebec  Gr. 
kaiisasensis,    Swallow,    1858,   Trans.     St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.    1,   p.  195,    Coal 

Meas. 
keokuk,  Worthen,   (in  press,)   Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  141,  Keokuk  Gr. 
laphami,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis., 

p.  36,  Niagara  Gr. 
latifasciata,  Etheridge,   1878.  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  600,  Up.  Sil. 
lasallensis,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  141,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
leda,  Hall,  1861, 14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist,  p.  103,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  91,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
limitaris,  Hall,  1860, 13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,,  p.  108,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
linearis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  359,  Calciferous  Gr. 
logani,   Hall,  1852,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

346,  Guelph  Gr. 
longispira,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

345,  Guelph  Gr. 
macrospira,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  346,  Guelph  Gr. 


412 


GASTEROPODA, 


[MUR. 


maia,  Hall,  3861,  14th   Rep.   N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  103,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  91,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
major,   Hall,  1851,  Geo.  Lake  Sup.  Land 

Dist.,  vol.  2,  p.  209,  Trenton  Gr. 
marcouana,  Geinitz,  1866,  Garb,  und  Dyas 

in  Neb.,  p.  11,  Coal  Meas. 
melaniformis,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep. 

Mo.,  p.  208,  Calciferous  Gr. 
micula,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal.  Foss., 

p.  244,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2.  p. 

93,  Ham.  Gr.    Proposed  instead  of  M. 

turricula,  Hall,  1862,  which  was  preoc- 
cupied, 
milleri,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal.  FOBS., 

p.    244,    Trenton    and   Hud.  Riv.    Grs. 

Proposed  instead  of  M.  bicincta,  Hall, 

1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  177,  which 

was  preoccupied, 
minima,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,   vol.  1,  p.  203,  Middle  Coal 

Meas. 
minuta.  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

298,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
missisquoi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol. 

1,  p.  307,  Quebec  Gr. 
modesta,  Billings,   1857,   Rep.   of   Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  299,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
mucro,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Penin- 
sula Mich.,  p.  96,  Ham.  Gr. 
multigruma,    S.    A.    Miller,  1878,    Jour. 

Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  104,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
multivolvis,  Billings,    1857,    Rep.    Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  299,  Hud.    Riv.  Gr. 
mylitta,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  1, 

p.  157,  Guelph  Gr. 
nebraskensis,   Geinitz,   1866,   Garb,    und 

Dyas  in  Neb.,  p.  12,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb., 

p.  234,  Coal  Meas. 
neglecta,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  20,  Marshall  Gr. 
obelisca,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  MUB. 

Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  317,  Birdseye  Gr. 
obsoleta,    Meek,    1871,  Proc.   Acad.  Nat, 

Sci.,  p.  175,  Coal  Meas. 
obtusa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

333,  Coralline  limestone, 
ozarkensis.     Shumard,    1863,    Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  106,  Calcif- 
erous Gr. 
papillosa,  Billings,  1857,   Rep.   of   Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  301,  Mid.  Sil. 
perangulata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y,,  vol.1, 

p.  41,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
perversa,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  195,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
petilla,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th  Rep. 

N.  Y.   Mus.  Nat.    Hist.,  p.    186,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
placida,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  1, 

p.  235,  Quebec  Gr. 
procris,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  34,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
prava,  Whitfield,  1886,   Bull.   Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  316,  Birdseye  Gr. 
prolixa,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,   Proc. 

Boat.  Soc.    Nat.   Hist.,   vol.  8,  p.  303, 

Kinderhook  Gr. 


quadricincta,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  19,  Marshall  Gr. 

rugosa,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.  p.  299,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

serrulata,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 1,  p.  20,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 

shumardana,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  20,  Marshall  Gr. 

simulatrix,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol. 

1,  p.  232,  Quebec  Gr. 

soluta,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  3, 
p.  28,  Guelph  Gr. 

sororcula,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  233,  Quebec  Gr. 

subabbreviata,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr. 
d.  Paleont,  t.  1,  p.  8,  Chazy  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  M.  abbreviata,  Hall, 
1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  32,  which  was 
preoccupied. 

subfusiformis,  see  Fusispira  subfusiformis. 

subtseniata,  see  Orthonema  subtaeniatum. 

subulata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Loxonema  subu- 
latum,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 
273,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  91,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

sumnerensis,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn., 
p.  288,  Nashville  Gr. 

sylvia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
190,  Quebec  Gr. 

terebra,  White,  1879,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 
Terr.,  vol.  5,  No.  2,  p.  219,  and  Cont.  to 
Pal.,  No.  6,  p.  139,  Carboniferous. 

terebralis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
334,  Coralline  limestone. 

terebriformis,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  28,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  86,  Warsaw  Gr. 

teretiformis,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  298,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

texana,  Shumard,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  626,  Coal  Meas. 

tricarinata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  178,  Trenton  Gr. 

tricingulata,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol., 
p.  310,  Carboniferous. 

tropidophora,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  29,  Guelph  Gr. 

turricula,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  301,  Mid.  Sil. 

turricula,  Hall.  The  name  was  preoc- 
cupied. See  M.  micula. 

turritella,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  27,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  88,  Warsaw  Gr. 

turritiformis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  347,  Guelph  Gr. 

uniangulata,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  179,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
uniangulata  var.   abbreviata,    Hall,  1847, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  304,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
varians,   Billings,    1857,    Rep.    of    Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  300,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
varicosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

42,  Birdseye  Gr. 
ventricosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  41,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
vermicula,  Hall,   1858,  Trans.  Alb.   Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  27,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  87,  Warsaw  Gr. 


NAT  — OPH.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


413 


vesta,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
32,  Calciferous  Gr. 

vincta,  Hall,  1858,  (Loxonema  vincta,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  28,  and  Bull. 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  88,  War- 
saw Gr. 

vitellia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  156,  Guelph  Gr. 

vittata,  see  Fusispira  vittata. 

worthenana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  225, 
Niagara  Gr. 

Xanthippe,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  155,  Guelph  Gr. 

Natica,  Adanson,  1757,  Histoire  Naturelle 
du  Senegal,  p.  172.  [Ety.  nato,  to  swim 
with  a  fluctuating  motion.]  This  genus 
is  unknown  in  Palaeozoic  rocks. 

altonensis,  see  Naticopsis  altonensis. 

carleyana,  see  Naticopsis  carleyana. 

chesterensis,  see  Naticopsis  chesterensis. 

littonana,  see  Macrochilina  littonana. 

magister,  syn.  for  Naticopsis  ventricosa. 

shumardi,  see  Naticopsis  shumardi. 

ventricosa,  see  Naticopsis  ventricosa. 
NATICOPSIS,  McCoy,  1844,  Synop.  Carb.  Foss. 
Ireland,  p.  33.  [Ety.  from  resemblance 
to  the  genus  Natica.}  Subglobose,  solid, 
imperforate ;  whorls  few,  convex,  rap- 
idly expanding,  last  one  large ;  spire 
short ;  aperture  subovate,  straighter  on 
the  inner  side,  rounded  below  ;  colu- 
mella  callous,  flattened,  longitudinal  im- 
pression for  the  operculum  ;  lip  sharp, 
entire ;  surface  smooth  in  part  or 
marked  with  oblique  striae.  Type  N. 
phillipsi. 

tequistriata,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
ScL,  p.  76,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  216, 
Up.  Held  Gr. 

altonensis,  McChesney,  1865,  (Natica  al- 
tonensis,) Desc.  New.  Pal.  Foss.,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  595,  Coal 
Meas. 

carleyana,  Hall,  1858,  (Natica  carleyana,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  31,  and  Bull. 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  71,  Warsaw  Gr. 

chesterensis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  100,  Kas- 
kaskia  Gr. 

comperta,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  2,  pi.  29,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cretacea,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  240,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

depressa,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  22,  Marshall  Gr. 

dispassa,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
309,  Carbonif. 

gigantea,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  238,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

hollidayi,  see  Trachydomia  hollidayi. 

howi,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  309, 
Carboniferous. 

humilis,  see  Isonema  humile. 

Isevis,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p. 
76,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  215,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 


littonana    var.    genevievensis,     Meek    & 

Worthen,  1866,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci., 

p.  268,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
madisonensis,    Worthen, 

1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111.  St. 
Mus.   Nat.    Hist.,  p.    9, 

and  Geo.   Sur.   111.,   vol. 

8,  p.  144,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

magister,  syn.  for  N.  ventri- 

'     J  FIG.  688.— Nati- 

•? •*  -.TTU  •  copsis  laevis. 

momlifera,    White,      1880, 

12th  Rep.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  168, 
Up.  Coal  Meas. 

nana,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Platystoma 
nana,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  463,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  365,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

nodosa,  see  Trachydomia  nodosa. 

ortoni,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  230,  Coal  Meas. 

pricii,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  202,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

remex,  White,  1876,  Geo.  Uinta  Mount- 
ains, p.  109,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  6, 
p.  139,  Low.  Aubrey  Gr. 

shumardi,  McChesney,  1860,  (Natica  shu- 
mardi,) Desc.  NeAv.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  62, 
Coal  Meas. 

subovata,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  595,  Coal  Meas. 

ventricosa.  Norwood  &  Pratten,  1854, 
(Natica  ventricosa,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  76,  Coal  Meas. 

wheeleri,  Swallow,  1860,  (Littorina  wheel- 
eri,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1, 
p.  658,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  595, 
Coal  Meas. 

ziczac,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  223,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
OMPHALOTROCHUS,  Meek,  1864,  Geo.  Califor- 
nia, vol.  1,  p.  15.  [Ety.  omphalm,  um- 
bilicus ;  Trochus,  a  genus.]  .  Distin- 
guished from  Euomphalus  by  having  a 
more  prominent  spire,  in  having  its 
whorls  flattened  or  broadly  concave 
around  the  outer  side,  and  flattened, with 
an  outward  slope ;  it  is  a  more  ponderous 
shell,  with  a  more  oblique  outline  to 
its  lip,  in  consequence  of  which  it  pro- 
jects much  farther  forward  on  the 
upper  than  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
aperture.  Type  O.  whitneyi. 

whitneyi,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  of  California, 

vol.  1,  p.  15,  Carboniferous. 
OPHILETA,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  36.  [Ety.  ophis,  snake.]  Discoidal 
spire  sunk  above ;  umbilicus  perfectly 
open,  exposing  the  whorls  on  one 
plane ;  whorls  slender,  numerous, 
truncate,  and  biangular  exteriorly ; 
aperture  having  a  sinus  below  and  a 
notch  above.  Type  0.  cotnplanata. 

abdita,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
189,  Quebec  Gr. 

(?)  bella,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  310,  Quebec  Gr. 

compacta,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  1,  p.  16,  syn.  for  O.  complanata. 


414 


GASTEROPODA. 


[ORM. — PAL. 


complanata,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  | 
N.  Y.,  p.  36,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  1 
11,  Calciferous  Gr. 

complanata var.  nana,  Meek,  1870,  Hayden's  , 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  295,  and  Geo.  j 
4th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  17,  Calciferous  Gr.  \ 
disjuncta,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.1, 

p.  344,  Calciferous  Gr. 
levata,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  36,  Calciferous  Gr. 

nerine,    Bill- 
ings,    1865,  ! 
Pal.    Foss.,  ' 
vol.  1,  p.  245,  ! 
Quebec  Gr. 
ottawensis, 

Billings,  1860,  i 
FIG.  689.-Ophileta  nerine.  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  167,  Trenton  Gr. 
owenana,  Meek  &  Worthen,    1868,   Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  313,  Galena  Gr. 
primordialis,   Winchell,   1864,  (Straparol- 
lus  primordialis,)   Am.   Jour.   Sci.   and 
Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  37,  p.  228,  and  Geo. 
Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  173,  Potsdam  Gr. 
profunda,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  188,  Quebec  Gr. 

uninangulata,  Hall,  1847,  (Euomphalus 
uniangulatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  9, 
Calcifer.  Gr. 

ORMATHICHNUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.   Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,   p.  222.     [Ety. 
ormathos.  string  of  beads ;  ichnos,  track.] 
Supposed  to  be  the  trail  of  a  Gastero-  j 
pod,   and    consisting    of   a   continuous  < 
beaded  track  or  trail.     Type  O.  monili-  ! 
formis. 

moniliformis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
2,  p.  222,  TJtica  Slate  Gr. 
ORTHONEMA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil.,  p. 
146.  [Ety.  orthos,  straight; 
nema,  thread.]  elongate,  many 
whorled,  ornamented  with  re- 
volving carinse,  crossed  by  nearly 
straight  lines  of  growth ;  body 
whorl  angular,  not  much  en- 
larged or  produced  below ;  aper- 
ture angular  above,  slightly 
effuse  below  ;  peristome  incom- 
plete ;  outer  lip  simple,  nearly 
straight ;  axis  imperforate. 
Type  0.  salteri. 

carbonarium,Worthen,  1884,  Bull. 
No.  2,  111.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  7,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
8,  p.  145,  Coal  Meas. 
conicum,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  270,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  590,  Coal  Meas. 
newberryi,  Meek,  1871,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  81, 
and   Ohio   Pal.,  vol.   1,  p. 
217,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

salteri,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Eunema  (?) 
salteri,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 


464,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.   381, 
Low.  Coal  Meas. 

subtjeniatum,  Geinitz,  1866,  (Murchisonia 
subtseniata,)  Garb,  und  Dyas  in  Neb., 
p.  12,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  228,  Coal  Meas. 

Orthonychia,  Hall,  1843,  syn.  for  Platyceras. 

ORTHOSTOMA,  Conrad,  1838,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  119.  [Ety.  orthos,  straight;  stoma, 
mouth.]  Shell  spiral,  spire  plain,  con- 
vex, terminal  volution,  ending  in  a 
straight  tube.  Type  0.  commune. 


FIG.  690. 

O  r  t  h  onema 

newberryi. 


FIG.  691.— Orthostoma  commune. 

commune,  Conrad,  1838,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  119,  figured  in  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  pi. 
2,  fig.  16,  Birdseye  Gr. 

AL^ACM^A,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  242. 
[Ety.  palaios,  ancient ;  Acmsea,  an  exist- 
ing genus  of  shells.]  Conical,  more  or 
less  elevated  ;  apex  subcentral,  erect  or 
slightly  curved  ;  peristome  entire,  not 
sinuate  ;  surface  marked  concentrically. 
Type  P.  typica. 


FIG.  692.— Palaeotrochus  kearneyi. 


irvingi,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  51,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  173,  Potsdam  Gr. 

,ica,  Hall  &  Whitfield,   1873,  23d  Rep. 

\  Y.   Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,   p.  242,   Pots- 
dam Gr. 

PAL^EOTROCHUS,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  2,  p.  133.     [Etv,  palaios,  ancient ; 

Trochus,  a  genus.]     Oonical,  trochiform ; 
spire   elevated ;     volutions   moderately 


tyg. 


GASTEROPODA. 


415 


FIG.  693.  —  Phragnio- 
stoma  cymbula.  View 
of  aperture;  L,  lam- 
ina ;  8,  septum. 


convex;  aperture  transverse.    Type  P. 
kearneyi. 

kearneyi,      Hall,      1862,      (Pleurotomaria 
kearneyi,)  14th  Rep.   N.  Y.   Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  105,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
precursor,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.  No.  16,  p.  55,  Portage  Gr. 
Patella,  Linnaeus,  1758,  Syst.  Nat.  10th  Ed. 
[Ety.  patella,    dish.]     Not   a   Palsezoic 
genus. 

levettei,  see  Lepetopsis  levetti. 
Phanerotinus,  Sowerby,    1844,  Min.  Conch., 
vol.  7,  p.  29.     [Ety.  phaneros,  aperture ; 
teino,    extended.     Syn.    for    Eccyliom- 
phalus. 

paradoxus,  see  Eccyliomphalus  paradoxus. 
Phragmolites,  syn.  for  Cyrtolites. 
compressus,  see  Cyrtolites  compressus. 

PHRAGMOSTOMA,  Hall, 
1861,  14th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  94.  [Ety. 
phragmos,  a  par- 
tition ;  stoma,  the 
mouth ;  from  the 
septum  within 
the  aperture, 
which  distin- 
guishes this  ge- 
nus from  Cari- 
naropsis  and  Bel- 
lerophon.]  Type 
P.  cymbula. 
cunute,  Hall,  1861,  14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  94,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cymbula,  Hall,  1861,  14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  94,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
natator,  see  Bellerophon  natator. 
Physa,  Dapernaud,  1801,  Hist.  Nat.  d. 

Moll.     Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 
prisca,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  262,  Subcarboniferous. 
Pileopsis  conoides,  P.  naticoides,  P.  rotundata, 
and  P.  spiralis,  Castelnau,  1843,   Syst. 
Sil.    Not  recognized. 
tubifer,  syn.  for  Platyceras  dumosum. 
vetustus,  Sowerby.    Not  American. 
Pkinorbis,  Guettard,  1756,  Mem.  Acad.  Sci. 

Paris.  Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 
trilobatus,  see  Bucania  trilobata. 
PLATYCERAS,  Conrad,  1840,  Ann.  Rep.  N.Y., 
p.  205.  [Ety.  platys,  broad ;  keras,  horn.] 
Depressed  subglobose,  subovoid,  or 
obliquely  subconical ;  spire  small ;  vo- 
lutions none,  or  very  few,  without 
columella;  aperture  more  or  less  ex- 
panded, often  campanulate,  and  some- 
times with  lip  reflexed;  peristome  en- 
tire or  sinuous ;  surface  striated,  cancel- 
lated, lamellose,  or  spiniferous.  Type 
P.  dumosum. 

acutirostre,   Hall,    1858,    (Capulus   acuti- 

rostris,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  31, 

and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  665,  Warsaw  Gr. 

agreste,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  338, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 

ammon,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  37,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  2,  p.  20,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


angulatum,  Hall,  1852,  (Acroculia  angu- 
lata.)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  289,  Clinton 
and  Niagara  Grs. 

arctistoma,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am. 
Pal.,  p.  30,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

arcuatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

336,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

argo,   Hall,  1862,   15th   Rep.   N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  39,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  19,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
attenuatum,  Hall,  1862,  15th   Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  30,  and  Pal.   N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  6,  Ham.  Gr. 
attenualum,  see  P.  dumosum    var.  atten- 
uatum. 
auriculatum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  3,  Ham.  Gr. 
billingsi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

315,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
biseriale,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo.  Iowa, 

vol.  1.  pt.  2,  p.  90,  Burlington  Gr. 
bisinuatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  318,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
bisulcatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  327,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
bivolve,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  302,  Kin- 

derhook  Gr. 
bucculentum.  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  33,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  10,  Ham.  Gr. 
calantica,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

328,  Low  Held.  Gr. 
callosum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

478,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
campanulatum,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865, 

Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  99,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
capax,  Keyes,  1888,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

(author's  copy,  p.  13,)  Burlington  Gr. 
capulus,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  Geo.  Iowa,  p. 

91,  Burlington  Gr. 
carinatum,  Hall,  1862,  15th    Rep.  N.  Y 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  33,  and  Pal.   N.  Y. 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  5,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
chesterense,  Meek  &Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  265,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
cirriforme,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Not  clearly  denned, 
clavatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

337,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

concavum,   Hall,   1862,  15th   Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  30,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  3,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
conicum,  Hall,  1862, 15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  31,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  3,  Ham.  Gr. 
conradi,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  182,  Devonian, 
cornuforme,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  18,  Marshall  Gr. 
crassum,  Hall,  1862, 15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  36,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  18,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
curvirostrum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  338,  Low.  Held.  Gr.    - 
cymbium,    Hall,    1862,   15th   Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  35,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt,  2,  p.  12,  Up.  Held  Gr. 


416 


GAS7  ER  OPODA. 


[PI.A. 


cyrtolites,  McChesney,  1859,  Pal.  Foss.,  p. 

71,  Coal  Meas. 
dentalium,  Hall,  1862,  15th   Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  29,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  2,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
dilatatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  322,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
dumosum,  Conrad,  1840,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  205,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

14,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  «94.— Platyceras  dumosum. 

dumosum  var.  attenuatum,  Meek,  1871, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  75,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  212,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

dumosum  var.  rarispinum,  Hall,  1862, 
15th  Rep.  N.Y.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  38,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  16,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

echinatum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  38,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  13,  Ham.  Gr. 

elongatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  335,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

equilaterale,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  vol.  1, 

S' ,  2,  Iowa  Rep.,  p.  89,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
.,  vol.  5,  p.  518,  Keokuk  Gr. 
erectum,  Hall,   1843,  (Acroculia    erecta,) 

Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  174,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,   vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.   5,   Cornif.   & 

Ham.  Grs. 

expansum,  see  Strophostylus  expansus. 
fissurellum,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Geo.  Rep. 

Iowa,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  90,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  5,  p.  519,  Keokuk  Gr. 
fluctuosum,   Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am. 

Pal.,  p.  31,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
formosum,  Keyes,  1888,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,   (author's   copy,   p.   14,)  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
fornicatum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  35,  and  Pal,  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  11,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
fornicatum  var.   contractum,  Hall,  1876, 

Illust.     Devonian     Foss.,    pi.    5,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
gebhardi,  Conrad,  1840,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

L206,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  312, 
w.  Held,  and  Oriskany  Grs. 

gibbosum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  322,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

haliotoides,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  264,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  458,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 

herzeri,  Winchell,  1870,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  p.  256,  Marshall  Gr. 


incile,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  332, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
infundibulum,    Meek  &  Worthen,  1866, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  266,  and 

Geo.   Sur.    111.,   vol.    5,   p.    517,    Keo- 
kuk Gr. 
intermedium,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  321,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
laciniosum,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf. 

Soc.    Nat.    Sci.,   vol.    5,    p.    14,   Niag- 
ara Gr. 
Isevigatuin,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  263,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
lamellosum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.3, 

p.  330,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
latum,  Keyes,  1888,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

(author's  copy,  p.  14,)  Burlington  Gr. 
lodiense,    Meek,   1871,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  170,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  313,  Waverly  Gr. 
magnificum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  476,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
membranaceum,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull. 

Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.   15,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
minutissimum,  Walcott,  1879,  Desc.  New 

Spec.  Foss.,  p.  1,  Calciferous  Gr. 
multisinuatum,   Hall,    1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  319,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
multispinosum,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.   73,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  210,  Cornif.  Gr. 
naticoides,  Etheridge,   1878,  Quar.  Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  34,  p.  603,  Up.  Sil. 
nebraskense,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p. 

227,  Coal  Meas. 
newberryi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  333,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
niagarense,  Hall,  1852,  (Acroculia   niag- 

arensis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  288,   Ni- 
agara Gr. 
nodosum,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.   56,  and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  473, 

Oriskany  sandstone, 
obesum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

329,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
obliquum,  Keyes,  1888,  Proc.   Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,   (author's  copy,  p.    13,)   Burling- 
ton Gr. 
occidens,  Walcott,    1885,   Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.   254,    Subcarbon- 

iferous. 
ovale,   Stevens,  1858,   (Acroculia  ovalis,) 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  25,  p.  261,  Subcar- 

boniferous. 
pabulocrinus,  Owen,  1862,  (Pileopsis  pa- 

bulocrinus,)  Geo.  Sur,  Indiana,  p.  364, 

Keokuk  Gr. 
paralium,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 

Bost.   Soc.  Nat.   Hist.,  vol.    8,    p.  302, 

Kinderhook  Gr. 
patulum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

477,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
pentalobus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  319,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
perlatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3.  p. 

328,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
perplexum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.   Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  2,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FLA.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


417 


perplicatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  325,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pileiforme,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  327,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
piso,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  8.   Geo- 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  254,  Snbcarboniferous. 
platystoma,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  326,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
platystoma  var.  alveatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  326,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
plicatile,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

325,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

plicatum,  Conrad,  1840,  (Calceola  plicata,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  207,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  334,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
primyevum,  Billings,  1871,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geol.,  vol.  6,  p.  220,  Georgia  Gr. 
primordiale,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  136,  Potsdam  Gr. 
proclive,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  14,  Niagara  Gr. 
pyramidatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  336,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
quincyense,  McChesney,  1861,  New   Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  90,  and  Geo.  Sur.   111.,  vol.  3, 
D.  510,  Burlington  Gr. 
quinquesinuatum,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to 

Am.  Pal.,  p.  29,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
reflexum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

477,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
retrorsum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  320,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
retrorsum  var.  abnorme,  Hall,  1859,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  321,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

reversum,  Hall, 
1860,  Supp.  to 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa, 
vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p. 
91,  Burlington 
Gr. 

rictum,  Hall,  1862, 
15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  35,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  13,  Ham. 
and  Up.  Held. 
Grs. 

robustum,  Hall, 
1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  313,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

senex,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,   (Porcel- 
lia  senex,)  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  Ill,  Niagara  Gr. 
serratum,  Ulrich,  1886,  Cont.  to  Am.  Pal., 

p.  30,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
sinuatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  314,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
spinigerum,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  5,  p.  594.  Coal  Meas. 
spirale,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   3,  p. 

331,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

squalodens,   Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  202,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

subnodosum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  474,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
subplicatum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  265,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  457,  Kinderhook  Gr. 


FIG.  695.— Platyceras  re- 
versum. 


subrectum,  Hall,  1859,  12th  Rep.  N.  Y., 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  18,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  1,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
subrectum,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  Iowa  Rep. 

The  name  being  preoccupied,  Meek  & 

Worthen    proposed    P.  infundibulum. 
subsinuosum,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 

111.   St.    Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  38,  Low. 

Held.  Gr.    Proposed  instead  of  P.  sub- 

undatum,  M.  &  W.,  which  was  preoc- 
cupied, 
subundatum,   Conrad,  1841,    Ann.    Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  56,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
subundatum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  457.     The  name  was 

preoccupied.    See  P.  subsinuosum. 
sulcatum,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.Y., 

p.  56,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
sulcoplicatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  324,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
symmetricum,  Hall,  1862, 15th  Rep.  N.Y. 
"  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  34,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,   pt.    2,    p.    9,    Ham.    and    Up. 

Held.  Grs. 
tenuiliratum,  Hali,  1859,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  317,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
thetiforme,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur..  vol.  8,  p.  184,  Devonian, 
thetis,  Hall,  1862,  15th   Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  32,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  8,  Up.  Held,  and  Ham.  Grs. 
thetis    var.     subspinosum,     Hall,     1876, 

Illust.  Devonian  Foss.,  pi.  3,  Ham.  Gr. 
tortum,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  171,  and   Ohio   Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  345, 

Coal  Meas. 
tortuosum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  472,  Oriskanv  sandstone, 
tribulosum,  White,  1880,  12th  Rep.  U.  S. 

Geo.     Sur.     Terr.,     p.     168,     Burling- 
ton Gr. 
trigonale,    Stevens,  1858,   (Acroculia    tri- 

gonalis,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.   and  Arts,  vol. 

25,  p.  260,  Carboniferous, 
trilobatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  316,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tubiforme,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  332,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
uncum,    Meek  &    Worthen,    1866,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  264,  and  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  5,  p.  516,  Keokuk  Gr. 
undatum,  Hall,    1876,    Illust.    Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  7,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  17,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
undulatum,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  184,  Devonian, 
undulostriatum,    Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  336,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
unguiforme,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  322,  Low.  Held.  Gr 
uniseriale,   Nicholson,    1874,    Rep.    Pal. 

Ont,  p.  116,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
unisulcatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  316,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
ventricosum,    Conrad,    1840,    Ann.  Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  206,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
311,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

vomerium,  Winchell,  1863,   Proc.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  19,  Marshall  Gr. 


418 


GASTEROPODA. 


[PI.A.— 


FIG.  696.— Platy- 
scliisma  du- 
bium. 


PLATYSCHISMA,  McCoy,  1844,  Syn.  Carb. 
Foss.  Ireland,  p.  38.  [Ely.  platys, 
wide;  schisma,  slit.]  Obtusely  conical, 
ventricose ;  spire  short,  obtuse,  few 
whorls;  aperture  very  oblique,  large, 
lunate,  deeply  indented  by  the  pre- 
ceding whorl,  rounded  anteally,  nar- 
row retrally,  with  a  very  wide,  shallow 
sinus  in  the  middle  part  of  the  outer 
lip  not  forming  a  definite  band,  some- 
times obsolete ;  no  trace  of  inner  lip ; 
pillar  thin,  a  little  reflected ;  surface 
smooth  or  only  marked  by  the  retrally 
waved  lines  of  growth  ;  umbilicus  small, 
round,  open.  Type  P.  helicites. 

ambigunm,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  188,  Devonian. 

dubium,  Dawson,  1868, 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  309,  Car- 
boniferous. 

mccoyi,  Walcott,  1885, 
Monogr,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 
vol.  8,  p.  188,  Devonian. 
PLATYSTOMA,  Conrad,  1842, 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci., 
vol.  8,  p.  275.  [Ety.  platys,  broad ; 
stoma,  mouth.]  Spire  short;  aperture 
large,  dilated  ;  labrum  joining  the  body 
whorl.  This  name  was  preoccupied  for 
a  shell  by  Klein  in  1753,  for  an  insect  by 
Meigen  in  1803,  and  for  a  fish  by  Agassiz 
in  1829.  The  genus  has  been  named 
Platycfrina.  Type  P.  ventricosum. 

affine,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 
60,  Gaspe  limestone,  No.  8,  Devonian. 

aplatum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss., 
pi.  U,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 
26,  Schoharie  grit 

arenosum,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  276,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  302,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

belial,  Clarke,- 1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 
No.  16,  p.  30,  Genesee  shales. 

defiguratum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  9,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.2, 
p.  24,  Ham.  Gr. 

deprepsum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  301,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

euomphaloides,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devo- 
nian Foss.,  pi.  9,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.5, 
pt.  2,  p.  25,  Ham.  Gr. 

hemisphericum,  Hall,  1843,  (Euomphalus 
hemisphericua,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  109,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
288,  Niagara  Gr. 

grayvillense,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1. 
III.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  38,  Coal  Meas, 
Proposed  instead  of  P.  tumidum,  M.  & 
W.,  which  was  preoccupied. 

inornatum,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  255,  Subcarbon- 
iferous. 

lichas,  see  Callonema  lichns. 

lineatum,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  276,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  2,  p.  21,  Up.  Held  and  Ham.  Grs. 

lineatum  var.  amplum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust. 
Devonian  Foss.,  pi.  9,  and  Pal.  Foss. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  23,  Ham.  Gr. 


lineatum  var.  callosum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust. 

Devonian  Foss.,   pi.   9,  and   Pal.  Foss. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  23,  Ham.  Gr. 
lineatum  var.  sinuosum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust, 

Devonian  Foss.,  pi.  11,  and  Pal.  Foss. 

N.  Y.,  vol,  5,  pt.  2,  p.  24.  Ham.  Gr. 
minutissimum,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  55,  Portage  Gr. 
nana,  see  Naticopsis  nana. 
n  i  agarense, 

Hall,     1852, 

Pal.    N.    Y., 

vol.  2,  p.  287, 

Niagara  Gr. 
peoriense,  Mc- 

C  h  esn  e  y, 

1860,     Desc. 

New   Pal. 

Foss.,  Up. 

Coal  Meas. 
p 1 e  b  ei  u  m, 

Hall,     1876, 

28th  Rep.  N. 

Y.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  175,       FIG.  697.— Platystoma  ni- 

Niagara  Gr.  agarense. 

pleurotoma, 

Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss.,  pi. 

10,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  30, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
plicatum,  Whiteaves,  1887,  Cont.  to  Can. 

Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  118,  Ham.  Gr. 
shumardi,   Verneuil,   1846,    (Turbo   shu- 

mardi.)  Bull.  d.  1.  Soc.  Geol.  d.  France, 

and  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.   135, 

Ham.  Gr. 
strophium,   Hall,   1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  41,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  25,  Cornif.  Gr. 
subangulatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  301,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

trigonostoma,Meek, 
1871,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  169, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  185,  Niagara 
Gr. 

tumidum,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1860, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  463,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
turbinatum,  Hall,  1861,  14th 'Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  106,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  27,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
turbinatum  var.  cochleatum,  Hall,  1876, 

Illust.    Devonian    Foss.,    pi.    10,    and 

Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.   5,  pt.  2,   p.   28,   Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
unisulcatum,  Conrad,  1842,  (Pleurotoma- 

ria  unisulcata,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

vol.  8,  p.  271,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  27,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ventricosum,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  275,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  300,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
Plectostylus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,    p.    275.    The    name    was   preoc- 
cupied. 
hildrethi,  see  Macrochilina  hildrethi. 


Fig.  698.— Platystoma 
trigonostoma. 


GASTEROPODA. 


419 


PLEURONOTUS,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  2,  p.  138.  [Ety.  pleura,  side ; 
notos,  back.]  Distinguished  from  Euom- 
phalus  by  the  broadly  expanded  aper- 
ture, sinuate  on  the  upper  margin, 
making  a  deep  retral  angle,  which 
meets  a  peripheral  band.  Type  P. 
decewi. 


Fig.  699.— Pleuronotus  decewi. 

decewi,  Billings,  1861,  (Euomphalus 
decewi,)  Can.  Jour.,  p.  358,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

PLEUROTOMARIA,  Defrance,  1824,  Tableau  d. 
Corps.  Organises  Fossiles,  p.  114,  and 
Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  t.  41,  p.  381 .  [Ety.  pleura, 
side;  tome,  cut  or  notch.]  Shell  trochi- 
form,  more  or  leas  conical,  pearly  within, 
variable  in  thickness,  with  or  without 
an  umbilicus;  volutions  angular,  flat- 
tened, or  rounded ; 
surface  ornamented 
with  striae,  nodes, 
granulations,  or  car- 
inse;  aperture  sub- 
quadrate,  semioval, 
suborbicular,  or  sub- 
rhombic  ;  inner  lip 
thin ;  fissure  of  outer 
lip  narrow  and  FIG.  700.— Pleuroto- 
deep;  revolving  maria  anglica. 
band  corresponding 
in  depth  with  the  sinus.  Type  P.  an- 
glica. 

abrupta,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  354,  Calciferous  Gr. 

acadica,  Dawson,  1883,  Rep.  on  Redpath 
Mus.,  p.  11,  Subcarboniferous. 

adamsi,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  5,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  137,  Coal  Meas. 

adjutor,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  80,  Up.  Held  Gr. 

advena,  Winchell,  1864,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  2d  series,  vol.  37,  p.  228,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

agarista,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  230,  Quebec  Gr. 


agave,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

170,  Trenton  Gr. 
ambigua,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

176,  Trenton  Gr. 
americana,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  164,  Trenton  Gr. 
amphitrite,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  32,  Chazy  or  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

angulata,  Conrad,  1843,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.    Phil.     This   name   was 
preoccupied  by  Sowerby. 
antiquata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  31,  Chazy  Gr. 
aperta,  see  Raphistoma  apertum. 
apicalis,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  2,  p.  88,  Chemung  Gr. 
arabella,   Billings,   1865,  Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  343,  Calciferous  Gr. 
arachne,    Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  31,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
arata,   Hall,   1862,  15th   Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.   Nat.   Hist,  p.  42,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  64,   Scho- 
harie  grit. 

arata  var.  clausa,  Hall,  1879,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  65,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

axion,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    p.    394,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 
beckwithana,    McChesney,     1860,    Desc. 

New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  61,  Coal  Meas. 
beekmanensis,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  53,  Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 
biangutata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  31,  Chazy  Gr. 

bicarinata,    McChesney,     1860.    Preoccu- 
pied.   See  P.  turbiniformis. 
bilix,  see  Cyclonema  bilix. 
bispiralis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  348,  Guelph  Gr. 
bonharborensis,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 

vol.  3,  p.  567,  Coal  Meas. 
brazoensis,     Shumard,    1860,    Trans.    St. 
Louis  Acad.    Sci.,  vol.    1,   p.   624,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  354,  Low.  Coal 
Meas. 
broadheadi,  White,  1880,  12th  Rep.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  169,  Coal  Meas. 
calcifera,   Billings,   1859,  Can.   Nat.   and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  352,  Calciferous  Gr. 
calphurnia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  230,  Up.  Taconic,  Quebec  Gr. 
calyx,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  454,  Chazy  Gr. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss  ,  vol. 

1,  p.  342,  Calciferous  Gr. 
capillaria,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  271,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  2,  p.  77,  Ham.  Gr. 
carbonaria,    Norwood    &    Pratten,    1854, 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  3, 
p.  75,  Coal  Meas. 
casii,   Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  3,  p.  359,  Niagara  Gr. 
cavumbilicata,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low. 
Penin.  Mich.,  p.  96,  Ham.  Gr. 


420 


GASTEROPODA. 


[PI.E. 


chesterensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  460.  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  303,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

chesterentiis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.  The  name  was  preoccupied, 
but  it  is  probably  a  synonym. 

circe,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Can.,  p.  303,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

clipeiformis,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1, 
Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  57,  Niagara  Gr. 

concava,  see  Eotrochus  concavus. 

coniformis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  38,  Coal 
Meas.  Proposed  instead  of  P.  conoides, 
M.  &  W. 

conoides,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  271.  Preoccupied 
by  Deshayes  in  1831.  See  P.  coni- 
formis. 

conulus,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
4,  p.  26,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  84,  Warsaw  Gr. 

cooperensis,  n.  s.  Kaskaskia  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  P.  trochiformis,  Swal- 
low, Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2, 
p.  99,  that  was  preoccupied. 

coronula,  Hall,  syn.  for  P.  sphserulata. 

coxana,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  272,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  600,  Coal  Meas. 

coxana,  Worthen,  1884.  The  name  was 
preoccupied.  See  P.  iowensis. 

crevieri,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  4,  p.  456,  Chazy  Gr. 

cryptata,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  54,  Anticosti  Gr. 

cyclonemoides,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  360,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

cyclostoma,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  23,  Guelph  Gr. 

deiopea,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 


p.  155,  Guelph  Gr. 
delia,   -"• 


Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  61,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  De- 
vonian. 

delicatula,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss,  pi.  19,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2, 
p.  70,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

delphinuloides,  Goldfuss,  as  identified  by 
d'Archiac  &  Verneuil.  Not  American. 

depauperata,  Hall,  1862,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 
p.  55,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

depressa,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3, 
Coal  Meas.  The  name,  was  preoccu- 
pied by  Passy  in  1832,  by  Phillips  in 
1836,  and  by  DeKoninck  in  1841.  See 
P.  kentuckiensis. 

disjuncta,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.  pi.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  84,  Ham.  Gr. 

dispersa,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
310,  Carboniferous. 

docens,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  4,  p.  452,  Chazy  Gr. 

doris,  see  Cyclonema  doris. 

dryope,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  170,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 


durhamensis,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  3,  p.  24,  Guelph  Gr. 
elegantula,  Hall,  1858,  (Murchisonia  ele- 

gantula,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  27, 

and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  84, 

Warsaw  Gr. 
ella,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss.,  pi. 

19,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  72, 

Ham.  Gr. 
elora,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

154,  Guelph  Gr. 
emmetensis,  Winchell,   1866,  Rep.  Low. 

Penin.  Mich.,  p.  96,  Ham.  Gr. 
estella,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  195,  Ham.  Gr. 
etna,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

226,  Quebec  Gr. 
eugenia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  30,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
euomphaloides,    Hall,    1862,    15th    Rep. 

N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  18,  Ham.  Gr. 
exigua,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  424,  Marshall  Gr. 
filitexta,     Hall,    1876,    Illust.    Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  19,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  73,  Ham.  Gr. 
galtensis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss..  vol.  1, 

p.  154,  Guelph  Gr. 
giffordi,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  5,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  135,  Coal  Meas. 
glandula,  Shumard,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  626,  Coal  Meas. 
gonopleura,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Bost. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  98,  Niagara  Gr. 
granulostriata,    Meek  &   Worthen,    1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  459,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  356,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
grayvillensis,   Norwootl  &  Pratten,  1854, 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  3, 

p.  75,  Coal  Meas. 
gregaria,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  355,  Calciferous  Gr. 
gurleyi,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  177,  Coal  Meas. 
halii,  see  Trochonema  halii. 
hallana,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  399,  Permian  Gr. 
halii,  see  Raphistoma  halii. 
harpya,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  227,  Quebec  Gr. 
haydenana,  Geinitz,  1866,  Carb.  und  Dyas 

in  Neb.,  p.  11,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  231, 

Coal  Meas. 
hebe,  Hall,  1861,    14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  105,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  68,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
helena.  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  165,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
hickmanensis,    Winchell,    1869,   Geo.    of 

Tenn.  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  vol.,  12, 

p.  257,  Waverly  Gr. 
hortensia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  227,  Quebec  Gr. 
hoyi,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis.  Sur., 

p.  35,  Niagara  Gr. 
humerosa,   Meek  &  Hay  den,  1858,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  262,  and  Pal. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  46,  Coal  Meas. 


PLB.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


421 


humilis,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol. 

4,  p.  21,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  82,  Warsaw  Gr. 
humilis,   Winchell,  1862.     This  name  was 

preoccupied, 
huronensis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.   Phil.,  vol.  6,  2d  ser.,  p.  425, 

Portage  Gr. 
hyale,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

228,  Quebec  Gr. 
idia,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis.  Sur., 

p.  35,  Niagara  Gr. 
ignobilis,  Dawson,  1868,   Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

310,  Carboniferous, 
illinoisensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  4,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  135,  Coal  Meas. 
imitator,  see  Callonema  imitator, 
immatura,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  454,  Chazy  Gr. 
ind^nta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

176,  Trenton  Gr. 
inexpectans,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  117,  Clinton  Gr. 
inornata,  Meek,  1872,  Pal-  E.  Neb.  p.  232, 

Coal  Meas. 
insolita,    Hall,     1876,     IHust.     Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  81,  Ham.  Gr. 
iowensis,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  138,  Keokuk  Gr. 
isaacsi,  Ha'l  &  Whitfield,  1873,  23d  Rep. 

N.  Y.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,   p.   238,  Che- 

mung  Gr. 
itys,  Hall,   1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss., 

pi.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

76,  Ham.  Gr. 
itys  var.  tenuispira,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  87,  Ham.  Gr. 
kearneyi,  see  Palseotrochus  kearneyi. 
kentuckiensis,  n.  s.  Coal  Meas.     Proposed 

instead  of  P.  depressa  in  Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 

vol.  3,  p.  569,  which  was  preoccupied, 
labrosa,  Hall,  1859.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

339,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
laphami,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  84,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol  4, 

p.  296,  Niagara  Gr. 
lapicida,  see  Raphistoma  lapicidum. 
laurentina,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  354,  Calcif.  Gr. 
leavenworthana,    see    Cyclonema    leaven- 

worthanum. 

lenticular  is,  see  Raphistoma  lenticulare. 
lineata,  Hall,  1843,  (Turbo  lineatus,)  Geo. 

Rep.    4th    Dist.    N.    Y.     Preoccupied. 

See  P.  itys. 
litorea,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

12,  Medina  sandstone, 
lonensis,    Walcott,    1885,    Monogr.    U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  80,  Trenton  Gr. 
lucina,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  42,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  67,  Up.  Held,  and  Ham.  Grs. 
lucina  var.  perfasciata,  Hall,  1876,  Illust. 

Devonian  Foss.,  pi.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  83,  Ham.  Gr. 
lydia,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

62,  Gaspe  limestone,  No.  8,  Devonian. 


28 


marcouana,  Geinitz,  1866,  Carb.  und  Dyas 

in  Neb.,  p.  10,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  233, 

Coal  Meas. 
meekana,  Hall,   1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  22,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  82,  Warsaw  Gr. 
meta,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  252,  Keokuk  Gr. 
micula,  Hall,  1862,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  55, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
misera,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  354,  Calcif.  Gr. 
mississippiensis,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862, 

Proc.   Bost.  Soc.   Nat.    Hist.,  vol.  8,  p. 

302,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
missisquoi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  191,  Quebec  Gr. 
missouriensis,    Swallow,    1860,    (Trochus 

missouriensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  657,  Coal  Meas. 
mitigata,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,,  p.  108,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
modesta,    Keyes,  1888,   Proc.   Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  pi.  xii,  figs.  2a,  2b,  Coal  Meas. 
mohawkensis,  n.  sp.  Birdseye  limestone. 

Proposed    instead    of   P.   nodulosa,   in 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  44,  which  was  pre- 
occupied, 
montezuma,  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  7,  p.  324,  Burlington  Gr. 
muralis,    Owen,    1852,    Geo.    Sur.  Wis., 

Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  581,  Trenton  Gr. 
nasoni,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  34, 

and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  215,  Trenton  Gr. 
nauvooensis,   Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  5,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  137,  Keokuk  Gr. 
nevadensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.    Sur.,     vol.    8,    p.     259,     Subcar- 

boniferous. 
newportensis,  White,  1880, 12th  Rep.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p,  169,  Coal  Meas. 
niota,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.   Rep.  Wis.,  p.  33, 

Trenton  Gr. 
nitela,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2, 

p.  85,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
nodomarginata,    McChesney,   1860,   Desc. 

New.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  70,  and  Trans.  Chi. 

Acad.  Sci.,  p.  47,  Ham.  Gr. 
nodulosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

44.    The    name    was    preoccupied    by 

Sandberger  in   1842,  and   by   King   in 

1844     See  P.  mohawkensis. 
nodulostriata,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst, 

vol.  4,  p.  21,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  80,  Warsaw  Gr. 
normani,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  228,  Quebec  Gr. 
nucleolata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  42,  Birdseye  Gr. 
nuraeria.  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  229,'  Quebec  Gr. 
obsoleta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

44,  Birdseye  Gr. 
obtusispira,    Shumard,   1859,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.   1,  p.  401,  Coal 

Meas. 
occidens,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  pp.  342,  364,  Niagara  Gr. 


422 


GASTEROPODA. 


parvispira,   Winchell,    1862,    Rep.    Low. 

Peninsula  Mich.,  p.  96,  Ham.  Gr. 
pauper,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  4,  p.  457,  Chazy  Gr. 
pauper,  syn.  for  Trochonema  halii. 
percarinata,  see  Cyclonema  percarinatum. 
perhumerosa,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p. 

232,  Coal  Meas. 
perizomata,    White,    1882,    Rep.   Invert. 

FOBS.  New  Mex.,  p.  xxxi,  Coal  Meas. 
perlata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

349,  Guelph  Gr. 
perornata,    Shumard,     1859,     Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1 ,  p.  401,  Coal  Meas. 
pervetusta,    Conrad,     1838,    (Cyclostoma 

pervetusta,)    Ann.    Rep.    N.  Y.,  p.  65, 

Medina  sandstone, 
piasensis,   Hall,  1858,   Trans.  Alb.   Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  22,  and  Bull.   Am.  Mue.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  83,  Warsaw  Gr. 
planidorsalis,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  82,  Ham.  Gr. 
plena,  Hall,  1876,  Illust,  Devonian  Foss., 

pi.  17,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

66,  Ham.  Gr. 
postumia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  91,  Quebec  Gr. 
poulsoni,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  270,  Onondaga  Gr. 
pratteni,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  459,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  357,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
princessa,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.  vol.  2, 

p.  59,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
progne,    Billings,   1860,    Can.    Nat.    and 

Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  163,  Black   Riv.  and 

Trenton  Grs. 
proutana,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  401,  Coal  Meas. 
quadricarinata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  43,  Birdseye  Gr. 
quadrilix,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  86,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
quebecensis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  190,  Quebec  Gr. 
quinquesulcata,     Winchell,     1865,     Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  131,  Marshall  Gr. 
racinensis,    Whitfield,    1878,    Ann.   Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  84,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  296,  Niagara  Gr. 
ramsayi,    Billings,    1859,   Can.    Nat.   and 

Geol.,  vol.  4,  p.  351,  Calciferous  Gr. 


FIG.  701.— Pleurotomaria  ramsayi. 

regulata,   Hall,   1860,  13th   Rep.,  p.   108, 

Ham.  Gr. 
riddelli,  Shumard,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad,  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  625,  Coal  Meas. 


rota,    Winchell,    1863,    Proc.    Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  19,  Marshall  Gr. 
rotalia.  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  46,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.5, 

pt.  2,  p.  71,  Ham.  Gr. 
rotuloicks,  see  Raphistoma  rotuloides. 
rotunda,  Hall,  1843,  (Euomphalus  (?)  ro- 

tundus,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 

172,  and    Illust.   Devon.   Foss.,  pi.  18, 

Corniferous  Gr. 

rotundata,  Hall,  see  P.  subglobosa. 
rotundispira,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  191,  Quebec  Gr. 
rugulata,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  108,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,'pt.  2,  p.  75,  Ham.  Gr. 
scitula,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1860,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  461,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  353,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
selecta,  Billings,   1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  224,  Quebec  Gr. 
semele,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  36, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
shumardi,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  462,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  260,  Keokuk  Gr. 
sigaretoides,    Winchell    &    Marcy,    1865, 

Bost,  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  98,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
sinistrorsa,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,   vol.  1,  p.  203,   Coal.  Meas. 
solarioides,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  348,  Guelph  Gr. 
specioea,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1860,   Proc. 

Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  459,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  352,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
sphserulata,    Conrad,    1842,    Jour.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  272,  Coal  Meas. 
spironema,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  272,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  601,  Coal  Meas. 
sponsa,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  226,  Quebec  Gr. 
Stella,  Winchell,  1862,   Proc.    Acad.  Nat, 

Sci.,  p.  424,  Marshall  Gr. 
vubanguZata,  see  Cyclonema  subangulatum. 
subconica,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  174,  Black  Riv.,  Trenton,  and  Hud. 

Riv.  Grs. 
subconstricta,    Meek    &   Worth  en,    1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  458,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  351,  Low.  Coal 

Meas. 
subdecussata,   Geinitz,    1866,    Carb.    und 

Dyas  in  Neb.,  p.  10,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb., 

p.  233,  Coal  Meas. 
subdepressa,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  333,  Coralline  limestone, 
subglobosa,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 

Foss.,   p.  245,   Warsaw   Gr.     Proposed 

instead    of    P.   rotundata,    Hall,    1858, 

which  was  preoccupied, 
subscalaris,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  460,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  360,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
subsinuata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  460,  and  Geo. 

Sur.    111.,    vol.    2,    p.    358,    Low.  Coal. 

Meas. 


POL.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


423 


subtilstriata,    see    Eaphistoma    subtilstri- 

atum. 
subturbinata,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858,  Proc. 

Acad.   Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  264,  and  Pal. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  47,  Coal  Meas. 
sulcomarginata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  272,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  69,  Ham.  Gr. 
supracingulata,    Billings,     1857,    Rep.   of 

Progr.,    Geo.    Sur.  Can.,  p.   302,   Tren- 

ton Gr. 
swallovana,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  24,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  80,  Warsaw  Gr. 
sybillina,  Billings,   1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  54,  Anticosti  Gr. 
tabuiata,  Conrad,  1835,  (Turbo  tabulata,) 

Trans.  Geo.  Soc.  Penn.,  vol.  1,  p.  267, 

Coal  Meas. 
taggarti,  Meek,  1874,  7th  Rep.  Hayden's 

U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  271,  and  Cont. 

to  Pal.,  No.  6,  p.  140,  Coal  Meas. 
tectoria,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  19,  Marshall  Gr. 
tenuicincta,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.   Nat.  Sci.,  p.  459,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  2,  p.  355,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
tenuimarginata,    Hall,  syn.  for  Eotrochus 

concavus. 
tenuistriata,   Shumard,    1860,   Trans.   St. 

Louis   Acad.    Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  625,   Coal 

Meas. 
textiligera,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  176,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  314, 

Waverly  Gr. 

thalia,  see  Cyclonema  thalia. 
trilineata,   Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  25,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  80,  Warsaw  Gr. 
trilix,  Hall,  1862,   15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  45,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  79,  Ham.  Gr. 
trochiformis,     Swallow,    1863.     The    name 

was  preoccupied  by  Portlock  in  1843. 

See  P.  Cooperensis. 
tropidophora,  Meek,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 

and  Arts,  3d  series,  vol.  4,  p.  278,  and 
-.     1,     p.     154,    Hud. 

turbiniformis,  Meek 
&  Worthen,  1860, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  461,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p. 
359,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
turgida,  see  Holopea 

turgida. 

umbilicata,  see  Trocho- 
nema   umbilicatum. 
unisulcata,   Conrad, 
1842,      Jour.      Phil! 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  271,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
vadosa,    Hall,    1860,    13th    Rep.    N.    Y. 
Mus.     Nat.     Hist.,    p.     108,     Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
vagrans,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  90,  Quebec  Gr. 

Valeria,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
169,  and  vol.  3,  p.  23,  Guelph  Gr. 


PIG.  702.  —  Pleuroto- 
maria  turbini- 
formis- 


valvatiformis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  273, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  602,  Coal 
Meas. 

viola,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
169,  Guelph  Gr. 

virgo,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
224,  Quebec  Gr. 

virguncula,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  225,  Quebec  Gr. 

vitruvia,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  171,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
voltumna,  Billings,   1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

2,  p.  61,  Gaspe  limestone   No.  8,   De- 
vonian. 

whitii,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  423,  Marshall  Gr. 

wortheni,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  23,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  664, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

POLYPHEMOPSIS,  Portlock,  1843,  Geol.  Lon- 
donderry, p.  415.  [Ety.  Polyphemus,  a 
genus  of  shells;  opsis,  appearance.] 
Subfusiform ;  spire  elongated ;  whorls 
flattened,  last  one  produced  below  and 
forming  half  the  length  of  the  shell ; 
outer  lip  thin,  nearly  straight;  inner 
lip  wanting;  columella  without  folds, 
slightly  twisted  and  truncated  at  the 
connection  with  the  outer  lip ;  aper- 
ture narrow,  subovate,  effuse  or  slightly 
notched  at  the  base  of  the  columella ; 
surface  smooth,  or  only  with  obscure 
lines  of  growth.  Type  P.  elongata. 

chrysalis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  267,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  596,  Coal  Meas. 

keokuk,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  144.  Keokuk  Gr. 

inornata.  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Loxo- 
nema  inornatum,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  463,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  374,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

louisvillse,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  193,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

melanoides,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  225,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

nitidula,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1860, 
(Loxonema  nitid- 
ula,) Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  465,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p. 
374,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

peracuta,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1860, 
(Eulima  (?)  pera- 
cuta,) Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
466,  arid  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  375, 
Up.  Coal  Meas. 

teretiformis,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  245,  Warsaw  Gr.  Proposedjin- 
stead  of  P.  elongata,  Hall,  1858,  which 
was  preoccupied. 


424 


GASTEROPODA. 


[FOR. — RAP. 


FIG.  704.— Porcellia 
puzosi. 


PORCELLIA,  Leveille,  1835,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol. 
France,  vol.  2,  p.  39.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Discoid,  depressed;  whorls 
very  slightly  embracing,  exposed  in  a 
very  wide  umbilicus,  slightly  deeper  on 
one  side  than  the  other,  from  a  trifling 
obliquity  of  the  first  one  or  two  turns ; 
a  narrow  band  extends  along  the 
middle  of  the  exterior,  ending  in  a  nar- 
row slit  in  the  lip ;  surface  often  nodu- 
lar and  ornamented  with  rough  striae. 
Type  P.  puzosi. 

craasinoda,  White  & 
Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  8,  p.  303,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 

hertzeri,   Hall,  1876,   II- 
lust.  Devonian  FOPS., 
pi.  16,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  2,    p.    126, 
Up.  Held  Gr. 
nais,    Hall,   1862,   (Gyroceras  nais,)    15th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  68,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  127,   Che- 
mung  Gr. 
nodosa,    Hall,    1860,    Supp. 

Et.  2,   Iowa  Geo.  Sur.,  p. 
ook  Gr. 
obliquinodus,    White,    1862, 

Soc.    Nat;  Hist.,    vol.    ' 

Bhall  Gr. 
peoriensis,   Worthen,    1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  6,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  138,  Coal  Meas. 
rectinoda,   Winchell,    1863,    Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  18,  Marshall  Gr. 
rotatoria,    Hall,    see    Goniatites     plebei- 

f  or  mi  s. 
scioto,  Hall  &  Whitfield.   1873,   23d  Rep. 

N.   Y.   Mus.   Nat.    Hist.,   p.   240,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 

tenex,  see  Platyceras  sen  ex. 
PSEUDOPHORUS,  Meek,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  221.    [Ety.  pseudes,  false  ;  Phorus,  a 

genus.    Shell  depressed,  subtrochiform ; 

umbilicus    broad,    shallow,    eccentric; 

volutions  two  or  three  ;  suture  obscure ; 

aperture    transversely   rhombic,    three 

times  as  wide  as  high,  acutely  angular 

at   the   outer   and    inner  extremities; 

upper  side  of  lip  oblique  and  extended 

forward ;  surface  bearing  lines  of  growth 

directed  obliquely  backward.    Type  P. 

antiquus. 


to    vol.     1, 
92,  Kinder- 


Proc. 
p.    21, 


Bost. 
Mar- 


FIG.  705.— Pseudophorus  antiquus. 

antiquus,  Meek,  1871,  (Trochira  antiqua,) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  82, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  221,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 


PUPA, Humphrey,  1797,  Museum  Calonni- 
anum,  and  Lamarck  Syst.  Anim.  sans 
Vert.,  p.  88.  [Ety.  Pupa,  chrysalis  shell.] 
Shell  rimate  or  perforate, 
cylindrical  or  oblong ;  aper- 
ture rounded,  often  toothed, 
margins  distant,  mostly  united 
by  a  callous  lamina.  Type  P. 
uva. 

bigsbyi,  Dawson,  1880,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser., 
vol.  20,  p.  410,  Coal  Meas. 

vermilionensis,    Bradley,    1872,  *"n 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  series,  vol.  4,  p.  87, 
Coal  Meas. 

retusta,  Dawson,  1860,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  16,  p.  268,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
383,  Coal  Meas. 

vetusta  var.  tenuistriata,  Dawson,  1880, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol. 
20,  p.  406,  Coal  Meas. 

RAPHISTOMA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
28.  [Ety.  raphe,  seam  or  suture  ;  sloma, 
mouth.]  Depressed,  often  discoid  ;  spire 
flat  or  nearly  so  ;  sutures  close  ;  whorls 
acute-angular  externally  and  often  with 
an  angular  edge  to  the  moderate  umbili- 
cus. Type  R.  striatum. 

acutum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  235, 
Chazy  Gr. 

affinis,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab.  Deni- 
son  Univ.,  p.  95.  Not  properly  denned. 

angulatum,  Emmons,  1856,  (Straparollus 
angulatus,)  Am.  Geol.  p  157,  Calcifer- 
ous  Gr. 

apertum,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  1,  p.  12,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

compressum,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  309,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 

halli,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874, 
(Pleurotomaria  halli,) 
Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  318,  Hud. 

FlGtoma~hamphiS"      laWalnm*'  Emmons, 
1842,  (Maclurea  labi- 

ata,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  312,  Calcifer- 

OUP  and  Birdseye  Gr. 
lapicida,    Salter,   1859,   Can.  Org.   Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  12,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
lenticulare,      Emmons, 

1842,    (Pleurotomaria 

lenticularis,)      Geo. 

Rep.    N. .  Y.,  p.   392, 

and  Pal.   N.  Y.,   vol. 

lf  ^    V\-  Tr£nton  FIG.    708.-Raphis- 
and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.         toma  lenticulare. 

niagarense,     Whitfield, 
1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  82, 
and    Geo.    Wis.,    vol.    4,  p.    295,    Ni- 
agara Gr. 

planistria,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  30,  Chazy  Gr. 

planistria  var.  parvum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  30,  Chazy  Gr. 


ROT.— SOL.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


425 


prsevium,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  52,  Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 

rotuliforme,  Meek,  1870,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  61,  and  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.  40th 
Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  18,  Calciferous  Gr. 

rotuloides,  Hall,  1847,  (Pleurotomaria  rot- 
uloides,)  Pal.N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  173,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

stamineum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  29,  Chazy  Gr. 

striatum,  Emmons,  1842,  (Maclurea  stri- 
ata,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  312,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  28,  Chazy  Gr. 


FIG.  709.— Raphistoma   striatum. 

subplanum,  Shumard,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  106,  Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 

subtilstriatum,  Hall,  1847,  (Pleurotomaria 
subtilstriata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  172, 
Trenton  Gr. 

trochiscum,  Meek,  1870,  (Euomphalus 
trochiscus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  61, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p. 
77,  Calciferous  or  Trenton  Gr. 
ROTELLA,  Lamarck,  1822,Hist.Nat.Anim. sans 
Vert,  vol.  7,  p.  6.  [Ety. 
diminutive  of  rota,  a 
wheel.]  Lenticular,  pol- 
ished ;  spire  depressed ; 
FIG.  710.  -Rotella  base  callous,  lingual 
vestiaria.  teeth  13;  uncini,  nu- 

merous, subequal.    Type  R.  vestiaria. 

verruculifera,  White,  1882,  Rep.  Invert. 
Foss.,  New  Mexico,  p.  xxxi,  Coal 
Meas. 

SC^VOGYRA,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  61,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  198.  [Ety.  scsevus,  toward 
the  left;  gurus,  circle.]  Sinistral,  spire 
elevated,  volutions  rounded  ;  umbilicus 
open,  broad,  no  callus;  peristome  en- 
tire, uniting  with  the  volution  on  the 
inner  side  and  spreading  externally. 
Type  S.  swezeyi. 

elevata,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  62,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  199,  Low.  Mag.  Gr. 

obliqua,  Whittield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  63,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p. 
199,  Low.  Mag.  Gr. 

swezeyi,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  62,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  198,  Low.  Mag.  Gr. 

SCALITES,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  312.  [Ety.  scala,  staircase.]  Tur- 
binate,  whorls  flat  above,  turrited,  pro- 


Scalites an- 


duced    below ;     no    umbilicus ;    form 
elongate.    Type  S.  angulatus. 
angulatus,   Emmons, 
1842,      Geo.     Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  312,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  27,  Chazy  Gr. 

SCOLIOSTOMA,  Braun, 
1838,  Neues  Jahr. 
Min.  Geo.  Geol.  Pe- 
tref.,  p.  298.  [Ety. 
skolios,  curved; 
s  t  o  m  a ,  mouth.] 
Small,  upper  part 
pupiform ;  aperture 
extended,  curved 
outward.  Type  S.  FlG- 
dannenbergi. 
americana,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  IT.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  195,  Low.  De- 
vonian. 

Solarium,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An.  sans  Vert. 

Not  Palaeozoic. 
leai,  one  of  Troost's  catalogue  names. 

SOLENISCUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  467.  [Ety. 
soleniskos,  little  channel  or  gutter.]  Fusi- 
form, pointed;  whorls  nearly  flat,  last 
one  contracted  and  produced  below 
into  a  straight  canal ;  surface  smooth 
or  obscurely  marked  by  lines  of  growth ; 
aperture  narrow  ;  outer  lip  thin,  en- 
tire; inner  lip  thickened  and  bearing 
a  more  or  less  distinct  revolving  fold ; 
columella  straight,  imperforate.  Type 

5.  typicus. 

brevis,   White,  1882,  Rep.  Invert.  Foss., 

New  Mex.,  p.  xxvii,  Coal  Meas. 
fusiformis,  Hall,  1858,  (Macrocheilus  fusi- 

forme,)   Geol.    of    Iowa,   p.    718,    Coal 

Meas. 
hallanus,    Geinitz,     1866,    (Macrocheilus 

hallanum,)  Garb,  und  Dyas  in  Neb.  p. 

6,  Coal  Meas. 

helicoides,  Sowerby, 
1829,  (Ampullaria 
helicoides,)  Min. 
Conch.,  vol.  6,  p.  40, 
Coal  Meas. 

klipparti,  Meek,  1872, 
(Macrocheilus  klip- 
parti,) Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  24,  p. 
328,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  346,  Low. 
Coal  Meas. 

newberryi,  Stevens, 
1858,  (Loxonema 
newberryi,)  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 
2d  ser.,  vol.  25,  p. 
259,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  594, 
Coal.  Meas.  T^ 

paludiniformis,     Hall, 
1858,     (Macrocheilus 
paludiniformis,)  Geo. 
of  Iowa,  p.  719,  Coal  Meas. 
planus,  White,  syn.  for  S.  newberryi. 


PIG.  712.— Soleniscus 
klipparti. 


426 


GASTEROPODA. 


[STR. 


FIG.  713.— Solenis- 
cas  typicus. 


texanus,  Shumard,  1859,  (Macrocheilus 
texanuin,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  402,  Coal  Meas. 

typicus,  Meek  &  Wor- 
then,  1860,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  467, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
2,  p.  384,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

ventricosus,  Hall,  1858, 
(Macrocheilus  ventri- 
cosum,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa, 
p.  718,  Coal  Meas. 
STRAPAROLLINA,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  223.  [Ety.  from  the  resem- 
blance to  shells  of  the  genus  Straparol- 
lus.~\  Shell  turbinate,  with  round  or  ob- 
scurely angulated  whorls ;  aperture 
nearly  circular,  sometimes  with  a  notch 
in  the  inner  lower  angle  of  the  lip. 
Type  S.  pelagica. 

asperostriata,  Billings,  1860,  (Straparollus 
asperostriatus,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  5,  p.  162,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

circe,  Billings,  1860,  (Straparollus  circe,) 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  161, 
Black  Riv.  Gr. 

eurydice,  Billings,  I860, 
(Straparollus  eurydice,) 
Can.  Nat.  and.  Geol., 
vol.  5,  p.  162,  Black 
Riv.  Gr. 

pelagica,  Billings,  1865, 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1.  p.  223, 
Quebec  Gr. 

remota,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  FIG.  714.— Strap- 
Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  70,  Up.  arollina  pelagica. 
Taconic. 

STRAPAROLLUS,  Montfort,  1810,  Conch.  Syst., 
vol.  2,  p.  174.  [Ety.  strabos,  turned 
about.]  Discoid,  depressed  conic,  smooth 
or  transversely  striated ;  whorls 
rounded ;  umbilicus  wide,  exposing  the 
whorls ;  mouth  indented  by  the  penul- 
timate whorl ;  peritreme  simple,  thin, 
most  so  on  the  -left  side.  Type  S. 
dionysii. 

ammon,  White  and  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  307, 
Marshall  Gr. 

angulatus,  see  Raphistoma  angulatum. 

asperostriatus,  see  Straparollina  aspero- 
striata. 

barrisi,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  20,  Marshall  Gr. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 
6,  p.  359,  Up.  Held,  Gr. 

circe,  see  Straparollina  circe. 

clymenioides,  Hall,  1862,  (Euomphalus 
clymenioides,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  54,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  2,  p.  62,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cornudanus,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans.  St, 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  400,  Coal  Meas. 

crenulatus,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  21,  Guelph  Gr. 

cyclostomus,  Hall,  1858,  (Euomphalus 
cyclostomus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  516, 


daphne,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  160,  Guelph  Gr. 

eurydice,  see  Straparollina  eurydice. 

hecale,  Hall,  1876,  (Euomphalus  hecale,) 
Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  16,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

hecale  var.  corpulens,  Hall,  1876,  (Euom- 
phalus hecale  var.  corpulens,)  Illust. 
Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  27,  Chemung  Gr. 

hippolyta,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  160,  Guelph  Gr. 

inops,  Hall,  1876,  (Euomphalus  inops,) 
Illust.  Devonian  Foss.,  pi.  16,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

labiatus,   see   Raphisto- 
ma labiatum. 

lens,  Hall,  1860,  (Euom- 
phalus lens)  13th  Rep.      

N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Fio.7lo.-straParol- 
p.    109,     Kinderhook       Jus  hippolyta. 
Gr.- 

macromphalus,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  20,  Marshall  Gr. 

magnificus,  Shumard,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  110,  Carbon- 
iferous. Too  poorly  denned  for  recog- 
nition. 

minnesotensis,  see  Euomphalus  minneso- 
tensis. 

mopsus,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  390,  Niagara  Gr. 

newarkensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  187,  Devonian. 

niagarensis,  Hall  &  Whitlield,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  144,  Niagara  Gr. 

ophirensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  (Euom- 
phalus ophirensis,)  U.  S.  Geo.  40th 
Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  261,  Waverly  Gr. 

pernodosus,  see  Euomphalus  pernodosus. 

planispira,  Hall,  1858,  (Euomphalus  plan- 
ispira,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  20, 
and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  70, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

primordialis,  see  Ophileta  primordialis. 

quadrivolvis,  Hall,  1858,  (Euomphalus 
quadrivolvis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4, 
p.  19,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  71,  Warsaw  Gr. 

rudis,  Hall,  1876,  (Euomphalus  rudis,) 
Illust.  Dev.  Foss.,  pi.  16,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  58,  Ham.  Gr. 

sanctisabse,  Roemer,  1852,  (Euomphalus 
sanctisabse,)  Kreid.  von  Texas,  p.  91, 
Silurian. 

similis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  145,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  285,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

similis  var.  planus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  146,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  286,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

sinuatus,  Hall,  1859,  (Euomphalns  sin- 
uatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  340,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

spergenensis,  Hall,  1858,  (Euomphalus 
spergenensis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.4, 
p.  19,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
69,  Warsaw  Gr. 

spergenensis  var.  planorbiformis,  Hall, 
1858,  (Euomphalus  spergenensis  var. 


STR.— SUB.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


427 


planorbiformis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol 
4,  p.  20,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist, 
p.  70,  Warsaw  Gr. 

spirorbis,  Hall,  1859,  (Euomphalus  spiror 

bis,)  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  109,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

subplaaus,  Hall,  1852,  (Euompbalus  sub- 

planus,)  Stans.  Ex.   to  Gt.  Salt  Lake, 

p.  414,  Coal  Meas. 

subquadratus,    see  Euomphalus  subquad- 

ratus. 

subrugosus,  see  Euomphalus  subrugosus. 
subuuibilicatus,    Worthen,      (in      press) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,   vol.  8.  p.  142,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

umbilicatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Eu- 
omphalus umbilicatus,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  462,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  362,  Coal  Meas. 
utahensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.,  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  259, 
Waverly  Gr. 

valvatiformis,  Shumard,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  105,  Calcifer- 
ous  Gr. 
varsoviensis,   Worthen    (in   press)    Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  142,  Keokuk  Gr. 
whitneyi,  see  Omphalotrochus  whitneyi. 
STREPTAXIS,  Gray,  1837,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
484,  [Ety.  streptos,  twisted;  axis,  axis.] 
Shell  ovate  or  oblong ;  when  young,  sub- 
hemispherical,  deeply  umbilicated,  with 
rapidly  enlarging  whorls ;  at  length  the 
penultimate  whorl  is  bent  toward  the 
right  and  dorsal  side  of  the  axis  and  the 
umbilicules  become  compressed  and 
often  nearly  closed;  the  mouth  lunate; 
the  edge  slightly  thickened  and  re- 
flexed,  and  often  with  a  single  tooth  on 
the  outer  side  of  the  inner  or  hinder 
lip.  Type  S.  comboides.  Not  a  Palae- 
ozoic genus. 

whitfleldi,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  173,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
5,  p.  596,  Coal  Meas. 

STROPHITKS,  Dawson,  1880,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  20,  p.  413.  [Ety. 
from  the  genus  Strophia.~]  Shell  re- 
sembling the  modern  Strophia,  conical; 
apex  obtuse ;  whorls  four  or  more ; 
surface  covered  with  sharp  vertical 
ridges,  separated  by  spaces  three  times 
as  wide.  Type  S.  grandsevus. 
grandsevus,  Dawson,  1880,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  20,  p.  413,  De- 
vonian. 

STROPHOSTYLUS,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  303.  [Ety.  strophe,  turning  round ; 
stylos,  column.]  Subglobose  or  ovoid 
globose;  spire  small  with  a  large  ven- 
tricose  body  whorl;  outer  lip  thin,  not 
reflected ;  columella  twisted  or  spirally 
grooved  within,  not  reflected;  no  um- 
bilicus; aperture  somewhat  round, 
ovate  or  transversely  broad  oval.  Type 
S.  elegans. 

andrewsi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  472,  Oriskany  sandstone. 


cancellatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  404,  Oriskany  sand- 
stone. 


I'IG.  716.—  Strophostylus  cancellatus.    B,  Surface 
markings  enlarged. 

cyclostomus,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  218,  Niagara  Gr. 
cyclostomus  var.  disjunctus.     Hall,  1879, 

28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  177, 

Niagara  Gr. 
depressus,  Hall,  1859.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  306,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
elegans,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

304,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

expansus,  Conrad,  1841,  (Platyceras  ex- 
pansum,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y  ,  p.  55,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  470.  Oriskany  sand- 
stone. 

fitchi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  306, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

globosus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

305,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

matheri,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

471,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
obliquus,  Nicholson,  1874,  Rep.  Pal.  Ont., 

p.  119,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
obtusus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

305,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
ovatus,  Nicholson,  1874,  Rep.  Pal.  Ont, 

p.  118,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
rotundatus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  307,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
subglobosus,   Nicholson,    1874,  Rep.  Pal. 

Ont.,  p.  118,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
transversus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  470,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
unicus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  41,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt  2,  p.  30,  Schoharie  grit, 
varians,    Hall,    1876,    Illust      Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  11,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  31,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
Stylifer,  Broderip,  1829,  in    Sowerby,  Gen. 

Shells. 

primigenia,  see  Macrochilina  primigenia. 
SUBULITES,  Conrad,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  182.     [Ety.   subula,  an  awl.]      Sub- 
ulate, volutions  wide,  suture  oblique; 

aperture  very  elongate,  narrow,  pointed 

above,  but  wider  below.    Type  S.  elon- 

gatus. 
abbreviate,  Hall,   1850,  3d  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  180,  Trenton  Gr. 
brevis,  Winchell   &   Marcy,   1865,  Mem. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  100,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
calciferus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  &  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  360,  Calciferous  Gr. 


428 


GASTEROPODA. 


[TRA.— TRO. 


compactus,  Whiteaves,    1884,   Pal.   FOBS. 
vol.  3,  p.  16,  Guelph  Gr. 


FIG.  717.— Subulites  caiciferus. 


daphne,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  223,  Quebec  Gr. 

elongatus,     Emmons,     1842, 

Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,   p.  392, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   1,  p. 

182,  Trenton  Gr. 
gracilis,  S.   A.  Miller,  1882, 

Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist, 

vol.  5,  p.  116,  Niagara  Gr. 
inflatus,  Meek   &   Worthen, 

1870,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  47,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  6,  p.  495,  Galena 

Gr. 
notatus,  Billings,  1866,  Catal. 

Sil.  FOBS.  Antic.,  p.  54,  An- 

ticosti  Gr. 
obesus,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull. 

Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 

1,  p.  318,  Birdseye  Gr. 
parvulus,  Billings,  1862,  Pal. 

Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  36,  Black 

Riv.  Gr. 
psyche,    Billings,   1865,  Pal. 

FOBS.,  vol.  1,  p.  188,  Quebec 

Gr. 
richardsoni,    Billings,    1857, 

Rep.  of  Progr.,  Geo.  Sur. 

Can.,  p.  306,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
terebriformis,  Hall  &  Whit- 
field, 1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  141,  Niagara  Gr. 
ventricosus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  347,   Ni- 
,tus.  ~"  agara  and  Guelph  Gr. 

TRACHVDOMIA,  Meek  &  Wor- 
then, 1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  364. 
[Ety.  trachys,  rough ;  doma,  house.]  In 


form  like  Naticopsis,  but  distinguished 
by  having  the  surface  ornamented  with 
regularly  disposed  nodes.  Type  T. 
nodosum. 

hollidayi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Nati- 
copsis hollidayi,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  463,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  367,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 

nodosum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Nati- 
copsis nodosa,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  463,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  366,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 

nodulosum,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  8,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p  146.,  Coal  Meas. 
TBEMANOTUS,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  347.  [Ety.  trema, 
hole ;  notos,  back.]  Distinguished  from 
Bucania  by  a  single  row  of  hollow 
spines  upon  the  back  of  the  last  whorl. 
In  casts  the  spines  are  usually  broken 
off,  and  hence  Carpenter  arg'ues  they 
never  had  spines.  Type  T.  chicago- 
ensis. 

alphcut,  Hall,  1864,  10th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Syn.  for  T.  chicago- 
ensis. 

chicagoensis,  McChesney,  1860,  (Bucania 
chicagoensis,)  New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  69,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

trigonostoma,    Hall    &    Whitfield,    1875, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  146,  Niagara  Gr. 
Trochita,  Schumacher,  1817,  Ess-ai  N.  Syst., 
p.  184.     [Ety.  trochus,  wheel.]     Not  a 
Palaeozoic  genus. 

antiqua,  see  Pseudophorus  antiquus. 

carbonaria,  Meek,  1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  270,  Kaskaskia  Gr.  Not  rec- 
ognized. 

TROCHONEMA,  Salter,  1859,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  1,  p.  27.  [Ety.  trochus,  a  wheel ; 
nemo,,  a  thread.]  Turbinate,  thin,  of 
few  angular  whorls;  strong  concen- 
tric ridges,  crossed  by  oblique  lines  of 
growth;  umbilicus  wide,  open;  inner 
lip  thin,  scarcely  reflected ;  peritreme 
complete.  Type  T.  umbilicatum. 

beloitense,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  74,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  212,  Trenton  Gr. 

beachi  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p. -74,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  213,  Trenton  Gr. 

emaceratum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  193r 
Ham.  Gr. 

exile,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  57,  Calciferous  Gr. 

fatua,  Hall.  1867,  20th  Rep,  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  394,  Niagara  Gr. 

halii,  Hall,  1861,  (Pleurotomaria  halei,) 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  34,  Niagara  Gr. 

inornatum,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  19,  Guelph  Gr. 

meekanum,  n.  sp.  Up.  Held.  Gr.  at 
Marblehead,  Ohio.  Proposed  instead 
of  T.  tricarinatum,  Meek,  1871,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  82,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  218,  which  was  preoccupied. 


TRY. — TUR.] 


GASTEROPODA. 


429 


nana,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab.  Denison 

Univ.,  p.  94.     Not  properly  defined. 
pauper,  Hall,  syn.  for  P.  halii. 
pauper  var.  ohioense,  Hall  &   Whitfield, 
1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  144,  Niagara  Gr. 
rectilatera,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  193,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
tricarinatura,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  & 

Geo .,  vol.  4,  p.  356,  Calciferous  Gr. 
tricam'nnfa,  Fee  Trochonema  meekannm. 
umbilicatum,    Hall, 
1847,      (Pleuroto- 
inaria     umbilica- 
ta,)Pal.N.Y.,vol. 
1,  p.  43.  Chazy  to 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
yandellanum,    Hall 
&  Whitfield,  1872, 
24th    Rep.   N.  Y. 
Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 
).  194,  Up.  Held. 


B,' 


FIG.    719.— Trochonema 

umbilicatum.  Trochus,    Adanson, 

1757,  Voy.  Sene- 
gal. [Ety.  trochus,  a  hoop.]  Not  a 
Palaeozoic  genus. 

huronensis,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 
35.  Not  recognized. 

missouriensis,  see  Pleurotomaria  missouri- 

ensis. 

•TRYBLIDIUM,  Lindstrom,  1880,  Fragmenta 
Silurica,  p.  15.  [Ety.  trublion,  a  cup.] 
Patelliform,  obovate,  acuminate  ante- 
riorly, enlarged  posteriorly;  muscular 
scars  in  six  disconnected  pairs  arranged 
in  an  oblong  circle  open  toward  the 
front.  Type  T.  reticulatum. 

acutum,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  45,  Calciferous  Gr. 

canadense,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  31,  Guelph  Gr. 

conicum,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  306,  Birdseye  Gr. 

erato,  Billings,  1862,  (Metoptoma  erato,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  39,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

eubule,  Billings,  1862,  (Metoptoma  eu- 
bule,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  38,  Calcifer- 
ous and  Black  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  720.-Tryblidium  nycteis. 


hyrie,  Billings,  1862,  (Metoptoma  hyrie,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  87,  Quebec  Gr. 

niobe,  Billings,  1862,  (Metoptoma  niobe,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  37,  Calciferous  Gr. 

nycteis,  Billings,  1862,  (Metoptoma nycteis, 
Pal.  Foes.,  vol.1,  p.  38,  Calciferous  Gr. 


ovale,  Whitfield,   1886,   Bull.  Am.   Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  305,  Birdseye  Grv 
ovatum,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  305,  Birdseye  Gr. 
pileolum,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  46,  Calciferous  Gr. 
simplex,  Billings,  1865,  (Metoptoma  sim- 
plex,) Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  346,  Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 

TURBO,  Klein,  1753,  Tent.  Meth.  Ostr.  [Ety. 
turbo,  top.]  Shell  thick,  ovate ;  body 
whorl  rounded,  ventricose;  spire  small, 
of  several  convex  whorls,  pointed  ;  sur- 
face spirally  grooved  or  nodulated ; 
aperture  large,  nearly  circular,  slightly 
produced  and 
broadly 
rounded  in 
front,  more 
or  less  mod- 
ified by  the 
preceding 
whorl ;  outer 
and  inner 
lips  thin  ;  op- 
e  r  c  u  1  u  m 
thick,  shelly, 
rugged  with- 

FIG.  721.-Turbo  marmo-  out;>  flattened 

ratus.  and     spirally 

s  u  1  c  a  t  e  d 

within.     Type  T.  marmoratus.     Not  an 
American  Palaeozoic  genus.    The   spe- 
cies left  here  is,  for  want  of  material, 
to  refer  them  where  they  belong. 
Ucarinatus,  Troost,  1840.     Not  defined. 
dilucula,  see  Holopea  dilucula. 
guadalupensis,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,   p.   398,   Per- 
mian Gr. 

huronensis,    Castelnau,   1843.     Not   recog- 
nized. 

lineatus,  see  Pleurotomaria  lineata. 
obesus,  Shumard,    1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.   Sci.,    vol.   1,   p.    202,   Up.    Coal 
Meas. 
(?)  obscura,  see  Holopea 

obscura. 
shumardi,    see    P'atys- 

toma  shumardi. 
tabulata,  see   Pleuroto- 
maria tabulata. 
tennesseensis,  see  Cyclo- 

nema  tennesseense. 
t  e  x  a  n  u  s,  Shumard, 
1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 
400,  Coal  Meas. 
Turbonilla,  Leach,  1826, 
Risso  Eur.  Merio. 
4.  [Ety.di  minutive 
of  Turbo,  a  genus.] 
Not  a  Palsezoic 
genus.  FIG.  722.— Tnrritella 

swallovana,    see    Aclis-          imbricata. 

ina  swallovana. 

TuRRtTELLA,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An.  sans 
Vert.,  p.  89.  Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 
Type  T.  imbricata. 


430 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[XEN.— ZON. 


schoharienm,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 
35.  Not  recognized, 
stevensana,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Stir.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  382,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

Xenophora,  Fischer,  1806, 
Museum  Demidovia- 
num,  p.  213.  Not  an 
American  Palaeozoic 
genus. 

antiqua,    see    Pseudo- 
phorus  antiquus. 

ZAPTYCHIUS,  Walcott, 
1884,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p. 
263.  Shell  minute, 
elongate ;  aperture 
large,  oblong,  nearly 
vertical ;  outer  lip 
thin ;  collumellar  lip 
reflected,  plicated ; 
surface  marked  by 
slightly  oblique 
vertical  striae. 
Type  Z.  carbonarius. 


FIG.  723.— Zaptychius 
carbonarius. 


carbonarius,  Walcott,  1884,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  263,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 


FIG.  724.— Zonites  priscus. 

ZONITES,  Montfort,  1810,  Conch.  Syst., 
vol.  2,  p.  282.  [Ety.  zone,  belt.]  A 
coiled  shell,  closely  resembling  a  Helix, 
having  an  open  umbilicus;  the  sur- 
face is  transversely  sculptured.  Type 
Z.  algireus. 

priscus,  Carpenter,  1867,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  23,  p.  331,  and  Acadian  Geol., 
p.  385,  Coal  Meas. 


CLASS    CEPHALOPODA. 

[Ety.  kephale,  head;  pous,  foot.] 


THE  animals  of  this  class  are  all  marine,  and  they  reach  a  higher  state  of  an- 
imal development  than  any  other  marine  group  among  the  Mollusca.  Some  of 
them  have  a  rudimentary,  cartilaginous,  cephalic  skeleton,  which  indicates  superi- 
ority over  other  marine  Mollusca.  The  locomotive  organs  consist  of  arms  surround- 
ing the  head,  furnished  with  sucking  cups  that  take  a  firm  hold  on  other  objects. 
Many  have  fins,  and  all  can  propel  themselves  by  the  forcible  expulsion  of  water 
from  the  respiratory  chamber.  They  swim  rapidly,  creep  on  the  bottom  of  the  sea, 
and  are  very  predatory  in  their  habits.  The  body  is  short,  thick,  and  symmetrical, 
with  branchiae  on  both  sides. 

The  Palaeozoic  fossils  of  this  Class  belong  to  the  Order  Tetrabranchiata  (four- 
gilled),  which  is  represented  in  tropical  seas  by  the  Nautilus.  The  shells  are 
straight,  as  in  the  family  Orthoceratidse ;  curved,  as  in  Cyrtoceratidse ;  discoid,  as  in 
the  Gyroceratidae  and  Trocholitidse ;  spiral,  as  in  the  Trochoceratidse ;  involute,  as 
in  the  Nautilidse;  or  involute  and  having  lobed  sutures,  as  in  the  Goniatitidae.  In- 
ternally the  shell  is  divided  into  numerous  chambers  by  partitions,  or  septa,  the 
animal  inhabiting  the  last  chamber,  and  retaining  connection  through  the  preced- 
ing chambers  by  a  tube,  or  siphuncle,  but  having  no  connection  with  the  interior 
of  the  several  chambers  after  having  cut  itself  off  by  the  secretion  of  the  shelly 
septa.  The  outlines  of  the  septa  are  called  sutures,  and  in  Goniatites  the  eleva- 
tions of  the  folded  sutures  are  called  saddles,  and  the  intervening  depressions  lobes. 


ACT.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


431 


Each  septum  began  to  form  at  the  circumference  of  the  shell,  and  slowly  approached 
the  siph uncle  as  the  animal  moved  forward  in  the  body  chamber.  The  siph uncle, 
being  a  point  of  muscular  attachment,  was  not  vacated  by  the  animal  between  any 
two  septa  until  the  anterior  one  had  been  firmly  closed  by  attachment  to  the 
siphuncle,  forming  a  chamber  of  support. 

The  fossil  shells  are  very  thin  in  proportion  to  their  size.  They  are  not  po- 
rous, like  those  of  the  Brachiopoda ;  nor  horny,  like  the  Crustacea ;  nor  of  the  same 
composition  as  the  Gasteropoda  or  Lamellibranchiata.  Generally  the  exterior  shell 
is  destroyed,  even  when  the  associated  shells  of  other  classes  are  well  preserved. 
Sometimes  the  shell  appears  as  if  it  had  melted  and  run  together,  or  run  down 
upon  the  siphuncle.  Such  molecular  change  will  occur  in  one  part  of  a  specimen 
while  another  part  is  unchanged.  The  general  form  of  the  shell  is  of  family  im- 
portance. The  shape  of  the  siphuncle  and  the  external  markings  are  of  generic 
importance.  We  recognize  the  following  families : 

FAMILY  ASCOCERATID^. — Ascoceras. 

FAMILY  CYRTOCERATID^E. — Cyrtoceras,  Cyrtocerina,  Oncoceras. 

FAMILY  DISCOSORID^E. — Discosorus. 

FAMILY  ENDOCERATID^E. — Cameroceras,  Colpoceras,  Endoceras. 

FAMILY  GOMPHOCER  ATID^E.  — Gomphoceras. 

FAMILY  GONIATITID.E. — Goniatites. 

FAMILY  GYROCERATID^E. — Gyroceras. 

FAMILY  LITUITID^:. — Lituites. 

FAMILY  NAUTILID^E. — Discites,  Nautilus,  Pteronautilus,  Solenochilus,  Temno- 

chilus,  Trematodiscus. 
FAMILY  ORTHOCERATIDJE. — Actinoceras,  Bactrites,  Gonioceras,  Huronia,  Or- 

moceras,  Orthoceras,  Trematoceras. 

FAMILY  PHRAGMOCERATID^E. — Phragmoceras,  Streptoceras. 
FAMILY  PILOCERATID.E. — Piloceras. 
FAMILY  TROCHOCERATID^E. — Trochoceras. 
FAMIL  y  TROOHOLITID^:.  — Trocholites. 
FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Petalichnus,  Sserichnites,  Teratichnus,  Trachomatichnus. 


ACTINOCERAS,  Bronn,  1837,  Letbaea  Geognos- 
tica,  p.  97.  [Ety.  aktin,  ray ;  keras, 
horn.]  Exterior  like  Orthoceras;  si- 
phuncle very  large,  inflated  between 
the  chambers,  and  connected  with  a 
slender  central  tube  by  radiating  plates. 
Type  A.  bigsbyi,  A.  richardsoni,  and  A. 
lyoni.  The  genus  was  established  be- 
fore the  species  were  defined. 

beaudanti,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syste'me  Silu- 
rien,  p.  31.  Not  recognized. 

beaumonti,  Castelnau,  1843,  Systeme  Silu- 
rien,  p.  32.  Not  recognized. 

bigsbyi,  Stokes,  1840,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc.,  2d 
series,  vol.  5,  p.  707,  Chazy  Gr. 

blainvillei,  Castelnau,  1843,  Systfeme  Silu- 
rien,  p.  31.  Not  recognized. 

cordieri,  Castelnau,  1843,  Systeme  Silurien, 
p.  31.  Not  recognized. 

deshayesi,  Castelnau,  1843,  Systeme  Silu- 
rien, p.  32.  Not  recognized. 


dufresnoyi,  Castelnau,  1843,  Systeme  Silu- 
rien, p.  32.    Not  recognized, 
inops,    Daw- 
son,    1868, 

A  c   a   d  . 

Geol.   p. 

314,    Carb. 
lyoni,  Stokes, 

1840, 

Trans. 

Geol.  Soc.. 

vol.    5,    p. 

707,   Black 

Riv.  Gr. 
richardsoni, 

Stokes, 

1840,     FlG   725.— Actinoceras  rich- 

Trans.  ardsoni. 

Geol.  Soc., 

2d  series,  vol.  5,  p.  708,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
simmsi,  Stokes,  1840,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc..  2d 

series,  vol.  5,  p.  708,  Sil. 


432 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[AMM.— CYR. 


Ammonites  bellicosus,  Morton,  1836,  Ara.  Jonr. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  29,  Coal  Meas.    Not 

recognized. 

colubrellus,  see  Goniatites  colubrellus. 
hildrethi,  see  Goniatites  hildrethi. 
ASCOCERAS,  Barrande,  1855,  Bull,  de  la  Soc. 

Geol.  de  France,  vol.  12,  2d  ser.,  p.  157. 

[Ety.  askos,  leather  bottle ;  keras.  horn.] 

Chambers  behind  the  living  one  short 

and  rapidly   tapering;  living  chamber 

long  and  constricted  near  the  aperture ; 

aperture  somewhat  T-shaped.    Type  A. 

bohemicum. 
anticostiense,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil. 

Foss.  Antic.,  p.  60,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  164,  fig.  148b,  Anticosti  Gr. 
canadense,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Gep.   Sur.  Can.,  p.  310,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

This  species  is  made   the   type  of  the 

genus  Billingsites  by  Hyatt. 


FIG.  726.— Ascoceras  canadense. 

newberryi,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  163,  Hud.  Riv.  and  Anticosti  Grs. 

southwelli,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  151,  Niagara  Gr. 

townsendi,  Whiteaves,   1884,   Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  3,  p.  41,  Guelph  Gr. 
BACTRITES,  Sandberger,  1841,  Leonh.  u. 
Bronn's  Jahrb.,  p.  240.  [Ety.  baktron, 
staff.]  Shell  long,  straight,  gradually 
tapering,  many- chambered;  sutures 
curve  abruptly  backward  over  the  si- 
phuncle, forming  "the  dorsal  lobe" 
similar  to  that  of  a  Goniatites.  Type  B. 
carinatus. 

clavus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2, 

p.  316,  Ham.  Gr. 

CAMEROCKRAS,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  267.  [Ety.  kamara, 
chamber;  keras,  horn.]  Shell  straight, 
and  in  form  like  Endoceras;  siphuncle 


FIG.  727.— Colpoceras 
clarkii. 


marginal,  and  obliquely  annulati  d  at 
the  junction  of  the  septa.  Type  C. 
trentonense. 

trentonense,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  267,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  221,  Trenton  Gr. 
COLPOCERAS,  Hall,  1850. 
3d  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  181. 
[Ety.&o£pos,furrow ; 
keras,  horn.]  Dis- 
tinguished from 
Orthoceras  by  the 
oblique  septa, 
arched  upon  the 
dorsal  side,  and 
bending  down  in  a 
deep  sinus  on  the 
ventral  side,  and 
strongly  arching 
toward  the  mouth. 
Type  C.  virgatum. 

arcualum,  James,  a 
poorly  defined  si- 
phuncle of  an  En- 
doceras. 

clarkii,  Wetherby, 
1881,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
4,  p.  77,  T  r  e  n  - 
ton  Gr. 

virgatum,  Hall,  1850, 
3d  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  182, 
Birdseye  and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 
Clymenia,     Munster,     1839.     [Ety.    mytho- 
logical name.] 

complanata,  see  Goniatites  complanatus. 

erato,  see  Goniatites  erato. 
Conilites,    Schlotheim,     1820,     Petrefakten- 
kunde,  etc.    [Ety.   konos,   cone,    lithos, 
stone.] 

capricornulus,  Tropst,  1840,  5th  Geo.  Rep. 

Tenn.     Not  satisfactorily  defined. 
Conotubularia,  Troost,  syn.  fur  Orthoceras. 

brongniarti,  see  Orthoceras  brpngniarti. 

cuvieri,  see  Orthoceras  cuvieri. 

defrancii,  see  Orthoceras  dffrancii. 

goldfussi,  see  Orthoceras  goldfussi. 
Conulites,  Cozzens,  1848.     Not  satisfactorily 
defined.  « 

angulosum,  Cozzens,  1848.  Not  satisfac- 
torily defined.  It  may  be  a  plant. 
Cryptoceras,  D'Orbigny,  1850.  [Ety.  kryptos, 
concealed;  keras,  horn.]  This  name 
was  preoccuppied  by  Latreille  for  a  ge- 
nus of  insects,  and  had  been  previ- 
ously used  by  Barrande  for  a  genus  of 
Cephalopoda. 

capax,  see  Solenochilus  oapax. 
CYRTOCERAS,  Gold  fuss,  1832,  in  DelaBeche's 
Handbuch  der  Geognosie  bearbeitet 
von  v.  Deschen,  p.  536.  [Ety.  kurlos, 
curved;  keras,  horn.]  Shell  long, 
conical,  gently  curved,  aperture  some- 
times contracted;  siphuncle  straight  or 
expanded  between  the  septa,  and  vari- 
able in  position,  but  usually  at  the 
outer  edge. 

absens,  see  Gomphoceras  absens. 


CYR.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


433 


acinacellum,   Whitfield,   1886,    Bull.  Am. 

Mus.   Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  327,  Birds- 

eye  Gr. 
semulum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,pt. 

2,  p.  371,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
alethes,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

193,  Quebec  Gr. 
alternatum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  365,  Marcellus  Shale.    Proposed 

instead  of  C.  undulatum  of  Hall. 
ammon,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  6, 

p.  361,  Corniferous  limestone. 
amcenum,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Gin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,    vol.  1,   p.    105,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
amplicorne,   Hall,   1867,   20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  358,  syn  for  C.  her- 

cules. 
annulatum,    Hall,    1847.     This   name  was 

preoccupied  by  Goldfuss  in  1832,  see  C. 

subannulatum. 
arcticameratum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  349,  Guelph  Gr. 
arcuatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

196.     The    name    was   preoccupied    by 

Steininger  in  1830,  see  C.  subarcuatum. 
aristides,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  316,  Quebec  Gr. 
ashmanni,    n.    sp.    Shell    small,    gently 

curved  ;  section  subelliptical,  becoming 

subcircular  near  the  point,  the  dorsal 

side  a  little  less  convex,  than  the  ven- 

tral ;   siphuncle  near  the  dorsal  side  ; 

surface    longitudinally    furrowed    and 

finely  sculptured  transversely,  the  fur- 

rows  and   transverse    lines   most   dis- 

tinct   on    the  ventral  side  ;   there   are 
£.  eight  chambers  in  the 

specimen  figured, 
which  is  enlarged 
one-half  diameter  ; 
body  chamber  un- 

FIG.  728,-Cyrtoce-         known.     Collected  by 
ras  ashmanni.          Mr.  George  Ashmann, 


Indiana,  Warsaw  Gr., 

and  is  in  tbe  collection  of  Charles  Faber. 
beekmanense,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  57,   Calcif- 

erous  Gr. 

bannisteri,  see  Trochoceras  bannisteri. 
belus,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Jour.,  vol.  6,  p. 

361,  Corniferous  Gr. 
boycii,   Whitfield,  1886,   Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  326,  Birdseye  Gr. 
billingsi,    Salter,    1859,    Can.  Org.   Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  33,  Chazy  or  Black  Riv.  Grs. 
bondi,  Saftbrd,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p.  290, 

Nashville  Gr. 
brevicorne,   Hall,  1867,  20th   Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat,  Hist,,  p.  407,  Niagara  Gr. 
camurum,  Hall,  -1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

196,  Trenton  Gr. 
cancellatum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  290.     The  name  was  preoccupied  by 

Roemer  in  1844.    See  C.  subcancellatum. 
carrollense,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  6,  p.  496,  Galena  Gr. 


cessator,  Hall   &   Whitfield,   1877,   U.  S. 

Expl.  Exped.  40th   parallel,   vol.   4,  p. 

278,  Coal  Meas. 
citum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  372, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 

clavatum,  see  Gomphoceras  clavatum. 
clitus,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  An- 
tic., p.  85,  Niagara  Gr. 
confertissimum,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,   p.  327,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 
conicum,  Owen,  1840,  Rep.  on  Min.  Lands, 

p.  70,  Up.  Magnesian  Gr. 
conoidale,  Wetherby,  1881,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  78,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
constrictostriatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  195,  Trenton  Gr. 
corniculum,    Hall,   1862,  Geo.   Rep.    Wis. 

The    name    was    preoccupied    by    Bar- 

rande  in  1848,  and  again  by  Eichwald 

in  1860,  pee  C.  tenuistriatum. 
corydon,  Billings,  1866,   Catal    Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  85,  Niagara  Gr. 
cretaceum,  Whitfield,   1882,    Ann.  N.  Y. 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  209,  Up.  Held  Gr. 
curtum,   Meek  &    Worthen,   1860,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  468,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  388,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

Was   this   name  preoccupied  bv  Eich- 
wald? 
dactyloides,  Dwight,   1884,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 

and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  27,  p.  255,  Cal- 

ciferous  Gr. 
dardanus,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  of  Wis.,  p.  43,  Niagara  Gr. 
densum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  363,  Ham.  Gr. 
dictys,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

192,  Quebec  Gr. 
dictyum,  White,  1876,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  33,  Devonian, 
dilatatum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  468,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  389,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
dorsatum,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  197,  Permian  Gr. 
eugenium,   Hall,   1862,    15th   Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  70,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  369,  Schoharie  grit, 
eugium,  Hall,  1861,   Rep.  of  Progr.  .Wis., 

p.  40,  Chazy  and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 
exiguum,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat,  and  Geo., 

vol.    5,  p.    172,  Trenton   Gr.     This   is 

made  the  type  of  the  genus  Climoceras 

by  Hyatt, 
faberi,  James,  1886,  Jour.  Cin.   Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  246,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
falx,  Billings,   1857,   Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  314,  and  Can.  Org.  Rem., 

Decade  1,  p.  32,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Grs. 
filosum,  Emmons,  1842,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y., 

vol.  4,  p.  392,  Trenton  Gr. 
formosurn,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  362,  Ham.  Gr. 
fosteri,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur. 

Wis.,  p.  41,  Niagara  Gr. 
fragile,   Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  59,  Anticosti  Gr. 


434 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[CYR. 


gibbosum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  syn.  for  Gomphoceras  oviforme. 

giganteum,  McChesney,  Jan.  1860,  New 
Pal.  Foss.,  Niagara  Gr.  In  1861  Mc- 
Chesney referred  this  species  to  the 
genus  Lituites,  and  proposed  for  it  the 
name  Lituites  cancellatus.  Prof.  Hall, 
in  the  meantime,  described  it  as 
Lituites  occidentalis.  It  is  now  referred 
to  the  genus  Nautilus,  and  as  both 
the  earlier  names  were  preoccupied, 
McChesney's  name  cancellatus  has 
precedence. 

hallanum,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodrome  de  j 
Pal.,  tome  1,  p.  1,  Trenton  Gr.  Pro-  ! 
posed  instead  of  C.  lamellosum,  Hall,  ! 
1847,  which  was  preoccupied.  Hyatt  j 
founded  his  genus  Zitteloceras  on  this 
species. 


kirbyi,  Whitfield,   1889,  Bull.  Am.   Mus. 

Nat.    Hist.,    vol.    2,    p.    57,    Calcifer- 

ous  Gr. 
lamellosum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  193.    The  name  was  preoccupied  by 

d'Archiac  &  Verneuil  in  1842.    See  C. 

hallanum. 
laterale,  Hall.  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  407,  Niagara  Gr. 
ligarius,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  1 

p.  176,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
liratum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  72,  Ham.  Gr. 
loculosum,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis., 

p.  42,  Trenton  Gr. 
lucillus,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  406,  Niagara  Gr. 
lysander,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  161,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  729.— Cyrtoceras  magister. 


heclor,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  j 

p.  364,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
hercules,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  (Lit-  ; 

uites  hercules,)   Mt-m.  Boat.  Soc.  Nat.  j 

Hist.,  p.  102,  Niagara  Gr. 
hertzeri,  see  Gomphoceras  hertzeri. 
huronense,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  i 

1,  p.  176,  Black  Riv.  or  Trenton  Grs. 
infundibulum,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  66,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  300,  Niagara  Gr. 
irregulare,  Wether  by,  1881,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  79,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
ieidorus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal  Foes.,  vol.  1,  p. 

175,  Black  Riv.  or  Trenton  Gr. 
janus,  see  Streptoceras  janus. 
jason,  see  Gyroceras  Jason. 
juvenale,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  j 

pp.  177,  420,  Trenton  Gr. 


macrostomum,  Hall  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  194,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Grs. 

magister,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour,  of  Sci.,  vol.  2,  pp.  132,  284,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

marginale,  Conrad,  1843,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  334.  The  name  was  preoccu- 
pied by  Phillips  in  1841,  and  the  species 
is  poorly  defined. 

markaei,  Castelnau,  1843,  Systeme  Silurien, 
p.  30,  Trenton  Gr.  Not  recognized. 

massiense,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn., 
p.  290,  Nashville  Gr. 

matlteri  ,  see  Gyroceras  matheri. 

maccoyi,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  467  Chazy  Gr. 

maximum,  see  Nautilus  maximus, 

mereurius,  see  Cyrtocerina  mercurius. 


CYR.J 


CEPHALOPODA. 


435 


metellus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  191,  Quebec  Gr. 
metula,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat,  Hist.,  p.  72,  and  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 

pi.  46,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
microscopicum,  Dwight,  1884,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  27,  p.  256, 

Calciferous  Gr. 
missisquoi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  314,  (Orthoceras  missisquoi,)  Que- 
bec Gr. 
morsum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  71,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  367,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
multicameratum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  195,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Gr. 
myrice,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  149,  Niagara  Gr. 
neleus,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis.,  p. 

40,  Chazy  and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 
nevadense,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  203,  Devonian. 
obscurum,  S.  A.  Miller,  changed  to  magis- 

ter  because  obscurum  was  preoccupied, 
ohioense,   Meek,   1871,  Proc.   Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  86,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  229,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
olenus,    Hall,   1877,  syn.    for  Trochoceras 

orion. 
opimum,   Keyes,   1888,  Proc.   Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  pi.  xii.,  fig.  5,  Ham.  Gr. 
orcas,  see  Oncoceras  orcas. 
orestes,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  177,  Niagara  Gr. 
orion,  see  Trochoceras  orion. 
erodes,  Billings,   1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  162,  Guelph  Gr. 
planidorsatum,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  57,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  231,  Trenton  Gr. 
postumius,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  178,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
pusillum,    Hall,    1867,  20th    Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  407,  Niagara  Gr. 
raei,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  58,  Calciferous  Gr. 
rectum,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  85,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  319,  Niagara  Gr. 
regulare,   Billings,  1857,   Rep.    of    Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  314,  Black  Riv.  and 

Trenton  Grs. 
reversum,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1,  Mus. 

Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  60,  Niagara  Gr. 
rigidum,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  408,  Niagara  Gr. 
rockfordense,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  132,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 

septoris,  see  Gomphoceras  septore. 
simplex,    Billings,    1857,    Rep.    of 

Progr.    Geo.    Sur.    Can.,  p.    313, 

Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
sinuatum,   Billings,   1857,  Rep.   of 

Progr.   Geo.    Sur.    Can.,   p.   314, 

Black  Riv.  Gr. 
spinosum,  see  Gyroceras  spinosum. 
stonense,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p 

290,  Trenton  Gr. 


subannulatum,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr. 
de  Pal.,  t.  1,  p.  1,  Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Grs.  Proposed  instead  of  C.  annu- 
latum,  Hall,  1847,  which  was  preoccu- 
pied. 

subarcuatum,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  de 
Pal.,  t.  1,  p.  2,  Trenton  Gr.  Proposed 
instead  of  C.  arcuatum,  Hall,  1847, 
which  was  preoccupied. 

eubcancellatum,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  243,  Niagara  Gr.  Proposed 
instead  of  C.  cancellatum,  Hall,  1852, 
which  was  preoccupied. 

subcompressum,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  7,  p.  35,  Clinton  Gr. 

subrectuni,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  342,  Low.  Hel4.  Gr. 

subturbinatum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of 
Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  312,  Chazy  and 
Black  Riv.  Grs. 

surgens,  Barrande,  1870,  Syst.  Sil.  de 
Boh.,  vol.  2,  p.  viii,  pi.  431,  Quebec  Gr. 

syphax,  Billings,  1865.,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  194,  Quebec  Gr.  This  species  is  the 
type  of  Eremoceras,  by  Hyatt. 

tenuiseptum,  Faber,  1886,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  18,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

tenuistriatum,  Hall,  1877, 1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  243.  Proposed  instead  of  C. 
corniculum,  Hall,  1862,  which  was  pre- 
occupied. Trenton  Gr. 

tessellatum,  DeKoninck.     Not  American. 

transversum,  see  Gyroceras    transversum. 

trentonense,  Emmons,  1842,  (Orthoceras 
trentonensis,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  396, 
Trenton  Gr. 

trivolvi,  see  Gyroceras  trivolve. 

typicum,  see  Cyrtocerina  typica. 

undulatum,  Hall,  1876,  see  C.  alternatum. 

undulatum,  Vanuxem,  see  Gyroceras  un- 
dulatum. 

unicorne,  Winchell, 
1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  23,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 

vallandighami,    S.    A. 
Miller,     1874,     Cin. 
Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  FIG.  730.-Cyrtoceras 
1,  p.  232,  Hud.  Riv.        vallandighami. 
Gr. 

vassarinum,  Dwight,  1884,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  27,  p.  254,  Cal- 
ciferous Gr. 


FIG.  731. — Cyrtoceras  ventricosum. 

ventricosura,S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Cin.  Quar." 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  131,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


436 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[CYR.— END. 


whitneyi,  Hall  1861,  Rep,  of  Progr.  Wis., 

p.  39,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

CYRTOCERINA,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  178.  [Ety.  from  the  termination 
inus,  signifying  resemblance  to  Cyrto- 
ceras.]  In  form 
like  a  short,  rap- 
idly tapering  Cyr- 
toceras,  and  having 
a  large  siph  uncle 
on  the  concave  side. 
Type  C.  typica. 
mercurius,  Billings, 
1865,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  194,  Que- 
bec Gr. 

typica,  Billings,  1865, 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

ewsowngcav  178<  Black  Riv-  Gr« 

ity  of  siphuncle;  b,  Diploceras, Conrad,  1842, 

outline,  side  view.  Jour.     Acad.     Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  267, 

[Ety.  diploos,  double;  keras,-  horn.] 
Foundedupon  the  fragment  of  an  En- 
doceras,  and  very  poorly  defined. 

vanuxemi,  see  Endoceras  vanuxemi. 
DISCITES,  DeHaan,  1825,  Mongr.  Ammon., 
etc.,  p.  31.  [Ety.  diskos,  quoit.]  Dis- 
coid ;  umbilicus  wide ;  whorls  quadran- 
gular, sides  flattened,  and  dorsum  gib- 
bous ;  longitudinally  striated  and 
sometimes  lined  transversely ;  siphon 
above  the  center ;  living  chamber  from 
one-fourth  to  three-fourths  of  a  whorl 
in  length ;  aperture  with  deep  ventral 
sinus.  Type  D.  costellatus. 

ammonia,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  2,  p.  425,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

disciformis,  Meek  &  Worth  en,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  261,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  522,  Keokuk  Gr. 

hartti,  Dawson,  1868,  (Gyroceras  hartti,) 
Acadian  Geol.,  p.  311,  Subcarbonifer- 
ous.  Made  the  type  of  Hyatt's  genus, 
Stroboceras. 

highlandensis,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  6,  p.  531,  Coal  Meas. 

inopinatus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  2,  p.  426,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  733.— Discites  marcellensis. 

marcellensis,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Goniatites 
marcellensis,)  Geo.  Sur.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y., 
p.  146,  Marcellus  Shale.  The  type  of 
Hyatt's  genus  Centroceras. 

ornatus,  syn.  for  D.  marcellensis. 

toddanus,  Gurley,  1883,  New  Carb.  Foss., 
p.  7.  Publication  invalid. 


tuberculatus,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 

Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  581,  Subcarb. 
DISCOSORUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol  2,  p. 
99.  [Ety.  diskos,  quoit ;  soros,  heap  or 
pile.]  Composed  of  a  series  of  disks, 
gradually  diminishing  in  size  from  the 
body  chamber;  outer  edes  rounded; 
joining  surfaces  flat.  Type  D.  con- 
oideus. 

conoideus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  99,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Gr. 
ENDOCERAS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
58.  [Ety.  endos,  within  ;  kera-s,  horn.] 
An  elongated  conical  shell,  resembling 
an  Orthoceras,  and  possessed  of  one  or 
more  smooth  siphuncles,  which  do  not 
expand  in  passing  through  the  cham- 
bers. Type  E.  annulatum. 

angusticameratum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  218.  Trenton  Gr. 

annulatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  207,  Trenton  Gr. 

approximatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  219,  Trenton  Gr. 

arctiventrum,  Hall,  1847.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  217,  Trenton  Gr. 

atlanticum,  Barrande,  1870,  Syst.  Sil.  de 
Boh.,  vol.  2.  p.  viii,  pi.  430,  Quebec  Gr. 

bristolense,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  85,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

distans,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
220,  Trenton  Gr. 

duplicatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  219,  Trenton  Gr. 

egani,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  84,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  734.— Eudoceras  longissimum. 

gemelliparum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  60,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
insequabile,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,    vol.    5,    p.    86,    Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 


END. — GOM.J 


CEPHOLOPODA. 


437 


insulare,  Barrande,  1870,  Syst.  Sil.  de  Boh., 

vol.  2,  p.  viii,  pi.  430-431,  Quebec  Gr. 
lativentrum,   Hall,  1850,  3d  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  181,  Trenton  Gr. 
longissimum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  59,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Gr. 
magniventrum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  218,  Trenton  Gr. 
marcoui,  Barrande,  1869,  Syst.  Sil.  de  Boh., 

2d  ser.,  4me,  Quebec  Gr. 

multitubulatum,   Hall,    1847,    Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  59,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 

The  tvpe  of  Hyatt's  genus  Vaginoceras. 

proteifo'rme,   Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  208,  Hud.  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
proteiforme  var.  elongatum,  Hall,    1847, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  216,  Trenton  Gr. 
proteiforme  var.  lineolatum,   Hall,  1847, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  211,  Trenton  Gr. 
proteiforme  var.  strangulatum,  Hall,  1847, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  212,  Trenton  Gr. 

proteiforme  var.  tenuistriatum,  Hall,  1847, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  209,  Trenton  Gr. 

proteiforme  var.  tenuitextum,  Hall,  1847, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  210,  Trenton  Gr. 
rapax,  Billings,  1860,  (Orthoceras  rapax,) 
Can.    Nat.   and  Geol.,   vol.  5,  p.   176, 
Black  Riv.  Gr. 

rottermundi,  Barrande,  1866,  (Orthoceras 
rottermundi,)  Syst.  Sil.  de  Boh.,  2d  ser., 
2me,  p.  xiii,  pi.  230,  Trenton  Gr. 
subannulatum,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.   56,  and  Geo.   Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  230,  Trenton  Gr. 
subcentrale,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  59,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
vanuxemi,  Conrad,  1842,  (Diploceras  van- 
uxemi,)  Jour.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  267, 
Trenton  Gr. 

Endolobus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  259.  [Ely.  endos, 
within ;  lobos,  lobe.]  Prof.  Meek  said 
later  that  this  genus  is  not  distinct  from 
Temnochilus,  and  if  distinct  it  would 
probably  be  a  synonym  for  Montfort's 
genus  Bisiphites. 

peramplus,  see  Temnochilus  peramplum. 
spectabili*,  see  Temnochilus  spectabile. 
Glossoceras,  Barrande,  1865,  Cephalopods  of 
Bohemia,  vol.   2,  p.   372.     [Ety.  glosse, 
tongue;   keras,  horn.]     Having  a  slen- 
der annulated  whorl,  and  an  obscurely 
Y  -  ehaped 
aperture. 
It    is    not 
known    as 
an  Ameri- 
can genus. 
desideratum, 
Billings, 
1866,Catal. 
Sil.     Foss. 
Antic.,    p. 
60.     Not 
denned  so 
as  to  be  rec- 
ognized. 

GOMPHOCERAS,  Sowerby,  1839,  Murch.  Sil. 
Syst.  p.  620.  [Ety.  gomphos,  club ;  keras, 


FIG.  735.— Aperture  of 
Gomphoceras. 


horn.]  Shell  fusiform  or  globular  with 
a  tapering  apex;  aperture  contracted 
in  the  middle;  siphuncle  moniliform, 
subcentral.  Type  G.  pyriforme. 

abruptum,  Hall, 
1879,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 
339,  Ham.  Gr. 

absens,  Hall, 
1876,  (Cyrtoce- 


FiQ.  736. — Gomphoceras 
pyriforme. 


29 


Illust.     Devon. 

Foss.,     pi.    47, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

324,  Up.  Held. 

Gr. 
ajax,  Hall,   1879, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  350, 

Portage  Gr. 
amphora,    Whit- 
field,  1882,Ann. 

N.     Y.     Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.   2,  p. 

207,  Up.  Held. 

Gr. 
beta,  Hall,   1862, 

15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  72, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  326,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
breviposticum,  Whitfield,  1882,  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  339,  Ham.  Gr. 
camraarus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  333,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cassinense,    Whitfield,    1886,    Bull.    Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,   vol.  1,  p.  322,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 
cincinnatiense,  S.  A.  Miller,  1884,  Jour. 

Cin;  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  19,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
clavatum,   Hall,  1876,  (Cyrtoceras  clava- 

tum,)  Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  47,  Up. 

Held.   Gr. 
conradi,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  106,  Ham.  Gr. 
crenatum,  Betcher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

7,  p.  33,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cruciferum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  328,  Schoharie  grit, 
eos,  Hall  &  Whitfield,    1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  100,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
eximium,    Hall,   1861,    14th  Rep.    N.  Y. 

Mus.    Nat.    Hist,    p.    109,    and     Pal. 

N.    Y.,    vol.    5,    pt.     2,    p.    299,    Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
faberi,  8.  A.  Miller,  1884,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  7,  p.  19,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
fax,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  321, 

Schoharie  grit, 
fischeri,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  106,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  336,  Ham.  Gr. 
fusiforme,  Whitfield,  1882,  Geo.  Wis.,  vol. 

4,  p.  338,  Ham.  Gr. 

hertzeri,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  (Cyrto- 
ceras hertzeri,)  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  150, 

Niagara  Gr. 


438 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[GON. 


gomphus,  Hall,  1879.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5.  p. 

334,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
hyatti,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  206,  Up.  Held.  Or. 
illtenus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

332,  Schoharie  grit. 
imp«r,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

332,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
lunatum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  341,  Ham.  Gr. 
manes,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

339,  Genesee  Slate. 
marcyse,  Winchell  &   Marcy,   1835,  Mem. 

Bost.    Soc.    Nat.    Hist.    Syn.    for    G. 

scrimum. 
minimum,    Whitfield,    1886,    Bull.    Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  321,   Birds- 
eye  Gr. 
minum,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  34,  Ham.  Gr. 
mitra,  Hall,   1879,  Pal.   N.   Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

330,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
nasutum,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  34,  Chemung  Gr. 
obt-sum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  311,  Utica  Gr. 
omicron,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  97,  Ham.  Gr. 
oviforme,   Hall,  1860,    13th   Rep.  N.    Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  105,  Ham.  Gr. 
pingue,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

346,  Ham.  Gr. 
planum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

352,  Ham.  Gr. 
plenum,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  33,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
poculum,   Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  5, 

p.  340.  Hara.Gr. 
potens,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

351,  Waverly  Gr. 
pvwersi,  James.    Not  recognized, 
raphanus,  Hall,   1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  347,  Ham.  Gr. 
rude,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  327, 

Ham.  Gr. 
sacculus,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1866,   Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  258,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  3,  p.  445,  Ham.  Gr. 
sciotoense,  Whitfield,   1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 

Acad.     Sci.,     vol.     2,     p.     208,     Up. 

Held.   Gr. 
scrinium,  Hall,    1864,   20th  Rep.  N.   Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  410,  Niagara  Gr. 
septore,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  410,  Niagara  Gr. 
solidum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

338,  Marcellus  Shale, 
subgracile,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  311,  Up.  Sil. 
suboviforme,     Walcott,    1885,     Monogr. 

U.   S.   Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,   p.  202,   De- 
vonian, 
tumidum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  351,  Chemung  Gr. 
turbiniforme,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1866, 

Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.   Phil.,    p.    258, 

and    Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    3,    p.    444, 

Ham.  Gr. 


GONIATITES,  DeHaan,  1825,  Monographic 
AmmoniteorumetGoniatiteorum,p.l59. 
[Ety.  gonia,  an  an^le  ;  lithos,  stone.  This 
name,  it 
seem  s  , 
should  be 
spelled  Go- 
nialites.] 
Discoid; 
whorls  em- 
bracing, 
sometimes 
closing  the 
u  in  b  i  1  i  - 


zigzag  lines  or  sutures  ;  when  the  septa 

are   tolded   the    elevations    are    called 

saddles;  body  chamber  long,  sometimes 

constituting  a  whorl,  but  never  expand- 

ing   but    slightly  ;    siphuncle    ventral. 

Type  Goniatites  sphericus. 
allii,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d 

series,  vol.  33,  p.  363,  Marshall  Gr. 
amplexus,  Beecher,  188S,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

7,  p.  39,  Tully  limestone. 
andrewsi,    Winchell,    1870,     Proc.     Am. 

Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  12,  p.  259,  Marshall  Gr. 
astarte,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

No.  16,  p.  29,  Marcellus  Shale. 
bicostatus,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  245,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  450,  Portage  Gr. 
canadensis,  Castelnau,   1843,  Syst.  Sil.   p. 

34.     Probably  a  syn.  for   Bellerophon 

bilobatus. 
chemungensis,  Vanuxem,  1S42,  Geo.  Rep. 

3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,-  p.  182,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  467,  Chemung  Gr. 
chemungensis    var.    sequicostatus,    Hall, 

1875,  27th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

p.  135,  Chemung  Gr. 
choctawensis,  Shumard,  1863,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,   p.  109,  Coal 

Meas. 
colubrellus,   Morton,    1836,    (Ammonites 

colubrellus),  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 

vol.  29,  p.  154,  Waverly  Gr. 
compactus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  154,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  611,  Coal  Meas. 
complanatus,  Hall,   1843,    (Clymenia    (?) 

complanatus,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 

p.  244,  and  Pal.    N.  Y.,   vol.  5,  p.  455, 

Portage  Gr. 
complanatus   var.    perlatus,    Hall,    1875, 

27th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  132, 

Chemung  Gr. 
desideratua,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  203,  Devonian. 
discoideus,  Hall,   1860,  13th  Rep.  N.   Y. 

Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,    p.   97,    and    Illust. 

Devon.  Foss.,  pi.   71,  Ham.   Gr.     The 

type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Parodiceras. 
discoideus    var.    ohioensis,    Hall,     1874, 

27th  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  200,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
entogonus,  Gabb,  1861,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  372,  Carboniferous. 


GON.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


FIG.  738.— Goniatltes  globnlosus. 


erato,  Hall,  1862,  (Clymenia  erato,)  15th 
Kep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  64,  and 
Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  70,  Ham.  Gr. 
expansus,  Vanuxem.  The  name  was  pre- 
occupied by  Von  Buch  in  1838.  See 
G.  vanuxemi. 

globulosus,  Meek 
&  Wort  hen, 
1860,  P  r  o  c  . 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  471, 
and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p. 
390,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

globulosus  var. 
excelsus,Meek, 
1875,  Bull.  U.S. 
Geo.  Sur.Terr., 
vol.  1,  No.  6, 
p.  445,  Coal 
Meas. 

goniolobus,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.   Geo.   Sur. 
40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  98,  Carboniferous, 
hathawayanus,    McChesney,  1860,    Desc. 
New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  66,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  739.— Goniatites  globu- 
losus.   Outline. 


hildrethi,  Morton,  1836,  (Ammonites  hil- 
drethi,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol 
29,  p.  149,  Waverly  Gr. 

holmesi,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  659,  Waverly  or 
Choteau  Gr. 

houjjhtoni,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  33,  p.  363,  Marshall  Gr. 

hyas,  Hall,  1860,  syn.  for  G.  lyoni. 

iowensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  471,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  392,  Coal  Meas. 
Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Paralegoceras. 

ixion,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  125,  Kinderhook  Gr.  This 
species  is  founded  on  the  form  which 
has  been  identified  with  the  European 
species  G.  rotatorius. 

kentuckiensis,  n.  sp.  Shell  very  globose 
and  wide  or  broadly  rounded  on  the 
dorsal  side ;  outer  volution  embracing 
the  inner  ones ;  umbilicus  small  and 
disclosing  none  of  the  inner  volutions, 
though  the  body  chamber  is  broken 
from  our  specimens ;  suture  having  a 
sharp,  dorso-lateral  lobe  and  an  equally 


440 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[GON. 


deep,  bifid,  central  dorsal  lobe ;  dorsal 
saddle  subangular.  This  species  is 
readily  distinguished  by  its  deep,  globose 
form  and  sharply  bifid  lobe  on  the  dor- 
sal side.  Collected  by  Charles  Faber  at 
Crab  Orchard,  Kentucky,  in  the  St. 
Louis  Group. 


FIG.  740. — Ooniatites  kentuckiensis.  The  saddles 
are  generally  more  angular  than  they  appear 
in  the  figure. 

kingi,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo. 

Expl.  Exped.,  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p. 

279,  Coal  Meas. 
luttieri,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

No.  16,  p.  50,  Chemung  Gr. 
lyoni,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  12,  p.  471,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  165,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
marcellensis,  see  Discites  marcellensis. 
marshallensis,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.,   2d   ser.,    vol.    33,    p.    362,    Mar- 
hall  Gr. 
minimus,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  200,  Coal  Meas. 
mitbrax,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  98,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  433,  Up.  Held.  Gr.  . 
monroensis,    Worthen,   (in    press,)   Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  150,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
morganensis,   Swallow,    1860,   Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  659,  Waverly 

or  Choteau  Gr. 
nodifer,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

No.  16,  p.  21,  Marcellus  Shale, 
nolinensis,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol. 

3,  p.  574,  Coal  Meas. 

nundaia,  Hall,  1875,  syn.  for  G.  sinuosus. 
ohioensis,  Winchell,  1870,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  12,  p.  259,  Marshall  Gr. 
opimus,  White  &   Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 

Bost   Soc.   Nat.   Hist,  vol.   8,  p.  305, 

Kinderhook  Gr. 
orbicella,  Hall,  1860, 13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  99,  Ham.  Gr. 
osagensis,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  659,  Waverly  or 

Choteau  Gr. 
oweni,  Hall,  I860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  100,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
oweni  var.  parallelus,  Hall,  1860,|13th  Rep. 

N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  101,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr.    Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Mun- 

steroceras. 
parvus,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis, 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1.  p.  199,  Coal  Meas. 
patersoni,  Hall,  I860, 13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  99,  Portage  Gr. 


peracutus,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  69,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  463,  Portage  Gr. 

planorbiformis,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Sur. 
Mo.,  p.  208,  Coal  Mf  as. 

plebeiformis,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  p.  448,  Marcellus  Shale. 

politus,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  199,  Coal  Meas. 

propinquus,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  series,  vol.  33,  p.  365, 
Marshall  Gr. 

punctatus,  Conrad,  1838,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  117,  Ham.  Gr.  Not  properly  defined. 

pygmseus,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  2d  series,  vol.  33,  p.  366,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 

romingeri,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  427,  Marshall  Gr. 

rotatorius,  DeKoninck,  1843,  Desc.  des 
Anim.  Foss.  du  Terr.  Carb.  See  O.  ixion. 

shumardanus,  Winchell,  1865,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  series,  vol.- 33,  p.  363, 
Marshall  Gr. 

simulator,  Hall,  1875,  27th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  133,  Chemung  Gr. 
Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Manticoceras. 

sinuosus,  Hall,  1843.  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  243,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt 
2,  p.  460,  Portage  Gr.  Type  of  Hyatt's 
genus  Gephuroceras. 

subcircularis  n. 
sp.  Shell 
small,  circu- 
lar ;  outer  vo- 
lution  em- 
bracing the 
inner  ones ; 
um  bilicus 
does  not  ex- 
pose any  ofFlQ-  741.-«oniatltes  subclr- 
the  inner  VO-  cularis.  Lateral  nnd  dorsal 
lutions;  four  views  magnified  2  dlam. 
furrows  or  constrictions  radiate  from 
the  umbilicus  and  divide  the  shell  into 
four  subequal  parts,  but  become  obso- 
lete on  the  dorsal  side,  and  in  this  re- 
spect resemble  Goniatites  divisus  of  De- 
Koninck; dorsal  side  round;  body 
chamber  unknown ;  suture  lobed ;  en- 
tire surface  longitudinally  striated.  Col- 
lected by  Charles  Faber,  at  Crab 
Orchard,  Kentucky,  in  the.  St.  Louis 
Group. 

sulciferus,  Winchell.     Not  defined. 

texanus,  Shumard,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  109,  Coal  Meas. 

uniangularis,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour  Acad. 
Nat  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  268,  Ham.  Gr.  Type 
of  Hyatt's  genus  Tornoceras. 

unilobatus,  Hall,  1875,  27th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  133,  and  Illust. 
Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  71,  Ham.  Gr. 

vanuxemi,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  434,  Marcellus  Shale.  Proposed  in- 
stead of  G.  expansus,  of  Vanuxem, 
which  was  preoccupied  by  Von  Buch. 

whitii,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  6,  p.  428,  Portage  Gr. 


GON. — GVR.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


441 


GONIOCERAS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  54.  [Ety.  gonia,  angle;  keras,  horn.] 
Somewhat  in  the  form  of  an  Orthoceras, 
but  more  or  less  flattened  and  subfusi- 
form ;  transverse  section  in  the  form  of 
a  depressed  ellipse  with  projecting 
angles;  siphuncle  ventral,  septa  curve 
over  the  ventral  side,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration.  Type  G.  anceps. 


FIG.  742. — Gonioceras  anceps. 


anceps,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
54,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

occidentale,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.Wis., 

p.  47,  Trenton  Gr. 

GYROCERAS,  DeKoninck,  1844,  Desc.  An. 
Foss.  Belg.,  p.  530.  [Ety.  gyros,  circle; 
keras,  horn.]  Not  Gyroceratites  of 
Meyer,  1829.  Discoid,  rolled  in  one 
plane ;  volutions  in  contact  or  open, 
but  not  embracing ;  transverse  section 
circular,  elliptical,  scutiform,  or  polyg- 
onal ;  body  chamber  large  and  some- 
times straight  or  tangent  to  the  spiral ; 
opening  hollowed  out  on  the  exterior 
border  like  the  Nautilus ;  septa  arched 
and  frequently  project,  curving  back- 
ward ;  siphon  slender,  cylindrical,  and 
usually  subcentral  toward  the  convex 
border,  but  sometimes  found  within 
the  concave  border ;  surface  tubercu- 
lous, having  imbricated  excrescences  or 
ringed  with  projecting  fringes  from  the 
septa.  Type  G.  paradoxicum. 

abruptum,  Hall,  1879,  Desc.  New  Spec. 
FOBS.,  p.  19,  and  llth  Rep.  Geo.  and 
Nat.  Hist.,  Ind.  p.  325,  Niagara  Gr. 

americanum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Can.  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  309,  Up.  Sil. 

baeri,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Trochoce- 
ras  baeri,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  263, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  157,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

bannisteri,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  102,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

burlingtonense,  see  Nautilus burlingtonensis. 

columbiense,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  210,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

constrictum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  446,  Ham.  Gr. 

cornutum,  Owen,  1840,  Rep.  on  Min. 
Lands,  p.  69,  Devonian. 

cyclops,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  68,  and  Illust.  Devon. 
Foss.,  pi.  53,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

duplicostatum,  Whitfleld,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  78,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  235,  Trenton  Gr. 


elrodi,  White,  1882,  llth  Ann.  Rep.  Geol. 

and  Nat.  Hist.  Indiana,  p.  356,  Niagara  Gr. 
eryx,  Hall,   1862,  15th  Rep.   N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  67,  Ham.  Gr. 
expansum,  Saeman,  Dunker  &  Von  Meyer, 

1853,    Palfeontographica,    vol.    4.     See 

Nautilus  buccinum. 
gracile,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.    Hist.,    p.    105,    Kinderkook   Gr. 

Probably    a     syn.    for    Trematodiscus 

digonus. 

hartti,  see  Discites  hartti. 
inelegans,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  89,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  232,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
jason,  Hall,  1862,  (Cyrtoceras  jason,)  15th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  71,  Up. 

Held.  Gr.    Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Ru- 

toceras. 
laciniosum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  376,  Up   Held.  Gr. 
liratum,  see  Nautilus  liratus. 
logani,  Meek,  1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 

p.  110,  Devonian. 

magnificum,  see  Lituites  magnificus. 
matheri,  Conrad,  1840,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  206,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

377,  (Cyrtoceras  matheri,)  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
nais,  see  Porcellia  nais. 
nereus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat,  Hist.,  p.  67,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.5, 

pt.  2,  p.  373,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
numa,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat,  and  Geol., 

vol.  7,  p.  238,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ohioense,  Meek,   1871,   Proc.   Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  87,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.   1, 

p.  230,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
paucinodum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  55,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  380,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pratti,  Barris,  1879,  Proc.  Dav.  Acad.  Sci., 

vol.  2,  p.  287,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
rhombolineare,  Owen,    1862,    Geo.    Sur. 

Indiana,  p.  362,  Silurian, 
rockfordense,   Meek    &    Worthen,    1866, 

(Nautilus  (Cryptoceras)  rockfordensis,) 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  275,  and 

Geo.   Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  459,  Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
seminodosum,  Whitfleld,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  211,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
spinosum,  Conrad,    1840,   (Phraginoceras 

spinosum,)  Ann.   Rep.   N.  Y.,   p.    206, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,   pt.   2,  p.   382, 

Schoharie  grit, 
stebos,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

36,  Waverly  Gr. 

subliratum,  see  Nautilus  subliratus. 
transversum,     Hall,    1860,      (Cyrtoceras 

transversum,)    13th    Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  104,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  384,  Ham.  Gr. 
trivolve,    Conrad,    1840,    (Cyrtoceras  tri- 

volvis,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  206,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt  2,  p.  374,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
undulatum,   Vanuxem,  1842,  (Cyrtoceras 

undulatum,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  139,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  378,  Up.  Held. 

Gr.     Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Halloceras. 


442 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[HOR.— 


vagrans,  Billings,   1857,    Rep.    of    Progr. 

Can.  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  308,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
validum,    Hall.    1876,    Illust.     Devonian 

Foes.,  pi.  51,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  385,  Schobarie  grit. 


.  743. — Gyroceras  undulatum. 

Hortholus    americanus,  see    Lituites    ameri- 
canus. 

HURONIA,  Stokes,  1823,  Geo.  Trans.,  n.  s., 
vol.  1,  p.  203.  When  this  genus  was 
proposed,  the  author  thought  he  was 
describing  a  coral.  Prof.  Billings  said 
the  name  was  proposed  for  the  siphun- 
cle  of  an  Orthoceras,  and  is,  therefore, 
merely  a  synonym.  This  seems  to  be 
the  correct  opinion,  though  the  shells 
to  which  the  peculiar  siph uncles  be- 
long are  unknown.  Type  H.  bigsbyi. 
annulata,  Hall,  1851,  Lake  Superior  Land 
Dist.  by  Foster  &  Whitney,  p.  221,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
bigsbyi,  Stokes,  1823,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc., 

vol.  1,  p.  195,  Clinton  Gr. 
minuens,    Barrande,    1869,  Syst.  Sil.    de 
Boh.,  2d   series,  vol.  4,  pi.  ix,  p.  435, 
Clinton  Gr. 

obliqua,  Stokes,  1823,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc.,  2d 
series,  vol.  1,  p.  203,  Clinton  Gr. 

portlocki,  Stokes,  1840, 
Trans.  Geo.  Soc.,  2d 
series,  vol.  5,  p.  710, 
Clinton  Gr. 
sphaeroidalis,  Stokes, 
1840,  Trans.  Geo. 
Soc.,  2d  series,  vol.  5, 
p.  710,  Clinton  Gr. 
stokesi,  Castelnau,  1843, 
Syst.  Sil.,  p.  33,  Scho- 
harie  grit.  Not  rec- 
ognized. 

turbinata,  Stokes,  1823, 
Trans.  Geo.  Soc.,  2d 
series,  vol.  1,  p.  203, 
Clinton  Gr. 
FIG.  744.-Hurouia     vertebralis,Stokes,1840, 
vertebralis.  Trans   Geo.   Soc.,  2d 

series,  vol.  5,  p.  710, 
Niagara  and  Clinton  Grs.  See  Ortho- 
ceras canadense. 


Hydnocercts,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8.     See  Dictyophyton,  a  sponge. 

tuberosum,  see  Dictyophyton  tuberosum. 
LITUITES,       Mont- 
fort,       1808, 
Conch.     Svst., 
vol.   1,  p.  "279, 
[E  t  y .     lituus, 
trumpet. 
Shell      spiral 
in    the    begin- 
ning;     last 
chambers  pro- 
duced straight ;     Fi«-  745.— Litnites  gigan- 
whorlsfrelor        teus.    Quarter  size. 
open  in  one  plane;    septa   simple;  si- 
phuncle  central ;  section  circular.    Type 
L.  lituus. 

americanus,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  (Hortholus 
americanus,)  Prodr.  d.  Paleont.,  t.  1,  p. 
1,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

apollo,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  l,p. 
25,  Calciferous  Gr. 

bickmoreanus,  Whitfield,  1885,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  191,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

ccmcellatus,  McChesney,  1861,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  Niagara  Gr.  See  L.  occidentalis 
and  Nautilus  cancellatus  and  N.  occi- 
dentalis. If  this  species,  as  Prof.  Hall 
suggests,  is  a  true  Nautilus,  McChes- 
ney's  name  has  precedence. 

capax,  see  Nautilus  capax. 

complanatus,  Shumard,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  107,  Calcif- 
erous Gr. 

convolvans,  Schlotheim,  1813,  in  Jahrbuch, 
as  identified  by  Hall,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  53.  See  L.  americanus. 

eatoni,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  331,  Birdseye  Gr. 

eatoni  var.  cassinensis.  Whitfield,  1886, 
Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p. 
332,  Birdseye  Gr. 

farnsworthi,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  21,  Calciferous  Gr. 

graftonensis,  Meek  &  Worth  en,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  51,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  507,  Niagara  Gr. 

hercules,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Niagara  Gr.  Syn. 
for  Cvrtoceras  amplicorne.  See  20th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 

imperator,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  23,  Calciferous  Gr. 

magnificus,  Billings,  1857,  (Gyroceras 
magnificum,)  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur. 
Can.,  p.  307,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Type  of 
Hyatt's  genus  Aspidoceras. 

marshi,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  404,  Niagara  Gr. 

internistriatus,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  332,  Birds- 
eve  Gr. 

multicostatus,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  67,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  303,  Niagara  Gr. 

murchisoni,  Truest.  Not  defined  so  as  to 
be  recognized. 


MEL. — NAU.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


443 


niagarensis,  Spencer,  1884,  Bull.  No.  1, 
Mus.  Univ.  St.  Mo.,  p.  60,  Niagara  Gr. 

occidentalis,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  Niagara  Gr.  This  species  is 
now  referred  by  Prof.  Hall  to  the  genus 
Nautilus,  see  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  400.  It  was  first  described 
by  McChesney,  Jan.  1860,  as  Cyrtoceras 
giganteum,  but  that  name  being  preoc- 
cupied, in  1861  he  proposed  Lituites 
cancellatus.  If  it  is  a  Nautilus,  the 
word  occidentalis  being  preoccupied, 
McChesney's  name  cancellatus  has  pre- 
cedence. 

ortoni,  Meek,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 
186,  Niagara  Gr. 

palinurus,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  25,  Calciferous  Gr. 

pluto,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
259,  Quebec  Gr. 

robertsoni,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.Wis.. 
p.  38,  Chazy  and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 

seelyi,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  330,  Birdseye  Gr. 

undatus,  Emmons,  1842,  (Inachus  unda- 
tus,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  394,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  52,  Black  Riv.  and 
Trenton  Grs.  It  is  not  a  Lituites. 

undatus  var.  occidentalis.  Hall,  1861,  Rep. 
of  Progr.  Wis.,  p.  38, 'Black  Riv.  and 
Trenton  Grs. 

Melia  cancellatus,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol. 
Not  defined  so  as  to  be  recognized. 

Cincinnati^,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d. 
Paleont,,  t.  1,  p.  4.  Not  defined  so  as  to 
be  recognized. 

NAUTILUS,  Breynius,  1732,  Dissert.  Polyth., 
p.  11.  [Ety.  Nautilos,  sailor  or  naviga- 
tor.] Shell  subglobose,  compressed ; 
volutions  coiled  in  the  same  plane,  con- 
tiguous; umbilicus  open  or  closed; 
septa  simple,  arched  or  waved  on  the 
lateral  margins ;  siphuncle  central  or 
subcentral ;  lip  sinuous  on  the  dorsal 
and  ventrp-lateral  margins ;  surface 
smooth,  striate,  costate,  or  bearing  nodes. 
Type  N.  pompilius. 

acraeus,  Hall.  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  417,  Ham.  Gr. 

avonensis,  see  Solenochilus  avonense, 

avus,  Barrande,  1869,  Syst.  Sil.  de  Boh., 
vol.  4,  p.  viii,  pi.  435,  Quebec  Gr. 

barrandl,  Hall,  1876,  see  N.  Magister. 

biserialis,  Hall,  1860,  Supp.  to  vol.  1,  pt. 
2,  Iowa  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  92,  Coal  Meas. 

buccinum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  60,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt, 
2,  p.  412,  Ham.  Gr.  Type  of  Hyatt's 
genus  Nephriticeras. 

calciferus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  258,  Calciferous  Gr. 

cancellatus,  McChesnev,  1861,  (Lituites 
cancellatus,)  New  Pal.  Foes.,  p.  96,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

canaliculatus,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 
vol.  3,  p.  575,  Coal  Meas.  Type  of  Hy- 
att's genus  Solenoceras. 

capax,  Hall  1860,  (Lituites  capax,)  Rep.  of 
Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  3,  Niagara  Gr. 


capax,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865.  This  was 
preoccupied  and  must  yield  unless  it 
can  be  retained  in  the  subgenus  Soleno- 
chilus. 

cavus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  416, 
Ham.  Gr. 

champlainensis,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  329,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 

chesterensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  469,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  306,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

clarkanus,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  32,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  92,  Warsaw  Gr. 

cottectus,  see  Solenochilus  collectum. 

cornulum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  60,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  414,  Ham.  Gr. 

coxanus,  see  Temnochilus  coxanum. 
danvillensis,    White,    1878,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  36,  and  Cont  to  Pal.,  No.  8, 

p.  170,  Coal  Meas. 
decoratus,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol. 

3,  p.  572,  Coal  Meas. 

desertus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  258,  Quebec  Gr. 
digonus,  see  Trematpdiscus  digonus. 
disciformis,  see  Discites  disciformis. 
discoidalis,  see  Trematodiscus  discoidalis. 
divisus.   White  &  St.  John,   1868,  Trans. 

Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  124,  Un.  Coal  Meas. 

The  name  was   preoccupied  by  Meyer 

in  1831. 
eccentricus,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858,  Trans. 

Alb.   Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  83,  and  Pal.  Up. 

Mo.,  p.  65,  Permian  Gr. 


FIG.   746.— Nautilus  faberi.    Lateral    and   front 
views.    Magnified  2  diam. 


faberi.  n.  sp.  Shell  small,  smooth,  all  vo- 
lutions embraced  in  the  outer  one» 
leaving  only  a  small  round  umbilicus '» 
aperture  semielliptical  above  the  inte- 
rior volution.  The  species  is  founded 
on  a  single  specimen  having  a  piece 
chipped  from  the  dorsal  side  of  the  last 
volution,  and  a  small  piece  broken  from 
the  inner  volution,  but  nowhere  dis- 
closing the  septa.  It  was  found  in  the 
Coal  Measures,  on  Elk  Horn  Creek, 
Kentucky,  and  belongs  to  Mr.  Charles 
Faber's  collection. 

ferox,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
351,  Calciferous  Gr. 


444 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[NAU. 


FIG.  747.— Nautilus  forbesanus. 


ferratus,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3, 
p.  574,  Coal  Meas. 

forbesanus, 
M  c  C  h  e  s- 
ney,  I860, 
Desc.  New 
Pal.  Foss., 
p.  63,  and 
Trans.  Chi. 
Acad.  Sci., 
p.  50,  Coal 
Meas. 

gilpini,  Swal- 
low, 1860, 
Trans.  St. 
Louis 
Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p. 
658,  Coal 
Meas. 

globatus, 
Sowerby,  1825,  Min.  Conch.,  vol.  5,  p. 
129,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
hercules,  Billings,   1857,   Rep.   of  Progr. 

Can.  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  306,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
highland ensis,  see  Discites  highlandensis. 
hyatti,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

37,  Ham.  Gr. 
illinoisensis,  McChesney,  1860,  Desc.  New. 

Pal.  Foss.,  p.  64,  Coal  Meas. 
ingentior,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

2d  series,  vol.  33,  p.  361,  Marshall  Gr. 
insolens,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  258,  Quebec  Gr. 

jason,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  4,  p.  464,  Chazy  Gr.    Type  of  Hy- 
att's genus  Plectoceras. 
kelloggi,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  328,  Birdseye  Gr. 
lasallensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  261,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  610,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
lotus,  see  Temnochilus  latum. 
lawei,   Swallow,    1860,    Trans.   St.    Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  658,  Ham.  Gr. 
leidyi,  see  Solenochilus  leidyi. 
liratus.  Hall,   1860,    (Gyroceras  liratum,) 
13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  104, 
Marcellus  Shale, 
liratus  var.  juvenis,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  Ham.  Gr. 
magister,  Hall,  1879,   Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

&422,  Ham.  Gr.  Proposed  instead  of 
.  barrandi,  Hall,  which  was  preoc- 
cupied. 

marcelknsis,  see  Discites  marcellensis. 

maximus,  Conrad,  1838,  (Cyrtoceras  max- 
imus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  i.,  p.  117,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  418,  Ham.  Gr. 

meekanus,  see  Trematodiscus  meekanus. 

missouriensis,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  198,  Coal  Meas. 

montgomeryensis,  Wortben,  1884,  Bull. 
No.  2,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  4,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  148,  Up.  Coal 
lieu. 

natator,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  466,  Chazy  Gr.  Type  of  Hy- 
att's genus  Barrandoceras. 


niotensis,  see  Temnochilus  niotense. 
nodocarinalus,  McChesney,  syn.  for  N.  oc- 

cidentalis. 
nodoso-dorsatus,    Shumard,    1858,  Trans. 

St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  198,  Coal 

Meas. 
occidentals,    Swallow,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci..  vol.  1,  p.  196,  and  Pal. 

E.  Neb.,  p.  234,  Permian  Gr. 
occidentals,   Hall,   1860,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.    Nat.   Hist.,    p.   400,    Niagara  Gr. 

This  name  being  preoccupied,  McChes- 

ney's  name  cancellatus.  has  precedence. 

See  Lituites  cancellatus. 
ocean  us,    Hall,    1879,    Desc.   New   Spec. 

Foss.,  p.   19,  and   llth  Rep.  Geo.  and 

Nat.  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  325,  Niagara  Gr. 
oriens,  Hall,  1876,  lllust.  Devonian  Foss., 

pi.  61,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

420,  Marcellus  Shale. 
ornatus,  Hall,   1860,  syn.   for  N.  marcel- 
lensis. 
ortoni,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  231,  Coal  Meas. 
parallelus,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

7,  p.  38,  Coal  Meas. 
pauper,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  226,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
permianus,    Swallow,     1858,     Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,   vol.   1,  p.  196.  Per- 
mian Gr. 
planidorsalis,    see     Trematodiscus     plani- 

dorsalis. 
planorbiformis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  469,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  386,  Coal  Meas. 
planovolvis,   Shumard,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  198,  Coal  Meas. 
pomponius,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  26,  Calciferous  Gr. 
ponderosus,  White,  1872,  Pal.  of  E.  Neb., 

p.  236,  Coal  Meas.    Type  of  Hyatt's  ge- 
nus Titanoceras. 
quadrangularis,  McChesney,    1860,  Desc. 

New  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  65,  and  Trans.  Chi. 

Acad.    Sci.,  vol.    1,   p.   57,   Coal  Meas. 

Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Tainoceras. 
rockfordensis,    Meek    &    Worthen,     1866, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  275,  Kin- 

derhook    Gr.     Probably    a    Gyroceras. 

See  111.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  3. 
sangamonensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  470,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  386,  Coal  Meas. 

Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Metacoceras. 
seebachanus,    see   Pteronautilus    seebach- 

anus. 

spectabilis,  see  Temnochilus  spectabile. 
springeri,  see  Solenochilus  springeri. 
striatulus,  see  Trematodiscus  striatulus. 
subglobosus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,   p.  469,  syn.  for 

N.  globatus,  see  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3, 

p.  305. 
subliratus,  Hall,  1876,  (Gyroceras  sublira- 

tum,)  lllust.  Devon.   Foss.,  pi.  58,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  voL5,  pt.2,  p.  409,  Ham.  Gr. 
subquadrangularis,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann. 

N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  232,  Coal  Meas. 


NEL.— ORT.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


445 


subsulcatm,  Phillips,  1836,  Geo.  York.   Not 

clearly  identified  in  this  country. 
sulcatus,  see  Trematodiscus  sulcatus. 
trigonus,  see  Trematodiscus  trigonus. 
trisulcatus,  see  Trematodiecus  trigulcatus. 
tyrans,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  465,  Chazy  Gr. 
versutus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  259,  Quebec  Gr.    Type  of    Hyatt's 
genus  Litoceras. 

winslowi,  see  Temnochilus  winslowi. 
Nelimenia   incognita,   Castelnau,    1843,   Syst. 
Sil.,    p.    33.     Probably    a    fragment   of 
Phragmoceras  or  Oncoceras. 
ONCOCERAS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
196.     [Ety.  onkos,  swelling  ;  keras,  horn.] 
Curved,    aperture    constricted;     lower 
part  of  the  body  chamber,  and   upper 
part  of  septate  portion  ventricose  ;  ab- 
ruptly    contracted     to- 
ward the  apex ;  siphun- 
cle  dorsal ;  septa  plane, 
nearly  flat,  slightly  ele- 
vated   on     the     dorsal 
margin.     Type  O.   con- 
strictum. 

abruptum,  Hall,  1861,  Rep. 
of  Progr.  Wis.,  p.  44, 
Trenton  Gr. 

alceus,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of 
Progr.  Wis.,  p.  46,  Chazy 
and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 
amator,      Billings,      1866, 
Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic., 
p.  59,  Clinton  Gr. 
brevicurvatum,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.   Wis.,  p.  59,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  234,  Trenton  Gr. 
constrictum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  197,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
dilatatum,    Hall,   1860,    13th    Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  105,  Ham.  Gr. 
expansum,   Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  337,  Coralline  limestone, 
futile,   Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  59,  Clinton  Gr. 
gibbosum,  Hah,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  13,  Medina  sandstone, 
lycus,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis.,  p. 

45,  Chazy  and  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
mummiforme,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.   Wis.,  p.  58,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  232,  Trenton  Gr. 
orcas,  Hall,  1861,  (Cyrtocerasorcas,)  Rep. 
of  Progr.  Geo.  Sur.  of  Wis.,  p.  42,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
ovoides,  Hall,  1859.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

342,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

pandion,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis., 
p.   45,   and   Geo.  Wis.,   vol.  4,  p.    233, 
Chazy  and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 
pettiti,    Billings,   1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  86,  Niagara  Gr. 
plebeium,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 

44,  Trenton  Gr. 
subrectum,   Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  94,  Clinton  Gr. 

teucer,    Billings,    1866,   Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 
'  Antic.,  p.  86,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  748.  —  Onco- 
ceras   constric- 

tum- 


thales,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  87,  Niagara  Gr. 

vasiforme,  Dwight,  1884,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  27,  p.  257,  Calcif- 
erous  Gr. 

OKMOCERAS,  Stokes,  1840,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc., 
2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  709.  [Ety.  ormos,  a 
chain  or  necklace ;  keras,  horn  ;  from 
the  appearance  of  the  sip h uncle.]  Ex- 
ternally like  Orthoceras,  and  dis- 
tinguished only  by  having  the  siphun- 
cle  constricted  within  each  chamber  in- 
stead of  at  the  place  of  union  with  the 
septa.  Types  0.  backi,  and  O.  bayfieldi. 

backi,  Stokes,  1840,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc.,  2d 
ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  709,  Clinton  Gr. 

bayfieldi,  Stokes,  1840,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc., 
2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  709,  Clinton  Gr. 

ere  bri  sep- 
tum, Hall, 
1847,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  313, 
Hud.  Riv. 
Gr. 

gracile,  Hall, 
1847,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.    58, 
Black  Riv. 

t*r- 

remotisep- 

tum,  Hall,  pIG.  749.— Ormoceras  bayfleldi. 

1850,       3d 

Rep.  N.  Y.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist,   p.    181, 

Trenton  Gr. 
tenuifilum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  55,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Gr. 
tenuifilum  var.  distans,  Hall,   1847,   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  58,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
vertebratum,  Hall,  1852,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  94,  Clinton  Gr. 

whitii,  Stokes,  1840,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  709,  Clinton  Gr. 
ORTHOCERAS,  Breynius,  1732,  Dissertatio 
physica  de  Polythalamiis.  [Ety.  orthos, 
straight;  keras,  horn.]  Shell  conical, 
straight,  or  nearly  so  ;  body  chamber 
large,  behind  which  the  shell  is  com- 
posed of  numerous  chambers  separated 
by  convex,  transverse  septa,  with  simple 
edges,  at  right  angles  to  the  longer  axis 
of  the  shell;  siphuncle  central,  sub- 
central  or  eccentric,  cylindrical  or  di- 
lated in  the  chambers  ;  surface  smooth 
or  transversely,  or  longitudinally  stri- 
ated, or  furrowed.  Typical  O.  breynii, 
0.  annulatum,  and  0.  striatum. 

abnorme,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  415,  Niagara  Gr. 

abruptum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  97,  Clinton  Gr. 

acicula,  Hall,  see  Coleolus  acicula. 

aciculoides,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  51,  Chernung  Gr. 

aculeatum,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad,  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  200,  Coal  Meas. 

jegea,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,,  p.  80,  Ham.  Gr. 


446 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[ORT. 


aequale,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.   N.  Y.  i 

p.  404,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
alienum,    Hall,    1867,    20th    Rep.    N.    Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  414,  Niagara  Gr. 
allumettense.  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  331,Chazy  and  Black 

Riv.  Grs. 
amplicameratum,  Hall,   1847,   Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.    1,  p.    205,    Black   Riv.   and   Tren- 
ton Grs. 
amycus,    Hall,    1879,    Desc.    New    Spec. 

Foss.,  p.   18,  and  llth    Rep.  Geo.   Sur. 

Ind.,  p.  324,  Niagara  Gr. 
anax,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  7,  p.  238,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
anguis,  Hall,  1879.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  312,  Chemung  Gr. 
angulatum,  (?)    Wahlenberg,  182F,    Nova. 

Acta.   Soc.   Sci.  Upsal..  p.  90,    Niagara 

Gr.    See  remarks    on  this  species    by 

Prof.   Hall    in   20th  Rep.  N.   Y.    Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  413. 
anellus,  Conrad.    1843,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  voL  1,  p.  334.  and  Pal.N.  Y.. 

vol.  1,    p.    202,    Black  Riv.  and   Tren- 
ton Grs. 
annulato-costaium.  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861, 

Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,    p.  147. 

This  name  was  preoccupied  by  Boll  in 

1857.    See  O.  randolphense. 
annulatum,  Sowerby,  1818,  Min.  Conch., 

vol.  2,  p.  77,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 
antenor,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  463,  Ctiazy  Gr. 
anticostiense,     Billings,     1857.     Rep.     of 

Progr.    Geo.    Sur.  Can.,  p.    316,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
aptum,  Hall,   1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  282,  Marcellus  Shale. 
arcuatellum,  Sandberger.     Is  not  an  Amer- 
ican species, 
arcuoliratum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  198,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
arenosum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  480,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
asmodeus,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  30,  Genesee  Shale, 
atreus,   Hall,  1879,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

305,  Portage  Gr. 
atticus,   Billings,  1865,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  312,  Quebec  Gr. 
aulax,   Hall,  1879,   Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

293,  Ham.  Gr. 
autolycus,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  91,  Quebec  Gr. 
baculum,   Meek,  1860,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  310,  Subcarboniferous. 
baculum,  Hall,  1862.    The  name  was  pre- 
occupied.   See  O.  stylus, 
balteatum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  318,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
barquianum,  Winchell,    1862,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  33,  Marshall  Gr. 
bartonense,  Spencer,   1884,   Bull.   No.  1, 

Mus.     Univ.    St.    Mo.,    p.    60,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 
bebryx,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss., 

pi.  39,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

275,  Ham.  Gr.. 


bebryx  var.  cayuga,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  p.  276,  Chemung  Gr. 
becki,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  4,  p.  362,  Calciferous  Gr. 
bellatulum,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  58,  Clinton  Gr. 
beloitense,   Whitfield,    1878,    Ann.    Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  97,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  226,  Trenton  Gr. 
bilineatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  199,  Chazy,  Black  Riv.,  Trenton,  and 

Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
bilineatum  var.  a,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  200,  Trenton  Gr. 
bipartitum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  313,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
brainerdi,     Whitfield,    1886,     Bull.    Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,    vol.  1,   p.  319,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 
brongniarti,  Troost,    1838,  (Conotubularia 

brongniarti,)  Mem.  Soc.  Geo.  de  France, 

3,  p.  89,  Low.  Sil. 
brontes,   Billings,   1866,  Catal.  Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  83,  Niagara  Gr. 
bucklandi,   Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of   Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  330,  Up.  Sil. 


FIG.  750.— Orthoceras  byrnesl. 

bullatum,  (?)  Sowerby,  1839,  Murch.  Sil. 

Syst.,  p.  705,  Trenton  Gr. 
byrnesi,  S.   A.   Miller,   1875,    Cin.   Quar. 

Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  126,  and  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.   Nat.   Hist.,    vol.  4,  p.   319,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
cadmus,  Billings,  1866,   Catal.   Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  83,  Niagara  Gr. 
cselamen,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

298,  Ham.  Gr. 
cameolare,   McChesney,   1861,    New    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  93,  Niagara  Gr. 
canadense,  Billings,  1857,   Rep.  of   Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  321,  Mid.  Sil.    Prof. 

Billings  proposed  this  name  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  Huronia  yertebralis  for  the 

reason    that    Huronia    is    a    syn.    for 

Ortboceras,  and  there  is  one  O.  verte- 

bralis. 
cancellatum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2. 

The   name  was  preoccupied   by  Eich- 

wald  in  1842.    See  O.  subcancellatum. 
capitolinum,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn., 

p.  290,  Trenton  Gr. 
carleyi,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  98,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
carltonense,    Whitfield,    1878,  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.   Sur.  Wis.,  p.  85,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  318,  Niagara  Gr. 
carnosum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  258,  ^choharie  grit, 
cataline,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  315,  Quebec  Gr. 


ORT.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


447 


cato,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
314,  Quebec  Gr. 

catulus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  313,  Quebec  Gr. 

chemungense,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  660,  Waverly 
or  Choteau  Gr. 

chesterense,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  98,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

chouteauense,  Swallow,  1860,  (0.  che- 
mungense var.  choteauense,)  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  660,  Waverly 
or  Choteau  Gr. 

cincinnatiense,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Cin. 
Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  127,  and 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  319, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

cingulum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  240,  Schoharie  grit. 

clathratum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  201,  Trenton  Gr. 

clavatum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
104,  Clinton  Gr. 

clavatum,  Hall,  1859.  The  name  was  ap- 
propriated. See  O.  desideratum. 

clinocameratum,  Winchell,  1862,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  33,  p.  356,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 

clintoni,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  244,  Chazy  Gr.  Proposed  in- 
stead of  0.  subarcuatum,  Hall,  1847, 
which  was  preoccupied. 

clouei,  Barrande,  1869,  Sys.  Sil.  de  Boh., 
4me  ser.,  p.  viii,  pi.  432  to  434,  Que- 
bec Gr. 

cochleatum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5. 
The  name  was  preoccupied  by  Schlot- 
heim  in  1813.  See  O.  warrenense. 

collatum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
252,  Schoharie  grit. 

colon,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert.  FOBS.,  p. 
10,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer.,  vol.  4, 
p.  56,  Quebec  Gr. 

columnare,  Hall,  1860,  Rep.  Progr.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.  The  name  was  preoccupied 
by  Mark  in  1857.  See  O.  orus. 

conicum,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  29. 
The  name  was  preoccupied  by  His- 
inger. 

consortale,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
7,  p.  29,  Chemung  Gr. 

constricturn,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep. 
3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  152,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  288,  Ham.  Gr. 

constricturn,  Conrad,  1838.  Not  defined  so 
as  to  be  recognized. 

constriclum,  see  Oncoceras  constrictum. 

coralliferum.  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  312,  Utica  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

cornuoryx,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  'Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  320,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 

cornuum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  329,  Chazy  Gr. 

crebescens,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  354,  Niagara  Gr. 

crebristriatum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865. 
Prec.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  255,  and 


Geo.    Sur.    111.,   vol.   6,    p.   503,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 
creon,  Hall,   1879,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

260,  Schoharie  grit, 
cribropum,  Geinitz,  1866,  Carb.  und  Dyas 

in  Neb.,  p.  4,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  234, 

Coal  Meas. 
crocus,   Billings,    1866,    Catal.   Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  22,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.     Pro'posed 

instead  of  O.  perannulaturn,  which  was 

preoccupied, 
crolalum,    Hall,    1862,    15th   Rep.    N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78,  Ham.  Gr.    Type 

of  Hyatt's  genus  Spyroceras. 
cuvieri,  Troost,  1838,  (Conotubularia  cu- 

vieri,)  Mem.  Soc.  Geo.  de  France,  t.  3, 

p.  88,  Low.  Sil. 
dagon,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  28,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
darwini,  Billings,  1868,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  161,  GuelphGr. 
dawsonanum,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed. 

Am.  Pal.   Foss,   p.   307,  Carboniferous. 

Proposed    instead    of    O.    perstriclum, 

Dawson,  in   Acadian  Geology,  p.  312, 

fig.  129,  as  the  name  was  preoccupied 

by  Barrande. 
decrescens,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  337,  Black  Riv.  and 

Trenton  Gr. 
defrancii,  Troost,  1838,  (Conotubularia  de- 

francei,)  Mem.  Soc.  Geo.  de  France,  t.  3, 

p.  90,  Low.  Sil. 
demus,   Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

311,  Chemung  Gr. 
deparcum,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  363,  Calciferous  Gr. 
desideratum,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  244,  Low.  Held.  Gr.     Proposed 

instead  of  O.  clavatum,  Hall,  1859,  which 

was  preoccupied, 
diffidens,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  174,  Chazy  Gr. 
directum,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  27,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
dolatum,   Dawson,   1868,   Acad.  Geol.  p. 

311,  Carboniferous, 
drummondi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  173,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
duramen,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

7,  p.  25,  Schoharie  grit, 
duseri,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  97,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


Fio.  751.— Orthoceras  dyeri. 

dyeri,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  125,  and  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  236,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


448 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[OUT. 


edax,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

349,  Calcif.  Gr. 
elegantulum,    Dawson,    1860,    Can.    Nat. 

and   Geo.,   vol.   5,   p.    155,   and   Acad. 

Geol.,  p.  607,  Up.  Sil. 
emaceratum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  170,  Ham.  Gr. 
epigcus,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,  vol. 

4,  p.  33,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist., 

p.  91,  Warsaw  Gr. 
eriense,  Hall,  1877, 1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal.  Foss., 

6274,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  274, 
am.  Gr.     Proposed  instead  of  O.  ro- 

bustum,  which  was  preoccupied, 
eurekense,  Walcott,   1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.    Sur.,  vol.   8,   p.  265,  Subcarbon- 

iferous. 
exile,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  78,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  290,  Ham.  Gr. 
exornatum,  Dawson,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  198,  Up.  Sil. 
expansum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  468,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  286,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
explorator,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  253,  Quebec  Gr. 
expositurn,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

7,  p.  29,  Chemung  Gr. 
ferum,   Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,    p.    22,    Hud.    Riv.   and    Anti- 

costi  Gr. 
filiforme,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  30, 

Niagara  Gr.     Not  recognized, 
filosum,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

No.  16,  p.  52,  Chemung  Gr. 
flavius,   Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  255,  Quebec.  Gr. 
fluctum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

239,  Schoharie  grit. 

foliatum,  syn.  for  Cyrtoceras  eugenium. 
formosum,  Billings,  1857,   Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  317,  Trenton,  Hud. 

Riv.,  and  Anticosti  Grs. 
fosteri,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 

Sci.,    vol.   2,   p.  127,    and   Jour.    Cin. 

Soc.  Nat.   Hist.,  vol.    4,   p.  319,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
foxense,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.    Not 

defined, 
fulgidum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

310,  Chemung  Gr. 
fulgur,   Billings,   1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  22,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.    Proposed 

instead  of  O.  propinquum,  which  was 

preoccupied, 
furtivum,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  348,  Calcif.  Gr. 
fusiforme,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  60,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
fustis,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

281,  Ma rcellus  Shale, 
glaucus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  350,  Calciferous  Gr. 
goldfussi,    Troost,    1838,    (Conotubularia 

goldfus-i,)  Mem.  Soc.  Geo.  de  France, 

t.  3,  p.  90,  Low.  Sil. 
gracilium,   Winchell,   1862,   Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  429,  Portage  Gr. 


gregarium,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis. 

Preoccupied  by  Sowerby  in  1839,  Murch. 

Sil.  Syst.     See  O.  sociale. 
griffithf,  Haughton,  1857,  Jour.  Roy.  Dub. 

Soc.,  vol.  1,  Devonian.  ? 
hsesitans,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  254,  Quebec  Gr. 
hageri,  Hall,  1861,  Geol.  of  Vermont,  p. 

718,  Calciferous  Gr. 


FIG.  752.— Orthoceras  hallanum. 

hallanum,  S.  A.  Miller,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  245,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  0.  halli,  in  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  128,  which  was  pre- 
occupied by  Barrande. 

halli,    see  0.  hallanum. 

harperi,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  128,  and  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  319,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

harttanutn,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  307,  Carboniferous.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  O.  laqueatum,  Hartt, 
in  Acadian  Geol,  p.  312,  fig.  128,  which 
was  preoccupied. 

hastatum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  333,  Black  Riv.  and 
Trenton  Grs.  Type  of  Hyatt's  genus 
Tripteroceras. 

helderbergi*,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  345,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

henrietta,  Dwight,  1884,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  27,  p.  256,  Cal- 
ciferous Gr. 

hercirlaneum,  Verneuil,  1846,  Bull,  de  la 
Soc.  Geol.  de  France,  vol.  4,  Low.  Sil. 

Hercules,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  29, 
Up.  Sil.  Not  recognized. 

heterocinctum,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  23,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

hindei,  James.  Founded  on  fragments  of 
different  species,  most  of  them  O.  trans- 
versum. 

hoyi,  McChesney,  1861,  New  Pal.  Foss., 
p.  92,  Niagara  Gr. 

huronense,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  337,  Trenton  Gr. 

hyas,  Hall,  1862,  syn.  for  O.  thoas. 

icarus,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  31,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

idmon,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol  5,  p. 
302,  Ham.  Gr. 

illinoisense,  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  323,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 
p.  148,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


ORT.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


imbricatnm,  Sowerby,   1839,  Murch.   Sil. 

Syst.,  p.  620,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

291,  Niagara  Gr. 
inceptum,    Foerste,    1885,   Bull.   Sci.    Lab. 

Denison   Univ.,  p.   117.     Not  properly 

defined, 
indagator,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  349,  Calciferous  Gr. 
indianense,  Hall,  1860,   13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.     Nat.     Hist.,     p.     107,     Kinder- 
hook  Gr. 
infrlix,   Billings,   1866,    Catal.   Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  57,  Clinton  Gr. 
inoptatum,   Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.  vol.  5, 

p.  267,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
iowense  n.  sp.  Devonian.    Proposed  in- 
stead of  O.  undulatum  in  Rep.  on  Min. 

Lands,  p.  69,  pi.  12,  fig.  6,  which  name 

was  preoccupied. 
irregulare,    McChesney,    1861,    New    Pal. 

Foss.,  Niagara  Gr.    The  name  was  pre- 
occupied.   See  0.  woodworthi. 
isogramma,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  172,  Coal  Meas. 
jaculum.  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

266,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
jamesi,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal. 

vol.  2,  p.  118,  Clinton  Gr. 
jolietense,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  256,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  505,  Niagara  Gr. 
junceum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

204,  Trenton  Gr. 
kickapooense,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  Acad. 

Sci.  St.  Louis,  vol.  1,  p.  197,  Up.  Per- 
mian Gr. 
kingi,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Snr.  40th 

Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  47,  Devonian, 
knoxense,   McChesney,    1860,    New    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  69,  Coal.  Meas. 
Iseve,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y. 

The  name  was  preoccupied  by  Fleming 

in  1825.    See  O.  sublaeve. 
lamarcki,    Billings,  1859,  Can.   Nat.   and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  362,  Calciferous  Gr. 
lamellosum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  312,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
laphami,    McChesney,    1861,    New    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  91,  Niagara  Gr. 
laqueatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  13,  Calciferous  to  Trenton  Gr. 
laqueatum  var.  a,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  206,  Trenton  Gr. 
laqueatum,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.     The 

name  was  preoccupied.    See  O.  Hartt- 

anum. 
lasallense,  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  7,  p.  324,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 

p.  149,  Coal  Meas. 
lathropanum,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  33,  p.  357, 

Marshall  Gr. 
latiannulatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  204,  Trenton  Gr. 
leander,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

309,  Chemung  Gr. 
lima,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  303, 

Ham.  Gr. 


lineolatum,   McChesney,    1861,    New    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.   93,   Niagara  Gr.     The    name 

was  preoccupied  by  Phillips  in  1841. 
linteum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

277,  Ham.  Gr. 
longicameratum,  Hall,   1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  343,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
loxias,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  416,  Low.  Sil. 
luxum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss. 

pi.  35,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

244,  Schoharie  grit, 
lyelli,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  320,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
magnisulcatum,    Billings,    1857,    Rep.    of 

Progr.   Geo.    Sur.    Can.,    p.    330,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
marcellense,   Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  147,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  278,  Ham.  Gr. 
marginale,   Owen,    1840,   Rep.    on    Min. 

Lands,  p.  70,  Up.  Magnesian  Gr. 
maro,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  4,  p.  461,  Chazy  Gr. 
marshallense,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.,    2d  series,  vol.  33,  p.   356,   Mar- 
shall Gr. 
masculum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  238,  Schoharie  grit, 
medium,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

254,  Schoharie  grit, 
medon,    Billings,    1866,   Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  57,  Clinton  Gr. 
medullare,  Hall,  1860,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  4,  Niagara  Gr. 
meeki,  S.  A.  Mil- , 

ler,    1875,    Gin. 

Quar.      Jonr. 

Sci.,   vol.   2,   p. 

126,  Hud.  Riv. 

Gr. 
menelaus,   Bill- 

ings,  1862,  Pal. 

Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

26,   Black   Riv. 

Gr. 
mephisto,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  29,  Genesee  Shale, 
michiganense,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed. 

Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  308,  Marshall  Gr.  in 

the  southern   part  of   Michigan.     Pro- 
posed   instead     of     0.     multicinctum, 

Winchell,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phil., 

Sept.,  1862,  p.  421. 
minganense,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  319,  Chazv  and  Black 

Riv.  Grs. 
missisquoi,  see  Cyrtoceras  missisquoi. 


FIG.  753.— Orthoceras 
meeki. 


FIG.  574.— Orthoceras  mohri. 

mohri,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Gin.  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  124,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


450 


CEPHALOPODA. 


[ORT. 


molestum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  35,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  265,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

moniliforme,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  35,  Chazy  Gr. 

moniliforme,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1.  The  name  was  pre- 
occupied. See  O.  swallovanum. 

montrealense,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  363,  Calcifer- 
ous Gr. 

multicameratum,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo. 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  382,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  45,  Birdseye  Gr. 
multicinctum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  76,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  263,  Schoharie  grit. 
multicinctum,  Winchell,  1862.     The  name 

was  preoccupied.     See  O.  michiganense. 
multilineatum,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  397,  Trenton  Gr. 
multiseptum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  14,  Medina  Gr. 

murrayi,    Billings,    1857,    Rep    of    Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  332,  Black  Riv.  and 

Trenton  Grs. 
niagarense,  Hall,   1867,   20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  416,  Niagara  Gr. 
nobile,    Meek    &   Worthen,    1865,   Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  256,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
nodocostum,  McChesney,  1861,  New  Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  94,  Niagara  Gr. 
novamexicanum,     Marcou,    1858,    Geol. 

North   America,  p.  44,  Subcarbonifer- 

ous. 
nummularium,  (?)  1839,  Murch.  Sil.  Sys., 

p.  632,  Up.  Sil. 
nuntium.    Hall,    1862,    15th    Rep.  N.   Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  79,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  299,  Ham.  Gr. 
oberon,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.   Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  82,  Niagara  Gr. 
occidentale,    Swallow,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.   201,  Coal 

Meas.,  Permian  Gr. 
occidentak,   Winchell,    1862.    This    name 

was  preoccupied.    See  O.  vinchellanuin. 
oedipus,  Hall,   1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

294,  Ham.  Gr. 
okawense,  Worthen,  1883,   Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  7,  p.  324,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 

p.  149,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
olorus,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal.  Foss., 

p.  245,  Trenton  Gr.    Proposed  instead 

of  O.  vertebrale,  Hall,  1847.  which  was 

preoccupied, 
ommaneyi,  Salter,  1852,  in  Sutherland's 

Jour.,  vol.  2,  Devonian, 
oneidense,    Walcott,    1879,    Trans.    Alb. 

Inst.,  vol.  x,  p.  22,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
Ontario,  Clarke,   1885,    Bull.    U.  S.   Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  51,  Chemung  Gr. 
oppletum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  248,  Scboharie  grit, 
ordinatum,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  350,  Calciferous  Gr. 
ortoni,  Meek,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  330,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

155,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr, 


orus,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p. 
245,  Niagara  Gr.      Proposed   instead  of 

0,  columnare,    Hall,  1860,   which  was 
preoccupied. 

ottawense,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  331,  Black  Riv.  and 

Trenton  Grs. 
ozarkense,    Shumard,     1863,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  107,  Calcif- 
erous Gr. 
pacator,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

307,  Portage  Gr. 
palmatum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  312,  Chemung  Gr. 
pauciseptum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  346,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pelops,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  73,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  2,  p.  233,  Schoharie  grit, 
pelops  var.    ohioense,  Hall,  1876,  Illust. 

Devonian  Foss.,  pi.  36,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  236,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
perannulatum,     Billings,     1857,    Rep.     of 

Progr.   Geo.   Sur.   Can.,   p.    319.    This 

name  was  preoccupied  by   Portlock  in 

1843.    See  O.  crocus, 
perelegans,  Salter,  1848,  Mem.  Geo.  Sur. 

Gr.  Brit.,  vol.  2,  p.  354,  Hum.  Gr. 
perparvum,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  27,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

perseus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  313,  Quebec  Gr. 
persiphonatum,    Billings,    1857,   Rep.    of 

Prog.  Geo.   Sur.   Can.,  p.  329,  Mid.  Sil. 

If    the    genus    Huronia   is    valid,  this 

species  will  belong  to  it. 
perstriatum,   Hall,   1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  346,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
perstrictum,  Dawson,  1868.     The  name  was 

preoccupied  by  Barrande.    See  O.  daw- 

sonanum. 
pertextum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  314,  Chemung  Gr. 
pertinax,    Billings,  1860,    Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  75,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
pervicax,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

257,  Schoharie  grit, 
pileolum,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  58,  Medina  Gr. 
piscator,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  251,  Quebec  Gr. 
piso,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

168,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
planoconvexuuj,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Wis.,  p.  47,  and   Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p. 

228,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
prayum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

255,  Schoharie  grit. 
pressum,  Rogers,  1868,  Bigsby,  Thesaurus 

Siluricus,  p.  180.     Not  defined, 
priamus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  253,  Quebec  Gr. 
primigenium,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Geo.  Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  36,  and    Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

13,  Calciferous  Gr. 
procerum,    Hall,    1876,    Illust.  Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  35,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  249,  Schoharie  grit. 


CRT.] 


CEPHAL  OPODA. 


451 


profundum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  76,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
propinquum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.   Sur.   Can,,   p.  320.     Preoccupied. 

See  O.  fulgur. 
punctostriatum,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  154,  Up.  Sil. 
pustulosum,    Winchell,   1866,   Rep.  Low. 

Peninsula  Mich.,  p.  97,  Ham.  Gr. 
pylades,   Billings,  1866,   Catal.  Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  84,  Niagara  Gr. 
python,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  335,  Trenton  Gr. 
randolpherise,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  38,  Kaskaskia 

Gr.     Proposed  instead  of  O.  annulato- 

costatum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  which  was 

preoccupied. 

rapax,  see  Endoceras  rapax. 
raptor,    Billings,  1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  57,  Medina  Gr. 
recedens,    Barrande,    1869,    Sys.    Sil.   de 

Boh.,  4me  ser.,  p.  viii,  pi.  433,  Quebec  Gr. 
rectiannulatum,   Hall,    1847,    Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  34,  Chazy  and  Birdseye  Grs. 
recticameratum,   Hall,    1847,   Pal.   N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  46,  Birdseye  Gr. 
rectum,   Worthen,    1875,    Geo.    Sur.  111., 

vol.  6,  p.  504,  Niagara  Gr. 
remus,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  85,  Niagara  Gr. 
repens,   Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  312,  Quebec  Gr. 
reticulatum,  Phillips,    1836,  Geol.    York., 

Chemung   Gr.      Not  clearly   identified 

in  this  country, 
rigidum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

344,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
robustum,    Winchell,     1862,    Am.    Jour. 

Sci.,    2d    ser.,    vol.    33,    p.    356,    Mar- 
shall Gr. 

robustum,  Hall,  1876.    The  name  was  pre- 
occupied.    See  O.  eriense. 
rotulatum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  334,  Niagara  Gr. 
rude,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  346, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 
rudens,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  28,  Ham.  Gr. 
rudicula,    Hall,    1876,   lllust.     Devonian 

Foss.,  pi.  37,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

2,  p.  268,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
rushense,    McChesney,    1860,   New.   Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  68,   and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5, 

p.  612,  Coal  Meas. 
sayi,  Billings,   1865,    Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

315,  Quebec  Gr. 
scammoni,    McChesney,  1861,    New    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  92,  Niagara  Gr. 
sceptrum,  Beecher,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

7,  p.  26,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
scintilla,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

293,  Ham.  Gr. 
sedgwicki,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.   of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  320,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
eelwyni,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  161,  Guelph  Gr. 
servile,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  l,p. 

252,  Quebec  Gr. 


shumardi,   Billings,   1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  460,  Chazy  Gr. 
sicinus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

301,  Marcellus  Shale, 
sieboldi,    Billings,    1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,    p.    23,    Hud.    Riv.   and   Anti- 

costi  Grs. 
simpsoni,   Billings,  1859,  Rep.   of   Progr. 

Assiniboine    and     Saskatchewan     Ex. 

Exp.,  p.  186,  Silurian, 
simulator,    Hall,    1876,  28th    Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  179,  Niagara  Gr. 
sirpus,  Hall,  1879,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

269,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
sociale,    Hall,    1877,    1st    Ed.    Am.    Pal. 

Foss.,  p.  245,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.    Proposed 

instead   of    O.    gregarium,    Hall,    1861, 

which  was  preoccupied, 
sordidum,  Billings,    1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  363,  Calciferous  Gr. 
spissiseptum,    Dwight,    1884,    Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  3d.  ser.,  vol.  27,  p.  256, 

Calciferous  Gr. 
spissum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

287,  Ham.  Gr. 
stebos,    Clarke,    1885,   Bull.   U.  S.    Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  29,  Genesee  Shale, 
striatum,  (?)  Sowerby,  1812,  Min.  Conch., 

vol.  1,  p.  129,  Devonian, 
striselineatum,    McChesney,    1861,    New 

Pal.  Foss.,  p.  94,  Niagara  Gr. 
strigatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  205,  Trenton  Gr. 
strix,   Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  149,  Niagara  Gr. 
stylus,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal.  Foss., 

p.  245,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

253,  Schoharie  grit.     Proposed  instead 

of  O.  baculum,  Hall,   1862,  which  was 

preoccupied. 
subarcuatum,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  34.  Preoccupied  by  Portlock  in  1843. 

See  O.  clintoni. 
subbaculum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  256,  Niagara  Gr. 
subcancellatum,   Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am. 

Pal.    Foss.,    p.  245,   Niagara  Gr.     Pro- 
posed instead  of  O.  cancellatum,  Hall, 

1852,  which  was  preoccupied, 
sublaeve,    D'Orbigny,  1850,   Prodrome  de 

Pal.,   t.    1,   p.    28,   Onondaga  Gr.     Pro- 
posed  instead  of   O.  Iseve,  Hall,   1843, 

which  was  preoccupied, 
subtextile,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  344,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
subulatum,    Hall,    1843,    4th    Dist.   Geo. 

Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  180,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  283,  Marcellus  Shale, 
swallovanum,   S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed. 

Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  808,  Coal  Measures 

in  the  Valley  of  Verdigris  in  Kansas. 

Proposed   instead   of    O.    moniliforme, 

Swallow,  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 

vol.  1,  p.  200,  which  was  preoccupied 

by  Hall, 
tantalus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

241,  Schoharie  grit, 
telatnon,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

291,  Hani.  Gr. 


452 


CEPHAL  OPODA. 


[PET. — PHR. 


tenere,  Hall,  1879.  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

285,  Ham.  Gr. 

tenerum,    Billings,    I860,    Can.   Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  174,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
tenui-annulatum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  345,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tenuiseptum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  35,  Chazy  Gr. 
teretiforme,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  198,  Trenton  Gr. 
tersum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

286,  Ham.  Gr. 

tetricum,    Hall,   1862,   15th   Rep.    N.   Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  45,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p.  251,  Schobarie  grit, 
textile,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

199,  Trenton  Gr. 
textum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N,  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

285,  Ham.  Gr. 
thestor,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

302,  Marcellus  shales, 
thoas.  Hall,  1862,   15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.    Hist.,  p.  75,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  2,  p.  61,  Schoharie  grit, 
thyestes,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

306,  Portage  Gr. 
tityrus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  316,  Quebec  Gr. 
transversum,  S.  A.  Miller,  1875,  Gin.  Quar. 

Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  129,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  755. — Orthoceras  transversum. 


trentonense,  see  Cyrtoceras  trentonense. 

turbidum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  100,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

typus,  Saemann,  as  identified  by  Hall, 
1876,  Illust.  Devonian  Foss.,  is  O.  mar- 
cellense. 

undulatum,  Owen,  1840,  Rep.  on  Min. 
Lands,  Niagara  Gr.  The  name  was  pre- 
occupied by  Sowerby  in  1812.  See  0. 
iowense. 

undulostriatum,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  202,  Trenton  Gr. 

unionense,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  505,  Niagara  Gr. 

varro,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  84,  Niagara  Gr. 

varum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
259,  Schoharie  grit. 

vaslator,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
243,  Schoharie  grit.  Correct  in  the  in- 
dex, but  printed  0.  obliquum,  on  page  243. 

velox,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
173,  Chazy  Gr. 

vertebrate,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
201.  Preoccupied  by  Schlotheim  in  1820, 
and  by  Eichwald  in  1840.  See  O.  olorus. 

veterator,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.1, 
p.  350,  Calciferous  Gr. 

viator,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
270,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


vinchellanum,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed. 
Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  308,  Marshall  Gr.  in 
Southern  Michigan.  Proposed  instead 
of  O.  occidentale,  Winchell,  1862,  Arn. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  33,  p. 
356,  which  was  preoccupied  by  Swallow. 

vindobonense,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol., 
p.  311,  Carboniferous. 

virgatum,  Sowerby,  1839,  Murch.  Sil.  Sys., 
p.  632,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  291, 
Niagara  Gr. 

virgulatum,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  96,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 

vittatum,  Sandberger.     Not  American. 

vulgatum,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  337,  Trenton  Gr. 

warrenense  n.  sp.,  Chemung  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  0.  cochleatum,  Hall, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  308,  pi.  cxiii,  fig. 
19,  which  name  was  preoccupied. 

wauwatosense,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  66,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  297,  Niagara  Gr. 

whitii,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  22,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

winchelli,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  257,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  512,  Ham.  Gr. 

woodworthi,  McChesney,  1865,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  53,  Niagara  Gr.  Proposed  in- 
stead of  O.  irregulare,  which  was  preoc- 
cupied. 

xerxes,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  l,p. 
316,  Quebec  Gr. 

xiphias,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  318,  Trenton  Gr. 

zeus,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  p. 

235,  Schoharie  grit. 

PETALICHNUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  221.  [Ety.  pe- 
talos,  spread  out ;  ichnos,  traok.]  A  wide 
trail  composed  of  numerous  trans- 
versely elongated  depressions  arranged 
without  order.  Type  P.  multipartitus. 

multipartitus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  222  Utica 
Slate  Gr. 

PHRAGMOCERAS,  Broderip,  1839,  Murch.  Sil. 
Syst.,  p.  621.  [Ety.  phragmos,  partition ; 
keras,  horn.]  Shell  short,  arched,  com- 
'  pressed,  more 
or  less  conical ; 
sides  of  the 
mouth  lapping 
toward  each 
other ;  septa 
simple,  crossed 
by  the  sig- 
moidal  lines  of 
growth  jsiphun- 
cle  on  the  in- 
ternal edge,  di- 
late  between 
the  septa.  Type 
P.  arcuatum.  

byronense,  Wor- FIG.  756.  —  Phragmoceras 
then,  1875  hector.  Cast  of  Interior. 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  506,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 


POL.— SOI,.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


453 


ellipticum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  152,  Niagara  Gr. 
expansum,  Winchell,    1863,   Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  23,  Kinderbook  Gr. 
hector,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

163,  Guelph  Gr. 
hoyi,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 

Wis.,  p.  86,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  300, 

Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  757.— Phragmoceras  hector.    Side  view. 

hoyi    var.  compressum,  Whitfield,  1878, 
Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  82,  and 
Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  301,  Niagara  Gr. 
labiatum,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  86,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  302,  Niagara  Gr. 
nestor,  Hall,  1867,  20th   Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  405,  Niagara  Gr. 
nestor  var.  canadense,   Whiteaves,  1884, 

Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  3,  p.  39,  Guelph  Gr. 
parvum,   Hall    &  Whitfield,    1875,    Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  151,  Niagara  Gr. 
prsematurum,    Billings,    1866,    Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  173,  Black  Riv.  and 
Trenton   Grs.    Type  of  Hyatt's  genus 

Mselnoceras. 
spinosum,  see   Gyroceras 

spinosum. 

walshi,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
1866,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  257,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p. 
511,  Ham.  Gr. 
PILOCERAS,  Salter,  1859, 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.  15,  p.  376.  [Ety. 
pilos,  a  cap ;  &mis,horn.] 
Broad,  conical,  slightly 
curved,  subcylindrical 
or  compressed;  siph un- 
cle and  septa  combined 
as  a  series  of  conical, 
concave  septa,  which 
fit  into  each  other 
sheathwise.  Type  P. 
invaginatum. 
ainplum,  Dawson,  1881,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  10, 
p.  1,  Calciferous  Gr. 


FIG.    758.  —  Pilo- 
ceras  wortheni. 


canadense,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  171,  Calciferous  Gr. 

explanator,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  323,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 

gracile,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  257,  Quebec  Gr. 

triton,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
257,  Quebec  Gr. 

wortheni,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  256,  Quebec  Gr. 

Polycronites  haani,  Troost,  1840,  5th  Geo. 
Rep.  Tenn.,  Devonian.  Not  clearly 
defined,  but  probably  a  Gyroceras. 
PTERONAUTILUS,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  of  Up.  Mo., 
p.  64.  [Ety.  pteron,  wing;  Nautilus,  a 
genus.]  Shell  with  the  involute  body 
portion  comparatively  very  small,  and 
globular  in  form,  scarcely  umbilicate ; 
outer  chamber  very  large,  and  deflected 
from  the  involute  body,  its  inner  or 
ventral  side  being  widely  open,  and  the 
lateral  margins  greatly  dilated,  so  as  to 
form  a  very  large,  wing-like  expansion 
on  each  side.  Type  P.  seebacbanus. 

seebachanus,  Geinitz,  (Nautilus  seebach- 
anus,) Garb,  und  Dyas,  p.  43,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

S^RICHNITES,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  73.  The  author  supposed  the 
tracks  might  have  been  made  by  a  spe- 
cies of  Cephalopoda.  They  consist  of 
two  parallel  rows  of  semicircular  or 
subquadrate  pits ;  each  pit  is  about  one- 
half  inch  in  diameter,  and  separated 
from  the  succeeding  one  by  about  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch.  Type  S.  abruptus. 

abruptus,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  73,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
Sidemina  infundibuliforme,   Castelnau,  1843, 
Syst.  Sil.,  p.  33.    Probably  the  fragment 
of  an  Endoceras. 

SOLENOCHILUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  20,  p.  47. 
[Ety.  mien,  a  channel ;  cheiJos,  a  lip.] 
Nautiloid  in  form,  with  small  siphuncle 
in  contact,  or  nearly  in  contact,  with 
the  outer  shell ;  margins  of  the  lip  near 
the  umbilicus,  terminating  in  spout- 
like  auricles.  Type  S.  collectum. 


FIG.  759.— Solenochilusavonense. 

avonense,  Dawson,  1868,  (Nautilus  avon- 
ensis,)  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  311,  Carbonif- 
erous. 


454 


CEPHAL  OPODA. 


[SPI. — TRE. 


capax,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Crypto- 
ceras  capax,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  262,  and  Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  6, 
p.  532,  Coal  Meas. 

collectum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  48,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  544,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

indianense,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  150,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

leidyi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Nautilus 
leidyi,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
262,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  524, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

springeri,  White  &  St.  John,  1868,  (Nau- 
tilus springeri,)  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  124,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
Spirula,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An.  sans  Vert. 

mortoni,  Troost,  1840,  5th  Geo.  Rep.  Tenn., 

Niagara  Gr.  Not  clearly  denned. 
STREPTOCBRAS,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil. 
Foss.  Antic.,  p.  88.  [Ety.  streptos,  t\\  isted ; 
keras,  horn.]  Having  the  general  lorm 
of  Oncoceras,  but  with  a  trilobed  aper- 
ture resembling  Phragmoceras.  Type 
S.  janus. 

heros,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  89,  Niagara  Gr. 

janus,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  88,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  760.— Aperture  of  Streptoceras  janus. 

TEMNOCHILUS,  McCoy,  1844,  Synop.  Garb. 
Foss.  Ireland,  p.  20.  [Ety.  temno,  I  di- 
vide; cheilos,  lip.]  Nautiloid  in  form, 
and  characterized  by  a  broad,  deep, 
open  umbilicus,  showing  all  the  volu- 
tions, with  the  outer  side  of  the  volu- 
tions broad  or  flattened,  and  the  middle 
of  each  lateral  margin  prominently  angu- 
lar;  the  angle  being  sometimes  nodose, 
while  the  transverse  diameter  of  the 
volutions  is  always  greater  than  the 
dorso-ventral ;  siphuncle  between  the 
middle  and  the  outer  side  of  the  whorls. 
Type  T.  biangulatus. 

coxanum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  50,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  543,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

latnm,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  49,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  608,  Coal  Meas. 


niotense,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  260,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  523,  Keokuk  Gr. 
Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Edaphoceras. 


FIG.  761. — Temnochilus  coxanum. 

peramplum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865, 
(Endolobus  peramplus,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  259,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

scottense,  Worthen,  (in  press.)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  151,  Warsaw  Gr. 

spectabile,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Nau- 
tilus spectabilis, )  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  469,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  308,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

winslowi,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  50,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  609,  Coal  Meas. 
TERATICHNUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  221.  [Ety. 
leras,  a  wonder ;  ichnos,  track.]  A  track 
supposed  to  have  been  made  by  a 
cephalopod,  and  consisting  of  numer- 
ous elongated,  more  or  less  bifurcated 
impressions.  Type  T.  confertus. 

confertus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  voL  2,  p.  221,  Utica 
Slate  Gr. 

TRACHOMATICHNUS,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  219. 
[Ety.  trachoma,  that  which  is  made 
rough;  ichnos,  track.]  A  track  sup- 
posed to  have  been  made  by  a  cephal- 
opod and  consisting  of  numerous  sim- 
ple or  compound  impressions  arranged 
in  two  series.  Type  T.  numerosus. 

cincinnatiensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  220, 
Utica  Slate  Gr. 

numerosus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  219, 
Utica  Slate  Gr. 

permultus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  220,  Utica 
Slate  Gr. 

TREMATOCERAS,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  205.  [Ety.  trema, 


TSO.] 


CEPHALOPODA. 


455 


hole;  keras,  horn.]  Shell  straight,  ob- 
conical,  like  Orthroceras  as  to  tube, 
septa,  and  sipb uncle  ;  characterized  by 
a  line  of  elongated,  raised  tubercles 
along  one  side  of  the  shell,  which  at  one 
stage  of  growth  formed  perforations, 
which  were  closed  as  the  animal  ex- 
tended the  shell.  Type  T.  ohioense. 

ohioense,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  206,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
TREMATODISCDS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  147.  [Ety. 
trema,  hole ;  diskos,  quoit.]  Discoid, 
wide,  shallow,  umbilicus,  perforated  in 
the  middle,  showing  all  the  whorls ; 
whorls  slender,  merely  in  contact  pos- 
sessed of  revolving  angles,  grooves,  or 
stride;  siphuncle  central  or  subcentral 
on  the  dorsal  side.  Type  T.  stygialis. 
The  name  having  been  used  in  1860  by 
Haeckel  for  Radiolaria,  Hyatt  proposed 
Trematoceras. 

altidorsalis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  429,  Marshall  Gr. 

digpnus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Nau- 
tilus digonus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p. 
470,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  163, 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

discoidalis,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  33,  2d  series,  p.  360,  Mar. 
shall  Gr. 

konincki,  Wetherby,  1881,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  79,  Waverly  Gr. 


FIG.  762.—  Trematodiscus  konincki. 

meekanus,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  33,  p.  -360,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 

planidorsalis,  Winchell,  1862.  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  33,  p.  358,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 

rockymontanus,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  312,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

striatulus,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  33,  p.  358,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 

strigatus,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  426,  Marshall  Gr. 


sulcatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  274,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

trigonus,  Winchell,  1862,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
2d  series,  vol.  33,  p.  358,  Marshall  Gr. 

trisulcatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  470,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  162,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
TROCHOCERAS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  335.  [Ety.  trochos,  hoop ;  keras,  horn.] 
This  name  was  proposed  by  Barrande 
at  about  the  same  time.  Turbinate  or 
trochiform,  spire  elevated,  more  or  less 
ventricose ;  umbilicated ;  aperture 
rounded  or  round  oval ;  volutions  above 
the  outer  one  septate ;  siphuncle  sub- 
marginal  or  dorsal.  Type  T.  gebhardi. 

teneas,    Hall,  1870,   Rev.   Ed.   20th   Rep.» 
N.  Y.   Mus.   Nat.  Hist.   Expl.,   pi.  25, 
Niagara  Gr. 

6am,  see  Gyroceras  baeri. 

barrandii,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  398,  Schoharie  grit. 

biton,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  395, 
Schoharie  grit. 

clio,  Hall,  1861,  14th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  108,  Schoharie  grit.  Type 
of  Hyatt's  genus  Sphyradoceras. 

costatum,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  of  Wis., 
Niagara  Gr. 

desplainense,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  68,  Niagara  Gr. 

discoideum,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  64,  and  Illust.  De- 
von. Foss.,  pi.  59,  Schoharie  grit. 

eugenium,  Hall,  1861,  14th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  108,  Schoharie  grit. 
Type  of  Hyatt's  genus  Naedoceras. 

expansum,  Hall,  1879,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  402,  Schoharie  grit. 

gebhardi,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  335,  Coralline  Gr. 

incipiens,  Barrande,  1869,  Syst.  Sil.  de 
Boh.,  4me  ser.,  Quebec  Gr. 

notum,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  403,  Niagara  Gr. 

obliquatum,  Hall,  1876,  Illust.  Devonian 
Foss.,  pi.  48,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

orion,  Hall,  1876,  (Cyrtoceras  orion,)  Il- 
lust. Devonian  Foss.,  pi.  48,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

pandion,  Hall, 
1876,  Illust.  De- 
vonian Foss., 
3l.  48,  and  Pal. 
f.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
2,  p.  400,  Scho- 
harie grit. 

pandum,  Hall, 
1879,  Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  403, 
Schoharie  grit. 

turbinatum,  Hall, 
1852,  Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  2,  p.  336, 
Coralline  Gr. 

waldronense,  FlG- 763.-Trochoceras wal- 
Hall,  1876,28th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  179,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 


If: 


456 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA, 


[TRO. 


TBOCHOLITES,  Conrad,  1838,  Ann.  Geo. 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  119.  [Ety.  trochoa,  hoop  ; 
litfios,  stone.] 
Discoidal  vo- 
lutions in  the 
same  plane, 
about  four, 
rounded, 
slightly  con- 
cave on  the 
ventral  side, 
gradually 
e  nlargi  ng 
toward  the 
aperture; 
septa  direct; 


FiG.764.-Trocholites 
ammonias. 

siph  uncle 

ventral.    Type  T.  ammonius. 
ammonius,  Conrad,  1838,  Ann.  Geo.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  119,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
192,  Trenton,  Utica,  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
circularis,  Miller  &  Dyer,   1878,  Cont.  to 
Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  9,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


minusculus,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont.  to 
Pal.  No.  2,  p.  9,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 


FIG.  765.— Trocholites  circularis. 


planorbiformis,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  274,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  310,  Utica  and  Hud. 
Riv.  Grs. 


CLASS    LAMELLIBRANCHIATA 

[Ety.  lamella,  a  thin  plate ;  branchiee,  gills.] 


THE  Lamellibranchiata,  Blainville,  or  Conchifera,  Lamarck,  have  bivalve 
shells,  abound  in  the  rivers  of  North  America,  in  every  ocean,  and  were  common 
in  all  geological  ages,  back  to  early  Silurian  time.  The  river  shells  are  known  by 
the  common  name  of  mussels,  and  nearly  all  belong  to  three  genera,  Unio,  Ano- 
donta,  and  Margaritana.  All  known  Palaeozoic  shells  of  this  class  inhabited  salt 
water.  The  animals  have  a  bilobed  mantle,  the  sides  of  which  secrete  a  calcareous 
shell  having  two  valves,  which  are  attached  by  some  kind  of  a  hinge.  The  hinge 
frequently  has  teeth  on  one  valve  that  fit  in  cavities  on  the  other.  The  valves 
being  on  each  side  of  the  animal,  one  is  a  right  valve  and  the  other  a  left  valve. 
In  most  genera  the  valves  are  equal,  and  the  animals  lived  in  an  erect  position, 
resting  on  the  edge  of  the  shell  opposite  to  the  hinge,  and,  when  moving,  plowed 
a  furrow  in  the  sand  or  mud  by  the  extension  of  a  tongue-like  foot.  In  some 
genera  one  valve  is  much  larger  than  the  other,  and  the  shell  lies  on  the  larger 
valve,  and  adheres  to  some  foreign  object,  as  is  the  case  with  the  common  oyster; 
in  other  instances  the  locomotion  is  by  suddenly  opening  and  closing  the  valves, 
which  causes  the  shell  to  dart  through  the  water,  first  in  one  direction  and  then  an- 
other, as  the  Pecten  does.  Some  genera  have  a  byssus  by  which  they  are  attached 
to  submarine  bodies.  Each  valve  commences  to  grow  at  the  apex  or  beak,  which 
is  also  called  the  umbo.  The  umbones  are  almost  always  directed  toward  the  ante- 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.  457 

rior  side  of  the  shell,  and  sometimes  project  as  far  as  the  anterior  margin.  The 
length  of  a  shell  is  the  distance  from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  side ;  the  width 
is  measured  from  the  hinge  or  dorsal  side  to  the  base ;  the  thickness  is  measured 
through  the  center  of  the  two  valves.  The  surface  of  the  shells  is  generally  marked 
with  ribs,  radiating  from  the  umbones,  or  concentric  lines  marking  the  growth  of 
the  shell  from  the  umbones.  A  depression,  anterior  to  the  beak,  is  called  a  lunule, 
and  when  a  depression  exists  posterior  to  the  beak,  it  is  called  an  escutcheon. 
Many  shells  have  an  external  hinge  ligament  behind  the  umbones;  some  have  a 
ligament  between  the  uinbones.  When  the  valves  are  connected  internally  by  a 
single  muscle,  the  contraction  of  which  brings  the  valves  together,  they  belong  to  the 
Order  Monomyaria ;  if  there  are  two  equally  developed  contracting  mussels,  they 
belong  to  the  Dimyaria ;  or  if  there  are  two  muscles,  one  large  and  functionally  act- 
ive, the  other  small,  they  belong  to  the  Heteromyaria.  These  contracting  muscles 
are  called  the  adductors,  and  their  places  of  attachment  are  indicated  by  scars.  The 
border  of  the  mantle  makes  an  impression,  which  is  called  the  pallial  line,  and  if 
there  is  a  sinus  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  pallial  line,  it  shows  the  animal  had  a  re- 
tractile siphon,  which,  in  burrowing  shells,  is  often  of  great  length.  The  Class  has 
also  been  divided  into  two  Orders,  based  on  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  siphon, 
to  wit :  Asiphonida,  Asiphonata,  or  Asiphonophora,  and  Siphonida,  Siphonata,  or 
Siphonophora.  Each  Order  is  spelled  three  different  ways  by  different  authors. 
Shells  having  a  siphon  are  always  gaping  at  the  posterior  or  anterior  side  or  at  both. 
It  will  be  observed  from  the  foregoing,  the  essential  characters  upon  which  Pal- 
aeozoic shells  are  classified  are  the  following :  Equality  or  inequality  of  the  valves ; 
the  presence  or  absence  of  an  external  ligament;  the  number  of  muscular  scars; 
the  character  of  the  hinge  and  its  dentition  ;  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  pallial 
sinus ;  the  position  of  the  umbones ;  the  radiate  or  concentric  surface  markings ; 
whether  the  valves  fit  each  other  or  are  gaping  at  one  or  both  ends ;  and  the  pres- 
ence or  absence  of  a  byssal  sinus. 

ORDER  ASIPHONIDA. 

Ambonychiidse.  Amphicffiliidse,  Anodontopsidse,  Arcidse,  Aviculidse,  Aviculo- 
pectenidse,  Cytherodontidse,  Modiomorphiclse,  Mytilidse,  Nuculidse,  Nyassidse,  Ortho- 
notidae,  Ostreidse,  Palseoconchidse,  Pinnidse,  Prothyriclse,  Pteriniidse,  Technophoridse, 
Trigoniidse,  Unionidse. 

ORDER  SIPHONIDA. 

Cardiidse  Cardiomorphidse,  Conocardiidse,  Cyprinidse,  Eopteriidse,  Grammysiidse, 
Lucinidse,  Myacidse,  Palseanatinidse,  Pholadellidse,  Sanguinolitidse,  Solenidse,  Spiro- 
domidse,  Tellinidse. 

FAMILY    AMBONYCHIID^. — Ambonychia,     Angellum,    Anomalodonta,     Bys- 

sopteria. 

FAMILY  AMPHICCELIID^E. — Amphiccelia. 
FAMILY  ANODONTOPSIDSE. — Anodontopsis,  Cycloconcha. 
FAMILY  ARCHIE. — Carbonarca,   Clinopistha,   Macrodon,  Megalomus,  Ptycho- 

desma. 


458  LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 

FAMILY  AVICULID.E. — Actinodesma,  Avlcula,  Aviculopinna,  Bakevellia,  Ecte- 

nodesma,  Glyptodesraa,  Inoceraiaus,   Liopteria,  Leptodesma,  Limoptera, 

Monopteria,  Monotis,  Palseopinna,  Posidonomya,  Pseudomonotis,  Pteroni- 

tella,  Pteronites. 
FAMILY  AVICULOPECTENID^E. — Aviculopecten,   Crenipecten,  Euchondria,  Ly- 

riopecten,  Pernopecten,  Pterinopecten,  Streblopteria. 
FAMILY  CARDIID^E. — Cardiola,  Cardiopsis,  Cardium,  Dexiobia,  Glyptocardia, 

Lunulicardium,  Palreocardia,  Panenka,  Paracardium,  Pararca. 
FAMILY   CARDIOMORPHHXE. — Cardiomorpha,     Edmondia,    Euthydesma,    Pro- 

tomya. 

FAMILY  CH^NOCARDIIDJE.  — Chsenocardia. 
FAMILY  CONOCARDIID^E. — Conocardium. 
FAMILY  CYPRINID^E. — Astartella,  Cardinia,  Clidophorus,  Cypricardia,  Cypri- 

cardites,  Matheria,  Pleurophorus,  Vanuxemia. 
FAMILY  CYTHERODONTID.E. — Cytherodon,  Lyrodesma,  Schizodus. 
FAMILY  EOPTERIID^E. — Eopteria,  Euchasma. 
FAMILY  GRAMMYSIID.E. — Allorisma,  Chsenomya,  Cuneamya,  Grammysia,  Lep- 

todomus,  Sedgwickia. 
FAMILY  LUCINID^E. — Paracylas. 
FAMILY  MODIOMORPHIDJE. — Amnigeuia,  Cypricardella,  Elymella,  Goniophora, 

Glossites,  Modiomorpha. 
FAMILY  MYACID.E. — Anthracomya. 
FAMILY   MYTILID^E. — Anthracoptera,   Gosselettia,    Lithophaga,    Megambonia, 

Modiella,     Modiolopsis,     Myalina,     Mytilarca,     Mytilops,     Plethomytilus, 

Pyanomya. 
FAMILY  NUCULID^E. — Nucula,  Nuculana,  Nuculites,  Palseoneilo,  Pyrenomceus, 

Solenomya,  Tellinomya,  Yoldia. 
FAMILY  NYASSID^E. — Nyassa. 
FAMILY  ORTHONOTID^E. — Orthodesma,    Orthonota,  Orthonotella,    Palaeosolen, 

Sphenolium. 

FAMILY  OSTREID^E. — Ostrea,  Placunopsis. 
FAMILY  PAL^EANATINID^:. — Ilionia,  Palseanatina,  Prorhynchus. 
FAMILY  PAL^EOCONCHID^E. — Pataoconcha. 
FAMILY  PHOLADELLID^. — Ciraitaria,  Pholadella,  Phthonia. 
FAMILY  PINNID^E. — Pinna. 
FAMILY  PROTHYRID^E. — Prothyris. 

FAMILY  PTERINIID^E. — Actinopteria,  Pterinea,  Ptychopteria,  Vertumnia. 
FAMILY  ^ANGUINOLITID^. — Cypricardinia,  Promacrus,  Spathella,  Sphenotus, 

Sanguinolites. 

FAMILY  SOLENID^E. — Solenopsis. 
FAMILY  SPIRODOMID^E. — Spirodomus. 
FAMILY  TECHNOPHORID^E. — Technophorus. 
FAMILY  TELLINIDA:. — Tellinopsis. 
FAMILY  TRIGONIID^;. — Dolabra,  ?  Ischyrinia.  ? 
FAMILY  UNIONIZE. — Anthracosia,  Prisconaia. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


FIG.  766.— Ac tinopteria 
boydi.    Right  valve. 


Actinodeama    subrectans,    see     Glyptodesma 

subrectum. 

ACTINOPTERIA,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  explanation  of  plate  17,  fig.  6. 
LEty.  aktin,  a  ray ;  Pteria,  a  genus.] 
In  the  text  published  in  1884,  pt.  1,  p. 
107,  he  wrote  the  word  Actinopteria, 
which  indicates  he  derived  the  name 
from  the  genus  Pteria.  Distinguished 
from  Pterinea  by  strong  cardinal  and 
lateral  teeth,  and  no  striations on  the  liga- 
mental  area ;  right  valve  convex.  The 
first  species  mentioned  on  page  3,  where 
the  genus  is  de- 
fined, is  A.  de- 
cussata,  but  the 
first  one  men- 
tioned on  page 
107  of  the  text 
is  A.  eximia. 
No  type  is  des- 
ignated. 

auriculata,   Hall, 
1884,  Pal.  N.Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  121,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 
boydi,  Conrad, 

1842,  (Avicula 
boydi,)  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  vol.  8,  p. 
237,     and    Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
113,  Ham.  Gr. 

decussata,     Hall, 

1843,  (Avicula 

no 
.  .     T^.  boydi.    Left   valve. 

Geo.  4th   Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  203,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

Ill,  Ham.  Gr. 
delta,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  121, 

Chemung  Gr. 

doris,  Hall,  1884.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  109, 
~     Marcellus  Shale. 
*  epsilon,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  122,  Chemung  Gr. 
eta,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5.  pt.  1,  p. 

124,  Chemung  Gr. 
eximia,  Hall,  1883,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  107,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
iota,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  127,  Chemung  Gr. 
kappa,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  128,  Chemung  Gr. 
muricata,  Hall,  1843,  (Avicula  muricata,) 

Geo.  Sur.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,p.  181,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  108,  Marcellus  Shale. 
perobliqua,  Conrad,  1842,  (Avicula  pero- 

bliqua,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol. 

8,  p.  235,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  116, 

Ham.  Gr. 
perstrialis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  118,  Chemung  Gr. 
pleuroptera,  Conrad,  1842,  (Avicula  pleu- 

roptera,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 

p.  242,  Ham.  Gr. 
pusilla,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  117,  Ham.  Gr. 
subdecussata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  110,  Ham.  Gr. 


tenuistriata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  120,  Chemung  Gr. 

theta,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 
p.  125,  Chemung  Gr. 

zeta,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  123,  Chemung  Gr. 

ALLORisMA.King,  1844,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist, 
vol.  14,  p.  315.  [Ety .  allos, variable ;  ereisma, 
support,  expressive  of  the  variable  na- 
ture of  the  cartilage  support  or  fulcrum.] 
Equivalve,  inequilateral,  elongate,  thin  ; 
anterior  side  short ;  posterior  long  and 
gaping  at  the  extremity;  beaks  ante- 
rior, depressed;  surface  concentrically 
ridged  or  undulated ;  hinge  edentulous ; 
ligament  external;  dorsal  margin  in- 
flected, forming  a  lanceolate  depression 
along  the  cardinal  border  behind  the 
beaks;  anterior  adductor  scar  occupy- 
ing a  low  position ;  pallial  line  faintly 
marked.  Type  A.  sulcatum. 

altiroitratum,  see  Sedgwickia  altirostrata. 

andrewsi,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  222,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

antiquum,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  95,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

capax,  Newberry,  1861,  Ives'  Col.  Ex. 
Exped.,  p.  120,  Coal  Meas. 

clavatum,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  56,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

cooperi,  see  Chrenomya  cooperi. 

costatum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  171,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  585,  Coal  Meas. 

cuneatum,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  210,  Mid.  Coal 
Meas. 

curtum,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  194,  Permian  Gr. 

elegans,  King,  as  identified  by  Geinitz. 
See  A,  geinitzi. 

elongatum,  Morton,  1836,  (Pholadomya 
elongata,)  Am,  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol. 
29,  p.  153,  Coal  Meas. 

elongatum,  Worthen,  see  A.  worthenanum. 

ensiforme,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  656,  Coal.  Meas. 

geinitzi,  Meek,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 
44,  2d  ser.,  p.  170,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  5,  p.  586,  Coal  Meas. 

gilberti,  White,  1879,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  5,  No.  2,  p.  217,  and  Cont.  to 
Pal.,  No.  6,  p.  137,  Carboniferous. 

granosum,  Shumard,  1858,  (Leptodomus 
granosus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  207,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.  p.  220, 
Coal  Meas. 

hannibalense,  see  Grammysia  hannibal- 
ensis. 

hybridum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Chse- 
nomya  hybrida,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  250,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3, 
p.  538,  Keokuk  Gr. 

illinoisense,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  11,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  132,  Keokuk  Gr. 

lanceolatum,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  194,  Per- 
mian Gr. 


460 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[AMB. 


latum,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  210,  Mid.  Coal 
Meas. 

kavcnworthense,  see  Chsenomya  leaven- 
worthensis. 


FIG.  768. — Allorisma  subcuneatum. 

marionense,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  31,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.-  8,  p. 
167,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

maxvillense,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  222,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
minnehaha,  see  Chsenomya  minnehaha. 
pleuropistha,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  70,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  309,  Waverly  Gr. 
reflexum,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  217 

Coal  Meas. 

sinuatum,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  56,  Chester  Gr. 

subcuneatum, 
Meek  &  Hayden, 
1858,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
263,  and  Pal.  E. 
Neb.,  p.  221,  Coal 
Meas. 

subelegans,  Meek, 
1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb., 
p.  220,  Coal  Meas. 
terminale,  Hall, 
1852,  Stans.  Ex. 
to  Gt.  Salt  Lake, 
p.  41 3,  Coal  Meas. 
ventricosum,  Meek, 
1871,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
168,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
312,  Waverly  Gr. 
winchelli,  Meek, 
1871,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
167,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
311,  Waverly  Gr. 
worthenanum,n.sp. 
KeokukGr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of 
A.  elongatum  in 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  133,  which  was 
preoccupied. 

AMBONYCHIA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  163.  [Ety.  ambon,  the  boss  of  a 
shield;  onyx,  a  claw  or  talon.]  Equi- 
v&lve,  inequilateral,  subalate  poste- 


Fio.  769.— Allorisma 
subcuneatum. 


riorly,  abrupt  or  curving  down  ante- 
riorly ;  umbones  high  ;  beak  incurved  , 
cardinal  line  oblique;  sinuate  on  the 
anterior  side  for  the  passage  of  the 
byssus;  muscular  impression  large; 
cardinal  tooth  below  the  beak 
anteriorly ;  two  or  three  remote 
lateral  teeth,  elongated  and 
ranging  parallel  with  the  car- 
dinal line  posteriorly ;  surface 
radiately  furrowed  and  con- 
centrically lined.  Type  A.  bel- 
listriata. 

acutirostra,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  383, 
Niagara  Gr. 

alata,  see  Anomalodonta  alata. 
amygdalina,     see     Cypricardites 

amygdalinus. 

aphtea,  Hall,  1867, 20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  383,  Niagara  Gr. 
attenuata,  Hall,    1861,   Geo.    Rep.    Wis., 
p.   33,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,   p.   206, 
Trenton  Gr. 
bellistriata,     Hall, 
1847,    Pal.   N.    Y., 
vol.1,  p.  163,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

cancellosa,  Hall,  1861, 
Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 
p.  31.  Mistake  for 
A.  lamellosa. 
carinata,  Goldfuss, 
1826,  (  Pterin  ea 
carinata,)  Germ. 
Petref.,  p.  136,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  FIG.  770.— Ambonychia 
292,  294,  Trenton  bellistriata.  h,  Byssal 
orwl  TJ,^  -R;,T  fi-  sinus;  t,  cardinal 


teeth ;     «,    lateral 


and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

casii,  Meek  &  Wor-    teeth, 
then,    1866,    Proc. 
Chi.    Acad.     Nat,     Sci.,    p.    22,    Kud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

costata,  Meek,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 
130,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

erecta,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  32, 
Trenton  Gr. 

illinoisensis,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Rep. 
111.,  vol.  6,  p.  495,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

intermedia,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  306,  Galena  Gr. 

jamesi,  Meek,  1872,  (Megambonia  jamesi,) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  321,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  136,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

lamellosa,  Hall.  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 
31,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  205,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

maxima,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.  Not 
defined. 

mytiloides,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  315,  Chazy  Gr. 

neglecta,  see  Amphiccelia  neglecta. 

nitida,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  50,  Anticosti  Gr. 

oblusa,  see  Cypricardites  obtusus. 

orbicularis,  Emmons,  1842,  (Pterinea  or- 
bicularis,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  397, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  164,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 


AMN.— ANA.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


4611 


planistriata,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 
p.  32,  Trenton  Gr. 

radiata,  Hall,  1847, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  292,  Trenton, 
Hud.  Riv.  Grs., 
and  Mid.  Sil.  Prob- 
ably a  syn.  for  A. 
carinata. 

rauchi,    McChesney, 
1860,    New     Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  89,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr.     Not  rec- 
FIG.  771.— Ambonychia          ognized. 

radiata.  retrorsa,  S.  A.  Miller, 

1878,    Jour.    Gin. 

Soc.   Nat.   Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  104,   Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

robusta,  S  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  3,  p.  315,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
strisecosta,  see  Pterinea  strisecosta. 
superba,   Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  50,  Anticosti  Gr. 
swanana,  Safford,  1869,  Geo.  of  Tenn.  Not 

defined. 

undata,  Emmons,  1842,  (Pterinea  undata,) 
Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  395,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  165,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton 
Grs.  Possibly  belonging  to  an  unde- 
fined genus. 


large  triangular  cartilage  pit  beneath- 
the  beaks,  and  smaller  pit  just  anterior.. 
Type  A.  leidyi. 


FIG.  773.— Amphiccelia  costata. 

costata,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,. 

vol.  2,  p.  140,  Niagara  Gr. 
leidyi,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,,  p.  387,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  772.— Amnigenia  catskillensis. 


AMNIGENIA,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5. 
[Ety.  amnis,  a  river ;  gigno,  to  bear.] 
Like  Anodpnta  in  form  and  external 
characters;  anterior  muscular  impres- 
sions large  and  prominent;  posterior 
ones  large  and  shallow.  Type  A.  cats- 
killensis. 

catskillensis,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Cypricar- 
dites  catskillensis,)  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  186,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
516,  Catskill  Gr. 

AMPHICCKLIA,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  386.  [Ety.  amphi, 
both  ;  koilos,  hollow.]  Equivalve,  ine- 
quilateral, subrhomboidal ;  umbones 
gibbous;  beaks  elevated  and  incurved  ; 
external  ligamental  area  flattened ; 


neglecta,     McChesney,     1861,      (Ambo- 
cta,) 

and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  358,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
Amphidesma  delnfieldi,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst. 


iphidesma  delnfieldi, 
Sil.,  p.  44.     Not  r< 


nychia    neglecta,)    Pal.    Foss.,    p.    88, 
111.,  vol.  3,  ] 

ii,  Castelnau 
j  p.  44.  JN  ot  recogn i zed . 
Anatina,  Lamarck,  1809,  Phil.  Zool."*[F,ty. 
pertaining  to  the  duck,  or  like  the 
duck's  bill.]  Oblong,  ventricose,  atten- 
uated, and  gaping  posteriorly :  umbones. 
fissured ;  spoon-shaped  cardinal  process 
in  each  valve.  Type  A.  rostrata.  Not 
a  Palaeozoic  genus. 

leda,   Hall,   1860,  13th  Rep.   N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  110,  Ham.  Gr.     Not  prop- 
erly defined. 
sinuata,  see  Ilionia  sinuata. 


462 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[ANG. — ANT. 


FIG.  774.— Angellura 
cuneatum. 


ANGELLUM,  S.  A.  Miller,  1878,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  105.  [Ety. 
aggos,  a  pail;  ellus, 
diminutive.]  Equi- 
valve,  hanging 
down;  um  bones 
prominent ;  beaks 
incurved,  winged 
posteriorly ;  c  o  n  - 
centrically  lined. 
Type  A.  cuneatum. 
cuneatum,  S.  A.  Mil- 
ler, 1878,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  vol. 
1,  p.  106,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

ANODONTOPSIS,  McCoy,  1851,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  series,  vol.  7,  p.  54.  [Ety. 
from  the  resemblance  to  the  shells  of 
the  genus  Anodonta.]  Equivalve,  ine- 
quilateral, compressed;  rotundato- 
quadrate  or  subtrigonal ;  posterior  side 
wide,  round,  or  obliquely  subtruncate ; 
anterior  end  slightly  contracted  in  front 
of  the  beak ;  beaks  small,  prominent 
nearer  the  anterior  than  posterior  end  ; 
hinge-line  shorter  than  the  length  of 
the  shell,  with  a  posterior  long,  slender, 
lateral  tooth  extending  just  below  it 
(double  in  the  right  valve),  and  another 
similar  but  shorter  one  in  front  of  the 
beaks ;  anterior  and  posterior  muscular 
impressions  ovate ;  slight  clavicular  ridge 
between  the  beak  and  the  adductor  im- 
pressions ;  pallial  impression  entire ; 
surface  smooth  or  concentrically  lined. 
Type  A.  angustifrons.  Part  of  the  gen- 
eric definition  is  from  A.  milleri,  as  the 
interior  of  the  type  is  not  known, 
amygdaliformis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr. 
TJ.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  180,  Devonian. 
«oncinna,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
3,  p.  12,  Guelph  Gr. 


ridge  to  the  termination  of  the  poste- 
rior wing,  and  also  from   the    cardinal 


FIG.  775.— Anodoutopsis  milleri. 

(?)  milleri,  Meek,  1871,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d 
series,  vol.  2,  p.  297,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  140,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
unionoidea,  see  Modiolopsis  unionoides. 
ventricosa,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

2,  p.  55,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  Devo- 
nian. 

ANOMALODONTA,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874.  Gin. 
Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  16.  [Ety. 
anomalos,  irregular;  odous,  tooth.]  Equi- 
valve, inequilateral,  alate  posteriorly, 
abrupt  anteriorly ;  umbones  high ; 
beak  incurved ;  deeply  sinuate  for  the 
bysaus;  cardinal  ridge  beneath  the 
umbone  sloping  posteriorly;  cartilage 
grooves  extending  from  the  cardinal 


FIG.  776.— Anomalodonta  gigantea. 
Hinge-line  of  right  valve. 

ridge  to  the  byssal  sinus; 
nnterior  muscular  scar  be- 
low the  byssal  sinus ;  sur- 
face radiately  furrowed 
and  concentrically  lined. 
Type  A.  gigantea. 
alata,  Meek,  1872,  (Ambo- 

nychia    alata,)    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  319,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

131,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  777.— Anomalodonta  gigantea.    Lfft  valve, 
showing  hinge-line  and  muscular  impression. 

gigantea,  8.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Gin. 
Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  17,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

ANTHKACOMYA,  Salter,  1861,  Mem.  Geo.  Sur. 
Gr.  Brit.  Iron  Ores,  pt.  3,  p.  229.  [Ety. 
anthrax,  coal ;  Mya,  a  genus.]  Equi- 
valve, inequilateral,  mytiliform ;  liga- 
ment external ;  beak  anterior ;  hinge- 
line  straight ;  no  teeth ;  surface 
concentrically  marked;  shell  composed 
of  an  internal,  lamellar,  and  subnacre- 
ous  layer,  a  thin  layer  of  vertical  pris- 
matic shell,  and  an  epidermis;  struc- 
ture similar  to  the  Unionidse.  Type  A. 
elongata. 


ANT. — AVI.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


463 


angulata,  Dawson,  1860,  (Naiadites  angu- 
latus,)  Acadian  Geology,  p.  205,  Coal 
Meas. 


FIG.  779.  —  Anthraco- 
mya elougata. 


FIG.  778.— Anomalodonta  gigantea,  external 
surface. 


arenacea,  Dawson,  1860,  (Naiadites  are- 
naceus,)  Acadian  Geology,  p.  205,  Coal 
Meas. 

carbonaria,  Dawson,  1860,  (Naiadites  car- 
bonarius,)  Acadian  Geology,  p.  204,  Coal 
Meas. 

elongata,  Dawson,  1860,  (Naiadites  elon- 
gatus,)  Acadian  Ge- 
ology, p.  20-1,  Coal 
Meas. 

Ifevis,  Dawson,  1860, 
(Naiadites    laevis,) 
Acadian    Geology, 
p.  204,  Coal  Meas. 
o  b  t  u  s  a ,      Dawson, 
186Q,  (Naiadites  ob- 
tusus, )    Acadian 
Geology,     p.     205, 
Coal  Meas. 
ovalis,  Dawson,  1860,   (Naiadites  ovalis,) 

Acadian  Geology,  p.  205,  Coal  Meas. 
ANTHRACOPTERA,  Salter,  1862,  Mem.  Geo. 
Sur.  Country  Around  Wigan,  p.  37. 
[Ety.  anthrax,  coal ;  pteron,  a  wing.] 
Shells  small,  aviculoid ;  height  greater 
than  width ;  valves  subequal,  wing 
short,  hinge  straight ;  surface  concen- 
trically marked. 

carbonaria,  see  Anthracomya  carbonaria. 
(?)   fragilis,     Meek     &    Wortben,     1866, 
Proc.     Chi.    Acad.    Sci.,    p.    18,    Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 

lievis,  see  Anthracomya  Itevis. 
polita,    White,    1880,    12th    Rep.    U.    S. 

Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  166,  Coal  Meas. 
ANTHRACOSIA,  King,  1844,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  313.  [Ety.  anthrax,  coal.] 
Equi valve,  inequilateral;  tooth  in  each 
valve  below  the  umbo ;  crown  of  tooth 
of  right  valve  excavated  anteriorly 
and  ridged  posteriorly ;  crown  of 
tooth  of  left  valve  ridged  anteriorly 
and  sloped  posteriorly ;  furrow  in 
hinge-plate,  between  umbone  and  tooth; 
scars  of  anterior  pedal  muscles  above 
the  anterior  adductor  impressions. 
Type  A.  beanana. 


bradorica,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

314,  Carb. 
Area,  Linne,  1758.    This 

genus  is  unknown  in 

the  Palaeozoic  rocks. 
carbonaria,   Cox.      See    FIG.  780.— Anthra- 

Macrodon     carbona-       cosia  bradorica. 

rius. 
cutpidata,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  209,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

Founded  on  a  cast.    Genus  unknown. 
modesta,    Winchell,     1863,     Proc.     Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  15,  Marshall  Gr.    Not  an 

Area. 
striata,  Schlotheim,  as  identified  by  Gein- 

itz,  is  Macrodon  tenuistriatus. 
punctifera,    Dawson,    1868,    Acad    Geol., 

Carb.    The  name  was  preoccupied  by 

Deshayes  in  his  work,  1824-1836. 
Astarte,  Sowerby,  1818,  Min.  Conch.,  vol.  2, 

p.  85.    Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 
mortonensis,  see  Edmondia  mortonensis. 
nebraskensis,  see  Edmondia  nebraskensis. 
subtextilis,  see  Euthydesma  subtextile. 
ASTARTELLA,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 

715.     [Ety.      diminutive      of     Astarte.'] 

Shell  thick,   smooth,  or  concentrically 

furrowed ;  lunule  impressed  ,  ligament 

external;    hinge   teeth,    two    in    each 

valve;  anterior  tooth    in    right    valve 

large  and  strong,   with  a  longitudinal 

pit  in  the  summit.     Type  A.  vera. 
concentrica,  McChesney,  1860,  (Edmondia 

concentrica,)   Descr.  New  Pal.  Foss.,  p. 

55,  Coal  Meas. 
gurleyi,  White,  1878,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  35,  and  Cont.  to  Pal.,  No.  8,  p.  166, 

Coal  Meas. 
newberryi,  Meek,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  340,  Coal  Meas. 
varica,  McChesney,  1860,  Descr.  New  Pal. 


)ss.,  p.  55,  Coal  Meas'. 


vera,  Mall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  715, 

Coal  Meas. 

AVICULA,  Klein,  1753,  Ostrac.  [Ety.  avicula, 
a  little  bird.]  Very  inequivalve,  in- 
equilateral, obliquely  oval;  hinge  pro- 
duced posteriorly  into  a  flattened  de- 
fined wing;  the  inferior  or  right  valve 
flattened,  notched  for  the  passage  of 
the  byssus;  anterior  muscular  im- 
pression very  small  and  faintly  marked ; 
adductor  large,  superficial,  a  little  be- 
hind the  middle;  cartilage  external, 
linear,  simple,  placed  on  a  narrow 
marginal  facet,  extending  from  the 
beak  toward  the  cardinal  angle ;  hinge 
edentulous,  or  with  two  small  car- 
dinal teeth  beneath  the  beak  in  one 
valve,  and  one  in  the  other,  and  a 
long,  slender,  posterior  bifid  lateral 
tooth  in  each ;  substance  corneo-cal- 
careous,  lamellar  without,  pearly  within. 
Type  A.  hirundo.  Not  a  Palaeozoic  ge- 
nus. Species  are  left  here  for  want  of 
better  material  to  determine  their  gen- 
eric relations. 

acanthoptera,   Hall,   1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  263,  Chemung  Gr. 


464 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[AVI. 


acosta,  Cox,  1857.  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3, 
p.  572,  Coal  Meas.  The  correct  ety- 
mology would  make  this  word  incotta. 

sequilatera.  see  Aviculopecten  aequilaterus. 

aquiradiata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  285,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


3,  p. 


Fio.  781.— Avicula  hirundo. 
tesopus,   Conrad,    1842,   Jour.  Acad.  Nat- 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  238,  Ham.  Gr. 
angustirostra,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  236,  Ham.  Gr. 
antiqua,  see  Bakevellia  antiqua. 
arenaria.     Not  American. 
aviformis,  see  Pterinea  aviformis. 
bella,  see  Aviculopecten  bellus. 
bellula,   Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol 

289,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
boydi,  see  Actinopteria  boydi. 
cancellata,  see  Pterinea  cancellata. 
cfitmungensis,  see  Liopteria  chemungensis. 
chemungcnsis,  see  Pterinea  chemungensis. 
circulus,  see  Entolium  circulus. 
communis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  286,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
cooperensis  see  Pernopecten  cooperensis. 
corntgata,  see  Pterinea  corrugata. 
cruciformis,  see  Glyptodesma  cruciforme. 
damnoniensix,    Sowerby,   as   identified   in 

the  early  N.  Y.  Eeports.    See  Liopteria 

chemungensis. 

decusmta,  see  Actinopteria  decuseata. 
demissa,  see  Pterinea  demissa. 
desquamata,  Hall,  1847.     The  dorsal  valve 

of  Obolella  crassa. 
elliptica,  see  Pterinea  elliptica. 
emacerata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  241,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  83 

and  282,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 
erecta,  see  Glyptodesma  erectum. 
ferruginea,  Conrad,  1848,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  23,  Up.  Sil. 
flabella,  see  Pterinea  flabellum. 
fragilis,  see  Lunulicardium  fragile, 
gebhardi,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  54,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
hermione,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  40,  Trenton  Gr. 
honeymani,  see  Pterinea  honeymani. 
insuetc,  see  Pterinea  inpueta. 
laevis,  see  Liopteria  hi'vis. 
leptanoto,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th    Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  76,  syn.  for  A.  ernacerata. 
limiformis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  332,  Coralline  limestone, 
longa,   Geinitz,    1866,    (Gervillia    longa,) 

Carb.  und  Dyas  in  Neb.,  p.  32,  and  Pal. 

E.  Neb.,p.  199,  Coal  Meas. 
longispina,  see  Leptodesma  longispinum. 
magna,  Swallow,    1863,  Trans.   St.    Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  98,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
man ticula,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  241,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  284,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


rnorganensis,    Meek    &     Wort  hen,    1866, 

(Pteria  morganensis,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  259,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5r 

p.  576,  Coal  Meas. 
multilineata,    Conrad,    1842,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  241,  Chemung  Gr. 
muricata,  see  Actinopteria  muricata. 
naviformis,    Conrad,    1842,    Jour.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  240,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  279,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
obliquata,  Hall,   1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  285,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
oblonga,  see  Aviculopecten  oblongus. 
obscura,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

280,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
orbicularis,  Stevens,  1858,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  25,  2d  ser.,  Coal  Meas.     The  name 

was  preoccupied  by  Sowerby  in  1839. 
orbiculata,  Hall,  1843,  see  Lyriopecten  or- 

biculatus. 
orbiculata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  284,  Niagara  Gr. 
parilif,  see  Aviculopecten  parilis. 
pauciradiata,  Hall,    1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  287,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pectiniformis,    see   Aviculopecten   pectini- 

formie. 

perobliqua,  see  Actinopteria  perobliqua. 
pinniformis,  Geinitz,  1848,  (Solon  pinnae- 

forinis,)    Versteinerungen     d.    deutsch 

Zechsteingebirg,  p.  8,  and  Carb.  und  Dya& 

in  Neb.,  p.  31,  Coal  Meas. 
pleuroptera,  see  Actinopteria  pleuroptera. 
protexta,  see  Leptodesma  protextum. 
quadrula,  syn.  for  Actinopteria  boydi. 
rectilaleraria,    see    Aviculopecten    rectila- 

terarius. 
recticosta,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y..  vol.  3, 

p.  466,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
rhomboidea,  Hall,  1852,  Pal  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  84,  Clinton  Gr. 
rugosa,  see  Pterinea  rugosa. 
schoharije.  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  283,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
securiformis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  331,  Coralline  limestone. 
securiformis.  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  290.    This  name  was  preoccupied, 
semielliptica,  Shumard,    1858,    Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  210,  Up.  Coal 

Meas. 
shawneensis,    Shuraard,   1858,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  211,  Up.  Coal 

Meas. 

shumardi,  see  Entolium  shumardi. 
signata,  s^e  Aviculopecten  signatus. 
speciosa,  see  Panenka  speciosa. 
spinigera,  see  Leptodesma  spinigerum. 
spinnlifera,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  282,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
subaBquilatera,  Hall,  1S59.  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  281,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
subfalcata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  242,  Ham.  Gr. 
subplana,  Hall,    1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  283,  Niagara  Gr. 
subquadrans,  Conrad,    1842,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  236,  Devonian. 
subrecta,  see  Aviculopecten  subrectus. 


AVI.] 


LAMELLIBRANCH1A  TA. 


465 


subrugosa,  D'Orbigny,  1850,  Prodr.  d.  Pal- 
eont,  t.  1,  p.  33.  Syn.  for  Pterinea 
rugosa. 

tenuilamellata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  281,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

textilis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
288,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

textilis  var.  arenaria,  Hall,  1859,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  465,  Oriskany  Gr. 

trentonensis,  see  Pterinea  trentonensis. 

tricostala,  see  Lyriopecten  tricostatus. 

trilobata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  240,  Ham.  Gr. 

triplistriata,  Stevens,  1858,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  25,  p.  265.  Coal  Meas. 

triquetra,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p. 
137,  Onondaga  Gr. 

tuberculata,  Conrad,  1838,  Ann.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  117,  Corniferous  Gr. 

umbonata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.3, 
p.  284,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

undata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
283,  Niagara  Gr. 

undosa,  Ringueberg,  1886,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  18,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

welchi,  James,  1874,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  239,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

whitii,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  8,  Marshall  Gr. 
AVICULOPECTEN,  McCoy,  1851,  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist,  2dser.,  vol.  7,  p.  171.  [Ety. 
from  the  genera  Avicula  and  Pecten.'] 
Inequivalve,  inequilateral ;  straight  or 
slightly  extended  obliquely  toward  the 
posterior  side  ;  anterior  ear  flattened, 
smaller  than  the  posterior,  sharply  and 
deeply  defined,  with  a  notch  in  the 
right  valve  between  it  and  the  body  of 
the  shell  for  the  passage  of  the  byssus  ; 
posterior  ear  pointed,  extending  about 
as  far  as  the  margin  of  the  shell,  de- 
nned or  not;  ligament  confined  to  a 
narrow  facet  along  the  hinge  margin, 
or  having  a  wider  cardinal  area  with 
cartilage  furrows  ;  no  medial  cartilage 
pit;  muscular  impression  and  pallia! 
scar  as  in  Pecten.  Type  A.  docens. 

-acadicus.  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  307, 
Garb.  ' 

acutialatus,  Swallow,  1858,  (Avicula  acu- 
tialata,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  p. 
185,  Permian  Gr. 

.sequilateralis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  1,  p.  19,  Chemung  Gr. 

aequilaterus,  Hall,  1843,  (Avicula  sequila- 
tera,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  181, 
Up.  Held.  Gr.  and  Marcellus  Shale. 

.affinis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  229,  Subcarboniferous. 

amplus.  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  454,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  257,  Keokuk  Gr. 

armigerus,  Conrad,  1835,  (Pecten  armige- 
rus,)  Trans.  Geo.  Soc.  Penn.,  p.  268, 
Coal  Meas. 

foellus,  Conrad,  1841,  (Avicula  bella,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  54,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  35,  Ham.  Gr. 


burlingtonensis,  Meek   &  Worthen  1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  453,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  231,  Burlington  Gr. 
cancellatus,  Hall,    1843,    (Pecten   cancel- 

latus,)    Geo.  Rep.   4th   Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 

264,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  18, 

Chemung  Gr. 
carboniferus,  Stevens,  1858,  (Pecten  car- 

boniferus,)    Am.   Jour.   Sci.  and  Arts, 

vol.  25,  p.  261,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  193, 

Coal  Meas. 
caroli,    Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  9,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  29,  Waverly  Gr. 
catactus,  Meek,   1877,   U.  S.   Geo.  Expl. 

40th  parallel,  vol.   4,    p.  93,   Carbonif- 
erous, 
celsus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.5,  pt.  1, 

p.  23,  Chemung  Gr. 
chesterensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  20,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  115,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
cleon,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  6,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
clevelandicus,     Swallow,     1858,     (Pecten 

clevelandicus,)  Trans.    St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  184,  Permian  Gr. 
colletti,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  21, and  Geo.Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  119,  Keokuk  Gr. 
coloradoensis,  Newberry,  1861,  Ives'  Col. 

Ex.  Exped.,  p.  129,  Coal  Meas. 
convexus,  Hall,  1843,  (Pecten  convexus,) 

Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  265,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.   1,  p.  28,   Cbe- 

mung  Gr. 
cora,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.    Geol.,  p.  307, 

Garb, 
coreyanus,    White,     1874,    Rep.    Invert. 

Foss.,  p.  21,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.   100th 

Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  147,  Coal  Meas. 
coxanus,    Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  453,  and  Geo. 

Sur.    111.,    vol.    2,    p.    326,    Low.    Coal 

Meas. 
crassicostatus,Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872, 24th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  188,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
crenistriatus,    Meek,    1871,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  60,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  295,  Waverly  Gr. 
curticardinalis.  Hall    &    Whitfield,  1877, 

U.  S.  Geo.  Expl.  40th   parallel,   vol.  4, 

p.  273,  Coal  Meas. 
debertanus,  Dawson,   1868,   Acad.   Geol., 

p.  307,  Carboniferous, 
dolabriformis,    Hall,     1843,    (Pecten    (?) 

dolabriformis,)     Geo.    Rep.     4th   Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  265,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  26,  Chemung  Gr. 
duplicatus,  Hall,  1843,  (Pecten  duplicatus,) 

Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  26  J,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  5,  pt.   1,  p.  17,  Che- 
mung Gr. 
edwardsi,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  22,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  119,  Keokuk  Gr. 
ellipticus,  Hall,    1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  25,  Chemung  Gr. 


466 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[AVI. 


elsahensis,  Worthen,   1884.  Bull.   No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  19,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  115,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
eurekensis,  Walcott,   1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  227,  Subcarbonif- 

erous. 
exacutus,  Hall,   1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  8,  Ham.  Gr. 
fasciculatus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  11,  Ham.  Gr. 
formio,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  9,  Ham.  Gr. 
glaber,  see  Pernopecten  glaber. 
gradocostatus,  White,    1862,    Proc.   Bost. 

Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,   vol.   9,   p.    31,    Mar- 
shall Gr. 
haguei,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  226,  Subcarboniferous. 
halli,  Swallow,  1860,  (Aviculahalli,)Trans. 

St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  656,  Coal 

Meas. 


FIG.  782. — Aviculopecten  princeps. 

hardinensis,  Worthen,    (in    press,)    Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  117,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
hertzeri,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  61,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol  2,  p.  330,  Coal  ! 

Meas. 
idas,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  13,  Ham.  Gr. 
ignotus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt, 

1,  p.  33,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
incultus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  30,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
indianensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Chi.   Acad.    Sci.,   vol.    1,   p.    14,    Keo- 
kuk Gr. 
insignis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  34,  Ham.  Gr. 
intercostalis,  Winchell,   1866,  Rep.  Low. 

Peninsula  Mich.,  p.  95,  Ham.  Gr. 
interlineatus,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1860, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  454,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  329,  Low.  Coal 

Meas. 


invalidus,  Hall,  1883,  (Pterinopecten  in- 
validus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt,  l,p.  31r 
Marcellus  Shale. 

iowensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  310,  Marshall  or  Kinder- 
hook  Gr.,  at  Burlington,  Iowa.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  A.  occidentalis  of  Win- 
chell, in  1863,  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phil.,  p.  9,  which  was  preoccupied  by 
Shumard. 
itys,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  20,  Chemung  Gr. 

konincki,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  453,  and  Geo: 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  328,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 

lantus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  14,  Ham.  Gr. 

limaformis,  see  Pernopecten  limiformis. 
lyelli,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  305, 

Garb. 

lyelli  var.  alternans,  Dawson,  1883,  Rep. 
on  Redpath  Mus.,  p.  12, 
Carboniferous, 
maccoyi,  Meek  &  Hay  den, 
1865,  Pal.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  50, 
Permian  Gr. 

macwhorteri,  Worthen,  (in 
press,)  Geo.  .Sur.  111.,  vol. 
8,  p.  118,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
mazonensis,    Worthen,     (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
8,  p.  117,  Coal  Meas. 
menardi,       Worthen,       (in 
press,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
8,  p.  120,  Coal  Meas. 
missouriensis,         Shumard, 
1855,  (Pecten  missourien- 
sis,) Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p.  207, 
St.  Louis  Gr. 

monroensis,  Worthen,  1884, 
Bull.  No.  2,  111.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  21,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  114,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

mucronatus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt,  1,  p.  38, 
Ham.  Gr. 

newarkensis,  Winchell,  1870,  Notices  and 
Desc.  Foss.    from   Marshall    Gr.,    Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  255,  Marshall  Gr. 
niotensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2.  111. 
St.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist,   p.  19,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  113,  Keokuk  Gr. 
nodocostatus,  White   A   Whitfield,   1862, 
Proc.  Bost.   Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p. 
296,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

oblongus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Avic- 
ula  oblonga,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  454,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2, 
p.  258,  Keokuk  Gr. 

occidaneus,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Expl. 
40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  96,  Carbonif- 
erous. 

occidentalis,  Shumard,  1855,  (Pecten  oc- 
cidentalis, Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p.  207,  Car- 
boniferous and  Permian. 
occidentalis,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  9.  This  name  was  preoc- 
cupied. 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


467 


orbiculaltis,  see  Lyriopecten  orbiculatus. 
orestes,  Worthen,  1884,   Bull.   No.  2,  111. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  18,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  8,  p.  112,  Keokuk  Gr. 
orestes,  Hall,  syn.  for  A.  fasciculatus. 
ornatus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  37,  Ham.  Gr. 
oweni,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1860,    Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,   p.  452,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  256,  Keokuk  Gr. 
parilis,   Conrad,    1842,    (Avicula   parilis,) 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  239, 

and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  197,  Cornif.  Gr. 
parvulus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.  Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  274, 

Coal  Meas. 


plenus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  21,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  783.— Avicnlopecten  prlnceps.    Cardinal 
part  showing  ligamental  area. 

princeps,  Conrad,  1838,  ( Monotis^  prin- 
ceps,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  117,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  1,  Ham.  Gr. 


'ia.'.784. — Aviculopecten  varsoviensis. 


patulus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  24,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
pecteuiformis,     Conrad,     1842,    (Avicula 

pecteniformis,)   Jour.  Acad.    Nat.    Sci., 

vol.  8,  p.  240,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  4,  Up.  Held.   Gr.  and    Marcellus 

Shale, 
pellucidus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  455,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  327,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
peroccidens,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  227,  Subcarbonif- 

erous. 
phorcus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  10,  Ham.  Gr. 
pintoensis,  Walcott,  1885,   Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.   8,  p.  228,  Subcarbonif- 


providencensis,  Cox,  1857,  (Pecten  provi- 
dencensis,)  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p,  566. 
Coal  Meas. 

rectilaterarius,  Cox,  1857,  (Avicula  recti- 
lateraria,)  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.  3,  p.  571, 
Coal  Meas. 

repletus,  Hall,  syn.  for  A.  fasciculatus.; 

reticulatus,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.lGeol.',  p. 
306,  Carboniferous. 

ringens,  Swallow,  1858,  \Pecten  ringens,) 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  184,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

rugistrialus,  Hall,  1843,  (Lima  rugsestri- 
ata,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Diet.  N.  Y.,  p.  264, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  15,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

eanduskiensis,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  161,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


468 


LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 


[AVI. — CAR. 


scabridus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  7,  Ham.  Gr. 

signatus,  Hall,  1843,  (Avicula  signata,) 
Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  265,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  29,  Chemung  Gr. 

simplex,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
306,  Carboniferous. 

^spinuliferus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  39,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  116,  Keokuk  Gr. 

squama,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  27,  Chemung  Gr. 

striatus,  Hall,  1843,  (Pecten  striatus,)  Geo. 
Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  264,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  22,  Chemung  Gr. 

.gubcancellatus,  Hall,  1883,  syn.  for  A.  can- 
cellatus. 

subrectus,  Hall,  1852,  (Avicula  subrecta,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  331,  Coralline  lime- 
stone. 

italboti,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  21,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

tenuicostus,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  10,  Marshall  Gr. 

tenuis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.- Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 
p.  39,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 

terminals,  Hall,  1883,  (Pterinopecten  ter- 
rainalis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  32, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

unionensis,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  511,  Corniferous  Gr. 

utahensis,  Meek,  1860,  (Pecten  utahensis,) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  310,  Coal  Meas. 

varsoviensis,  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  321,  Keokuk  Gr. 

weberensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  273, 
Coal  Meas. 

whitii,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  195, 
Coal  Meas. 

williamsi,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  178,  Choteau  limestone. 

winchelli,  see  Crenipecten  Winchelli. 
AVICULOPINNA,  Meek,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  44,  2d  ser.,  p.  282.  [Ety.  the  genera 
Avicula  and  Pinna.]  Compressed,  slen- 
der, elongated,  subtrigonal,  or  nearly  in 
the  form  of  a  Pinna;  beaks  nearly  ob- 
solete, extremely  oblique,  and  slightly 
behind  the  anterior  extremity.  Type 
A.  americana. 

americana,  Meek,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
vol.  44,  2d  ser.,  p.  282,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb., 
p.  197,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  785.— Avlculopinua  americana. 


illinoisensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  13,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  128,  Coal  Meas. 
xinus,  Sowerby,  1821,  Min.  Conch.,  vol.  3. 

[Ety.  axine,  battle-axe.]    This  genus  is 

unknown  in  Palaeozoic  rocks. 


ovatus,  see  Schizodus  ovatus. 

securis,  Shumard,  1859,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  Permian  Gr.  Not  recognized. 
BAKEVELLIA,  King,  1849,  Perm.  Foss.,  p.  166. 
[Ety.  proper  name.]  Shell  aviculiform, 
subequivalve ;  valves  sinuous,  gaping  in 
front  for  the  passage  of  the  byssus ; 
um bones  depressed,  oblique;  surface 
with  concentric  striae;  hinge  with  linear 
anterior  and  posterior  lateral  teeth  par- 
allel to  the  cardinal  margin ;  muscular 
scars  as  in  Pteria ;  cardinal  area  in  both 
valves  ;  two  to  five  cartilage  furrows  in 
each  valve.  Type  B.  antiqua. 

antiqua,  Munster,  1826,  (Avicula  antiqua,) 
Goldfuss  Germ.  Petref.  Not  American. 

illinoisensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  14,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  126,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

parva,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858, 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p. 
78,  and  Pal.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  57, 
Permian  Gr.  PIQ  736 

(?)  pulchra,    Swallow,    1858,     Bakevellia 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,        parva- 
vol.  1,  p.  189,  Permian  Gr. 

sulcata,  Geinitz,  1866,  (Gervillia  sulcata,) 
Garb,  und  Dyas  in  Neb.,  p.  33,  Coal  Meas. 
BYSSOPTERIA,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  4.  [Ety.  byssos,  byssus;  Pteria, 
a  genus.]  Shell  erect,  equivalve,  alate 
posteriorly,  truncate,  with  a  nasute  pro- 
jection in  front;  surface  radiately  fur- 
rowed and  concentrically  lined.  Type 
B.  radiata. 


FIG.  787.— Byssopterla  radiata. 

radiata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  252,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
CARBONARCA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,    p.    39.    [Ety. 


CAR.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


FIG.  788,-Cardinia 
listen. 


carbo,  coal;  Area,  a  genus.]  Inequi- 
valve,  inequilateral,  very  convex,  trans- 
versely oblong  or  oval ;  umbpnes  gib- 
bous, prominent,  strongly  incurved, 
with  subangular  posterior  slopes; 
valves  closed  all  around  with  smooth 
margins;  ligament  external;  cardinal 
margin  arched ;  two  anterior  oblique 
teeth,  and  behind  these  minute  crenu- 
lations,  as  in  Area.  Type  C.  gibbosa. 

gibbosa,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  40,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  531,  Coal  Meas. 

CARDINIA,  Agassiz, 
1838,  in  Societ. 
Basil.  [Ety.  canto, 
the  hinge  of  a 
door.]  Oblong, 
attenuated  poste- 
riorly, com- 
pressed;  ligament 
external ;  cardinal 
teeth  obscure,  lateral,  remote,  promi- 
nent; adductor  impressions  deep;  pal- 
lial  line  simple.  Type  C.  listeri. 

sequimarginalis,  see  Edmondia  aequimar- 
ginalis. 

antigonesensis,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geo., 
p.  304,  Carb. 

complanata,  AVinchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  413,  Portage  Gr. 

concentrica,  see  Sanguinolites  concentricus. 

cordata,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  191,  Permian  Gr. 

(?)  fragilis,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol. 
3,  p.  570,  Coal  Meas. 

occidentals,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  655,  Waverly  or 
Choteau  Gr. 

subangulata,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  192,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

subangulata,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

304.  This  name  was  preoccupied. 
•CARDIOLA,  Broderip, 
1844,  Trans. 
Geo.  Spc.  [Ety. 
k  a  r  d  i  a  ,  the 
heart.]  Oblique- 
ly oval  or  sub- 
circular,  tumid, 
equivalve,  in- 
eq  u  ilateral ; 
beaks  large, 
prominent 


obliquely 
subequal, 


FIG.  789.— Cardiola  in- 
terrupta. 

incurved  anteriorly ;  ends 
subequal,  rounded;  ventral  margin 
convex;  hinge-line  shorter  than  the 
shell,  with  a  flattened  cardinal  area, 
widest  between  the  beaks,  extending 
its  whole  length ;  surface  radiately 
ribbed.  Type  C.  interrupta. 

equilatera,  see  Panenka  equilatera. 

dichotoma,  see  Panenka  dichotoma. 

doris,  see  Paracardium  doris. 

elevata,  see  Panenka  ventricosa. 

erecta,  see  Pararca  erecta. 

iilicostata,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  251,  Subcarboniferous. 


hero,  see  Panenka  hero. 

lincklseni,  see  Panenka  lincklaeni. 

radians,  see  Panenka  radians. 

robusta,  see  Panenka  robusta. 

salteri,  Haughton,  1857,  Jour.  Roy.  Soc. 
Dub.,  vol.  1,  Devonian. 

sao,  see  Pararca  sao. 

speciosa,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y..  vol.  5,  pi. 
70,  fig.  2-9,  and  pi.  80,  fig.  10,  Genesee 
Slate. 

transversa,  see  Pararca  trausversa. 
CARDIOMORPHA,  DeKoninck,  1844,  Anim. 
Foss.  Carb.  Belg.,  p.  101.  [Ety.  kardia, 
heart;  morphe,  form.]  Shell  very  thin, 
equivalve,  inequilateral,  margins  closed, 
oblique,  tumid  ;  beaks  tumid,  produced, 
spirally  inrolled  to  the  anterior  side; 
no  hinge  teeth ;  hinge  margin  inflected 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  form  a  hollow 
lunette,  running  from  the  beak 
nearly  to  the  cardinal  angle ;  two  ad- 
ductor impressions  in  each  valve; 
pallial  scar  simple,  very  faintly  marked  ; 
a  shallow  anterior  depression  beneath 
the  beaks,  but  the  margin  sharp  and 
prominent.  Type  C.  elongata. 


FIG.  790  — Cardiomorpha  cordata. 

archiacana,   DeKoninck,  1843,  Desc.  An. 

Foss.  Belg.,  p.  104,  Carboniferous, 
bellatula,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  92,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

63,  figs.  1-3,  Ham.  Gr. 
capuloides,  Winchell,   1862,  Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  416,  Marshall  Gr. 
concentrica,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pi.  63,  fig.  4,  syn.  for  C.  zonata. 
cordata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

62,  figs.  10-19,  Ham.  Gr. 
donaciformis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pi.  63,  fig.  6,  Ham.  Gr. 
eriopia,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  92,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

63,  figs.  7-8,  Ham.  Gr. 

Julia,  Winchell,   1862,    Proc.   Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  416,  Marshall  Gr. 
kansasensis,    Swallow,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis    Acad.   Sci.,  vql.  1,  p.   191,  Per- 
mian Gr. 
missouriensis,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  207,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  588,  Goal  Meas. 
modiolaris,   Winchell,   1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  416,  Marshall  Gr. 
(?)  obliquata,    Meek,   1872,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  327,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  146,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


470 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[CAR. 


oblonga,  see  Prptomya  oblonga. 

ovate,  see  Dexiobia  ovata, 

parmrostris,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  31,  syn.  for  Dexio- 
bia ovata. 

pellensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  16,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  126,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
*     radiata,  see  Cardiopsis  radiata. 

rhomboidea,  Hall,  see  Cardiomorpha  sub- 
rhomboidea. 

rhomboidea,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  191,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

rotunda,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
63,  figs.  17-20,  refer  figs.  18  and  19  to 
Paracyclas  rotunda,  fig.  17  to  Schizodus 
degener,  and  fig.  20  to  S.  patulus. 

subglobosa,  Meek,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  304,  Waverly  Gr. 

suborbicularis,  Hall,  1843,  (Ungulina  sub- 
orbicularis,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 
p.  244,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  63,  figs. 
9-10,  Portage  Gr. 

subrhomboidea,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  186,  (proposed  instead 
of  Cypricardites  rhomboidea,  in  Geo. 
Rep.  Iowa,  p.  523,  which  was  preoccu- 
pied,) Kinderhook  Gr. 

textilis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
63,  figs.  11-15,  Chemung  Gr. 

triangulata,  Swallow,  1860,  Trans.  St. 
Louia  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  655,  Waverly 
or  Choteau  Gr. 

trigonalis,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  15,  Marshall  Gr. 

undulata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  63,  fig.  16,  Portage  Gr. 

(f )  vetusta,  see  Cypricardites  vetustus. 

vindobonensis,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol., 
p.  304,  Carboniferous. 

zonata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

63,  fig.  5,  Ham.  Gr. 

CARDIOPSIS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1861,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  144.  [Ety. 
kardia,  the  heart;  opsis,  appearance.] 
Equivalve,  somewhat  inequilateral,  ob- 
lique, ovate  or  cordiform,  entirely 
closed;  beaks  elevated,  incurved,  di- 
rected anteriorly ;  cardinal  margin 
short ;  rounding  into  the  posterior  bor- 
der ;  two  anterior  teeth  in  each  valve  ; 
surface  radiated.  Type  C.  radiata. 

crassicostata,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  MUP.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  188, 
Schoharie  grit  and  Corniferous  lime- 
stone. 

crenistriata,  see  Pterinea  crenistriata. 

jejuna,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  417,  Marshall  Gr. 

megambonata,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  417,  Marshall  Gr. 

parmrostrit,  White,  1862,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  9,  p.  31,  syn.  for  Dexi- 
obia ovata. 

radiata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  I860,  (Cardi- 
omorpha radiata,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  458,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Ill,  vol.  2, 
p.  157,  Kinderhook  Gr. 


Cardium,  Linnaeus,  1758,  Syst.  Nat,,  10th  Ed. 
[Ety.  kardia,  the  heart.]  Not  a  Paleo- 
zoic genus. 

iowensis,  see  Cypricardites  iowensis. 

kxingtonensis,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  207,  Mid. 
Coal  Meas. 

nautiloides,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil. 
Seneca  Lake,  N.  Y.  Not  recognized. 

vetudum,  see  Prsecardium  vetustum. 

CH  jEN  OCA  R- 

DIA,  Meek 
&  Wor- 
then,1869, 
Proc. 
Acad.Nat. 
Sci.,  p. 
170.  [Ety. 
chaino,  to 
gape;  kar- 
dia, the 
heart.] 
Ovate  , 
v  e  n  t  r  i- 
cose,  gap- 
ing an- 
teriorly, 
edge  trun- 
ca  t  e  d , 
hinge- 

line  short,  beaks  small,  incurved  ;  sur- 
face concentrically  marked.  Type  C. 
ovata. 

ovata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1869,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  170,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  586,  Coal  Meas. 
CHJENOMYA,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  of  Up.  Mo.,  p. 
42.  [Ety.  chaino,  to  open  or  gape ; 
Mya,  a  genus  of  shells.]  Shell  thin, 
equivalve,  longitudinally  oblong,  sub- 
cylindrical  ;  anterior  side  rounded, 
closed ;  posterior  side  long,  truncated, 
gaping  at  the  extremity  ;  surface  granu- 
lose  and  concentrically  marked ;  cardi- 
nal margin  inflected  as  in  Allorisma  ; 
ligament  external;  hinge  edentulous; 
posterior  muscular  impressions  near 
the  posterior  extremity  of  the  dorsal 
margin ;  scars  of  the  anterior  adductor 
and  pedal  muscles  connected ;  pallial 
line  with  a  broad  shallow  sinus.  Type 
C.  leavenworthensis. 


FIG.  791.— Chsenocardia  ovata. 


Fia.  792.— Chsenomya  maria.    Right  valve. 

cooperi,  Meek  &  Hay  den,  1858,  (Panopaea 
cooperi,)  Trans.  A'lb.  Inst.,  vol.4,  p.  83, 
and  Pal.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  44,  Coal  Meas. 

hybrida,  see  Allorisma  hybridum. 


cu.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


471 


leavenwprthensis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858, 
(Allorisma  leavenworthense,)  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  263,  and  Pal. 
Up.  Mo.,  p.  43,  Coal  Meas. 
maria,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1.  111.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  39,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  319,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

minnehaha,  Swallow, 
1858,  (Allorisma  (?) 
minnehaha,)  Trans. 
St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  194,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5, 
p.  588,  Coal  Meas. 
rhomboidea,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  250,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  540, 
St.  Louis  Gr. 
CIMITARIA,  Hall,  1870, 
Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  66.  [Ety. 
from  resemblance  to 
a  cimiter.]  Equi- 
valve,  transversely 
elongated ;  valves 
depressed,  with  an 
antero-mesial  con- 
striction ;  beaks  in- 
curved ;  cardinal  line 
recurved ;  escutch- 
eon and  lunule ;  liga- 
ment external;  sur- 
face concentrically  lined.  Type  C.  re- 
curva. 
angulata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

468,  Chemung  Gr. 

corrugata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Cypricardites 
corrugatus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 
p.  244,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  77,  figs. 
1-4,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  793  —  Chsenomya 
maria.  Dorsal 
view. 


FIG.  794.—  Cimitaria  recurv; 


elongata,    Conrad,    1841,     (Cypricardites 

elongatus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  51,  and 

Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.    5,    pi.  77,    figs.    5-8, 

Ham.  Gr. 
recurva,  Conrad,  1842,  (Cypricardites  re- 

curvus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 

245,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  77,  figs. 

9-16,  Ham.  Gr. 
CLIDOPHORUS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  300.     [Ety.  kleidos,  a  clavicle  ;  phoros, 

bearing.]      Equi  valve,      inequilateral ; 

hinge  without    teeth    or  crenulations ; 

cast  marked  by  an  oblique  linear  de- 


pression extending  from  the  anterior 
cardinal  margin  toward  the  base,  indi- 
cating the  existence  of  a  clavicle  as  in 
Solecurtus ;  surface  concentrically  lined. 
Type  C.  planulatus. 

chicagoensis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.   Nat.    Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.   314,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 
concentricus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.   Nat.   and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  149,  Low.  Sil. 
concentricus,  Dawson,  1868.    The  name  was 

preoccupied, 
cuneatus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  148,  Low.  Sil. 
ellipticus,    Ulrich,   1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  25,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
elongatus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  150,  Low.  Sil. 
erectus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  5.  p.  149,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  600, 
Up.  Sil. 
erectus,    Dawson,    1868.    The    name    was 

proccupied. 
faberi,  n.  sp.  Shell 
small,  smooth, 
subelliptical  in 
outline,  length 
greater  than 
height ;  anterior 
end  narrower 
than  the  poste-  FIG.  795.-CHdophorus  fa- 
rior  ;  basal  mar-  beri.  Mag.  5  diam. 
gin  a  semi- 
elliptic  curve;  beaks  prominent,  and 
but  little  in  advance  of  the  middle; 
umbonal  slope  rounded,  and  tapering 
to  the  postero-basal  margin  of  the 
shell ;  cardinal  line  gently  curving, 
reaching  the  highest  point  posterior  to 
the  middle  of  the  shell ;  pallial  line  simple 
and  well  denned ;  furrow  deep,  and  ex- 
tending from  immediately  in  front  of 
the  beaks  to  the  pallial  line. 
Distinguished  from  C.  fabula 
by  the  more  prominent 
beaks  and  higher  arch  in 
the  cardinal  line  posterior  to 
the  beaks  and  other  minor 
particulars ;  beside  it  is  gen- 
erally a  larger  shell,  though 
variable  in  size.  Collected 
in  the  upper  part  of  the 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr.,  near  Ver- 
sailles, Indiana,  and  in  Butler 
County,  Ohio. 

fabula,  Hall,  1845,  (Nucula  fab- 
ula,) Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,   vol.   48, 
p.    295,    and    Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  138, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  FIG.  796.— Clidophorus 

macchesneyanus,     syn.    fabula.    Bight   side 

for  Mr>rHnlnnsi<s     and  dorsal  view  of  a 

oiopsis     cast    magnified    10 

recta.  diameters, 

major,   Ulrich,    1879, 

Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  25, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
neglectus,  Hall,  1862,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 

55,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


472 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[CLI. — CON. 


FIG.  797.— Clino- 
pisthaantiqua. 


nuculiformis,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  150,  Up.  Sil. 

planulatus,  Conrad,  1841,  (Nuculites 
planulatus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  48, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  300,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

semiradiatus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  150,  Arisaig  series  of 
Up.  Sil. 

solenoides,  see  Solenopsis  solenoides. 

subovatus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  151,  Arisaig  series  of 
Up.  Sil. 

CLINOPISTHA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  43.  [Ety.  klino, 
I  lean ;  opisthe,  backward.]  Shell  short, 
gibbous,  subquadrate,  beaks  posterior, 
and  muscular  impressions  immediately 
behind  the  beaks;  muscular  impres- 
sions near  the  margins 
of  the  valves ;  ligament 
external.  Type  C.  Isevis. 
insularis,  Walcott,  1885, 
(Dystactella  insularis,) 
Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 
vol.  8,  p.  172,  Devonian, 
antiqua,  Meek,  1871,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  67,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  208,  Corniferous  Gr. 

Isevis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  44,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  584,  Coal  Meas. 

radiata,  Hall,  1858, 
(Edmondia  radiata,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p. 
716,  Coal  Meas. 

subnasuta,  Hall  &Whit- 
field,  1872,   (Tellino- 
my a  subnasuta,)  24th     "^f^^T 
Rep.     N      Y     Mus         '    798-— oiinopis- 
Nat.'  Hist.,    p.  ^192^ 
and    Pal.     N.    Y.,     vol.     5,    p.     512, 
Ham.  Gr. 

telliniformis,  Hall,  1883,  (Dystactella  tel- 
liniformis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  513,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

CONOCAKDIUM,  Bronn,  1835,  Leth.  Geo., 
vol.  1,  p.  92.  [Ety.  konos,  a  cone; 
kardia,  the  heart.]  Equivalve,  very 
inequilateral,  hemifusiform ;  beaks 
prominent,  incurved  close  to  the  an- 
terior end,  which  is  broad,  flattened, 
more  or  less  truncate  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  the  straight  hinge-line,  which 
is  prolonged  as  an  abruptly  contracted, 
slender,  tubular  wing  from  the  dorsal 
part  of  the  anterior  face  ;  body  of  the 
shell  diminishing  conoidally  from  the 
edge  of  the  anterior  face  toward  the 
posterior  end,  which  is  attenuated, 
roundly  and  widely  gaping ;  substance 
of  the  shell  very  thick;,  of  a  minute 
quadrangular  cellular  tissue,  with 
strong  internal  ribs  radiating  from  the 
beak,  and  often  smaller  external  ones, 
strongest  anteriorly.  Type  C.  hiber- 
nicum. 

acadianum,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
304,  Carb. 


sequilaterale,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  16,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mns.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  62,  Warsaw  Gr. 
altum,  Keyes,  1888,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  pi.  xii,figs.  4a,  4b,  Ham.  Gr. 
antiquum,  Owen,  1852,   (Pleurorhynchus 

autiqua,)  Geo.  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Minn., 

pi.  2,  fig.  19,  Silurian, 
attenuatum,  Conrad,    1842,  (Pleurorhyn- 
chus attenuatus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

vol.  8,  p.  252,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
bifarium,  Winchell,  1856,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  95,  Ham.  Gr. 
blumenbachium,   see    Euchasma   blumen- 

bachi. 
bovipedale,  Winchell,   1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  419,  Marshall  Gr. 
carinatum,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.   Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  14,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  59,  Warsaw  Gr. 
catastomum,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  13,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  58,  Warsaw  Gr. 
concinnum,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pi.  68,  figs.  26-27,  Ham.  Gr. 
crassifrons,    Conrad,    1842,    (Pleurorhyn- 
chus crassifrons,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

vol.  8,  p.  252,  Ham.  Gr. 
cuneatum,   Hall.  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  14,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  60,  Warsaw  Gr. 
cuneus,    Conrad,    1840,   (Pleurorhynchus 

cuneus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  206,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  67,  figs.  21-32,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
denticulatum,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pi.  68,  fies.  24-25,  Ham.  Gr. 
eboraceum,   Hall,  1860,  13th   Rep.   N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  91,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  p.  412,  Ham.  Gr. 
elegantulum,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.   Sil. 

Foss.,  Antic.,  p.  53,  Anticosti  Gr. 
emmetense,   Winchell,    1866,   Rep.  Low. 

Peninsula  Mich.,  p.  95,  Ham.  Gr. 
immaturum,    Billings,    1862,    Pal.    Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  41,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
inceptum,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  491,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
liratum,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

68,  figs.  28-29,  Chemung  Gr. 
meekanum,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst, 

vol.  4,  p.  15,  and  Bull.   Am.   Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  61,  Warsaw  Gr. 
napoleonense,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  419,  Marshall  Gr. 
nasutum,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

67,  figs.  12-20,  Schoharie  grit, 
nevadense,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  177,  Devonian. 

niagarense,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  97,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

normale,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

68,  figs.  17-19,  Ham.  Gr. 
obliquum,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  249,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  529,  Coal 
Meas. 


CRE. — CUN.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


473 


ohioense,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  66,  and  Ohio  Pal,,  vol. 
1,  p.  203,  Cor- 
niferous  Gr. 

ornatum,  Winchell 
&  Marcy,  1865, 
Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  Ill, 
Niagara  Gr. 

parrishi,  Worth  en, 
(in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 


FIG.  799.— Conocardium 
subt  r  i  g  o  n  a  1  e .  Side 
view. 


}.  112,  TJp.  Coal 


prattenanum,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  15,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  61,  Warsaw  Gr. 

pulchellum,  White'  & 
Whitfield,  1862, 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  299, 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

reliquum,  Hall,  1883, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
68,  fig.  33,  Chemung 
Gr. 

rugosum,    Hall,    1883, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  FIG.   800.  —  Conocar- 
.68,  fig.  32,  Ham.  Gr.     dium  subtrigonale. 

subtrigLale,  D'Or-  iSST  "%j 
bigny,  1850,  Prodr.  nection  of  theala- 
d.  Paleont.,  t.  1,  p.  tions 
80,  Up.  Held.  Gr.  Proposed  instead  of 
C.  trigonale,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th 
Dist.,  N.  Y.,  p.  171,  which  was  preoc- 
cupied. 


FIG.  801. — Conocardium  subtrigonale.  a,  Shows 
part  of  the  alation  ;  h,  points  to  the  posterior 
hiatus. 


tegulum,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
68,  figs.  30-31,  Niagara  Gr.  "^ 

trigonale,  Phillips,  1836,  (Pleurorhynchus 
trigonale,)  Geol.  Yorkshire,  p.  211, 
Devonian. 

trigonale,  Hall,  see  C.  subtrigonale. 

ventricosum,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  91,  Ham.  Gr. 

vomer,  Conrad,  1842,  (Pleurorhynchus 
vomer,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8.  p. 
253,  Devonian. 

CRENIPECTEN,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  3.  (Plates  and  Explanations.)  [Ety. 
crena,  notch  ;  Pecten,  a  genus.]  In  form 
like  Aviculopecten,  but  the  hinge  is  fur- 
nished with  a  series  of  small  cartilage 
pits  throughout  its  entire  length.  Type 
C.  crenulatus. 

amplus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  81,  Chemung  Gr. 


crenulatus,   Hall,  1843,    (Pecten  crenula- 
tus,)   Geo.   Sur.    4th    Dist.   N.   Y.,    p. 

265,  and  Pal.N.Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  82, 

Chemung  Gr. 
glaber,     Hall,     1843, 

(Limaglabra,)  Geo. 

Sur.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 

p.    255,    and    Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  85,  Chemung  Gr.  ^^^nm^ 

hallanus,         Walcott,  FlG.  802.-Crenipecten 

1885,  Monogr.  U.  b.  crenulatus. 

Geo.    Sur.,  vol.    8, 

p.  231,  Subcarboniferous. 
impolitus.  Hall,   1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5 

pt.  1,  p.  83,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  804.— Crenipecteuretif- 
erus. 


FIG.  803.— Creniptecten   crenulatus.    Hinge-line. 

leon,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  88,  Chemung  Gr. 
liratus.  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  87,  Chemung  Gr. 
micropterus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  86,  Chemung  Gr. 
obsoletus,,  Hall,    1843,    (Lima  obsoleta,) 
Geo.  Sur.  4th  Dist.,  N.  Y.,  p.  265,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  5,  pt.   1,  p.  84,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

retiferus,  Shu- 
mard,  1858, 
(Lima  reti  f - 
era,)  Trans. 
St.Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 
214,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol. 
5,  p.  588,  Coal 
Meas. 

winchelli,  Meek, 
1875,  (Aviculopecten   winchelli,)  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  296,  Waverly  Gr. 
Ctenodonta,   Salter,    1851,   syn.  for   Tellino- 

mya. 

abrupta,  see  Tellinomya  abrupta. 
angela,  see  Tellinomya  angela. 
astartiformis,  see  Tellinomya  astartiformis. 
contracta,  see  Tellinomya  contracts. 
gibberula,  see  Tellinomya  gibberula. 
hartsvillensis,  see  Tellinomya  hartsvillensis. 
hubbardi,  syn.  for  Nuculites  sulcatinus. 
iphigenia,  see  Tellinomya  iphigenia. 
logani,  see  Tellinomya  logani. 
Cucullssa,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An.     [Ety. 
Cucullus,    a    hood.]    Not    a    Palaeozoic 
genus. 

opima,  Hall,  1843,  syn.  for  Nucula  lirata. 
CUNEAMYA,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  90.  [Ety.  cuneus,  a  wedge ; 
Mya,  a  genus.]  Shell  large,  equivalve, 
inequilateral  ventricose;  beaks  prom- 
inent, incurved  ;  cardinal  line  straight, 
ligament  external ;  lunule  and  escutch- 


474 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[CYC.- 


eon ;     pallial    line    simple.      Type    C. 
miamiensis. 

coriformis,  n.  sp.  Shell  large,  having 
a  length  in  some  specimens  of  three 
inches,  and  a  height  of  two  inches; 
larger  at  the  anterior  end,  and  cunei- 
formly  tapering  to  the  posterior  point; 
beaks  large,  high,  pointed  and  inrolled 
above  the  cardinal  line ;  cardinal  line 
straight  from  the  top  of  the  lunule 
three-fourths  of  the  length  of  the  shell, 
the  posterior  part  forming  a  wing-like 
appendage  of  the  shell ;  escutcheon  dis- 


FIG.  805.— Gun  earn  ya   coriformis.    Right    valve, 
below  medium  size. 


tinct  and  well  marked;  lunule  heart- 
shaped,  very  large,  wide  and  deep, 
margins  angular;  the  anterior  end  of 
the  shell  rapidly  slopes  backward  from 
the  lower  extremity  of  the  lunule  to  the 
basal  line ;  an  obtuse  angle  is  formed 
at  the  base  of  the  lunule  ((his  is  better 
shown  in  the  illustrations  by  the  figure 
of  the  right  valve  than  by  the  anterior 
view) ;  a  cincture  or  furrow,  arising  at 
the  point  of  the  beaks,  and  very  gradu- 
ally widening,  reaches  the  basal  line 
anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  shell ; 
anterior  uinbonal  ridge  very  promi- 
nent ;  posterior  umbonal  slope  promi- 
nent, flattened  on  the 
outer  face  so  as  to  form 
an  obtuse  angle  toward 
posterior  cardinal  wing; 
basal  lin  e  slightly  curved, 
with  a  sinus  at  the  cinc- 
ture surface ;  concentric- 
ally lined.  Distin- 
guished from  C.  miami- 
ensis by  the  remarkably 
large  lunule,  better  de"- 
fined  cincture,  and  pos- 
terior cardinal  wing. 
Found  in  the  Hudson  River  Group 
at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  The  specific  name 
is  from  the  heart-shaped  lunule.  The 
specimen  illustrated  is  from  the  col- 
lection of  Charles  Faber. 


FIG.  806.— Cune- 
amya  corifor- 
mis. Anterior 
view,  showing 
lunule. 


FIG.  807.—  Cuneamya  miamiensis.     Right  valve. 

curta,   Whitfield,    1878,    Jour.   Gin.  Soc- 
Nat,  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  138,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


elliptica,  S.  A.  Miller,    1881,   Jour.   Gin. 

Soc.    Nat.   Hist.,    vol.  4,   p.  317,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
miamiensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  91,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


Fro.  808—  Cuneamya  miaruiensis.     Dorsal  view 

neglecta,  Meek,  1871,  (Sedgwickia  neg- 
lecta,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
325,  and  Ohio  PaX,  vol.  1,  p.  142,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

parva,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jonr.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  316,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

scapha,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio  Pal 

vol.  2,  p.  92,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
CYCLOCONCHA,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  231.  [Ely.  in  al- 
lusion to  the  nearly  circular  form  of  the 
shell.]  Equivalve,"subequilateral,  sub- 
circular,  concentrically  lined;  cardinal 
teeth  near  the  middle,  with  a  long 
lateral  tooth  on  each  side.  Type  C. 
mediocardinalis. 


FIG.  810.— Cypricardella 
bellistriata. 


mediocardinalis,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Gin. 
Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  231,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

CYPRICARDELLA,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  4, 
p.  17.  [Ety. 
diminutive  of 
Cypricardia .  ] 
Shell  ovate, 
subelliptica 
or  subquad- 
rate,  closed ; 
surface  con- 
centrically 
striated;  two 
cardinal  teeth  in  right  valve,  one  be- 
neath the  beak,  triangular,  the  posterior 
one  more  slender,  and  turned  obliquely 
backward,  leaving  a  triangular  pit  for 
the  tooth  from  the  other  valve  ;  long, 
narrow  groove  in  the  anterior  cardinal 
margin  apparently  for  a  projection 
from  the  left  valve ;  posterior  side  bev- 
eled from  above,  edge  thin,  ligament 
external,  occupying  a  deep  cavity  ; 
muscular  impressions  distinct,  shal- 
low; pallial  impression  simple.  Type 
C.  subelliptica. 

bellistriata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Microdon  bel- 
listriatus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.8, 
p.  247,  Ham.  Gr. 


CYP.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


475 


complanata,  Hall,  1870,    (Microdon  com- 

planatus,)  Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells, 

p.  33,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  42,  fig. 

22,  and  pi.  74,  figs.  14  to  19,  Ham.  Gr. 

connata,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,   p.  250,  Subcarboniferous. 

gregaria,  Hall,  1870,  (Microdon  gregarius,) 

Prelim.  Not.  Lam.  Shells,  p.  32,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  73,  figs.  1-6,  and  pi.  74, 

figs.  1-4,  Ham.  Gr. 

macrostriata.      Walcott,     1885,     Monogr. 
U.    S.,   Geo.  Sur.,    vol.    8,    p.  180,    De- 
vonian. 
major,    Hall,  1885,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

307,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

nucleata,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  17,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  663, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

oblonga,    Hall,    1858,    Trans.  Alb.    Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  18,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  65,  Warsaw  Gr. 
plicata,  see  Goniophora  plicata. 
quadrata,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 
Bost.    Soc.   Nat.   Hist.,    vol.  8,  p.    300, 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

reservata,  Hall,  1870,  (Microdon  reserva- 
tus,)  Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells,  p.  33, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  74,  figs.  11-13, 
Waverly  Gr. 

subelliptica,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  17,  and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  664, 
Warsaw  Gr. 

tenuistriata,  Hall,  1870,  (Microdon  ten- 
uistriatus,)  Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells, 
p.  32,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  73,  figs. 
23  to  30,  and  pi.  74,  figs.  20,  21,  Ham.  Gr. 
CYPRICARDIA,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An.  sans 
Vert.  [Ety.  from  the  two  genera  Cy- 
prina  and  Cardium.~]  Oblong,  oblique 
posterior  ridge;  umbones  anterior,  de- 
pressed ;  ligament  external,  in  deep, 
narrow  grooves;  cardinal  teeth  two, 
lateral  one,  in  each  valve,  sometimes 
obscure;  muscular  impressions  two, 
oval,  placed  below  the  extreme  anterior 
and  posterior  ends  of  the  cardinal  line  ; 
pallial  line  simple.  Typical  C.  obesa. 
angusla,  see  Cypricardites  angustus. 
angustata,  Yanuxem,  syn.  for  Amnigenia 

catskillensis. 

choteauensis,   Swallow.    1863,   Trans.    St. 
Louis   Acad.   Sci.,  vol.   2,  p.  96,  Wav- 
erly or  Choteau  Gr. 
contracta,  see  Sphenotus  contractus. 

indianensis,  see 
Cypricardinia 
indianensis. 
insecta,Dawson, 
1868,  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  303, 
Carbo  n  i  f  e  r- 
ous. 

leidyi,   Lea,   see 
Leaia,  leidyk 
obsoleta,    see 
Cypricardite  s 
obsoletus. 


FIG.  811.— Cypricardia  obesa. 


occidentalis,    Hall,   1852,   Stans.    Ex.    to 
Great  Salt  Lake,  p.  412,  Coal  Meas. 


occidentalis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.  This  name  was  pre- 
occupied. See  C.  swallovana. 

pikensis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2.  p.  95,  Coal  Meas. 

plicatula,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  205,  Mid.  Coal 
Meas. 

primigenia,  see  Modiolopsis  primigenia. 

randolphensis,  see  Sanguinolites  randolph- 
ensis. 

rhombea,  see  Cytherodon  rhombeus. 

rigida,  see  Sphenotus  rigidus. 

shumardana,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  95,  St.  Gen- 
evieve  limestone. 

subplana,  see  Edmondia  subplana. 

swallovana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883, 2d  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  310,  Coal  Measures  of 
Harrison  County,  Missouri.  Proposed 
instead  of  C.  occidentalis,  Swallow, 
1863,  in  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
p.  96. 

undulata,  Gurley,  1883,  New.  Carb.  Foss., 
p.  3,  Coal  Meas.  Publication  in- 
valid. 

ventricosa,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  110,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

wheeleri,  see  Schizodus  wheeleri. 
CYPRICARDINIA,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  266.  [Ety.  Cypricardinia,  from  its 
resemblance  to  Cypricardia.]  General 
form  of  Cypricardia ;  inequilateral ; 
oblique  posterior  ridge;  umbones  an- 
terior, elevated ;  concentrically  grooved, 
sometimes  cancellated ;  postero-cardinal 
margin  sometimes  alate.  Type  C.  lamel- 
losa. 

arcuata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  486,  Chemuug  Gr. 

arata,  Hall, 
1867,  20th 
Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  385,1 
Niagara  Gr. 

carbonaria, 

Meek,     1871,  FIG.  812.-Cypricardinia  dis- 
Proc      Acad      tincta.      Left   valve,    long 
Nat.Sci.Phil.;    sPecimen- 
p.   163,  and    Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  342, 
Coal  Meas. 

concentrica,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  268,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

consimilis,  Hall, 
1885,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  486, 
Waverly  Gr. 
crassa,  Hall,  1859, 
-Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  268,  Low.  Held. 
Gr. 

(?)  cylindrica,  Hall 
&  Whitfield,  1872, 
24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  190, 
Corniferous  Gr. 

distincta,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  56,  Gaspe  limestone,  No.  8,  De- 
vonian. 


FIG.  813.  —  Cypricardi- 
nia distinct*,  lieft 
valve,  short  speci- 
men. 


476 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[CYP. 


dorsata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

267,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
indenta,  Conrad,  1842,  (Cypricardites  in- 

dentus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 

244,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
indianensis,  Hall,   1858,  (Cypricardia  in- 

dianensis,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p. 

18,    and  Bull.  Am.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist., 

p.  58,  Warsaw  Gr. 

in  fiat  a  var.  subsequivalvis,  Hall  &  Whit- 
field,  1872,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  189,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
lamellosa,   Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  266,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
planulata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Pterinea  planu- 

lata,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  251, 

and  PalN.Y.,vol.5,  p.  484,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
sublamellosa,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  267,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

subovata,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont,  to 
Pal.  No.  2,  p.  10,  Niagara  Gr. 

sulcifera,  Winchell.  1863,  (Sanguinolites 
sulciferus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  14,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  487, 
Waverly  Gr. 

CYPRICARDITES,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Geo. 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  51.  [Ely.  from  resem- 
blance to  the  genus  Cypricardia.]  Equi- 
valve,  profoundly  inequilateral;  ex- 
ternal flattened  ligamental  area ;  hinge 
with  four  or  five  short  oblique  cardinal 
teeth ;  anterior  one  largest  and  most 
prominent;  lateral  teeth  two,  short  and 
remote  from  the  cardinal  teeth  ;  two 
muscular  scars  ;  surface  concentrically 
lined  with  marks  of  growth.  Type  C. 
curtus.  If  the  genus  can  stand,  it  must 
be  based  on  this  type  (all  other 
species  are  referred  to  other  genera), 
because  this  species  alone  has  a  hinge- 
line  like  the  one  Conrad  made. 

acutumbonus,  Billings,  1866,  (Cyrtodonta 
acutumbona,)  Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p. 
49,  Anticosti  Gr. 

alta,  see  Modiomorpha  alta. 

alveatus,  Conrad,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  Ham.  Gr. 

amygdalinuR,  Hall,  1847,  (Ambonychia 
amygdalina,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  165, 
Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 

angustus,  Hall,  1843,  (Cypricardia  angus- 
ta,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  76, 
Clinton  Gr. 

angustatus,  syn.  for  AYnnigenia  catskill- 
ensis. 

angustifrons,  syn.  for  Modiolopsis  modiol- 
aris. 

anodontoides,  see  Modiolopsis  anodon- 
toides. 

anticostiensis,  Billings,  1866,  {Cyrtodonta 
(?)  anticostiensis,)  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  14,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

bisulcata,  see  Grammy sia  bisulcata. 

breviusculus,  Billings,  1859,  (Cyrtodonta 
breviuecula,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 

4,  p.  446,  Chazy  Gr. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1858,  (Cyrtodonta 
canadensis,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 
3,  p.  434,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 


carinalug,  see  Goniophora  carinata. 

carinaius,  Meek.  1872,  (Dolabra  carinata,) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  1526,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  135,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
This  name  was  preoccupied. 

cariniferus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  245,  syn.  for  Goniophora 
chemungensis. 

catskillensis,  see  Amnigenia  catskillensis. 

chemungensis,  see  Goniophora  chemung- 
ensis. 

conceritrica,  see  Modiomorpha  concentrica. 

cordiformis,  Billings,  1858,  (Cyrtodonta 
cordiformis,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  3, 
p.  437,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Gre. 

corrugatus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  244,  Ham.  Gr. 

curtus,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p. 
53,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

elongatus,  see  Cimitaria  elongata. 

emma,  Billings,  1862,  (Cyrotodontaemma,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  150,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

ferrugineus,  Hall  &  Whilfield,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  116,  Clinton  Gr. 

ganti,  Safford,  1869,  (Cyrtodonta  ganti,) 
Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p.  287,  Trenton  and 
Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

hainesi,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  147,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

harrietta,  Billings,  1862,  (Cyrtodonta 
harrietta,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  149, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

haynanus,  Safford, 
1869,  (Cyrtodon- 
ta hay  ni  an  a,) 
Geo.  of  Tenn., 
p.  287,  Trenton 
and  Hud.  Riv. 
Grs. 

hindi,        Billings, 
1862,        (Cyrto- 
donta      hindi,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  FlG     814.  _  Cypricardites 
p.      151,       Hud.      hainesi.    Left  valve. 
Kiv.  Gr. 

huronensis,  Billings,  1858,  (Cyrtodonta 
huronensis,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  3, 
p.  432,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 

indentus,  see  Cypricardinia  indenta. 

f  inflrttus,  Conrad, 
1  1842,  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  8,  p.  246, 
syn.  for  Cypri- 
cardinia i  n  - 
denta. 

in  flatus,  Em- 
mons,  1842, 
(Nuculites  in- 
flatus,)  Geo. 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  p. 
395,Trenton  Gr. 

insularis,  Billings,  1866,  (Cyrtodonta  in- 
sularis,)  Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  14, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

islandicus,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal. 
Foss.,  p.  189.  Proposed  instead  of 
Cypricardites,  ventricosus,  Hall,  1859, 
which  was  preoccupied,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  815.  —  Cypricardites 
hainesi.  interior  of  left 
valve,  two  teeth  injured 
att 


CVR.— CYT.] 


LAMELLIBRANt  'HI A  TA. 


47T 


iowensis,  Owen,  1840,  (Cardium  iowense,) 

Rep.  on    Mineral   lands,   pi.  17,    fig.  8, 

Calciferous  Gr. 
latus,  Hall.  1847,  (Modiolopsis  latus,)  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  160,  Trenton  Gr. 
leucothea,    Billings,     1862,     (Cyrtodonta 

leucothea.)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  46,  Black 

Riv.  Gr. 
marcellensis,   see    Lunulicardium    marcel- 

lense. 
megambonus,  Wbitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,    p.  73,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  210,  Trenton  Gr. 
modiolaris,  Emmons,  syn.  for  Modiolopsis 

nasuta. 

mytiloides,  see  Modiomorpha  mytiloides. 
nasutus,  see  Modiolopsis  nasuta. 
niota,  Hall,  1861,    Geo.  Rep.   Wis.,  p.  29, 

and   Geo.   Wis.,    vol.  4,   p.  208,   Tren- 
ton Gr. 
obliquus,  Meek    &    Worthen,    1868,  Geo. 

Snr.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  311,  Galena  Gr. 
oblongus,  Conrad,  syn.  for  Modiomorpha 

concentrica. 
obsoletus,   Hall,  1843,  (Cypricardia  obso- 

leta,)  Geo.   Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  8, 

fig.  3,  Clinton  Gr. 
obtusus,    Hall,    1847,    (Atnbonychia    ob- 

tusa,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  167,  Black 

Riv.  and  Trenton  Gr. 
ovata,  syn.  for  Modiolopsis  modiolaris. 
plebeius,  Billings,  1866,  (Cyrtodonta  ple- 

beia,)   Catal.   Sil.  Foss.,   Antic.,   p.  14, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
ponderosus,    Billings,    1862,    (Cyrtodonta 

ponderosa,)  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.   150,  j 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
quadrangularis,    Whitfield,     1878,     Jour,  i 

Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  138,  Hud.  j 

Riv.  Gr. 
quadrilateralis,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  388,  Niagara  Gr. 
radiatus,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  j 

p.  53,  Ham.  Gr.     Not  recognized, 
rectus,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p. 

52,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
rectirostris,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 

29,  Trenton  Gr. 

recurvus,  see  Cimitaria  recurva. 
rotundatus,  Hall,  1861,   Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 

p.  29,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.    4,  p.   208, 

Trenton  Gr. 
rugosus,  Billings,   1858,   (Cyrtodonta    ru- 

gosa,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  3,  p.  432, 

Black  Riv.  Gr. 

rugosus,  see  Goniophora  rugosa. 
saffordi,  Hall,  1852,  (Palsearca  saffordi,)12th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  11,  and 

Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p.  287,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
sectifrons,  see  Phthonia  sectifrons. 
sigmoideus,  Billings,    1858,     (Cyrtodonta 

sigmoidea,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  3, 

p.  438,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
Btmto&M,  see  Modiolopsis  sinuata. 
spiniferus,  Billings,  1858,  (Cyrtodonta  spi- 

nifera,)   Can.  Nat.   and  Geo.,  vol.  3,  p. 

435,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
sterlingensis,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1866, 

(Dolabra    sterlingensis,)     Proc.     Acad.  j 


Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.   260,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  339,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

subalatus,  see  Modiomorpha  subalata. 

subangulatus,  Hall,  1847,  (Edmondia  sub- 
angulata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  156, 
Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 

subcarinatus,  Billings,  1858,  (Cyrtodonta 
subcarinata,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 
3,  p.  433,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

subspatulatus,  Hall,  1847,  (Modiolopsis 
subspatulata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  159, 
Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 

truncdtus,  see  Sphenotus  truncatus. 

ungulatus,  Billings,  1866,  (Cyrtodonta  un- 
gulata,)  Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  15, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

ventricosus.  Hall,  1847,  (Edmondia  ven- 
tricosa,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  155, Tren- 
ton Gr. 

ventricosus,  Hall,  1859,  (Palsearca  ventri- 
cosa.)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3.  This  name 
was  preoccupied.  See  Cypricardites  is- 
landicus. 

vetustus,  Hall,  1847,  (Cardiomorpha  ve- 
tusta,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  154,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

winchelli,  Satfbrd,  1869,  (Cyrtodonta  win- 
chelli,)  Geo.  Tenn.,  p.  287,  Trenton  and 
Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
Cyrtodonta,  syn.  for  Cypricardites. 

acutumbona,  see  Cypricardites  acutum- 
bonus. 

anticostiensis,  see  C.  anticostiensis. 

breviuscula,  see  C.  breviusculus. 

canadensis,  see  C.  canadensis. 

cordiformis,  see  C.  cordiformis. 

emma,  see  C.  emma. 

ganti,  see  C.  ganti. 

harrietta,  see  C.  harrietta. 

hayniana,  see  C.  haynanus. 

hindi,  see  C.  hindi. 

huronensis,  see  C.  huronensis. 

insularis,  see  C.  insularis. 

leucothea,  see  C.  leucothea. 

normanensis,  Safford.     Not  defined. 

plebeia,  see  Cypricardites  plebeius. 

ponderosa,  see  C.  ponderosus. 

rugosa,  see  C.  rugosus. 

saffordi,  see  C.  saffordi. 

sigmoidea,  see  C.  sigmoideus. 

spinifera,  see  C.  spiniferus. 

subcarinata,  see  C.  subcarinatus. 

ungulata,  see  C.  ungulatus. 

ivinchelli,  see  C.  winchelli. 
CYTHERODON,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1873,  in  23d 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  pi.  14,  figs.  19-21.  [Ety. 
Cythere,  a  genus;  odous,  tooth.]  Ovate, 
pointed  posteriorly ;  beaks  pointed ; 
sharp,  oblique,  umbonal  ridge ;  cardinal 
line  short ;  subcircular  anterior  and 
posterior  muscular  scars  distinct ;  hinge 
area  strong  with  angular  teeth  or  crenu- 
lations  beneath  the  beaks,  pallial  line 
simple,  surface  concentrically  lined. 
Type  C.  nasutus. 

appressus,  Conrad,  (Nuculites  appressus,) 
1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 
248,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  75,  figs. 
3-9,  Ham.  Gr. 


478 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[DEX. — EDM. 


chemungensis,  Conrad,  1842,  (Nuculites 
chemungensis,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  8,  p.  247,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
75,  figs.  37-40,  Chemung  Gr. 

cuneus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
75,  figs.  27-30,  Waverly  Gr. 


FIG.  816.—  Cytherodon  rhorabeus. 

ellipticus,  Hall,   1870,  (Schizodus  ellipti- 

cus,)  Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells,  p.  96, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  75,  figs.  13-15, 

Ham.  Gr. 
gregarius,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

75,  figs.  41-45,  Chemung  Gr. 
nasutus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

75,  figs.  10-12,  Ham.  Gr. 
oblatus,  Hall,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.   75, 

figs.    41-45,    Chemung    Gr. 
pan  per,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.Y.,    ' 

vol.   5,  pi.  75,  figs.  24-26, 

Chemung  Gr. 
(?)  placidus,  Billings,  1874, 

Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.   137, 

Up.  Sil. 
quadrangularis,  Hall,   1870, 

(Schizodus        quadrangu- 

laris,) Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,    p.    96,    and    Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  75,  figs. 

31-36,  Chemung  Gr. 
rhombeus,  Hall,  1843,  (Cy- 

pricardia  rhombea,)  Geo. 

Rep.  4th   Dist.  N.  Y.,   p. 

291,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5. 

pi.  75,  figs.  19-23,  Subcar- 

boniferous. 
socialis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal. 

Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  138,  Up.  Sil. 
tumidus,  Hall,  1870,    ' 

Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells,  p.  94,  an 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  75,  figs.  1-2,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 


halli,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  11,  Marshall  Gr. 

ovata,  Hall,  1858,  (Cardiomorpha  ovata,) 
Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  522,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

whitii,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  11,  Marshall  Gr. 
DOLABRA,  McCoy,  1844,  Syn.  Carb.  Foss. 
Ireland,  p.  64.  [Ety.  dolabra,  a  mattock 
or  pickaxe.]  Obliquely  ovate,  gibbous; 
left  valve  larger  than  the  right ;  beaks 
large,  obtuse,  nearer  the  anterior  than 
posterior  end ;  hinge-line  straight, 
shorter  than  the  shell,  not  crenulated  ; 
a  flat,  narrow  ligamental  area  the 
length  of  the  hinge-line,  widest  between 
the  beaks ;  anterior  end  narrower  than 
the  posterior,  rounded  ;  no  byssal  sinus 
or  furrows;  ventral  margin  slightly 
convex  ;  posterior  end  obliquely  trun- 
cated, slope  flattened ;  surface  smooth 
or  finely  striated. 

alpina.  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Rep.  Iowa,  p.  716, 
Coal  Meas. 

carinata,  see  Cypricardites  carinatus. 

sterlingensis,    see     Cypricardites    sterling- 
ensis. 


DEXIOBIA, 
chell, 
Proc. 


Win- 

1863, 
Acad. 


Nat.  Sci.,  p.  10. 
[Ety.  dexios, 
on  the  right 
side  ;  bia, 

strength.]  Ine- 
quivalve,  ine- 
quilateral, area 
undefined, 
right  valve 
very  ventri- 


beak  incurved  forward  ;  left  valve  less  in- 
flated ;  hinge-line  having  a  thickened 
cartilage  plate,  bearing  a  linear  poste- 
rior groove.  Type  D.  ovata. 


FIG.  818.— Ectenodesma  birostratuin. 

Dystactella,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
4,  (Plates  and  Explanations,)  synonym 
for  Clinopistha. 

insularis,  see  Clinopistha  insularis. 
subnasuta,  see  Clinppistha  subnasuta. 
telliniformis,  see  Clinopistha  telliniformis. 

ECTENODESMA,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  4.  (Plates  and  Explanations.) 
[Ety.  ektenes,  stretched  out;  desma,  a 
ligament.]  Body  ovate,  oblique ;  height 
greater  than  length  ;  both  valves  more 
or  less  convex  ;  hinge-line  longer  than 
the  length  of  the  shell ;  byssal  sinus 
shallow ;  oblique  lateral  tooth ;  liga- 
mental area  narrow,  striated;  surface 
rayed  ;  distinguished  from  Glyptodeema 
by  having  the  anterior  wing  more  pro- 
duced, and  both  wings  more  acute  at 
their  extremities.  Type  E.  birostratum. 
birostratum,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.5, 
pt.  1,  p.  242,  Chemung  Gr. 

EDMONDIA,  DeKoninck,  1844,  Desc.  Anim. 
Foss.,  Carb.  Belg.,  p.  66.  [Ety.  proper 


EDM.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


479 


name.]  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral, 
tumid,  short,  oblong  or  rounded,  closed 
all  around;  dorsal  and  ventral  margins 
slightly  convex  ;  beaks  tumid,  with  an 
impressed  lunette  between  them;  sur- 
face with  concentric  strise  ;  no  teeth,  but 
an  internal  lamellar  cartilage  support, 
much  dilated  within  the  cavity  of  the 
beaks,  the  broad  end  forming  the  slits 
in  casts  coinciding  with  the  edges  of  the 
anterior  lunette,  and  the  posterior  end 
running  nearly  parallel  to  and  close 
within  the  hinge-line  ;  dorsal  margins 
erect  and  simple  ;  two  simple  adductor 
impressions,  often  with  an  accessory 
impression  over  each,  pallia!  scar  sim- 
ple, entire.  Type  E.  unioniformis. 

gequimargin- 
alis,  Win- 
chell,1862, 
(Cardin  i  a 
sequim  a  r- 
ginalis,  ) 
P  r  o  c  . 
Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,p.413, 
Marshall 
Gr. 

an  om  a  la  , 
Daw  son, 

1868,  Acad.  Geo.,  p.  303,  Garb. 
aspenwallensis,     Meek,     1871,    Hayden's 
Rep.  Sur.  Wyoming,  p.  299,  and  Pal.  E. 
Neb.,  p.  216,  Coal  Meas. 
bicarinata,   Winchell,    1863,    Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  13,  Marshall  Gr.     Prof.  Hall 
regards  this  as  a  syn.  for  Sanguinolites 
rigidus. 

binumbonata,      Winchell, 
1862,    Proc.   Acad.    Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  414,  Marshall  Gr. 
burlingtonensis,  White    & 
Whitfield,     1862,     Proc. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
8,  p.  301,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,    f 
vol.   5,    p.  390,  Kinder-     ' 
hook  Gr. 
calhouni,  see  Pleurophorus 

calhouni. 

circularis,  Walcott,  1885, 
Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 
vol.  8,  p.  246,  Carbonif-  FIG.  820.  -  Ed- 

" 


FIG.  819.— Edmondia  aspenwall- 
ensis.    Kight  valve. 


concentrica,    see    Astartella     Cardinal  view! 

concentrica. 
depressa,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  91,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

64,  fig.  32,  Waverly  Gr. 
ellipsis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

392,  Waverly  Gr. 
elliptica,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  13,  Marshall  Gr. 
gibbosa,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  189,  Permian  Gr. 
glabra,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.  p.  214, 

Coal  Meas. 
hartti,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  303, 

Garb. 


hawni,    Swallow,   1858,   Trans.  St.   Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  209,  Coal  Meas. 
illinoisensis,  Wortben,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2 


111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  18,  and  Geo. 

p.  122,  Ke 
ledoides,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 


Sur. 111.,  vol.  8,  p.  122,  Keokuk  Gr. 


insula  Mich.,  p.  96,  Ham.  Gr. 
mactroides,  Winchell,    1866,    Rep.    Low. 

Peninsula  Mich.,  p.  96,  Ham.  Gr. 
marionensis,  Swallow,    1860,   Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.   654,   Cho- 

teau  Gr. 
medon,  Walcott,  1884,  Monogr.  TJ.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  245,  Subcarboniferous. 
mortonensis,  Geinitz,  1866,  (Astarte  mor- 

tonensis,)  Carb.  und  Dyas  in  Neb.,  p.  17, 

Coal  Meas. 
nebraskensis,  Geinitz,  1866,  (Astarte  ne- 

braskensis,)Carb.  und  Dyas  in  Neb.,  p  16, 

and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  214,  Coal  Meas. 
nilesi,   Winchell    &    Marcy,    1865,    Proc. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  97,  Niagara  Gr. 
nitida,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  12,  Marshall  Gr. 
nuptialis,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  12,  Marshall  Gr. 
obliqua,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,   p. 

38,  Chemung  Gr. 
otoensis,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  189,   Permian  Gr. 
peroblonga,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  249,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  583,  Coal  Meas. 
philipi,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  90,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

64,  figs.  9-18,  Chemung  Gr. 
pinonensis,  Meek,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo.  Expl. 

40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  46,  Devonian. 
radiata.  see  Clinopistha  radiata. 
reflexa,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  213, 

Coal  Meas. 
rhomboidea,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.5, 

pi.  64,  figs.  7-8,  Chemung  Gr. 
semiorbiculata,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.   1,   p.   190,  Per- 

mian Gr. 
strigillata,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  12,  Marshall  Gr. 
subangulata,  see    Cypricardites   subangu- 

latus. 
subcarinata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pi.  64,  fig.  31,  Chemung  Gr. 
subnasuta,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   5, 

pi.  64,  figs.  5-6,  Chemung  Gr. 
subovata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

389,  Chemung  Gr. 
subplana,  Hall,    1858,    Cypricardia    sub- 

plana,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  19, 

and  Bull,  Am.    Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.   66, 

Warsaw  Gr. 

subtruncata,  see  Cuneamya  subtruncata. 
subtruncata,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p. 

215,  Coal  Meas. 
tapetiformis,  Meek,  1875,  (E.  tapesiformis,) 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  304,  Waverly  Gr. 
tenuistriata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  393,  Chemung  Gr. 
transversa,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  389,  Chemung  Gr. 


480 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[ENT.— FOR. 


undata,  see  Grammysia  undata. 

undulata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  91,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
64,  figs.  1-4,  Chemung  Gr. 

unioniformis,  Phillips,  1836,  (Isocardia 
unioniformis,)  Geol.  Yorkshire,  vol.  2, 
p.  209,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  346, 
Coal  Meas. 

varsoviensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  18,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  121,  Keokuk  Gr. 

ventricnsa,  see  Cypricardites  ventricosus. 
ELYMELLA,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
50.  [Ety.  elymos,  a  case.]  Equivalye, 
inequilateral,  ovate,  elliptical ;  anterior 
end  short,  rounded  ;  posterior  end  nar- 
rower, rounded ;  beaks  closely  in- 
curved ;  umbo  prominent;  cardinal  line 
short;  umbonal  slope  prominent'in  the 
upper  part,  not  defined  below ;  surface 
concentrically  lined.  Type  E.  nucu- 
loides. 

fabalis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
502,  Ham.  Gr. 

levata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  504, 
Ham.  Gr. 

nuculoides,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  503,  Ham.  Gr. 

patula,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   5,  p. 

505,  Waverly  Gr. 

Entolium,  Meek,  1865,  Cal.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  2. 
[Ety.  entos,  inside ;  leion,  smooth.]  If 
synonymous  with  Pernopecten,  then 
the  latter  has  priority  ;  but  if  distinct, 
then  probably  it  is  not  a  Palaeozoic  ge- 
nus, as  the  type  is  from  rocks  of  Juras- 
sic age. 

Eodon,  Hall,  1877,  1st  Ed.  Am.  Pal.  Foss.,  p. 
244.  Proposed  instead  of  Microdon, 
Conrad,  which  was  preoccupied. 
EOPTERIA,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
221.  [Ety.  fos,  dawn ;  pteron,  a  wing.] 
Prof.  Billings  said  if  Euchasma  is  the 
same  as  Eopteria,  then  he  desired  Eop- 
teria  to  be  withdrawn  from  science. 
Winged  as  in  Pterinea,  both  valves 
equally  convex  and  gaping;  ligament 
external.  Type  E.  typica. 

(?)  ornata,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  307,  Quebec  Gr. 

richardsoni,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  306,  Quebec  Gr. 


FIG.  821.— Eopteria  richardsoni. 

typica,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

221,  Quebec  Gr. 

EUCHASMA,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  360.  [Ety.  eu,  well;  chasma,  a  hol- 
low.] Strongly  convex,  triangular,  in- 


equilateral,  equivalve,  subcordiform, 
gaping,  posterior  extremity  flattened, 
hinge  short,  ligament  external.  Type 
E.  blumenbachi. 

blumenbachi,    Billings,    1859,    (Conocar- 
dium  blumenbachi,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  350,  Quebec  Gr. 
ECCHONDRIA,    Meek,    1874, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  se- 
ries,    vol.    7,     p.    445. 
Like  Aviculopecten  in 
form,  but  with  an  un- 
symmetrical  subrostral 
cartilage    pit   and    un-  _ 

equal  crenulations  on  cl,ondria  neg- 
the  two  sides.  Type  lecta.  Right 
E.  neglecta. 

neglecta,    Geinitz, 


valve    enlarged 
g      two  diameters. 

(Pecten  neglec- 
tus,)  Garb,  und 
Dyas  in  Neb.,  p. 
p.  33,  and  Geo. 
Sur. 


111.,  vol.  5,  p. 
589,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.    823.  —  Euchondria 
neglecta.      Hiuge-line 
enlarged. 
Eumicrotus,  Meek,  1864,  syn.'  for    Pseudo- 

monotis. 

hawni,  see  Pseudomonotis  hawni. 
hawni  var.  ovata,  see  Pseudomonotis  hawni 

var.  ovata. 

hawni    var.    tinuata,    see    Pseudomonotis 
hawni  var.  sinuata. 

EUTHYDESMA,         Hall, 

1885,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  32. 
[Ety.  euthus , 
straight ;  desma, 
a  ligament.] 
Equivalve,  in- 
eq  u  ilateral, 
broadly  subovate, 

with    a    subalate   FIG.  824.— Euthydesma 
cardinal     expan-  subtextile. 

sion ;  cardinal  line  straight ;  anterior 
end  short ;  surface  concentrically  lined ; 
hinge-line  marked  by  a  continuous  lig- 
amental  groove.  Type  E.  subtextile. 
subtextile,  Hall,  1843,  ( Astarte  subtextilis,) 
Geo.  Sur.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  245,  Port- 
age Gr. 

Exochorhynchus,  Meek,  1864,  Pal.  Up.  Mo. 
[Ety.  exochos,  prominent;  rhynchosr 
beak.]  This  name  was  suggested  as  a 
probable  genus  or  subgenus  to  include 
Sedgwickia  altirostrata. 

FORDILLA,  Bar- 
rande,  1881, 
A  c  e  p  h  ales. 
Etudes  Loc. 
et  Comp., 
pi.  361,  and 
Bull.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur., 
No.  30,  p.  123. 
A  minute  bi- 
valve, somewhat  resembling  a  Modio- 
lopsis  or  an  Orthonotella.  Type  F. 
troyensis. 

troyensis,  Barrande,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  30,  p.  125,  Up.  Taconic. 


FIG.  825.— Fordilla  troyensis. 


•GER.— GON.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


481 


•Gervillia,  DeFrance,  1820,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat., 
xviii.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Type  G. 
anceps.  Tdis  genus  is  probably  un- 
known in  the  American  Palaeozoic 
rocks. 

auricula,  see  Monopteria  auricula. 

tonga,  see  Avicula  longa. 

longispina,  see  Monopteria  longispina. 

strigosa,  see  Pterinea  strigosa. 

sulcata,  see  Bakevellia  sulcata. 
GLOSSITES,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
49.  [Ety.  glosse,  the  tongue.]  Equi- 
valve, inequilateral,  elliptical ;  anterior 
end  short,  margin  declining  from  the 
beak  and  curving  below ;  posterior  end 
large,  broadly  rounded ;  beaus  small, 
appressed ;  cardinal  line  long,  gently 
arcuate ;  umboual  slope  not  defined ; 
surface  marked  concentrically ;  ligament 
external;  lunule  distinct;  muscular  im- 
pressions shallow.  Type  G.  lingualis. 

amygdalinus,  Winchell,  1863,  (Sanguino- 
lites  amygdalinus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  13,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  501,  Waverly  Gr. 

depressus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

496,  Chemung  Gr. 

ellipticus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

498,  Chemung  Gr. 

lingualis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

497,  Chemung  Gr. 

patulus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

501,  Chemung  Gr. 
procerus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

499,  Chemung  Gr. 

rudicula,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

498,  Chemung  Gr. 

subnasutus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  500,  Chemung  Gr. 

subtenuis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
495,  Ham.  Gr. 

teretis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
494,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

^1        GLYPTOCARDIA,      Hall,      1885, 

MB  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  5,  p.  35. 

>|P  [Ety.   glyptos,  sculptured; 

FIG.  826.  cardia,  the  heart.]     Shell 

«lyptpcardia         small,  equivalve,  inequi- 
speciosa.  lateral,  broadly  elliptical 

or  subcircular;  beaks  incurved;  sur- 
face plicated  and  marked  with  concen- 
tric striae ;  no  area  beneath  the  beaks. 
Type  G.  speciosa. 

speciosa,  Hall,  1843,  (Avicula  speciosa,) 
Geo.  Sur.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  243,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  426,  Ham.  and 
Portage  Grs. 

GLYPTODESMA,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  4.  (Plates  and  Explanations.) 
[Ety.  glyptos,  sculptured ;  desma,  a  liga- 
ment.] Aviculiform,  ligamental  area 
striated,  continuous,  hinge  with  two 
strong  lateral  teeth,  and  numerous  ir- 
regular transverse  plications  along  the 
cardinal  margin  ;  surface  concentrically 
striated.  Type  G.  erectum. 

cruciforme,  Conrad,  1841,  (Avicula  cruci- 
formis,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  54, 
Ham.  Gr. 


erectum,  Conrad,   1842,  (Avicula  erecta,) 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 

8,  p.  238,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  p.  153,  Ham.  Gr. 
erectum  var.  obliquum,  Hall, 

1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  155,  Ham.  Gr. 
occidentale,  Hall,  1883,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  157,      FIG.  827. 

Up.  Held  Gr.  Glyptodesma 

subrectum,  Whitfield,   1882,     erectum- 

(Actinodesma  subrectum,)  Ann.  N.  Y. 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  215,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  828.— Glytodesma  erectum.  Mold  of  left 
valve,  showing  pallial  line,  muscular  scar,  tu- 
bercles in  the  interpallial  area  representing 
points  of  muscular  attachment. 

GONIOPHORA,  Phillips,  1848,  Mem.  Geo.  Sur 
Gt.  Brit.,  vol.  2,  p.  264.  [Ety.  gonia,  an 
angle;  phoros,  bearing.]  Goniophorus 
was  used  by  Agassiz  for  a  genus  of 
Echinoderms  in  1840.  Equivalve,  very 
inequilateral,  rhomboidal  or  trape- 
zoidal, obliquely  truncate  behind, 
rounded  in  front ;  cardinal  line  straight ; 
beaks  small,  umbo  prominent,  and  slope 
continued  as  a  ridge  to  the  post-inferior 
margin ;  oblique,  undefined  sinus  from 
anterior  to  the  beaks  to  basal  margin ; 
surface  concentrically  lined;  hinge 
with  an  oblique  fold  or  tooth  in  the 
left  valve  beneath  the  beak,  and  a  cor- 
responding depression  in  the  right 
valve;  ligament  external,  attached  by 
one  or  more  grooves ;  anterior  muscu- 
lar impression  deep,  situated  anterior 
to  the  beak ;  posterior  muscular  im- 
pression shallow,  situated  on  the  poste- 
rior cardinal  slope ;  pallial  line  simple. 
Type  G.  cymbiformis. 

acuta,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites  acutus  ) 
Prelim.  Notice  Lam.,  Shells,  p.  37,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  43,  figs.  1-3 
Ham.  Gr. 

alata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  294 
Schoharie  grit. 

bellula,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2  n 
136,  Up.  Sil? 


482 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[GOS. — GRA. 


carinata,  Conrad,  1841,  (Cypricardites 
carinatus,)  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  N.  Y., 
p.  53,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  44,  figs. 
6-8,  Ham.  Gr. 

chemungensis,  Vanuxem,  1842,  Cypri- 
cardites chemungensis,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  181,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  44,  figs. 
18-22,  Chemung  Gr. 

consitnilis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  135,  Up.  Sil. 

crassa,  Whiteaves,  1888,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  3, 
p.  9,  Guelph  Gr. 

glabra,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  44, 
figs.  9-17,  syn.  for  G.  glaucus. 

glaucus,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites  glau- 
cus,) Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells,  p.  38, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  299,  Ham.  Gr. 

hamiltpnensis,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites 
hamiltonensis,)  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  30,  and  Pal.  N.'  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
43,  figs.  8-21,  Ham.  Gr. 

mediocris.  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  137,  Up.  Sil. 

minor,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  305, 
Chemung  Gr. 

perangulata,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites 
perangulatus,)  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  34,  figs. 
1-7,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


retusa,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,pt.  1, 
p.  266,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  829.— Goniophora  chemungensis. 

plicata,  Hall,  1858,  (Cypricardella  plicata,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  18,  and  Bull. 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  66,  Warsaw  Gr. 

rugosa,  Conrad,  1841,  (Cypricardites  ru- 
gosus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  53,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  297,  Ham.  Gr. 

speciosa,  Hall.  1879,  Desc.  New.  Spec. 
Foss.,  p.  17,  and  llth  Rep.  Geol.  Indi- 
ana, p.  317,  Niagara  Gr. 

subrecta,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
304,  Chemung  Gr. 

transiens,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,. vol.  2, 
p.  134,  Up.  Sil. 

trigona,  Hall,  1885,  Pal  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
302,  Chemung  Gr. 

truncata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
44,  fig.  15,  Ham.  Gr. 

GOSSELETTIA,  Barrois,  1881,  Ann.  Soc.  Geol. 
du  Nord,  vol.  8,  p.  176.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Shell  subtriangular,  truncate 
on  the  anterior  side,  subalate  posteri- 
orly; ligamental  area  wide,  longitudi- 
nally striate ;  cardinal  teeth  below  the 
beak  strong;  lateral  teeth  elongate; 
surface  with  concentric  striae. 


FIG.  830.— Gosselettia  triquetra.    Right  valve. 

triquetra,  Conrad,  1838,  (Pterinea  trique- 
tra,) Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  N.  Y.,  p.  116, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  265, 
Ham.  Gr. 

GRAMMYSIA,   DeVerneuil,   1847,   Bull.   Soc. 
Geo.  France,    2d   ser.,   vol.   4,    p.    696. 
[Ety.  gramme,  a  line  of  writing ;  Mys,  a 
mussel  shell,  in  allusion 
to  the  transverse  furrows 
which    cross    the    valves 
from  the  umbones  to  the 
middle     of     the    ventral 
margin.]     Equivalve,  in- 
equilateral;   shell   thick, 
oblong ;      anterior      side 
short,     contracted    by    a 
deep  oval  lunette  beneath 
the  beak;    posterior  end 
elliptically     rounded; 
hinge-line   straight ;    two 
large  adductor  impressions 
in    each   valve,    anterior 
rounded,  posterior  pear-shaped  ;  pallial 
scar  entire ;   cartilage  external,  short, 
in  the  anterior  part  of  a  deep  depression 
formed  by  the  inflexion  of  the  hinge 
margins;    an   oblique  furrow    extends 
from  the  beak  to  about  the  middle  of 
the  ventral  margin.    Type  G.  bisulcata. 
acadica,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol  2, 

p.  140,  Up.  Sil. 

alveata,  Conrad,  1841,  (Posidonia  alveata,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  53,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pi.  57,  figs.  1-2,  and  pi.  60, 
Ham.  Gr. 

arcuata,  Conrad,  1841,  (Posidonia  arcuata,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  53,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  373,  Ham.  Gr. 
bisulcata,  Conrad,  1838,  (Pterinea  bisul- 
cata,) 1841,   (Cvpricardites    bisulcata,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  116,  and  Pal,  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pi.  51,  figs.  1-16,  Ham.  Gr. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

2,  p.  51 ,  Gaspe  sandstone,  Up.  Sil. 
caxwelli,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab.  Deni- 
son  University,  p.  92.     Not  properly  de- 
fined. 


GRY. — ISO.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


483 


chemungensis,  Pitt,  1874,  Bui.  Buff.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  Chemung  Gr. 
circularis,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  51,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

57,  figs.  3-6,  Ham.  and  Chemung  Grs. 
communis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  378,  Chemung  Gr. 
cotistricta,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  58,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

59,  figs.  13-20,  Ham.  Gr. 
cuneata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

62,  figs.  1-9,  Ham.  Gr. 
duplicata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

380,  Chemung  Gr. 
elliptica,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  53,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

58,  figs.  1-12,  Chemung  Gr. 

erecta,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.    Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  52,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
363.  Ham.  Gr. 
glabra,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

369.  Chemung  Gr. 

globosa,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  57,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
372,  Ham.  Gr. 
hamUlonensis,  syn.  for  G.  bisculcata. 

hannibalensis, 
Shumard, 
1855,  (Allo- 
risma  han- 
n  i  b  alense,) 
Geo.  8  u  r . 
Mo.,  p.  206, 
C  h  o  t  e  a  u 
and  Kinder- 
hook  Grs. 

lirata,   Hall.  1870,   Prelim.   Notice    Lam. 
Shells,  p.  57,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

59,  figs.  6-12,  Ham.  Gr. 

magna,   Hall,   1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,     p.    50, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.   5,  p.   362, 

Ham.  Gr. 
minor,     Walcott, 

1885,    Monogr. 

TJ.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

vol.    8,    p.    174,  Fig.  832.— Grammysia  ban- 
Up.   Devonian,     nlbalensis.    Bight    side 
nodocostata.Hall,    view> 

1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam.Shells,p.50,and 

Pal.  N.Y.,vol.5,pl. 55,  figs.  1-11, Ham.  Gr. 
obsoleta,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  60,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

59,  figs.  21-27,  Ham.  Gr. 
ovata,  Hall,   1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

358,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
parallela,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  59,  Ham.  Gr. 
plena,   Hall,   1885,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

382,  Waverly  Gr. 
prsecursor,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  54,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

59,  fig.  1,  Schoharie  grit, 
remota,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  139,  Up.  Sil. 
rhomboidalis,    Meek    &   Worthen,    1865, 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  248,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  439,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  831.— Grammysia  hanni- 
balensis.   Dorsal  view. 


rhomboides,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  72,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
302,  Waverly  Gr. 

rustica,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  139,  Up.  Sil. 

secunda,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  54,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
59,  figs.  2-5,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

subarcuata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  61,  and  Pal.  N.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  61,  figs.  10-22,  Chemung  Gr. 

undata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
379,  Chemung  Gr. 

ventricosa,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  73,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  303,  Waverly  Gr. 
Gryphorhynchus,  Meek,  1864,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 

and  Arts.  Not.  defined. 
ILIONIA,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  8,  p.  301.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Ir- 
regularly ovate,  compressed;  one  ex- 
tremity larger  than  the  other,  with 
beaks  turned  toward  the  larger  end  ; 
concave  depression  from  the  umbones 
to  the  posterior  ventral  margin ;  sub- 
ovate  muscular  impression  in  the  upper 
half  of  the  posterior  extremity.  Type 

1.  canadensis. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1875,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  8,  p.  301,  Corniferous  Gr. 

costulata,  Whit- 
eaves,  1884, 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
3,  p.  15,Guelph 
Gr. 

galtensis,  Whit- 
eaves,  1884, 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
3,  p.!5,Guelph 
Gr.  FIG-  833.— Ilionia  galtensis. 

sinuata,    Hall, 

1859,  (Anatina  sinuata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  265,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
Inoceramus,  Sowerby,  1818,  Min.  Conch.,  vol. 

2.  This  genus  is  unknown  in  Ameri- 
can Palaeozoic  rocks. 

chemungensis,  see  Mytilarca  chemungensis. 
mytilimeris,  see  Plethomytilus  mytiliraeris. 
oviformis,  see  Plethomytilus  oviformis. 
ISCHYRINIA,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,   p.   16.     [Ety.  ischyros,    strong.] 
Equivalve,    inequilateral ;    two    strong 
ridges  radiating  from  the  beak  in  the 
interior  of   each   valve.     Type  I.  win- 
chelli. 

plicata,  Bill- 
ings, 1866, 
Catal.  Sil. 
Foss.  Antic., 
p.  52,  Anti- 
costi  Gr. 
winchelli,  Bil- 
lings, 1866, 
Catal.  Sil. 
Foss.  Antic., 
p.  16,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

Isocardia,  Klein,    1753,  Tent.   Meth.    Ostr. 
[Ety.  isos,  like ;  kardia,  the  heart.]    Thi& 


FIG.  834.— Ischyrinia  win- 
chelli. 


484 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[LED.— I.EP. 


is  an  existing  littoral  genus  that  bur- 
rows in  the  sand.  It  is  not  known  in 
the  Palaeozoic  rocks. 

(?)  curia,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  206,  Cho- 
teau  Gr. 

Jennie,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  17,  Marshall  Gr. 

unicmiformis,  see  Edmondia  unioniformis. 
Leda,  Schumacher,  1817,  syn.  for  Nuculana. 

barrisi,  White  &  Whitfield,  syn.  for  Palaeo- 
neilo  nuculiformis. 

bellistriaia,  see  Nuculana  bellistriata. 

breviroslris,  see  Nuculana  brevirostris. 

curta,  see  Nuculana  curta. 

dem-mamillata,  see  Nuculana  dens-mam- 
illata. 

gibbosa,  see  Yoldia  gibbosa. 

knoxensis,  see  Yoldia  knoxensis, 

levistriata,  see  Yoldia  levistriata. 

nuculifarmis,  see  Palseoneilo  nuculiformis. 

•obscure,  see  Nuculana  obscura. 

ohioensis,  Hall,  syn  for  Nuculana  pandori- 
formis. 

oweni,  see  Yoldia  oweni. 

pandoriformis,  see  Nuculana  pandori- 
formis. 

polita,  see  Nuculana  polita. 

rushensis,  see  Yoldia  rushensis. 

saccata,  see  Nuculana  saccata. 

substitute,  see  Yoldia  subscitula. 
LIOPTERIA,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  4.  (Plates  and  Explanations.) 
[Ety.  leios,  smooth ;  Pteria,  a  genus.] 
Aviculoid,  resembling  in  form  Actinop- 
teria ;  anterior  extremity  auriculate ; 
wing  large,  extremity  produced;  test 
without  proper  rays ;  ligament  ex- 
ternal; ligamental  area  marked  by 
fine  parallel  longitudinal  striae ;  hinge 
with  one  or  two  oblique,  slender, 
lateral  teeth  ;  the  cavity  of  the  beak 
partially  separated  from  the  anterior  end 
by  a  short  partition.  Type  L.  dekayi. 

bigsbyi,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  165,  Ham.  Gr. 

chemungensis,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Avicula 
chemungensis,)  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y., 
p.  182,  and  Paj,  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  172, 
Chemung  Gr. 

conradi,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  159,  Ham.  Gr 

dekayi,     Hall, 
1883,  Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p. 
164,  Ham.  Gr. 
gabbi,  Hall,  1884, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
*>,  pt.  1,  p.  169, 
Ham.  Gr. 
greeni,  Hall,  1883, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

>FiG.  835.  —  Llopteria    de-  Wa'm'   C?          ' 

kayl.  Cnst  showing  ver-      ,    ".a mT'T,  T' 
tical   plate   anterior   to      Isevis,  Hall,  1843, 
the  beaks.  (Aviculalaevis,) 

Geo.   Rep.   4th 

Dist.  N.  Y.,  P.  181,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  p.  158,  Marcellus  Shale. 


leai,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p. 

168,  Ham.  Gr. 
linguiformis,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  173,  Chemung  Gr. 
mitchelli,   Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  166,  Ham.  Gr. 
nitida,  Hall,  1883,   syn.  for  L.  chemung- 


oweni,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p. 
170,  Ham.  Gr.  ^^ 


rafinesquii,Hall, 

1883,  Pal.    N. 
Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  161,  Ham. 
Gr. 

sayi,  Hall,  1884, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5  pt.}  p.  162, 
Ham.  Gr. 

torreyi,    Hall, 

1884,  Pal.  N.Y.; 


•  —  I>iopteria   rafin- 
es(*uii- 


vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  174,  Chemung  Gr. 
troosti,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  167,  Ham.  Gr. 
LEPTODESMA,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  4.    (Plates  and  Explanations.) 

[Ety.  leptos,  slender  ;  desma,  a  ligament.] 

Like  Liopteria,  except  the  anterior  end 

is  nasute  and  acute,  instead  of  auricu- 

late and  rounded  ;    hinge-line  narrow, 

with  a  slender,  lateral  tooth  posterior 

to  the   beak;   ligament  external;    test 

with  concentric  striae.     Type  L.  potens. 
acutirostrum,   Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  234,  Chemung  Gr. 
agassizi,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  182,  Chemung  Gr. 
alatum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  218,  Chemung  Gr. 
aliforme,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  220,  Chemung  Gr. 
arciforme,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  229,  Chemung  Gr. 
aviforme,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,pt. 

1,  p.  224,  Cbemung  Gr. 
becki,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  185,  Chemung  Gr. 
billingsi,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  192,  Chemung  Gr. 
biton,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  222,  Chemung  Gr. 
cadmus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  201,  Chemung  Gr. 
clitus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  210,  Chemung  Gr. 
complanatum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  227,  Chemung  Gr. 
corydon,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  212,  Chemung  Gr. 
creon,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  202,  Chemung  Gr. 
curvatum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  196,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
demus,  Hall  1884,  Pal.  N.    Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  203,  Chemung  Gr. 
disparile,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  186,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
extenuatum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  207,  Chemung  Gr. 


LEP] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


485 


flaccidum,  Hall,   1884,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  225,  Chemung  Gr. 
hector,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.5,pt.  1, 

p.  209,  Chemung  Gr. 

jason,  Hall,  1884,  Hall,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  213,  Chemung  Gr. 

liopteroi  des, 
Simpson,  1889, 
Diet,  of  Pa. 
Foss.,  p.  331, 
Chemung  Gr. 
lepidum.  Hall, 
1884,  Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p. 
195,  Chemung 


FIG.  837.—  Leptodesma 
hector. 


Gr. 


FIG.  838.— Leptodesma 
hector. 


lesleyi,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  223,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
lichas,  Hal  1, 1884, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5.  pt.  1,  p.  232, 

Chemung  Gr. 
longi  sp  in  u  m  , 

Hall,       1843, 

(Avicula     lon- 

gi.spina,)    Geo. 

Rep.  4th   Dist. 

N.   Y.,   p    262, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.    5,  pt.  1,  p.   179, 

Chemung  Gr. 
loxias,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  204,  Chemung  Gr. 
lysander.  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  216,  Chemung  Gr. 
maclurii,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  228,  Chemung  Gr. 
marcellense,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  175,  Marcellus  Shale, 
matberi,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  193,  Cnemung  Gr. 
medon,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  197,  Chemung  Gr. 
mentor,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  205,  Chemung  Gr. 
mortoni,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  190,  Chemung  Gr. 
mytiliforme,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  2)35,  Cuemung  Gr. 
naviforme,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  200,  Chemung  Gr. 
nereus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  217,  Chemung  Gr. 
orcus,    Hall,  1884,  Pdl.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  215,  Chemung  Gr. 
erodes,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  206,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
orus,   Hall,   1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  219,  Cheraung  Gr. 
parallela,    Simpson,    1889,    Diet,    of    Pa. 

Foss.,  p.  332,  Chemung  Gr. 
patulum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  226,  Chemung  Gr. 
pelops  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  214,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
phaon,  Hall.  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  230,  Chemung  Gr. 
potens,  H»ill,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.l, 

p.  188,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 


potens  var.  juvene,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  189,  Chemung  Gr. 

propinquum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  1,  p.  231,  Chemung  Gr. 

protextum,  Conrad,  1842,  (Avieula  pro- 
texta,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol. 
8,  p.  238,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 
p.  183,  Chemung  Gr. 

quadratum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol^>, 
pt.  1,  p.  233,  Chemung  Gr. 

robnstum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  181,  Chemung  Gr. 

rogersi,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  176,  Ham.  Gr. 

rude,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 
p.  221,  Chemung  Gr. 

shumardi,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  180,  Chemung  Gr. 

soeiale,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  187,  Chemung  Gr. 

spinigerum,  Conrad,  1842,  (Avicula  spi- 
nigera,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol. 
8,  p.  237,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 
p.  177,  Chemung  Gr. 

stephani,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  194,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 

transversum,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  167,  Chemung  Gr. 

truncatum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  211,  Chemung  Gr. 

umbonatum,  Hall,  1884, Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.5, 
pt.  1,  p.  198,  Chemung  Gr. 

umbonatum  var.  depressum,  Hall,  1884, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  199,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

LEPTODOMUS,  McCoy,  1844,  Synopsis  Garb. 
Foss.  Ireland,  p.  66.  [Ely.  leptos,  slender; 
domw,  house.]  Shell  thin,  short,  ob- 
long, tumid,  subequivalve,  inequilat- 
eral ;  beaks  large,  incurved ;  anterior 
side  short,  obtusely  rounded,  slightly 
gaping ;  deep  ovate  lunette  between  the 
beaks ;  posterior  end  broad,  rounded, 
gaping,  slope  compressed,  sides  sulcated 
parallel  with  the  ventral  margin  ;  dorsal 
margin  inflected  so  as  to  form  a  lunette 
as  long  as  the  hinge-line ;  np  hinge 
teeth  ;  muscular  impressions  faint. 

arata,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 
5,  p.  152,  Up.  Silurian. 


32 


Fio.  839. — Leptodomus  canadensis, 

canadensis,  tJillings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  54,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  De- 
vonian. 

clavata,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  415,  Portage  Gr. 

granosus,  see  Allorisina  granosum. 


486 


LAMELLIBRANC1HA  TA. 


[LIM. — LUN. 


topekensis,  see  Sedgwickia  topekensis. 

undulatus,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis,  p.  81,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  293,  Niagara  Gr. 

mainensis,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  118,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

pembrokensis,    Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port. 
Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,   vol.   1,  p.  118,  Low. 
%    Held.  Gr. 

percingulatus,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  119,  Low 
Held.  Gr. 

Lima,  Brugueire,  1791,  Encycl.  Meth.  and 
Deshayes,  1824,  Descrip.  de  Coqnilles 
fossiles  des  environs  de  Paris.  [Ety. 
lima,  a  file.l  Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 

chesteremis,  Worthen,  not  recognized. 

glabra,  see  Crenipecten  glaber. 

macroptera,  see  Limoptera  macroptera. 

obsoleta,  see  Crenipecten  obsoletus. 

retifera,  see  Crenipecten  retiferus. 

rugcestriata,  see  A  viculopecten  rugistriatus. 
LIMOPTERA.  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,'  p.  15,  Up.  Held.  Gr.  [Ety. 
Lima,  a  genus  ;  pteron,  a  wing.]  Large, 
inequi valve,  inequilateral,  subquadrate, 
alate  posterior,  auriculate  anterior ; 
ligamental  area  large,  common,  longi- 
tudinally striate ;  hinge  with  an  ob- 
lique posterior  tooth  and  cardinal  folds 
beneath  the  fceak  ;  anterior  impression 
deep,  posterior  large,  pallia!  line  simple 
formed  of  a  series  of  small  pits ;  inter- 
pallial  area  pitted  for  the  attachment 
of  umbonal  muscles ;  test  radiated. 
Type  L.  pauperata. 

cancellata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  16,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  244,  Ham.  Gr. 

curvata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  18,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  250,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  840. — Limoptera  macroptera. 

macroptera,  Conrad,  1838,  (Lima  macrop- 
tera,) Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  117,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  246,  Ham.  Gr. 

obsoleta,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  18,  and  Pal  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  249,  Ham.  Gr. 

pauperata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  16,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  1,  p.  243,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

earmenticia,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  167,  Devonian. 


LITHOPHAGA,  Lamarck,  1812,  Hist.  An.  sans 
Vert.  [Ety.  lithos,  stone  ;  phago,  I  eat.] 
Not  American  Palaeozoic. 

illinoisensis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  38,  Keokuk 
Gr.  Proposed  instead  of  the  form 
identified  as  L.  lingualis  of  Phillips. 

lingualis,  Phillips,  1836,  (Modiola  lin- 
gualis,) Geol.  Yorkshire,  vol.  2,  p.  209. 
Not  American. 

pertenuis,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  245,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  539,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
Littorina  wheeleri,  see  Schizodus  wheeleri. 
Lucina,   Bruguiere,    1792,   Encyclop.  Meth. 
[Ety.    mythological    name.]    Type    L. 
pennsylvanica.  Notan  American  Palaeo- 
zoic genus. 

billingsana,  see  Paracyclas  billingsana. 

elliptica,  see  Paracyclas  elliptica. 

elliptica  vur.  occidentalis,  see  Paracyclas 
elliptica  yar.  occidentalis. 

hamiltonensis,  see  Paracyclas  hamiltonensis. 

lirata,  see  Paracyclas  lirata. 

occidentalis,  Billings,  1859,  Assiniboine  and 
Saskatchewan  Ex.  Exped.  This  name 
was  preoccupied  by  Morton  for  an 
Eocene  species,  see  Paracyclas  bill- 


ohioensis,  see  Paracyclas  ohioensis. 

retusa,  see  Paracyclas  retusa. 

varysburgia,  see   Paracyclas  varysburgen- 
sis. 

wyomingensis,   see    Paracyclas    wyoming- 

ensis. 

LUNULICARDIUM,  Munster,  1840,  Beitrage  zur 
Petrefaktenkunde,  3d  heft,  p.  69.  [Ety. 
lunula,  a  little  moon ;  Cardium,  a  genus.] 
Equivalve,  inequilateral,  subelliptical, 
subcircular,  or  trigonal ;  posterior  side 
obliquely  truncate,  margin  often  re- 
flexed  and  produced;  beaks  pointed; 
cardinal  line  marked  by  a  lunate  hiatus  ; 
surface  radiated  and  concentrically 
marked ;  ligament  external. 

acutirostrum,  syn.  for  L.  ornatum. 


FIG.  841.— Lunulicardium   curtuin. 

curtum,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  71, 
figs.  18-23,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


LYO. — MAC.] 


LAMELLIBRNACHIATA. 


487 


Fro.  842.— Lunulicar- 
dium  marcellense. 


fragile,  Hall,  1843,  (Avicula  fragilis,) 
Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  222,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  71,  figs.  1-14,  Gen- 
esee  Shale. 

fragosum,  Meek,  1877,  (Posidonomya  fra- 
gosa,)  U.  S.  Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel, 
vol.  4,  p.  92,  Carboniferous. 

marcellense,     Van- 
uxem,   1842,  (Cy- 
pricardites     mar- 
cellensis,)    Geo. 
Rep.  3d    Dist. 
N.  Y.,p.  146,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  71,  figs.  15-16. 
Marcellus  Shale, 
orbiculare,     Hall, 
1885,  Pal.   N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  436,  Marcellus  Shale, 
ornatuin,  Hall,  1843,  (Pinnopsis  ornata,) 
Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  244,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  437,  Portage  Gr. 
rude,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  71, 

fig.  17,  Marcellus  Shale, 
transversum,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  439,  Chemung  Gr. 

Lyansia,  Turton,  1822.     Not  found  in  Paleo- 
zoic rocks. 

concava,  see  Sedgwickia  concava. 
LYRIOPECTEN,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  3.  (Plates  and  Explanations.)  [Ety. 
tyrion,  a  lyre  ;  Pecten,  a  genus.]  Dis- 
tinguished from  Aviculopecten  by  the 
shorter  hinge-line  and  very  small  an- 
terior wing;  surface  with  strong  rays. 
Type  L.  magnificus. 

alternatus,  Simpson,  1889,  Diet.  Foss.  Pa., 
p.  366,  and  Trans.  Am.   Phil.   Soc.,  p. 
446,  Chemung  Gr. 
anomiiformis,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  53,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cymbalon,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  47,  Ham.  Gr. 
dardanus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  41,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
fasciatus,  Hall,  1884,  (Pernopecten  fascic- 
ulatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  55, 
Chemung  Gr. 

interradiatus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  1,  p.  44,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  843.— Lyriopecten  orbiculatus. 
macrodontus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  46,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
magnificus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  51,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 


orbiculatus,  Hall,  1843,  (Avicula  orbicu- 
lata,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.,  N.  Y.,  p.  202, 
and  Pai.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  42, 
Ham.  Gr. 

parallelodontus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  40,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

polydorus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  50,  Chemung  Gr. 

priamus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  54,  Chemung  Gr. 

solox,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 
p.  56,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 

tricostatus,  Vanuxem,  1842,  (Avicula 
tricostata,)  Geo.  Sur.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 
179,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  48, 
Chemung  Gr. 

LYRODESMA,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Geo.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  51.  '  [Ety.  lyra,  a  harp;  desma, 
a  ligament.]  Equivalve,  inequilateral, 
semicircular;  hinge  plate  with  6  to  8 
angular,  crenulated  teeth  radiating 
from  beneath  the  beak  upon  a  more 
or  less  rounded  platform.  Type  L. 
planutn. 

cincinnatiense,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  227,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

planum,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Geo.  Rep. 
p.  51,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

poststr  i  a  t  u  m , 
E  m  m  o  n  s  , 
1842,  (Nucu- 
lana  poststri- 
ata,)Geo.Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  399, 
and  Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  151,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

pulchellum,   Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

1,  p.  302,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
MACRODON,  Lycett,  1845,  Murch.  Geo.  Chelt. 
[Ety.   macros,   long;    odoiis,    a    tooth.] 
Shell  oblong,  very  inequilateral,  mod- 
erately  tumid,  a  byssal   sinus  in   the 
anterior  third  of  the  ventral  margin 
anterior  edges  of  the  adductor  impres- 
sions prominent;  hinge  teeth  at  the  an- 
terior end 
few,slightly 
oblique     or 
nearly  at 
right  angles 
to  the  hinge- 
line     be- 

beak1  *  be*  FlQ'  815-Macrodon  obsoletus. 
coming  more  oblique  toward  the  an- 
terior end  ;  posterior  part  of  the  hinge- 
line,  from  beak  to  anal  angle,  occupied 
by  one  to  three  long  lateral  teeth. 

carbonarius,  Cox,  1857.  (Area  carbona- 
rius,)  Geo.  Sur.  Ky.,  vol.3,  p.  567,  Coal 
Meas. 

chemungensis,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  No- 
tice Lam.  Shells,  p.  14,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pi.  51,  figs.  11-16,  Chemung  Gr. 

cochlearis,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  16,  Marshall  Gr.  Prof. 
Hall  suggests  that  it  is  a  syn.  for  M. 
parvus. 


Fio.  844.— Lyrodesma  post- 
striatum. 


488 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[MAT. — MEG. 


curtus,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.   Geol.,  p. r  302, 

Garb, 
delicatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1870,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,   p.  40,  and  Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  5,  p.  575,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
hamiltonise,   Hall,  1870,    Prelim.     Notice 

Lam.  Shells,  p.  13,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pi.  51,  figs.  1-10,  Ham.  Gr. 
hardingi,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  302, 

Garb, 
micronema,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  261,  Kaskaskia  Gr.    ; 
obsoletus,  Meek,  1871,  Reg.  Rep.  Univer-  | 

sity  W.  Va.,  p.  5,  and  Pal.  Ohio,  vol.  2, 

p.  334,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG  846.— Matherla  tener. 

ovatus,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam 
Shells,  p.  15,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p 
351,  Waverly  Gr. 

parvus,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  8,  p.  299 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

sangamonensis,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  123  Coal  Meas. 

shubenacadiensis,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad. 
Geo.  p.  302,  Carb. 

tennistriatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1867, 
Proc.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  17, 
Up.  Coal  Meas. 

truncatus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.8, p.  243, Carboniferous. 
MATHERIA,  Billings,  1858,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  3,  p.  440.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Eqnivalve,  inequilateral ; 
beaks  anterior;  two  small,  obtuse, 
cardinal  teeth  in  the  left  valve,  and 
one  in  the  right ;  no  lateral  teeth ;  two 
muscular  impressions;  ligament  ex- 
ternal. Type  M.  tener. 

tener,   Billings,    1858,    Can.    Nat.   and 

Geo.,  vol.  3,  p.  440,  Trenton  Gr. 
MBGALOMUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  343.  [Ety.  meyas.  great;  omos, 
shoulder.]  Large,  equivalve,  concen- 
trically lined,  longitudinal;  umbones 
anterior  incurved;  shell  thick  and 
along  the  hinge-line  thickened  on  the 
interior;  muscular  imprt-ssion  large 
and  deep,  with  two  small  circular 
pits  above.  Type  M.  canadensis. 

canadensis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  343,  Guelph  Gr. 

compressus,    Nicholson    &    Hinde,    1874, 

Can.  Jour.,  vol.  14,  p.  159,  Niagara  Gr. 

MKGAMBONIA.  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

&273.     [Ety.  megas,  great;  ambon,  the 
>88  of  a  shield.]     Equivalve,   inequi- 
lateral, subovoid,  gibbous  in  the  middle 
and  toward  the  umbones ;  anterior  side 


lobed  or  auriculate;  muscular  impres- 
sion large;  posterior  cardinal  margin 
expanded  or  alate;  hinge-line  crenu- 
lated  anteriorly;  teeth  numerous;  sur- 
face concentrically  lined,  and  sometimes 
with  radiating  striae.  Type  M.  subor- 
bicularis. 


KiG.  847. — Megalomus  canadensis. 

aviculoidea,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  274,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

bellistriata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  467,  Oriskany  sandstone. 

cancellata,  Hall,  I860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  5,  p.  153,  Up.  Silurian. 

cardiiformis,  Hall,  1843,  (Pterinea  cardii- 
formis,) Geo. .Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 
172,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  515,  Cor- 
nif.  Gr. 


FIG.  848.— Megambonia  cardiiformis. 

cordiformis,  see  Mytilarca  cordiformis. 
jamesi,  see  Ambonychia  jamesi. 
lamellofa,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  467,  Oriskany  sandstone, 
lata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  3,  p.  277, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 

lyoni,  syn.  for  Cardiopsis  radiata. 
mytiloMea,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  276,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


MEG.— MOD.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  7  A. 


489 


oblonga,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
277,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

obscura,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3.  p. 
277,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

occidualis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  TJ.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  173,  Devonian. 

ovata,  Hall,  syn.  for  Plethomytilus  myti- 
limeris. 

ovoidea,  Hall,  syn.  for  Plethomytilus  my- 
tiliraeris. 

rhomboidea,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  275,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

spiuneri,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
274,  Low.  Held.  Gr.  . 

striata,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 
5,  p.  153,  Up.  Silurian. 

subcardiformis,  Hall,  syn.  for  M.  cardii- 
formis. 

suborbicularis,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  273,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
Megaptera,  Meek   &   Worthen,    1866.    The 

name  was  preoccupied. 
Microdon,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  8.  p.  247.  This  name  was  applied 
by  Agassiz  to  a  genus  of  fish  in  1833, 
and  was  also  preoccupied  for  a  genus  of 
insects.  Hall  proposed  Eodon,  in  1877, 
but  Whitfield  has  shown  that  M.  belli- 
striatus  is  a  Cypricardella,  and  hence  the 
latter  name  has  priority. 

bellistriatus,  see  Cypricardella  bellistriata. 

complanatus,  see  Cypricardella  complanata. 

gregarius,  see  Cypricardella  gregaria. 

reservatus,  see  Cypricardella  reservata. 

tenuistriatus,  see  Cvricardella  tenuistriata. 
MODIELLA,  Hall,  1884, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
4.  (Plates  and  Ex- 
planations.) [Ety. 
modus,  a  measure ; 
ellus,  diminutive.] 
Subrhomboidal,  nar- 
rowed and  auriculate 
in  front,  broadly  ex- 
panding posteriorly;  two  well-marked 
muscular  impressions  connected  by  a 
simple  pallial  line ;  surface  with  radi- 
ating strise.  Tppe  M.  pygmsea. 

P5'gmiea,  Conrad,  1842,  (Pterinea  pyg- 
maea,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 
251,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  76,  figs. 
9-20,  Ham.  Gr. 

Modiola,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An.  sans  Vert. 
[Eto.  modiolus,  a  small  measure  or  drink- 
ing vessel.]  Oblong,  inflated  in  front, 
umbones  anterior,  obtuse,  no  teeth; 
pedal  impressions  three,  the  central 
one  elongated.  Type  M.  modiolus. 
Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus.  Species  are 
only  left  here  for  want  of  material  to 
properly  determine  the  generic  relations. 

avonia,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,p.  301, 
Subcarboniferous. 

concentrica,  see  Modiomorpha  concentrica. 

illinoisensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  16,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  125,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

lingualis,  see  Lithophaga  lingualis. 

metella,  see  Mytilops  metella. 


FIG.   849.  —  Modiella 
pygmeea. 


minor,  Lea,  1852,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d 
series,  vol.  2,  Coal  Meas.  Not  deter- 
minable. 


FIG.  850. — Modiola  modiolus.  aa,  Anterior  ad- 
ductors ;  a'a',  posterior  adductors ;  uu.p'pf,  pedal 
muscles  ;  pp,  byssal  muscles ;  /,  foot ;  6,  byssus ; 
m,  pallial  Ime. 

nevadensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  TJ.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  239,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

obtusa,  see  Modiolopsis  obtusa. 

pooli,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  301, 
Low.  Garb.  Founded  upon  a  small  cast 
destitute  of  characters. 

prsecedens,  see  Mytilops  prsecedens. 

wyomingensis,  Lea,  1852,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
'Sci.,  2d  series,  vol.  2,  p.  205,  Coal  Meas. 
Not  recognized,  but  probably  an  An- 
thracomya. 

MODIOLOPSIS,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  157.  [Ety.  Modiola,  a  genus  of  shells ; 
opsis,  appearance;  from  its  resemblance 
to  Modiola.]  Equivalve,  inequilateral, 
elongated,  broader  posteriorly;  um- 
bones anterior;  cardinal  teeth  short, 
oblique;  single,  deep,  subcircular  ante- 
rior muscular  impression  ;  ligament  ex- 
ternal ;  no  area ;  surface  concentrically 
lined.  Type  M.  modiolaris. 

adrastia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  45,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

anodontoides,  Conrad,  1847,  (Cypricardites 
anodontoides,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  syn. 
for  M.  sinuata. 

arcuata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
159,  Trenton  Gr. 

aviculoides,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  161,  Trenton  Gr. 

cancellata,  AValcott,  1879,  Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  10,  p.  22,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 

capax,  n.  sp.  Shell  very  large,  oblong ; 
cardinal  and  basal  lines  behind  the 
beaks  subparallel ;  basal  margin  slightly 
contracted  by  an  undefined  cincture 
arising  below  the  beaks;  posterior  end 
broadly  rounded;  depressed  in  front  of 


490 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[MOD. 


the     beaks;    anterior    end    rounded;  j 
beaks  large,  obtuse,  and  extending  be-  : 
yond  the  hinge-line;    umbones  large;  j 
surface   marked   with   concentric  lines  | 
of  growth,  and  with  strong  transverse  • 
lines  over   the  umbonal  region,  some  ' 
of  which  extend  nearly    to  the  basal 
line,  the  anterior   ones  curve  a  little 
forward  in  passing  over  the  umbones. 
Collected  by   the  author  in  the  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr.  at  Versailles,  Indiana. 

carinata,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
160,  Trenton  Gr. 

carrollensis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Galena  Gr.    Pro- 
posed instead  of  M.  subnasuta  of  Meek  i 
&  Worthen,  1870,  Proc.Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  | 
p.  41,  which  was  preoccupied. 

cincinnatiensis,   Hall  &  Whitfield,    1875,  | 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  88,  Utica  Slate. 


strong,  projecting  anteriorly  beyond  the 
hinge-line;  umbones  high,  subangular, 
and  gradu- 
ally declin- 
ing toward 
the  postero- 
basal  line ; 
anterior 
m  oscular 
impression  FIG.  853.— Modiolopsis  faberi. 
Cardinal  view,  showin~ 


FIG.  s.=il.—  Modiolopsis  capax. 

concentrica,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  86,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
curta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  297, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
dicteus,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  385,  Niagara  Gr. 
(?)  dubia,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

264,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
exilis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

132,  Up.  Sil. 

faba,  Emmons,  1842,  Geo.  Rep.  2d  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  395,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
158,  Black  Riv.,  Trenton,  and  Hud. 
Riv.  Grs. 

faberi,  n.  sp. 
Shell  elon- 
gate, nearly 
twice  as  long 
as  high  ;  be- 
low the  aver- 
age size  of 
species  in 
this  genus ; 
broadest  be- 
hind the  middle,  and  much  contracted 
in  front  of  the  beaks ;  hinge-line  nearly 
straight  from  the  anterior  end  to  the 
middle ;  it  then  becomes  arcuate  to  near 
the  posterior  end,  which  is  abruptly 
rounded ;  basal  line  slightly  sinuate  at 
the  anterior  third  from  the  cincture,  di- 
rected downward  and  backward  from 
the  anterior  part  of  the  umbo ;  beaks 


FIG.  852.— Modiolopsis  faberi 
L,eft  valve. 


vprv   Iflrwp          arna     vew,    showing 
very  large,      greatest  thickness  of  shell 
circular,      toward  the  posterior, 
deep,    and 

situate  at  the* anterior  end,  in  front  of 
and  below  the  beaks;  dorsal  ligament 
very  large.  Distinguished  from  M.  con- 
centrioa  in  its  general  outline,  more 
elongate  form,  more  prominent  beaks, 
and  higher  and  more  angular  umbones. 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr.,  at  Cincinnati,  O.  The 
specimen  figured  is  from 
the  collection  of  Charles 
Faber. 

gesneri,  Biilings,  1862,  Pal. 
Foss  ,  vol.  1,  p.  43,  Tren- 
ton  and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 
Za<ws,      see      Cypricardites 

latus. 

niaia,  Billings,  1862,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  44,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

meyeri,  Billings,  1862,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  42,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

modiolaris,    Conrad,    1838, 
(Pterinea        modiolaris,) 
Ann.   Geo.   Rep.    N.   Y.,    p.    118,    and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  294,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
modioliformis,   Meek  &  Worthen,    1868, 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    3,    p.    294,    Tren- 
ton Gr. 
mytiloides,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  157,  Black  Riv.  *nd  Trenton  Grs. 
nais,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
45,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  854. — Modiolopsis  modiolaris.    Hinge  and 
pallial  line  and  muscular  impression. 

nasuta,  Conrad,  1841,  (Cypricardites  na- 

sutus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  52,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  159,  Trenton  and  Hud. 

Riv.  Grs: 

n«cwZ//om»s,  see  Tellinomya  nuculiformis. 
obtnsa,  Hall,  1847,  (Modiola  obtusa,)  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  40,  Birdseye  Gr. 
occidens,  Walcott,    1885,    Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  77,  Trenton  Gr. 


MOD.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


491 


orthonota,  Conrad,  1839,   (Unio  orthono- 

tus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  66,  and  Geo. 

Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  2,  figs.  8  and  9, 

Medina  sandstone. 
orthonota,   Meek  &  Worthen,   1868,   Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3.    This  name  was  preoc- 
cupied.    See  M.  rectiformis. 
ovata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  2;  p. 

101,  Clinton  Gr. 

parallela,  see  Orthodesma  parallelum. 
parviuscula,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  446,  Chazy  Gr. 
perlata,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  172,  Niagara  Gr. 
perovata,  see  Modiomorpha  perovata. 
pholadiformis.  Hall,  1851,  Lake  Sup.  Land 

Dist.,  vol.  2,  p.  213,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
plana,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  30, 

Trenton  Gr. 
pogonipensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  78,  Trenton  Gr. 
prisca,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  191,  Up.  Ta- 

conic.    Not  a  Modiolopsis. 
primigenia,  Conrad,    1838,    (Unio    primi- 

genius,)   Ann.  Rep.   N.  Y.,  p.  66,  and 

Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  2,  fig.  3, 

Medina  sandstone, 
recta,   Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat,  Hist.,  p.  386,  Niagara  Gr. 
rectiformis,  Worthen,  1882,  Bull.  No.  1, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat;  Hist,,  p.  38,  Tren- 
ton Gr.  Proposed  instead  of  M.  ortho- 
nota, Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  3,  p.   295,   which  was  preoc- 
cupied, 
rhomboidea,  Hall,  1860,   Can.   Nat.   and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  148,  Up.  Sil. 
rudis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

133,  Up.  Sil. 
sinuata,    Emmons,    1842,    (Cypricardites 

sinuatus,)  Geo.  Rep.  2d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p. 

399,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  298,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
striata,    Billings,    1866,   Catal.   Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  48,  Anticosti  Gr. 
subalata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

84,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Grs. 
aubcarinata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  601,  Clinton  Gr. 
subnasuta,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  148,  Up.  Sil. 
tubnasuta,  Meek  &  Worthen.     See  M.  can- 

cellata. 
subrhomboidea,    Simpson,    1889,    Trans. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  450,  and  Diet.  Foss., 

Pa.,  p.  411,  Clinton  Gr. 
subspatulata,'  see  Cvpricardites  subspatu- 

latus. 
superba,  Hall,   1861,   Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 

31,  Trenton  Gr. 
terminalis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  318,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
trentonensis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  161,  Trenton  Gr. 
truncata.  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

296,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
undulostriata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  284,  Niagara  Gr. 


unionoides,  Meek,  1871,  (Anodontopsis 
unionoides,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 
3d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  299,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  141,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

varia,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 
56,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  855.— Modiolopsis  versaillesensis.    Left 
valve. 

versaillesensis,    S.  A.  Miller,   1874,   Cin. 
Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  p.  150,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  856.— Modiolopsis  versaillesensis.    Hinge- 
line  aud  muscular  impression. 

MODIOMORPHA,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  72.  [Ely.  contracted  from 
Modiola,  a  genus ;  morphe,  form.]  Equi- 
valve,  subovate,  larger  posteriorly,  com- 
pressed ;  beaks  small ;  sinus  oblique 
and  constricting  the  base;  surface  con- 
centrically undulated ;  single  tooth  in 
the  left  valve,  and  corresponding  socket 
iu  the  other ;  no  lateral  teeth  ;  ligament 
external.  Type  M.  concentrica. 

affinis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
284,  Ham.  Gr. 

alta,  Conrad,  1841,  (Cypricardites  alta,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  52,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pi.  37,  figs.  1-16,  Ham.  Gr. 

altiformis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  8. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  169,  Devonian. 

ambigua,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  239,  Carboniferous. 

arcuata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
36,  fig.  21,  Ham.  Gr. 

chemos,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  30,  Genesee  shales. 

clarens,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
273,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

complanata, 
Hall,  1870, 
Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p. 
73,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  272,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

concentrica,  Con- 
rad, 1838,  (Pte- 

rinea  concentrica,)  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  Sur. 
N.  Y.,  p.  116,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
34,  figs.  9-10,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  857.— Modiomorpha 
concentrica. 


492 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[MON. — MYA. 


cymbula,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  75,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

36,  figs.  19-20,  Ham.  Gr. 
desiderata,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  240,  Carboniferous, 
hyalea,  Hall,   1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  79,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

41,  figs.  28-30,  Waverly  Gr. 
inornata,  Billings,   1874,  Pal.   FOBS.,  vol. 

2,  p.  52,  Devonian, 
linguiformis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pi.  34,  figs.  15-17,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
macilenta,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  76,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

37,  fig.    17,    and   pi.    39,    figs.    17-21, 
Ham.  Gr. 

mytiloides,  Conrad,  1841,   (Cypricardites 

mytiloides,)  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  N.  Y.,  p.  52, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  277,  Ham.  Gr. 
neglecta,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

41,  figs.  12-13,  Chemung  Gr. 
oblonga,    Walcott,   1885,    Monogr.    U.    S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  170,  Devonian, 
obtuea,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  171,  Devonian, 
perovata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Modi- 

olopsis  perovata,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  246,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3, 

p.  438,  Ham.  Gr. 
pintoensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  240,  Carboniferous. 
planuJata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  74,  syn.  for  M.  mytiloides. 
ponderosa,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites  pon- 

derosus,)   Prelim.   Not.  Lam.  Shells,  p. 

35,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  34,  fig.  11, 

Up.  Held  Gr. 
putillus,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol,  5,  pi. 

41,  figs.  1-2,  Schoharie  grit, 
quadrula,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  77,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

41,  figs.  18-26,  Chemung  Gr. 
recta,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  286, 

Ham.  Gr. 
recurva,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

41,  fig.  17,  Chemung  Gr. 
regularis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

270,  Schobarie  grit, 
rigida,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  41, 

figs.  10,  11,  14-16,  Chemung  Gr. 
rigidula,  Simpson,  1889,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  p.  449,  and  Diet.  FOBS.  Pa.,  p.  415, 

Chemung  Gr. 
schobarie,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  269,  pi.  34,  fig.  13,  Schoharie  grit, 
subalata,     Conrad,    1841,     Cypricardites 

subalatus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  83,  and 

Pal.   N.  Y.,   vol.   5,   pi.  39,   figs.  1-16, 

Ham.  Gr. 
subalata  var.  chemungensis,   Hall,  1885, 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  284,  Chemung  Gr. 
subangulata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  287,  Chemung  Gr. 
tioga,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  291, 

Chemung  Gr. 
MONOPTERIA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Chi.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  20.     [Ety. 

monos,  single ;  pteron,  a  wing.]     Avicu- 

loid,  obliquely  produced,  angular  pos- 


FIG.  858.— Monopteria 
gibbosa. 


teriorly,  rounded  in  front,  subequivalve, 
both  valves  convex ;  posterior  wing 
slender,  produced,  anterior  one  obsolete 
or  drawn  back  between  the  beaks,  in  a 
deep  lunule;  no  bysfal  emargination, 
but  a  little  gaping  in  the  lunuie ;  mus- 
cular impressions  faint;  cardinal  area 
narrow,  with  few  longitudinal  cartilage 
furrows;- hinge  edentulous.  Type  M. 
longiepina. 

auricula,  Stevens,  1858,  (Gervillia  auric- 
ula,) Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser., 
vol.  25,  p.  265,  Coal  Meas. 

gibboea,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1866, 
Proc.  Chi.  Acad. 
Sci.,  p.  20,  Coal 
Meas. 

longispina,  Cox, 
1857,  (Gervillia 
longispina,) 
Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 
vol.  3,  p.  568, 
Coal  Meas. 

marian,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert,  Foss., 
p.  22,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer., 
vol.  4,  p.  151,  Carboniferous. 
MONOTIS,  Bronn,  1824,  System  Urweltlicher 
Konchylien.  [Ety.  monos,  one  ;  ous,  otos, 
ear.]  Obliquely  oval,  compressed,  ra- 
diated; anterior  side  short,  rounded; 
posterior  slighty"  eared.  Type  M.  sa- 
linaria. 

elevata,  see  Panenka  elevata. 
gregaria,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
1870,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  38,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  573,  Coal 
Meas. 

halli,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans. 
St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1, 
p.  185,  Permian  Gr. 

hawni,  see  Pseudomonotis  hawni. 

pouhoni,  see  Panenka  poulsoni. 

princeps,  see  Aviculopecten  princeps. 

radialis,  Phillips,  1834,  (Pecten  radialis,) 
see  Pseudomonotis  radialis. 

radians,  see  Panenka  radians. 

septentrionalis,  Haughton,  1857,  Jour. 
Roy.  Dub.  Soc.,  vol.  1,  (?)  Gr. 

speluncaria,  Schlotheim,  1816,  Denkschrif- 
ten  d.  k.  Ac.  d.  Wiss.  zu  Munchen,  p. 
30,  (Gryphites  speluncarius,)  Permian 
Gr.  Probably  not  American. 

variabilis,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  187,  Permian  Gr. 
MYALINA,  DeKoninck,  1844,  Desc.  Anim. 
Foss.  Carb.  Belg.,  p.  125.  [Ety.  My  a,  a 
genus  of  shells;  inus,  like.]  Subrhom- 
boidal,  inequilateral,  inequivalve,  ob- 
lique, slightly  sinuous  in  front  for  the 
passage  of  the  byssus;  beaks  pointed, 
nearly  terminal;  surface  smootl  or  con- 
centrically marked ;  hinge  edentulous; 
ligamental  area  broad  and  tun-owed 
parallel  to  the  hinge-line;  muscular 
and  pallial  impressions  apparently  as 
in  Fteria;  shell  structure  prismatic. 
Type  M.  lamellosa. 


FIG.  859.— Mo- 
n  o  t  i  s  gre- 
garia. 


MYT.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


498 


angulata,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  455,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  300,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
apachesi,    Marcou,     1858,    Geol.     North 

America,  p.  44,  Subcarboniferous. 
aviculoides,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  184,  and  Pal. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  51,  Permian  Gr. 
aviculoides,  Winchell,  see  M.  rara. 
concava,   Swallow,    1858,    (Mytilus    con- 

cavus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol. 

1,  p.  188,  Permian  Gr. 
concentrica,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  456,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  281,  Warsaw  Gr. 
congeneris,  Walcott,  1885,  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 

vol.  8,  p.  237.  Subcarboniferous. 
Cuneiforms,  Gurley,  1883,  New  Garb.  Foss., 

p.  4.     Publication  invalid, 
deltoidea,  Gabb,  1859,   Proc.    Acad..  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  297,  Subcarboniferous. 
imbricaria,  Winchell,    1862,   Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  412,  Marshall  Gr. 
iowensis,    Winchell,    1865,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  127,  Chemung  Gr. 
kansasensis,    Shumard,    1858,    Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.   1,  p.  213,   Coal 

Meas. 
keokuk,  Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

6,  p.  524,  Keokuk  Gr. 
meliniformis,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1866, 

Proc.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  19,  Coal 

Meas. 
michiganensis,      Winchell,      1862,     Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  411,  Marshall  Gr. 
monroensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 

111.    St.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,   p.    15,    and 

Geo.    Snr.    111.,    vol.    8,     p.     127,     St. 

Louis  Gr. 
mytiliformis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

2,  p.  100,  Clinton  Gr. 

nemesis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  237,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

nessus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  238,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

perattenuata,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858, 
Trans.  Alb-  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  77,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  582,  Coal 
Meas. 

permiana,  Swallow,  1858,  (Mytilus  per- 
mianus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  187,  and  Pal.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  52, 
Permian  Gr. 

perniformis,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 
vol.  3,  p.  569,  Coal  Meas. 

pterineiformis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  412,  Marshall  Gr. 

rara,  Winchell,  1870,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  p.  390,  Marshall  Gr.  Proposed 
instead  of  M.  aviculoides,  Winchell, 
1862,  which  was  preoccupied. 

recta,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  212,  Permian  Gr. 

recurvirostris,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  456,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  344,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 


squamosa,   Sowerby,    1827,    Trans.    Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  Permian  Gr. 
subquadrata,    Shumard,  1855,   Geo.  Rep. 

Mo.,  p.  207,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  860.— Myalina  recurvirostris. 

stludovici,  Worthen,  1873,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  5,  p.  540,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
swallovi,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal.  Foss., 

p.  57,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  341, 

Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  861.— Myalina  subquadrata. 

MYTILARCA,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  19.  [Ety.  from  the  two  gen- 
era Mytilus  and  Area.']  Equivalve,  in- 
equilateral, mytiliform ;  beaks  terminal; 
hinge  short;  ligamental  area  stiiated; 
cardinal  teeth  beneath  the  beak  small, 
oblique ;  posterior  teeth  small,  oblique, 
and  at  the  extremity  of  the  hinge  ;  an- 
terior muscular  scar  umbonal,  and  pos- 
terior one  near  the  postero-basal  mar- 
gin;  pallial  line  entire,  simple  ;  f-urface 
not  unfrequently  with  fine,  obscure  ra- 
diating striae.  Type  M.  chemungensie. 


494 


LAMELLIBRAh  CHI  A  7  A. 


[MYT.— NUC. 


arenacea,  see  Plethomytilus  arenaceus. 
attenuata,    Hall,    1870,     Prelim.     Notice 

Lam.  Shells,  p.  23,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  260,  Chemung  Gr. 
canadensis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol. 

2,    p.  52,   Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  De- 
vonian, 
carinata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  259,  Chemung  Gr. 
chemnngensis,  Conrad,  1842,  (Inoceramus 

chemungensis,)   Jour.   Acad.  Nat.   Sci. 

Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  246,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  258,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  862.— Mytilarca  chemungensis. 

cordiformis,  Hall,  1859,  (Megambonia  cor- 

diformis,)   Pal.    N.  Y.,  vol.   3,   p.  278, 

Low.  Held..  Gr. 
dubia,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  168,  Devonian, 
fibristriata,    White    &    Whitfield,     1862, 

(My  til  us  fibristriatus,)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  296,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  264,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
gibbosa,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  262,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
knappi,  see  Plethomytilus  knappi. 
lata,  Hall,  1884,  (Mytilops  late,)  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  262,  Chemung  Gr. 
mytilimeris,  see  Plethomytilus  mytilimeris. 
nitida.  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

53,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  Devonian, 
occidentalis,   White    &    Whitfleld,    1862, 

(My  til  us  occidentalis,)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  297,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  263,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
oviformis,  see  Plethomytilus  oviformis. 
percarinata,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2.  p.  202,  Up.  Held.Gr., 
ponderosa,  see  Plethomytilus  ponderosus. 
pyramidata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  256,  Schoharie  grit. 
radiata,  see  Bvssopteria  radiata. 
regularis,  Hall,   1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  260,  Chemung  Gr. 
sigillum,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  174,  Niflgara  Gr. 
simplex,  Hall,  1884,  (Mytilops  simplex,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,   pt.  1,   p.  261,  Che- 
mung Gr. 
umbonata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  257,  Chemung  Gr. 
MYTILOPS,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,    p.   4.     [Ely.    from   resemblance    to 


Mytilus.']  Resembles  externally  Modiola 
and  Lithodomus.  Hinge-line  narrow, 
oblique,  extending  about  half  the  length 
of  the  shell,  beaks  terminal.  Type  M. 
prsecedens. 


FIG.  863.— Mytilops  prsecedens.    Left  valve. 

lata,  see  Mytilaroa  lata. 

metella,  Hall,   1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.   1,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  268,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  864.— Mytilops  prsecedens. 

prsecedens,  Hall,  1870,  (Modiola  prsece- 
dens,)  Prelim.  Not.  of  Lam.  Shells,  p.  1, 
and  Pal  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  267, 
Chemung  Gr. 

simplex,  see  Mytilarca  simplex. 
Mytilus,  Linnaeus,  1758,  Syst.  Nat.,  10th  ed. 
[Ety.  Mytilus,  the  fish  mussel.]  This 
genus  does  not,  so  far  as  known,  exist 
in  Palaeozoic  rocks.  Most  of  the  species 
referred  to  it  belong  to  Myalina  and 
Mytilarca. 

concavus,  see  Myalina  concava. 

fibristriatus,  see  Mytilarca  fibristriata. 

occidentalis,  see  Mytilarca  occidentalis. 

ottawensis,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  211,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

permianus,  see  Myalina  permiana. 

squamosus,  Sowerby,  1839,  Trans.  Geol. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  4,  Permian  Gr.  Prob- 
ably not  American. 

tenuiradiatus,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  211,  Up.  Coal 


whitfieldanus,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  413,  syn.  for  Mytilarca  fibri- 
striata. 

Naiadites,  Dawson,  1860,  Acad.  Geol.,  but 
not  defined.  The  name  was  used  for  a 
genus  of  plants  by  Buckman  in  1843. 
The  fossils  were  defined  by  Salter  in 
1861,  under  the  name  of  Anthracomya. 

angulatus,  see  Anthracomya  angulata. 

arenaceus,  see  A.  arenacea. 

carbonarius,  see  A.  carbonaria. 

elongatus,  see  A.  elongata. 

leevis,  see  A.  Isevis. 

obtusus,  see  A.  obtusa. 

ovalis,  see  A.  ovalis. 

NUCULA,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An.  sans  Vert., 
p.  87.  [Ety.  nucula,  a  little  nut.] 
Equivalve,  inequilateral  oval,  or  oblong 


NUC.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


495 


FIG.  865.— Nucula 
cobboldise. 


closed  all  round,  without  external  liga- 
mentary  facets;  beak  directed  back- 
ward ;  cartilage  internal,  placed  in  a 
pit  under  the  beak ;  teeth  numerous, 
very  long.'  Type  N.  nucleus. 

anodontoides,  Meek,  1871,  Reg.  Rep.  Uni- 
versity W.  Va.,  Coal  Meas. 

arata,  see  Nuculana  arata. 

bellatula,  Hall,  1843,  syn.  for  N.  belli- 
striata. 

bellistriata,  Conrad,  1841,  (Nuculites 
bellistriatus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  40, 
and  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  197, 
Ham.  Gr. 

beyrichia,  Schlotheim,  as  identified  by 
Geinitz.  See  Nucula  parva. 

corbuliformis,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  2,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  46,  figs.  24-37,  Ham.  and  Che- 
mung  Grs. 

cylindricus,  syn.  for 
Cardiomprpha  mis- 
souriensis. 

diffidens,    Hall,     1885, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
322,  .Chemung  Gr. 
donaciformis,  see  Tellin- 

omya  donaciformis. 
globularis,    Hall,    1885, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
322,  Chemung  Gr. 

fabula,  see  Clidophorus  fabula. 

hians,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  110,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

houghtoni,  see  Tellinomya  houghtoni. 

hubbardi,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  417,  Marshall  Gr.  Syn.  for 
Nuculites  sulcatinus. 

illinoisensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
HI.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  15,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  128,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

insularis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  241,  Carbonifer- 
ous. 

iowensis,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  298.  Syn.  for 
Tellinomya  houghtoni. 

kazanensis,  as  identified  by  Geinitz  is  Nu- 
culana bellistriata. 

lamellata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  51,  figs.  18-20,  Ham.  Gr. 

levata,  see  Tellinomya  levata. 

levatiformis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  241,  Carbonifer- 
ous. 

lineata,  see  Tellinomya  lineata. 

lineolata,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  246,  Portage  Gr. 

lirata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Nuculites  liratus,) 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  250,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  45,  figs.  17-27, 
Ham.  Gr. 

machseriformis,  see  Tellinomya  machseri- 
formis. 

mactriformis,  see  Tellinomya  mactriformis. 

mercerensis,  syn.  for  Cardiomorpha  mis- 
souriensis. 

microdonta,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  16,  Marshall  Gr. 


minima,    Foerste,    1885,    Bull.    Sci.    Lab. 

Denison    Univ.,    p.    93.     Not   properly 

defined. 
minuta,  Owen,  1840,  Rep.  on  Min.  Lands, 

Devonian.    The  name  was  preoccupied 

by  De  France  in  1825. 
nasuta,  see  Nuculana  nasuta. 
neda,  Hall  &   Whitfield,  1872,  24th  Rep. 

N.    Y.    Mus.    Nat.   Hist.,   p.  191,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
niotica,    Hall    &   Whitfield,    1872,    24th 

Rep.   N.  Y.    Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,  p.   190, 

Ham.  Gr. 

obliqua,  see  Palseoconcha  obliqua. 
oblonga,  Hall,    syn.   for  Nuculites  oblon- 

gatus. 
obsoleta,  McChesney,  1860,  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  89, 

Coal  Meas.    Not  recognized, 
parva,  McChesney,  1860,  New  Pal.  Foss., 

p.  54,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  589, 

Coal  Meas. 
perumbonata,  White,    1879,   Bull.  U.   S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  5,  No.    2,   p.   217,   and 

Cont,  to  Pal.,  No.  6,  p.  136,  Carbonif- 
erous. 

poststriata,  see  Lyrodesma  poststriatum. 
randalli,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice   Lam. 

Shells,  p.  3,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

45,    figs.    5-16,    Ham.    and    Chemung 

Grs. 
rectangula,  McChesney,  1860,  Desc.  New 

Pal.  Foss.,  p.  74,  Ham.  Gr. 
rescuensis,  Walcott,   1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  172,  Devonian, 
sectoralis,    Winchell,  1862,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  418,  Marshall  Gr. 
shumardana,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  List., 

vol.  4,  p.  16,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.  57,  Warsaw  Gr. 
Stella,  see  Tellinomya  Stella, 
subelliptica,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pi.  45,  fig.  28,  Ham.  Gr. 
umbonata,      Hall, 

1883,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pi.  47,  figs. 

51  and  52,  Che- 


^v,w0*,  Hall,  1870, 

Prelim.      Notice 

Lam.  Shells,  p.  2,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pi.  46,  figs.  12-23,  Ham.  Gr. 

ventricosa,  Hall,  1858,  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p. 

716,  Coal  Meas. 

NUCULANA,  Link,  1807,  Rost.  Samml.,  vol.  3, 
p.  155.  [Ety.  like  a  shell  of  the  genus 
Nucula.}  Equivalve,  inequilateral,  pro- 
duced behind ;  beaks  sometimes  di- 
rected posteriorly ;  lunule  often  present ; 
rounded  in  front ;  post-umbonal  slope 
defined  ;  surface  concentrically  lined ; 
hinge  with  a  line  of  small  teeth  inter- 
rupted by  a  triangular  cartilage  pit  be- 
neath the  beak ;  muscular  impressions 
two,  small ;  pallial  line,  simple,  or 
slightly  sinuous.  Type  N.  emargin- 
ata. 

arata,  Hall,  1852,  (Nucula  arata,)  Stansb. 
Exped.  to  Gt.  Salt  Lake,  p.  413,  Coal 
Meas. 


496 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[NUC.— NYA. 


FIG.  867.— Nuculana  belli 
striata.     Left  valve. 


bellistriata,  Stevens,  1858,  (Leda  belli- 
striata,)  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.,  vol.  25,  p.  261, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  Iowa,  p.  717,  Coal  Meas. 
bellistriata  var.  at- 
tenuata,  Meek, 
1872,  Pal.  E. 
Neb.,  p.  206, 
Coal  Meas. 
brevirostris,  Hall, 
1870,  (Leda  (?) 
brevirost  ris,) 
Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells,  p.  6,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pis.  38,  39,  Ham.  Gr. 

curta,  Meek,  1861, 
(Leda  curta,) 
Proc.  A  cad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
144,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  r,vol.  2,  FIG  868._Nucuiana  bem. 
p.  283,  St.  Louis  striata.  Cardinal  view. 
Gr. 

densmamillata,  Stevens,  1858,  (Leda 
densmamillata,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  25, 
p.  261,  Marshall  Gr. 

diversa,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
47,  figs.  31-37,  Ham.  Gr. 

nasuta,  Hall,  1858,  (Nucula  nasuta,) 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  17,  and 
Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  57,  War- 
saw Gr. 

nuculiformis,  see  Palseoneilo  nuculiformis. 

obeea,  White,  1879,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 
vol.  5,  No.  2,  p.  216,  and  Cont.  to  Pal., 
No.  6,  p.  136,  Carboniferous. 

ohioensis,   Hall,  syn.  for  N.  pandoriformis. 

obscura,  Hal],  1885,  (Leda  obscura,)  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  331,  Ham.  Gr. 

pandoriformis,  Stevens,  1858,  (Leda  pan- 
doriformis,) Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  25,  p. 
261,  Waverly  Gr. 

perstriata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
47,  figs.  42-44,  syn.  for  N.  rostellata. 

rostellata,  Conrad,  1841,  (Nuculites  rostel- 
latus,)  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  N.  Y.,  p.  50, 
Ham.  Gr. 

eaccata,  Winchell,  1863,  (Leda  saccata,) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  16,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 

vaseyana,  Mc'Chesney,  1860,  (Nuculites 
vaseyanus,)  Desc.  New.  Pal.,  Foss.,  p.  73, 
Ham.  Gr. 

NUCULITES,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Geo.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  49.  [Ety.  Nucula,  a  genus  of 
shells.]  Equivalve,  inequilateral, 
transverse ;  anterior  end  rounded ; 
posterior  truncate  or  pointed ;  beak, 
anterior;  cardinal  line  arcuate;  post- 
umbonal  slope  rounded  or  angular; 
surface  concentrically  lined,  hinge 
with  a  row  of  transverse  narrow  teeth 
from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  mus- 
cular scar ;  ligament  external ;  anterior 
scar  deep  and  separated  from  the  cavity 
of  the  shell  by  a  clavicle  ;  posterior  scar 
elongate;  pallial  line  simple.  Type  N. 
oblongatus. 

altus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  8,  p.  251,  Devonian. 

appressua,  see  Cytherodon  appressus. 


bellistriatus,  see  Nucula  bellistriata. 
carinatus,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  5,  p.  151,  Up.  Sil. 
chemungensis,  see    Cytherodon   chemung- 

ensis. 
concentricus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  248,  Coal  Meas. 
comtrictus,  see  Palaeoneilo  constricta. 
cuneiformis,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  50,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

47,  figs.  13-16,  Ham.  Gr. 
emarginatus,  see  Palaeoneilo  emarginata. 
faba,  see  Modiolopsis  faba. 
filosus,  see  Palseoneilo  filosa. 
inflatus,  see  Cypricardites  inflatus. 
lamellosus,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Geo.  Rep. 

N.  Y.,  p.  50,  Up.  Sil. 
liratus,  see  Nu- 
cula lirata. 
mact  r  oid  es, 

Conrad,1842, 

Jour.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 

8,     p.     249, 

Marshall  Gr. 
maximus,      see  FIG.  869. —Nuculites  oblon 

Palseo  n  e  i  1 0     gatus.    Interior  of  large  left 

maxima.  valve' 

multilineatus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  251,  Ham.  Gr. 

nyssa.  Hall,  1870, 
Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p. 
5,  and  Pal.  N. 
Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
47,  figs.  25-30, 
Ham.  Gr. 
ob/ongus,  see  Cli- 
dophorus ob- 
longus. 

oblongatus,  Con- 
rad, 1841,  Ann.  Geo.  Rep.  N".  Y.,  p.  50, 

and   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  47,  figs.  1-12, 

Ham.  Gr. 

planulatus,  see  Clidophorus  planulatus. 
poststriatus,  see  Lyrodesma  poststriatum. 
radiatus,  see  Pholadella  radiata. 
rostellatus,  see  Nuculana  rostellata. 
scitula,  syn.  for  Clidophorus  planulatus. 
subemarginatus,  see  Tellinopsis,  subemargi- 

nata. 
sulcatinus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  250,  Marshall  Gr. 
triangularis,  Hall  &  Whit  field,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.  Expl.,  40th  parallel,  vol.4,  p.  248, 

Devonian, 
triqueter,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  50,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  47,  figs. 

17-24,  Ham.  Gr. 

vaseyanus,  see  Nuculana  vaseyana. 
yoldiiformis,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  24,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

It  is  not  a  Nuculites. 
NYASSA,  Hall,  1870,   Prelim.    Notice    Lam. 

Shells,  but  defined  by  Whitfield,   1882, 

Ann.  N.  Y.,  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  244. 

[Ety.   mythological   name.]      Shell   bi- 
valve,  very    oblique    and  transversely 

ovate  in  form ;    posterior   hinge  plate 


FIG.  870.— Nuculites  oblon- 
gatus. Cast  of  interior  of 
right  valve,  showing  mus- 
cular scars  and  pallial 
Hue. 


OPI.— ORT.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


497 


narrow,  bearing  from  one  to  four  long, 
slender,  ridge-like  teeth  ;  anterior  plate 
broad,  marked  by  numerous,  small, 
point-like  teeth,  with  intermediate  de- 
pressions, arranged  somewhat  radiating 
from  the  middle  of  its  inner  border ; 
adductor  muscles  two,  one  at  each  ex- 
tremity ;  pallial  line  entire  ;  ligament 
internal.  Type  N.  arguta. 


FIG.  871.— Nyassa  arguta.    Left  valve. 

arguta,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.   Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  28,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

53,  figs.  9-20,  Ham.  Gr. 
elliptica,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice.  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  30,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

34,  fig.  8,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  872.— Nyassa  arguta.    Interior  of  right  valve. 

parva,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  173,  Devonian. 

recta,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  29,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
53.  figs.  1-8,  Ham.  Gr. 

subalata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  29,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
53,  figs.  21-26,  Ham.  Gr. 
Opisthoplera,  Meek.     Not  defined. 
ORTHODESMA,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  93.     [Ety.  orthos,  straight ; 
desma,  a  ligament.]     Elongated,  ventri- 
cose;    cardinal    line  straight  posterior 
to  the  beaks,  and  contracted   anterior ; 
ligament  external;  posterior  scar  elon- 
gate, anterior  smaller;  pallial  line  sim- 
8le  ;  surface  concentrically  lined.    Type 
.  rectum. 

byrnesi,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  76,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

contractual,  Hall,  1847,  (Orthonota  con- 
tracta,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  300,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

cuneiforme,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Gin. 
Poc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  314,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

curvatum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  95,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

faberi,  n.  sp.  Shell  large,  posterior  part 
of  the  cardinal  line  very  slightly  ele- 
vated, and  anterior  part  contracted  in 
front  of  the  beaks;  anterior  end 
rounded,  posterior  end  more  abrupt ; 


baeal  line  contracted  in  the  central 
part  by  an  undefined  cincture  arising 
below  the  umbones;  beaks  anterior, 
obtuse ;  umbones  low  and  poorly  de- 
fined ;  shell  unusually  high  and  thin 
for  species  in  this  genus;  surface  con- 
centrically furrowed.  This  pperu-s  bears 
some  resemblance  to  a  Modiolopsis,  but 
it  is  doubtless  an  Orthodesma.  Col- 
lected by  Mr.  Charles  Faber  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.,  at 
"ersaillts,  Indiana. 


up 
Ye 


mickelboroughi,   Whitfield,    1878,    Jour. 

Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p,  139,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
occidentale,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880,  Jour.  Cin. 

Soc.   Nat.    Hist.,  vol.   3,   p.   316,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
parallel  um,      Hall,     1847,     (Modiolopsis 

parallela,)   Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  1,    p.   158, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
rectum,    Hall   &    Whitfield,   1875,    Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  94,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  874.— Orthodesma  rectum. 

subovale,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  82,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
OKTHONOTA,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  50.  [Ety.  orthos,  straight; 
notos,  the  back.]  Transversely  elon- 
gate ;  margins  subparallel ;  cardinal 
line  straight ;  two  cardinal  teeth  ;  no 
lateral  teeth;  ligament  external;  um- 
bonal  ridge  oblique.  Type  0.  undulata. 

angulifera,  (?)  McCoy,  1850,  Brit.  Pal. 
Rocks,  p.  276,  Up.  BEL 

carinata,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 
p.  5t,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  78,  figs. 
34-35,  Ham.  Gr. 

contracta,  see  Orthodesma  contract  am. 

curta,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist 
N.  Y.,  p.  76,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
86,  Clinton  and  Niagara  Gr. 

ensiformis,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  89,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pi.  78,  fig.  36,  Ham.  Gr. 

incerta,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  130,  Up.  Sil. 

parallela,  see  Orthodesma  parallelum. 


498 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[ORT.— PAI,. 


parvula,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  88,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

78.  figs.  29-32,  Ham.  Gr. 
phaselia,    Winchell,     1863,   Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  12,  Marshall  Gr. 
pholadis,  Conrad,  1838,  (Pterinea  phola- 

dis,)  Ann.  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  118,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
rectidorsalis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  412,  Marshall  Gr. 
rigida,  Hall,  1885,    Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

481,  Chemung  Gr. 

siliquoidea,  see  Palaeosolen  siliquoideus. 
simulans,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  131,  Up.  Sil. 
(?)  speciosa,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

2,  p.  130,  Up.  Sil. 
undulata,  Conrad,  1841,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y., 

p.  51,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  78,  figs. 

37-42,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  875.— Orthouota  uudulata. 

ventricosa,  see  Spathella  ventricosa. 
venusta,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  129,  Up.  Sil. 

ORTHONOTELLA,  S.  A.  Miller,  1882,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  5,  p.  117.  [Ety 
orthos,  straight;  notos,  back;  ellus,  di- 
minutive.] Very  small,  inequilateral, 
inequivalve,  more  or  less  elliptical ; 
beak  anterior;  surface  smooth  or  con- 
centrically lined  ;  hinge  straight  behind 
the  beaks ;  ligament  external.  Type  O. 
faberi. 

faberi,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1882,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  5,  p.  117,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

Ostrea,  Linnaeus,  1758, 
Syst,  Nat.  10th  ed., 
FIG.  876.-Orthonotella         P-  696.     [Ety.  os- 
faberi.     Greatly     en-          trea,    an     oyster.] 
Inequivalve,      ir- 
regular in  shape,  with  a  single  adduc- 
tor  muscle.    Not   a  Palaeozoic    genus, 
though  a  species    has    been    founded 
upon    a    single    valve    and    called    O. 
patercula. 

patercula,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  124,  and  4th  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  p.  288,  Burlington  Gr. 
PAL^ANATINA,  Hall,  1870.  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  84.  £  Ety.  palaios,  an- 
cient;  Anatina,  a  genus.]  Transversely 
elongate  ;  gaping  ;  left  valve  the  larger  ; 
oblique  constriction ;  hook-like  pro- 
cess anterior  to  the  beaks ;  no  lateral 


FlG   ^T.- 


typus. 


teeth  ;     surface     concentrically    lined 
Type  P.  typus. 
anguHta,  Hall,  1885,    Pal.  N.    Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  490,  Chemung  Gr. 
quadrata,  see  Prorhynchus  quadratum. 
sinuata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

491,  Chemung  Gr. 
solenoides.  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  489,  Chemung  Gr. 
typus.  Hall,    1870, 
Prelim.     Notice 
Lam.  Shells,   p. 
85,      and      Pal. 
N.Y.,vol.  5,  pi. 
79,    figs.    26-39, 
Chemung  Gr. 
faltearca,     syn.     for 

Cypricardites. 
saffordi,  see  Cypricardites  saffordi. 
ventricosa,  see  Cypricardites  ventricosus. 
PAL^EOCARDIA,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  389.     [Ety.  palaios, 
ancient;  kardia,  a  heart.]     Cordiform, 
obliquely    subovate,    ventricose  ;     urn- 
bones    gibbous  ;    beaks    prominent  in- 
curved ;  hinge-line  very  short  ;  surface 
marked  with  radiating  stride.     Type  P. 
cordiformis. 
cordiformis,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  389,  Niagara  Gr. 
PAL^EOCONCHA,  n.  gen.  [Ety.  palaios,  an- 
cient; conche.  shell.]  She'll  small,  equi- 
valve,  inequilateral,  oblique,  varying 
from  subcircular  or  subovoid  to  mytili- 
form  ;  height  equal  to  or  greater  than 
length  ;  closed  all  around  ;  without  ex- 
ternal evidence  of  ligaments  ;  anterior 
side  more  or  less  truncated  and  round- 
ing into  the  base  below  ;  beaks  ele- 
vated, projecting  beyond  cardinal  line 
without  incurving;  cardinal  line 
straight  or  slightly  arching  ;  some  evi- 
dence points  to  an  anterior  and  pos- 
terior muscular  scar  near  the  ends  of 
the  cardinal  line  ;  pallial  line  simple  ; 
no  lateral  teeth  and  probably  edentu- 
lous; surface  smooth.  Type  P.  faberi. 
faberi,  n.  sp.  Shell  small,  height  greater 
than  length,  very  slightly  oblique, 
closed  all  around;  beaks  projecting 
high  above  the  hinge-line  without 
incurving;  sur- 
face smooth, 
variable  in 
size  ;  a  large 
specimen  has  a 
height  of  0.20 
inch,  and 
length  0.14 
inch,  a  small 
specimen  is 
about  t  w  p  - 

thirds  less.  This  species  is  distin- 
guished from  P.  obliqua  by  its  greater 
proportional  height,  more  prolonged 
beak,  less  oblique  form,  and  generally 
larger  size.  Collected  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.,  at  Versailles, 
Indiana,  and  in  Butler  County,  Ohio. 


FIG.  878.— Palsero  co  n  c  h  a 
faberi.  Magnified  5  diain. 


PAL.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


499 


obliqua,  Hall,  1845,  (Nucula  obliqua,) 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  48,  p.  292,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  139,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
PALJSONEILO,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
La"m.  Shells,  p.  6.  [Ety.  palaios,  an- 
cient; Neilo,  a  genus.]  Nuculiform, 
posterior  end  extended,  sulcus  along 
the  umbonal  slope ;  surface  concen- 
trically striated  or  ribbed ;  hinge-line 
arcuate,  crenulate,  not  interrupted  be- 
neath the  beak  by  a  ligamental  pit; 
ligament  external;  anterior  and  pos- 
terior adductor  scars  distant;  pedal 


scars     within     the 
Type  P.  constricta. 


FIG.   879.  Palseoneilo    bed 
fordeusis. 


umbonal    cavity. 

angusta,  Hall, 
1885,  Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  344, 
Chemung  Gr. 
arata,  Hall,  1883, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pi.  50,  fig.  23, 
Ham.  Gr. 

attenuate,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  12,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
50,  figs.  34-39,  Waverly  Gr. 
barrisi,   White  &   Whitfield,    1862,   (Leda 
barrisi,)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
.  8,  p.  298,  syn.  for  P.  nuculiformis. 
bedfordensis,       Meek, 
1875,  Pal.  Ohio,  vol.  2, 
p.  298,  Waverly  Gr. 
bisulcata,     Hall,     1870, 
Prelim.    Notice    Lam. 
Shells,  p.  10,  and  Pal. 
N.    Y.,    vol.  5,   pi.  50,  FIG.    880.  —  Paleeo- 
figs.  13-14,  Ham.  Gr.         neilo  bedforden- 
brevis,  Hall,  1870,  Pre-    sls'    Magnified, 
lim  Notice  Lam.  Shells,  p.  10,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  50,   figs.  24-33,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

carbonaria,  see  Yoldia  carbonaria." 
constricta,    Conrad,    1842, 
(Nuculites    constrictus,) 


filosa,  Conrad,  1842,  (Nuculites  filosus,) 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  250,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  49,  figs.  33-38,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

fcecunda,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  8,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

49,  figs.  13-24,  Ham.  Gr. 
maxima,  Conrad, 

1841,  (Nuculites 
maximus,)Ann. 
Rep.  N.  Y.,  p. 

50,  and     Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
48,   figs.  29-38, 

Ham.  Gr.  FIG.  882.— Palseoneilo  max- 

muta,  Hall,  1870,        ima.    Right  valve. 
Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells,  p.  8,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  49,  figs.  25-32,  Ham.  Gr. 

nuculiformis,  Stevens,  1858,  (Leda  nucu- 
liformis,) Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  262,  Waverly  Gr. 

parallela,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1870,  23d  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  241,  Wa- 
verly Gr. 

perplana,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  12,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
50,  figs.  15-22,  Ham.  Gr. 

plana,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  7,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
48,  figs.  21-28,  Ham.  Gr. 

similis,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  217,  Erie  shale,  Por- 
tage (?)  Gr. 

tenuistriata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  9,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  49,  figs.  1-12,  Ham.  Gr. 

truncata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
50,  figs.  40-41,  Chemung  Gr. 

virginica,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

340,  Ham.  Gr. 

PAL^OPINNA,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  4.     (Plates  and  Explanations.) 


FIG.  881.— Palseoneilo  constricta. 
Left  valve  enlarged,  showing 
creuulationsof  hinge-line. 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 

8,  p.  249,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pi.  48,  figs.  1-15,  Chemung  Gr. 
constricta  var.  flexuosa,  Hall,  1883,  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  48,  figs.  16-20,  Ham.  Gr. 
dubia,  Hall,   1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

348,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
elongata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

48,  fig.  39,  Chemung  Gr. 
emarginata,     Conrad,     1841,      (Nuculites 

emarginata,)   Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  50, 

and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  337,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  883.— Palseopinna  Habellum. 

[  [Ety.  palaios,  ancient ;  Pinna,  a  genus.] 
Shells  large,  gaping  in  front;  hinge-line 
straight ,  ligamental  area  narrow,  lon- 
gitudinal groove  and  slight  oblique 
furrow  extending  backward  from  the 
beak;  beak  anterior,  terminal,  directed 
forward ;  test  more  convex,  and  with 
finer  rays  than  on  the  ordinary  Pinna, 
and  also  finely  marked  with  concen- 
tric strise  of  growth.  Type  P.  flabellum. 


500 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[PAN.— PAR. 


flabellum,  Hall,   1884,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  240,  Oriskany  Gr. 
recurva,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  241,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

PAL^OSOLEN,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  46.  [Ety.  palaios,  ancient;  Solen,  a 
genus.]  Shell  in  form  like  Solen;  dor- 
sal and  ventral  margins  subparallel ; 
anterior  end  short,  rounded ;  poste- 
rior end  elongate,  truncate;  gaping; 
beaks  small,  appressed ;  cardinal  line 
straight;  umbonal  slope  prominent; 
surface  concentrically  marked.  Type 
P.  siliquoideus. 

siliquoideus,  Hall,  1870,  (Orthonota  sili- 
quoidea,)  Prelim.  Not.  Lam.  Shells,  p.  89, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  483,  Ham.  Gr. 

PANENKA,  Barrande,  1881,  Syst.  Sil.  d.  1. 
Boheme,  vol.  6,  p.  128.  Equivalve,  in- 
equilateral, elliptical  or  subcircular, 
beaks  prominent,  incurved ;  cardinal 
line  straight  or  arcuate;  test  thin;  sur- 
face concentrically  lined, 
abrupta,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

423,  Ham.  Gr. 

alternata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

416,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
costata,,  Hall,   1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

419,  Marcellus  Shale. 

degener,  Hall,   1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

424,  Ham.  Gr. 

dichotomy  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  416,  Schoharie  grit, 
elevata,  Conrad.   1848,  (Monotis  elevata,) 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  3,  p.  23,  Che- 

mung  Gr. 
equilatera,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

p.  419,  Marcellus  Shale, 
hero,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  418, 

Marcellus  Shale, 
linckteni,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

420,  Marcellus  Shale. 

mollis,  Hall,  1885,   Pal.   N.  Y.,   vol.  5,  p. 

420,  Marcellus  Shale, 
multiradiata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  p.  417,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
potens,  Hall,  1885,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

422,  Ham.  Gr. 
poulsoni,   Conrad,    1848,    (Monotis   poul- 

soni,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,   vol.  3,  p. 

23,  Chemung  Gr. 
radians,  Conrad,  1842,  (Pterinea  radians,) 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  252,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  422,  Ham.  Gr. 
retusa,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

421,  Ham.  Gr. 

robusta,  Hall, 
1885,  Pal.  N. 
Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
424,  Portage 
Gr. 

speciosa,  Hall, 
1843,(Avicula 
speciosa, ) 
Geo.  Rep.  4th 
Dist.  N.  Y., 


FIG.  884. — Panenka  speciosa. 


p.  243,  Portage  Gr. 
ventricosa,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  417,  Marcellus  Shale. 


Panopsea,  Menard  de  la  Groye,  1807,  Ann. 
du  Mus.  9.  [Ety.  mythological  name.] 

cooperi,  see  Chaenomya  cooperi. 
PARACARDIUM,  Barrande,  1881,  Syst.  Sil. 
de  la  B)heme,  vol.  6,  p.  137.»  [Ety. 
para,  allied  to;  Cardium,  a  genus.] 
Equivalve,  inequilateral,  subcircular  or 
subelliptical;  posterior  side  subtrun- 
cate ;  surface  marked  with  fine  radii 
and  concentric  striae ;  the  margin  of  a 
small  cardinal  area  under  the  beaks  is 
crenulated. 

doris,   Hall,   1885,    (Cardiola  doris,)  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  428,  Portage  Gr. 
PARARCA,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  36. 
[Ety.  para,  allied  to ;  Area,  a  genus.] 
Equivalve,  inequilateral,  transversely 
subelliptical  or  rhomboidal;  anterior 
end  short,  rounded  ;  cardinal  line  about 
half  the  length  of  the  valves,  arching 
at  the  beaks;  surface  marked  by  radii 
and  concentric  striae;  hinge  narrow, 
with  a  series  of  minute  crenulations. 
Type  P.  venusta. 

erecta.  Hall,  1885,  (Cardiola  erecta,)  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  432,  Waverly  Gr. 

neglecta,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol  5,  p. 
432,  Waverly  Gr. 

prtecedens,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  429,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

sao,  Hall,  1885,  (Cardiola  sao,)  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  430,  Chemung  Gr. 

transversa,  Hall,  1885,  (Cardiola  trans- 
versa,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  429,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

vennsta,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

431,  Chemung  Gr. 

PARACYCLAS,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Hep.  4th 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  171.  [Ety.  para,  allied  to ; 
Cyclas,  a  genus.]  Equivalve,  subequilat- 
eral,  suborbicular  or  subelliptical;  ante- 
rior end  regularly  rounded;  posterior  end 
rounded  or  subtruncate,  more  produced 
than  the  anterior;  beaks  small  and 
low;  hinge-line  short,  post-cardinal  slope 
sometimes  subalate;  surface  marked 
concentrically;  ligament  supported  in- 
terually  on  each  side  by  a  narrow 
plate,  which  leaves  in  the  cast  two  di- 
verging grooves  directed  forward  from 
the  beak ;  muscular  impression  on  the 
post-umbonal  slope;  pallial  line  a  little 
within  the  margin  of  the  shell.  Type 
P.  elliptica. 

billingsana,  S.  A.  Miller,  1883,  2d  Ed.  Am. 
Pal.  Foss.,  p.  311,  Devonian.  Proposed 
instead  of  Lucina  occidentalis,  Billings, 
1859,  Assiniboine  and  Sas.  Ex.  Exped., 
p.  187,  figs,  b  and  c,  which  name  was 
preoccupied. 

chemungensis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  p.  443,  Chemung  (Jr. 

elevata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
72,  figs.  37  to  41,  Schoharie  grit. 

elliptica,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 
N.  Y.,  p.  171,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
72,  figs.  23-30,  Cornif.  Gr. 

elliptica  var.  occidentalis,  Hall  &  Whit- 
field,  1872,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat. 


PEC.— PER.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


501 


Hist.,  p.  189,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
72,  figs.  31-33,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


Fio.  885.—  Paracyclas  elliptica  var.  occidentalis. 

erecta,   Hall,  1885,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

445,  Chemung  Gr. 
fissa,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  72, 

tigs.  35,  36,  Schoharie  grit. 
hamiltonensis,    Winchell,    1866,    (Lucina 
hamiltonensis,)  Rep.  Low.  Pen.  Mich., 
p.  95,  Ham.  Gr. 
ignota,   Hall,   1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

72,  fig.  34,  Chemung  Gr. 
lirata,  Conrad,  1838,  (Posidonia  lirata,) 
Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  116,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pi.  72,  figs.  1-19,  Corniferous  Gr. 
ohioensis,  Meek,  1871, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
PhiJ.,  p.  62,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 
248,  Cornif.  Gr. 
peroccidens,  Hall  & 
Whitfield,  1877, 
U.  S.  Geo.  Expl.  40th  ^Parallel,  vol.  4, 
p.  248,  Devonian. 

retusa,  Hall,  1843,  (Lucina  ?  retusa,)  Geo. 
Rep.   4th.   Dist.   N.    Y.,    p.    246,   Por- 
tage Gr. 
rotunda,  Hall,   1885,   Pal.   N.  Y.,   vol.  5, 

p.  444,  Chemung  Gr. 
sabini,  White,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

p.  31,  Chemung  Gr. 
tenuis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

72,  figs.  20-22,  Ham.  Gr. 
varysburgensis,    Williams,   1887,  (Lucina 
varysburgia,)    Bull.     41,  U.    S.    Geo. 
Sur.,  Portage  Gr. 


Fio.  886.  -Paracyclas 
ohioensis. 


FIG.  887.— Pernopecten  aviculatns. 

wyomingensis,  Williams,  1887,  Bull.  41, 

U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  Portage  Gr. 
Pecten,  Mueller,   1776.    This  genus  is  un- 
known in  the  Palaeozoic  rocks. 
acutialatus,  see  Aviculopecten  acutialatus. 
armigerus,  see  A.  armigerus. 


aviculatus,  see  Pernopecten  aviculatus. 

broadheadi,  syn.    for   Aviculopecten  car- 
bon i  ferns. 

cancellatus,  see  Aviculopecten  cancellatus. 

carboniferus,  see  A.  carboniferus. 

clevelandicus.  see  A.  clevelandicus. 

coloradoensis,  see  A.  coloradoensis. 

convexus,  see  A.  convexus. 

crenulatus,  see  Crenipecten  crenulatus. 

dolabriformis,  see  Aviculopecten    dolabri- 
formis. 

duplicatus,  see  A',  duplicatus. 

hallianus,  D'Orbigny,  1847,  syn.  for  Avi- 
culopecteu  cancellatus. 

halli,  see  A.  halli. 

hawni,  Geinitz,  1866,  Carb.  und  Dyas,  p. 
36,  syn.  for  A.  carboniferus. 

missouriensis,  see  A.  mi*souriensis. 

neglectus,  see  Euchondria  neglecta. 

occidentals,  see  A.  occidentalis. 

providencensis,  see  A.  providencensis. 

radiali*,  see  Pseudomonotis  radialis. 

ringens,  see  Aviculopecten  ringens. 

striatus,  see  A.  striatus. 

tenuilineatus,  see  Streblopteria  tenuilineata. 

utahensis,  see  Aviculopecten  utahensis. 
Pernachactas,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 
44.     Not  recognized. 


FIG.    889. —Perno- 
pecten   limifor- 


FIG.  888.— Pernopecten  limiformis.    Hinge-line. 

PERNOPECTEN,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  125.     [Ety.  from  the 
shells  Pema  and  Pea- 
ten.}  Shell  like  Pecten 
hinge  with  a  central 
cartilage    pit   and    a 
crenulated  hinge  plate 
on  each  side  below  the 
hinge   margin.    Type 
P.  limiformis. 
aviculatus,  Swallow 
1858,    (Pecten    avicu- 
lus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  p.  213,  and 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  588,  Coal  Meag 
cooperensis,       Shu- 

mard,  1885,  (Ayic- 

ula    cooperensis,) 

Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p. 

206,    Waverly    or 

Choteau  Gr. 
fasciculatus,  see   Ly-  f;v; 

rippecten  fasciatus. 
limiformis,  White  & 

Whitfield,      1862, 

(Aviculopecten  li- 

maformis,)     Proc. 

Bost.     Soc.     Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  295,  Marshall  Gr. 
limatus,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  126,  Marshall  Gr. 


33 


502 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[PHO.— PI.A. 


shumardanus,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  126,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  453,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
PHOLADELLA,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  63.  [Ety.  diminutive 
of  the  recent  genus  Pholas.~]  Equivalve, 
elongated  ;  valves  inflated  ;  beaks  an- 
terior, incurved  ;  basal  margin  con- 
stricted ;  escutcheon  and  lunule;  sur- 
face ribbed.  Type  P.  newberryi. 

constricta,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.",  vol.  5, 
pi.  78,  figs.  26-27,  Ham.  Gr. 

cuneata,  see  Promacrus  cuneatus. 

decussata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pi.  78,  fig.  28,  syn.  for  Promacrus  cun- 
eatus. 

newberryi,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  65,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pi.  78,  fig.  25,  Waverly  Gr. 


FIG.  891.— Pholadella   newberryi. 

ornata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.     Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  64,  syn.  for  P.  radiata. 
parallela,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

78,  figs.  22-24,  Ham.  Gr. 
radiata,  Conrad,  1842,  (Nuculites  radiatus,) 

Jour.    Acad.   Nat.   Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  248, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  78,  figs.  15-21, 

Ham.  Gr. 
truncate,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  64,  syn.  for  P.  radiata. 
Pholadomya  el&ngata,  see  Allorisma  elonga- 

tum. 
PHTHONIA,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  70.    Equivalve,  elongate-ovate, 

wider  posteriorly ;  beaks  obscure  ;  sur- 
face radiated  and  concentrically  marked ; 

no  teeth ;  ligament  external.    Type  P. 

sectifrons. 
cylindrica,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pi.  78,  figs.  1-4.  Ham.  Gr. 
lirata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  78, 

fig.  14,  Ham.  Gr. 
nitida,  Hall,   1885,  Pal.   N.   Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

477,  Chemung  Gr. 
nodocostata,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.    Notice 

Lam.  Shells,  p.  71,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pi.  78,  figs.  5-9,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  892.— Phthonia  sectifrons.    Left  valve. 

sectifrons,  Conrad,  1842,  (Cypricardites 
sectifrons,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 
8,  p.  245,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi.  78, 
figs.  10-13,  Ham.  Gr. 


truncate,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

476,  Chemung  Gr. 

PINNA,  Linnaeus,  1758,  Syst.  Nat.  10th  Ed. 
[Ety.  pinna,  a  wing.]  Shell  long,  tri- 
angular equivalve ;  beaks  terminal, 
pointed;  posterior  end  broad,  trun- 
cate, gaping;  a  subtrigonal,  posterior 
muscular  impression, 'and  a  small  reni- 
form  one  at  the  beaks;  cartilage  long, 
narrow,  internal,  supported  by  a  slen- 
der ridge  close  within  the  cardinal 
edges;  no  teeth;  shell  of  one  internal 
laminated  layer,  and  an  external  ver- 
tically fibrous  layer.  Type  P.  squa- 
mosa.  A  living  genus  that  sometimes 
attains  a  length  of  two  feet,  and  ranges 
from  low  water  to  sixty  fathoms.  It 
moves  vertically,  partly  buried  in 
sand,  with  knife-like  edges  erect.  The 
byssus  has  been  mixed  with  silk,  spun 
and  knit  into  gloves. 

adamsi,  syn.  for  Pinna  peracuta. 

consimilis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  236,  Subcarbon- 
irerous. 

hinrichsana,  White  &  St.  John,  1868, 
Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  122,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

inexpectans,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  235,  Subcarbon- 
iferous. 

ludlovi,  Whitfield,  1876,  in  Ludlow's  Car- 
roll to  Yellowstone  Park,  p.  143,  Coal 


marshallensis,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  126,  Marshall  Gr. 


FIG.  893.— Pinna  squamosa. 

maxvillensis,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  221,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

missouriensis,  Swallow,  1863,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  97,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

peracuta,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  214,  and  Pal.  E. 
Neb.,  p.  198,  Coal  Meas. 

stludovici,  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  326,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

subspatulata,  Worthen,   1875,   Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  6,  p.  524,  Warsaw  Gr. 
Pinnopsis,  syn.  for  Lunulicardium. 

acutirostra,  syn.  Lunulicardium  ornatum. 

arnatus,  see  Lunulicardium  ornatum, 
Placunopsis,  Morris  &  Lycett,  1853,  Monogr. 
FOBS.  Great  Oolite.  [Ety.  Placuna,  a 
genus;  opsis,  resemblance.]  Suborb- 
icular,  upper  valve  convex,  radiately 
striated  or  taking  the  form  of  the  sur- 
face to  which  it  adheres ;  lower  valve 
flat ;  ligamental  groove  submarginal : 
muscular  impression  subcentral.  Type 
P.  jurensis.  Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 


PI.E.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


503 


Species  are  left  here  for  want  of  ma- 
terial to  determine  their  generic  rela- 
tions. 

carbonaria,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1866, 
Proc.  Chi.  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  13, 
Up.  Coal  Meas. 
recticardinalis,Meek, 
1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2.  p.  331,  Coal 
Meas. 

FIG.  894.— Placunopsls  PLETHOMYTILUS,    Hall, 
In-          1883,    Pal.    N.   Y., 
vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  4. 
(Plates    and    Ex- 
planations.)    (Ety.   pletho,   to  be   full; 
Mytilus,  a  genus.]     Mytilpid,  gibbous  ; 
ligamental  area  finely  striated ;  no  car- 
dinal teeth  ;  lateral  teeth  small,  oblique; 
test,  with  concentric  striae;  differs  from 
Mytilacra  in  its  true  hinge-line  and  the 
absence  of  teeth.    Type  P.  ponderosus. 


recticardinalls. 
ternal     cast   ot    left 
valve. 


FIG.  895. — Plethomytilus  pouderosus. 

arenaceus,  Hall,  1870,   (Mytilarca  arena- 

cea,)   Prelim.    Notice   Lam.  Shells,   p. 

20,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  253, 

Schoharie  grit, 
knappi,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  256,  Ham.  Gr. 
mytilimeris,    Conrad,  1842,    (Inoceramus 

mytilimeris,)   Jour.     Acad.    Nat.    Sci., 

vol.  8,  p.  246,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


oviformis,  Conrad,  1842,  (Inoceramus 
oviformis,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 
8,  p.  246,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 
p.  255,  Ham.  Gr. 

ponderosus,  Hall,  1870,  (Mytilarca  pon- 
derosa,)  Prelim.  Notice  Lam.  Shells,  p. 
21,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  254, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

PLEUROPHORUS,  King,  1844,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  14,  p.  313.  [Ety.  pleuron,  a 
rib;  phoros,  bearing.]  Inequilateral, 
longitudinally  oblong  or  subovate ;  two 
cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve,  alternately 
interlocking  and  divergent;  one  pos- 
terior lateral  tooth  in  each  valve,  the 
receiving  tooth  in  the  left  valve ;  an- 
terior adductor  scar  deep,  and  bounded 
posteriorly  by  a  ridge ;  pallial  line  sim- 
ple. Type  P.  costatus. 

angulatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  247,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  529,  Coal  Meas. 

calhouni,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858,  (Ed- 
monia  calhouni,)  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol. 
4,  p.  80,  and  Pal.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  62,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

chesterensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  16,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  123,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

costatiformis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865. 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  247,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  535,  Keokuk  Gr. 

meeki,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  246,  Carboniferous. 

minimus,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  17,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  124,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

monroensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  17,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  125,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

oblongus,  Meek,  1872,  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p. 212, 

occidentalis,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1862,  Trans. 

Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  "80,  and  Pal.  Up. 

Mo.,  p.  35,  Coal  Meas. 
pallasi,   as    identified   by   Geinitz,  is    P. 

oblongus. 
permianus,  Swallow, 

1858,    Trans.     St.   / 

Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  (   1 

vol.  1,  p.  192,  Per-   \  " 

mian  Gr. 

quadricostatus,Daw-  __ 

-    SIG.  896. — Pleurophorus 


boniferous. 
simplus,  as  identified   by   Geinitz,    is   P. 

subcuneatus. 
subcostatus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  246,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  347,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
subcuneatus,     Meek    &    Hayden,     1858, 

Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  81,  and  Pal. 

Up.  Mo.,  p.  61,  Permian  Gr. 
(?)  subellipticus,  Meek,  1867,   Am.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  44,  p.  181,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb., 

p.  211,  Coal  Meas. 
tropidophorus,  Meek,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  338,  Coal  Meas. 


504 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


Pleurorhynchus,  Phillips,  syn.  for  Conocar- 

dium. 

antiquum,  see  Conocardium  antiquum. 
attenualum,  see  Conocardium  attenuatum. 
crassifrons,  see  Conocardium  crassifrons. 
cuneus,  see  Conocardium  cuneus. 
trigonale,  Hall,  see  Conocardium  subtrig- 

onale. 

vomer,  see  Conocardium  vomer. 
Posidonia,  Bronn,  see  Posidonomya. 
alata,  see  Posidonomya  alata, 
alveata,  see  Grammygia  alveata. 
arcuuta,  see  Grammysia  arcuata. 
clathrata,  see  Posidonomya  clathrata. 
distans,  see  Posidonomya  distans. 
lirata,  see  Prtracyclas  lirata. 
moorei,  see  Posidonomya  moorii. 
perstriata,  see  Posidonomya  perstriata. 
POSIDOXOMYA,    Bronn,    1837,    Leth.  Geogn. 
[Ety.  Poseidon,  a   mythological  name; 
Mya,  a  genus.]      Shell  thin,  obliquely 
oval,  subtruncate  at  one  end,  equivalve, 
compressed,    concentrically    furrowed, 
hinge-line  short  and    straight,  edentu- 
lous.   Type  P.  becheri. 
alata,   Hall,    1843,    (Posidonia   (?)  alata,) 
Geo.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  72,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  87,  Clinton  Gr. 

ambigua,   Winchell,   1863, 
Proc.    Acad.     Nat.    Sci., 
p.  10,  Marshall  Gr. 
clathrata,  Lea,  1853,  (Posi- 
donia  clathrata,)    Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser., 
vol.  2,  p.  205,  Coal  Meas. 
devonic'aF  Walcott,     1885, 
Monogr.  U.  S.  G«o.  Sur. 
vol.  8,  p.  179,  Devonian. 
distans,    Lea,    1853,   (Posidonia  distans,) 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p. 
205,  Coal  Meas. 
fracta,  Meek,  1875,.  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.2,  p. 

333,  Coal  Meaa. 
fragosa,   see  Lunulicardium 

fragosum. 

Uevis.Walcott,  1885,Monogr. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p. 
178,  Devonian. 
mesambonata,  Winchell, 
1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  420,  Marshall  Gr.  „  Fio. 

moorii,  Gabb,   1859,  (Posi-  Posifract°anya 
donia  moorei,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  297,  Coal  Meas. 
perstriata,  Lea,  1853,  (Posidonia  perstri- 
ata,) Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 
2,  p.  205,  Coal  Meas. 
rhomboidea,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  284,  Niagara  Gr. 
romingeri,   Winchell,  1862,   Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  420,  Marshall  Gr. 
striata,  Stevens,  1858,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 

25,  p.  265,  Coal  Meas. 
whiteana,   Winchell,   1862,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  420,  Marshall  Gr. 
PR-ECAROIUM,  Barrande,  1881,  Syst.  Sil.  de 
la  Boheme,  vol.  6,  p.  141.    [Ety.  prse, 
before  ;  Cardium,  a  genus.]    Equivalve, 
inequilateral,     elliptical     or    trigonal  ; 


onomya  bech- 


beaks  prominent,  incurved;  surface 
radiated,  and  concentrically  lined; 
posterior  to  the  beaks  a 
small  area  carries  a  series 
of  vertical  nearly  parallel 
teeth.  . 

vetustum,  Hall,  1843,  (Car- 
dium  vetustum,)  Geo.  Rep. 
4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  245,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  427, 
Portage  Gr. 
PRISCONAIA,  Conrad,  1867,  Am.  Jour. 
Conch.,  vol.  3.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Equivalve,  inequilateral,  and  distin- 
guished from  Anthracosia,  which  it  much 
resembles,  by  having  lateral  teeth.  Type 
P.  ventricosa. 

ventricosa,     Conrad,     1867,     Am.    Jour. 

Conch.,  vol.  3,  Coal  Meas. 
PROMACRUS,  Meek,  1871,  Am.  Jour.  Conch., 
vol.  7,  p.  4.  [Ety.  pro,  forward;  mak- 
ros,  long.]  Similar  to  tianguinolites ; 
anterior  end  much  produced,  narrowly 
rounded ;  posterior  end  produced,  ob- 
liquely truncate ;  beaks  appreesed  ; 
cardinal  margin  nearly  straight  behind 
the  beaks,  and  declining  in  front; 
umbonal  slope  angular,  extending  to 
the  basal  extremity;  surface  concen- 
trically lined,  and  sometimes  plicated 
anteriorly ;  ligament  external.  Type 
P.  andrewsi. 

andrewsi,  Meek,  1871,  Am.  Jour.  Conch., 
vol.  7,  p.  4,  Waverly  Gr. 

cuneatus,  Hall,  1870,  (Pholadella  cune- 
ata,)  Prelim.  Not.  Lam.  Shells,  p.  66, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  510,  Waverly  Gr. 

missouriensis,  see  Sanguinolites  missouri- 
ensis. 

nasvius,  see  Sanguinolites  nasutus. 
PRORHYNCHUS,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
6,  p.  48.  [Ety.  pro,  forward  ;  rhynchos, 
beak.]  Left  valve  the  larger  and  more 
gibbous ;  anterior  end  truncate,  angular 
or  nasute  at  the  antero-dorsal  ex- 
tremity ;  posterior  end  broad,  margin 
truncate  or  broadly  rounded ;  beaks 
low  ;  cardinal  line  straight,  extending 
the  entire  length  of  the  dorsal  margin, 
and  alate  at  both  ends ;  umbonal  slope 
subangular;  surface  concentrically 
lined;  strong  lateral  tooth,  ligament 
external.  Type  P.  quad  rat  um. 

angulatum,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  493,  Chemung  Gr. 

nasutum,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  493,  Chemung  Gr. 

quadratum,  Hall,  1883,  (Palseanatina 
quadrata,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  492, 
Chemung  Gr. 

PROTITYRIS,     Meek, 
1869,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
172.  [Ety. pro,  for- 
ward ;    thyris,  an 
orifice.]        Equi- 
valve,  inequilat- 
eral,    extremely     elongate;     cardinal 
and  basal  margins  subparallel ;  anterior 


FIQ.  900.— Frothy  ris 
'meeki. 


PRO.— PTE.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


505 


end  rounded  or  subtruncate,  with 
a  deep  notch  in  the  antero-ven- 
tral  margin ;  posterior  end  rounded, 
lanceolate,  or  truncate ;  cardinal  line 
straight  or  slightly  arcuate ;  cardinal 
slope  sometimes  subalate ;  urnbonal 
slope  rounded,  undefined  or  subangular ; 
surface  concentrically  lined.  Type  P. 
elegans. 
alata,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

461,  Chemung  Gr. 

elegans,  Meek,  1871,   Am.   Jour.   Conch., 

vol.  7,  p.  5,  Coal  Meas. 
exuta,   Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

462,  Chemung  Gr. 

lanceolata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pi.  76,  figs.  2  to  8,  Ham.  Gr. 
meeki,  Winchell,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  305,  Waverly  Gr. 
planulata,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pi.  76,  fisr.  1,  Ham.  Gr. 
PROTOMYA,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
52.  [Ety,  protos,  first ;  My  a,  a  genus.] 
Equivalve,  inequilateral,  elongate, 
ovate-elliptical ;  anterior  end  broadly 
rounded ;  posterior  end  narrower, 
rounded ;  beaks  incurved ;  umbo 
prominent;  cardinal  line  long,  nearly 
straight ;  umbonal  slope  gibbous  above, 
not  defined  below ;  surface  concentric- 
ally lined  ;  ligament  external ;  mus- 
cular impressions  circular  ;  anterior  one 
strong  and  near  the  margin.  Type  P. 
oblonga. 

oblonga,  Hall,  1885,  (Cardiomorpha  ob- 
longa,) Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  509,  Ham.  Gr. 
PSEUDO  .MONOTIS,  Bey  rich,  1862,  Zeit.  der 
Deutsch.,  Geol.  Gesselsch.,  vol.  14. 
[Ety.  pseudes,  false  ;  Monotis,  a  genus.] 
Suborbicular,  plano-convex,  left  valve 
convex,  right  valve  flat  or  slightly  con- 
cave ;  not  auriculate  ;  beaks  subcentral, 
slightly  oblique,  unequal,  left  elevated, 
gibbous,  incurved,  right  small;  hinge 
short,  narrow,  edentulous ;  cartilage 
cavity  under  the  beaks;  byssal  notch 
of  right  valve  narrow,  deep,  and 
separated  from  the  hinge  by  a  small 
rudimentary  ear,  which  does  not  pro- 
ject beyond  the  margin ;  adductor  mus- 
cular scar  large,  subcentral ;  impres- 
sions of  retractor 
muscles,  several, 
small,  placed 
near  the  beaks; 
surface  radiated, 
most  distinct  on 
the  left  valve, 
hawni,  Meek  & 
H.ayden,  1858, 
(Monotis  haw- 
ni,) Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  4,  p. 
76,  and  Pal.  Up. 
FIG.  901.-Ps,ndomonotis  Mo>>  p<  54>  ^ 

Coal  Meas. 

hawni  yar.  ovata,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1865, 
(Eumicrotis  hawni  var.  ovata,)  Pal.  Up. 
Mo.,  p.  55,  Permian  Gr. 


hawni  var.  sinuata,  Meek  &  Worthen, 
1866,  (Eumicrotis  hawni  var.  sinuata,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  338,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

radialis,  (?)  Phillips,  1834,  (Pecten  radi- 
alis,)  Encyc.  Meth.,  vol.  4,  Coal  Meas. 
PTERINEA,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Petref. 
[Ety.  pteron,  a  wing.]  Transversely 
trigonal,  oblique,  inequi  valve,  very  in- 
equilateral, left  valve  most  convex, 
beaks  near  the  small  anterior  end ; 
hinge-line  long,  straight,  forming  a 
small  anterior  and  large  falciform  pos- 
terior wing,  with  a  linear,  flattened, 
marginal  cartilage  facet,  longitudinally 
striated ;  shell  thick,  calcareous ;  two 
long,  slightly  diverging,  posterior,  lat- 
eral teeth,  beneath  the  hinge  in  one 
valve  and  one  in  the  other ;  a  few 
short,  cardinal  teeth  radiating  beneath 
and  in  front  of  the  beaks  ;  anterior  im- 
pression very  strong  just  in  front  of  the 
beak,  posterior  impression  larger,  but 
faintly  marked,  superficial  ;  pallia!  scar 
simple  ;  shallow  byssal  concavity.  Type 
P.  Ifev'.s. 


FIG.  902.-Pterinea  demlssa. 

appressa,  Conrad,  1838,   Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Not  defined. 
arenacea,  Hall,  1877.    Proposed,  but  rnot 

defined, 
aviformis,    Conrad,  1842,    (Aviculav<  avi- 

formis,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, p. 

243,  Trenton  Gr. 
avis,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  105,  Chemung  Gr. 
bellilineata,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  15,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
bisulcata,  see  Grammysia  bisulcata. 
brisa,  Hall,   1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist,  p.  384,  syn.  for  P.  striaecosta. 
cancellata,  Barris,  1879,  (Avicula  cancel- 

lata,)  Proc.  Dav.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p. 

286,  Corniferous  limestone. 


506 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[PTE. 


cardiiformii,  see  Megambonia  cardiiformis. 
cardinata,    Winchell,    1862,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  412,  Marshall  Gr. 
carinata,  Goldfuss,  see  Ambonychia  cari- 

nata. 
chemungensis,    Conrad,    1842,     (Avicula 

chemungensis,)  Jour.   Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

vol.  8,  p.  243,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  98,  Chemung  Gr. 
concentrica,     Conrad,     1838,    Ann.     Rep. 

N.  Y.    Not  defined, 
consimilis,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt,  1,  p.  100,  Chemung  Gr. 
corrugata,  James,  1874,    (Avicula   corru- 

fata,)  Gin.  Quar.  Jour.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 
39;  Hud.  Eiv.  Gr. 
crenistriata,   Winchell,  1862,  (Cardippsis 

crenistriata,)  Proc.    Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p. 

417,  Marshall  Gr. 

crenulata,  see  Crenipecten  crenulatus. 
cuneata,  see  Sphenotus  cuneatus. 
curiosa,   Billings,  1866,  Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  51,  Anticosti  Gr. 
cyrtodontoides,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865, 

Mem.    Bost.  Soc.     Nat.     Hist.,    p.    95, 

Niagara  Gr. 
demissa,  Conrad,  1842,  (Avicula  demissa,) 

Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.   8,   p.   242, 

and    Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  292,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
dispanda,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  97,  Chemung  Gr. 
elliptica,   Hall,  1847,   (Avicula  elliptica,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  162,  Trenton  Gr. 


FIG.  903.— Pterinea  flabellum. 


flabellum,  Conrad,  1842,  (Aviculaflabella,) 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  238,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  i,  p.  93,  Up.  Held, 
and  Ham.  Grs. 

grandis,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  91,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


honeymani,  Hall,   1860,  (Avicula  honey- 

mani,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p. 

153,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  604,  Up.  Sil. 
insueta,  Emmons,  1842,  ( Avicula  insueta,) 

Geo.  Rep.  2d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  399,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  291,  Utica  Slate 

and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
interstrialis,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  96,  Chemung  Gr. 
modiolaris,  see  Modiolopsis  modiolaris. 
morganerisis,  see  Avicula  morganensis. 
mucronata,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  24,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
neglecta,  McChesney,  1861,  New  Paleeo- 

zoic  Fossils,  p.  88,  Niagara  Gr. 
newarkensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  165,  Devonian. 
orbicularis,  see  Ambonychia  orbicularis. 
pholadis,  see  Orthonota  pholadis. 
pinguis,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  92,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pintoensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,   vol.  8,  p.  234,  Subcarbonif- 

erous. 

planulata,  see  Cypricardinia  planulata. 
prolifica,  Billings,   1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  16,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
prora,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  102,  Chemung  Gr. 
punctulata,    Conrad.     Not    defined.     See 

Cimitaria  recurva. 


pygmtea,  see  Modiella  pygmsea. 

radians,  see  Panenka  radians. 

reproba,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  106,  Chemung  Gr. 
reversa,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  104,  Chemung  Gr. 
reversa  var.  avis,  see  P.  avis, 
revoluta,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  95,  Niagara  Gr. 
rigida,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  101,  Chemuiig  Gr. 
rugosa,   Conrad,  1841,   (Avicula  rugosa,)" 

Ann.  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  and  Geo.  Rep. 

4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  pi.  26,   fig.   2,  Water- 
lime  Gr. 
similis,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  214,  Marcellus  Shale, 
spinalata,    Winchell,    1865,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  124,  Burlington  (?)  Gr. 
striaecosta,     McChesney,     1861,     (Ambo- 
nychia strisecosta,)  New  Pal.  FOES.,  p. 

88,  Niagara  Gr. 
strigosa,  White  &  Whitfield,   1862,   Proc. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  31,  Marshall  Gr. 
suborbicularw,    see    Pterinopecten    subor- 

bicularis. 
subpapyracea,    Meek  &    Worthen,    1866, 

Proc.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  21,  Ham.  Gr. 
thebesensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  354,  Niagara  Gr. 
thisbe,   Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  52,  Anticosti  Gr. 
trentonensis,  Conrad,  1842,  (Avicula  tren- 

tonensis,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8, 

p.  240,  and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  161, 

Trenton  Gr. 

triquetra,  see  Gosselettia  triquetra. 
undata,  see  Ambonychia  uudata. 


PTE.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


507 


undulata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  456,  Kinderhook  Gr. 

varistriata,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  50,  Anticosti  Gr. 

volans,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  95,  Niagara  Gr. 
PTERINOPECTEN,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  1,  p.  3.  (Plates  and  Explana- 
tions.) [Ety.  Pterinea,  a  genus;  Pec- 
ten,  a  genus.]  Valves  more  or  less 
convex;  radiated  and  bearing  concen- 
tric lines  of  growth;  hinge-line  long, 
straight;  wings  not  well  defined,  being 
simple  expansions  of  the  upper  lateral 
margins  to  the  hinge-line.  Type  P. 
undosus. 


FIG.  904.— Pterinopecten  undosus. 

conspectus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  66,  Ham.  Gr. 
crenicostatus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  78,  Chemung  Gr. 
dignatus,   Hall,  1884,   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  62,  Marcellus  Shale, 
dispandus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  76,  Chemung  Gr. 
erectus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  77,  Chemung  Gr. 
exfoliatus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  61,  Marcellus  Shale, 
fllitextus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  67,  Ham.  Gr. 
hermes,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  64,  Ham.  Gr. 
hoosacensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr. 

U.  S.    Geo.   Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  232, 

Subcarboniferous. 
imbecilis,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  pt.  1,  p.  75,  Chemung  Gr. 
insons,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  59,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
intermedius,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  68,  Ham.  Gr. 
invalidus,     see    Aviculopecten     in- 

validus. 
fcetus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5; 

pt.  1 ,  p.  63,  Marcellus  Shale, 
multiradiatus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.   5,  pt.    1,    p.    57,    Up.    Held.  Gr. 
neptunus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  79,  Chemung  Gr. 
nodosus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  60,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
reflexus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  58,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
regularis,  Hall,  1884,    Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  70,  Ham.  Gr. 


spio,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol,  8,  p.  233,  Subcarboniferous. 
spondylus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  65,  Ham.  Gr. 


FIG.  905. — Pterinopecten  undosus. 

strictus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  74,  Chemung  Gr. 
suborbicularis,  Hall,   1843,  (Pterinea  sub- 

orbicularis,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y., 

p.  264,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   5,  p.  80, 

Chemung  Gr. 

terminalis,  see   Aviculopecten  terminalis. 
undosus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  72,  Ham.  Gr. 

vertumnus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  71,  Ham.  Gr. 
PTERONITELLA,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

2,  p.  141.    [Ety.   diminutive   of  Pte.ro- 
nites.]    Resembles    Rerinea,     but    pos- 
sesses  in   front   of   the   beaks  several 
small,  anterior,  cardinal  teeth,  and  close 
beneath  the  hinge-line  several  more  or 
less  elongated  posterior  teeth.    Type  P. 
venusta. 

curta,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 
143,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


FiG.906.— Pteronitella  venusta.    b,  Hinge-line. 


oblonga,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  143,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

"  venusta,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  142,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

PTERONITES,  McCoy,  1844,  Syn.  Carb.  Foss. 
Ireland,  p.  81.  [Ety.  pteron,  a  wing.] 
Subtriangular,  depressed,  hinge-line  as 
long  as  the  shell;  beaks  terminal,  or 
nearly  so,  forming  a  very  narrow,  ob- 


508 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[PTE. 


tusely  pointed  anterior  end,  from  which 
the  ventral  margin  extends  to  the 
broad  posterior  end ;  left  valve  most 
convex;  internally  a  very  small  tooth 
under  the  heak  of  the  right  valve,  and 
a  very  slender,  posterior,  lateral  tooth 
close  to  the  hinge-line  the  whole  length. 
Type  P.  angustatus. 

gayensis,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geo.,  p. 
301,  Subcarboniferous. 

gayensis  var.  ornatus,  Dawson,  1883,  Hep. 
on  Redpath  Mus.,  No.  2,  p.  14,  Subcar- 
boniferous. 

inoptatus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt  1,  p.  239,  Chemung  Gr. 

newarkensis,  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  162,  Waverly  Gr. 


nanum,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
353,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  907.— Pteronites  profundus. 

profundus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  237,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 

rostratus,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,pt. 
1,  p.  238,  Chemung  Gr. 

spergenensis,  Whitfield,  1882,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  No.  3,  p.  56,  War- 
saw Gr. 

P  T  YCHODESMA, 

Hall  & 
Whitfield, 
1872,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat, 
Hist.,  p. 
192.  [Ety. 
ptychos,  a 
folding; 
desma,  a 
ligament, 
or  band.]  Form  modioloid  ;  hinge  hav- 
ing a  wide  ligamental  area,  grooved  by 
the  successive  growth  of  the  ligament, 
as  in  pectunculus.  Type  P.  knappa- 
num. 


FIG.  908.— Ptychodesrna    kuap- 
panuin.    Right  side. 


Fia.  909.— Ptychodesma  knappanum.    Enlarge- 
ment of  one  side  of  ligamental  area. 

"knappanum,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  192,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

minor,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   5,  p. 
353,  Chemung  Gr. 


FIG.  911.— Ptychopteria 
beecheri. 


FIG.  910.— Ptychopteria  beecheri. 

PTYCHOPTERIA,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
5,  pt.  1,  p.  3.  [Ety.ptyche,  fold  ;  Pteria, 
a  genus.]  Differs  from  Actinopteria  in 
the  nasute  anterior  extremity,  and 
large,  straight  wing  marked  by  a 
strong  longitudinal  fold.  Hinge-line 
narrow,  linear;  furnished  with  one 
or  two  linear,  oblique,  cardinal  and 
lateral  teeth ;  surface  with  fine  rays. 
It  bears  about  the  same  relation  to 
Actinopteria  that  Lpptodesma  does 
to  Liopteria.  Type  P.  eugenia. 
alata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  139,  Chemung  Gr. 
beecheri, 
Hall,  1884, 
Pal.  N.Y., 
vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  143, 
Chemung 
Gr. 

e  1  on  gata, 
Hall.  1884, 
Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  pt. 
1,  p.  141,  Chemung  Gr. 
eucrate,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  133,  Chemung  Gr. 
eudora,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  138,  Chemung  Gr. 
eugenia,  Hall,  1883,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

23,  figs.  17-20,  Chemung  Gr. 
expansa,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  152,  Chemung  Gr. 
falcata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  136,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
galene,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  142,  Chemung  Gr. 
gibbosa,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  149,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
lata,  Hall,   1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  145,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
lobata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  150,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
perlata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  147,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
proto,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  129,  Chemung  Gr. 

protoformis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  235,  Subcarbon- 
iferous. 

salamanca,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  131,  Chemung  Gr. 


PYA. — SAN.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


509 


sao,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p. 

132,  Chemung  Gr. 
sinuosa,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  130,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
spatulata,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.   N.  Y.,   vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  144,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
spio,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 

p.  137,  Chemung  Gr. 
thalia,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.   Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  148,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
thetis,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1, 


p.  135,  Chemung  Gr. 
trigom 


alls,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
pt.  1,  p.  140,  Chemung  Gr. 
van uxemi,  Hall,  1884,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 

pt.  1,  p.  151,  Up.  Chemung  Gr. 
PYANOMYA,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  318.  [Ety. 
pyanos,  a  bean ;  Mya,  a  genus.]  Equi- 
valve,  elongate,  inequilateral,  fragile, 
edentulous ;  ligament  external.  Type 
P.  gibbosa. 

faberi,  n.  sp.  Shell  small,  equivalve,  in- 
equilateral ;  length  tivice  as  great  as 
height  ;  cardinal  and  basal  lines  sub- 
parallel  ;  anterior  end  sharply  rounded 
into  the  subelliptical  base ;  posterior 
end  broadly  rounded  ;  valves  ventri- 
cose  in  the  middle  ;  beaks  obtuse  ;  um- 
bonal  ridge  prominent,  subangular,  dis- 
tinctly denned,  and  directed  to  the 
postero-basal  mar- 
gin ;  ligament  exter- 
nal; hinge-line 
straight  behind  the 
beaks  and  inclined 
in  front;  no  es- 
cutcheon or  lunule. 
Surface  marked  very 
faintly  by  concen- 
tric lines  of  growth.  Distinguished 
from  P.  gibbosa  by  the  angular  um- 
bonal  ridge,  less  acute  anterior  end  and 
straight  cardinal  line  behind  the  beaks, 
and  other  particulars.  Hud.  Riv.  Gr., 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Collected  by  Charles 
Faber. 

gibbosa,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p. '318,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  912.—  Pyanomya 
faberi.  Right  valve 
and  dorsal  view. 


FIG.  913.— Pyanomya  gibbosa.    Left  valve 
and  dorsal   view. 

PYRENOMCEUS,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  87.  [Ety.  pyrenos,  Nucula ;  omoios, 
similar ;  from  its  resemblance  in  general 
form  to  the  shells  of  the  genus  Nucula.] 
Equivalve,inequilateral;umbonesprom- 
inent,  beak  elevated  ;  muscular  impres- 
sion near  the  anterior  extremity ;  gen- 
eral form  of  Nucula  without  the  teeth 
that  characterize  that  genus,  or  the  clavi- 
cle of  a  Clidophorus.  Type  P.  cuneatus. 
cuneatus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
87,  Clinton  Gr. 


SANGUINOLARIA,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An. 
sans  Vert.  [Ety.  from  the  type  Solen 
sanguinolentus.]  Oval,  compressed, 
rounded  in  front,  attenuated  and 
slightly  gaping  behind;  hinge  teeth 
f  small ;  siphonal  inflection  deep,  con- 
nected with  the  pallial  line;  ligament 
external,  on  very  prominent  fulcra. 
Type  S.  sanguinolentus.  Typical  spe- 
cies S.  diphos.  Not  American  Palaeo- 
zoic. Species  left  under  this  name  for 
want  of  material  to  determine  generic 
relations. 


FIG.  914.— Saiiguinolaria   diphos. 


leptogaster,  Winchell,   1863,   Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  18,  Marshall  Gr. 

rostrata,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  129,  Marshall  Gr. 

sectoralis,    Winchell,    1862,    Proc.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  422,  Marshall  Gr. 

septentrionalis,     Winchell,    1862,     Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  421,  Marshall  Gr. 

similis,  Wiuchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  421,  Marshall  Gr. 
SANGUINOLITES,  McCoy,  1844,  Synop.  Garb. 
Foss.,  Ireland,  p.  47.  [Ety.  Sanguino- 
laria,  a  genus  ;  lithos,  stone.]  Subequi- 
valve,  oblong,  elongated,  margins  sub- 
parallel  or  a  little  arched  upward  ;  sides 
compressed  or  diagonally  gibbous  from 
the  beak  backward ;  beaks  small,  an- 
terior; hinge  nearly  as  long  as  the 
shell,  margin  inflected  to  form  a  long 
posterior  lunette ;  surface  wrinkled ; 
large,  oval  adductor  impression  in  front 
of  the  beak  surmounted  by  a  small  re- 
tractor ;  posterior  adductor  large,  super- 
ficial ;  cartilage  external ;  pallial  im- 
pression entire ;  shell  thin. 


FIG.  915.— Sanguinolites  obliquus. 

acutus,  see  Goniophora  acuta. 

seolus,  see  Sphenotus  seolus. 

amygdalinus,   see  •  Glossites  amygdalinus. 

arciformis,  see  Sphenotus  arciformis. 

borealis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  415,  Marshall  Gr. 

brookfieldensis,  Dawson,  1883,  Rep.  on 
Redpath  Museum,  p.  11,  Subcarbon- 
iferous. 

burlingtonensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No. 
2,  111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  14,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  129,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


510 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[SCH. 


davulus,  see  Sphenotus  clavulus. 
combensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  175,  Devonian, 
concentricus,    Winchell,   1862,    (Cardinia 

concentrica,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.,  p. 

413,  Marshall  Gr. 
cylindricus,  Winchell,  1863,   Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  13,  Marshall  Gr. 
ftavius,  see  Sphenotus  flavius. 
glaucus,  see  Goniophora  glaucus. 
gracilis,    Walcott,    1885,   Monogr.    U.   S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  175,  Devonian. 
hamiltonensis,  see    Goniophora   hamilton- 

ensis. 
ida,    Hall,    1870,    Prelim.    Notice    Lam. 

Shells,  p.  43,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

65,  fi<?.  20,  Ham.  Gr. 
iowensis,    Winchell,    1863,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  14,  Marshall  Gr. 
jejunus,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  15,  Marshall  Gr. 
marshallensis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  415,  Marshall  Gr. 
missouriensis,  Swallow,   1860,  (Solen  (?) 

missouriensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

Sci.,  vol.   1,  p.  655,   Waverly  or  Cho- 

teau  Gr. 
multistriatus,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 

111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  14,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  129,  Keokuk  Gr. 
naenia,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  249,  Subcarboni ferous. 
naiadiformis,  Winchell,   1870,  Proc.  Am. 

Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  12,  p.  255,  Marshall  Gr. 
nasutus,  Meek,  1871,  Am.  Jour.  Conch., 

vol.  7,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
obliquus,   Meek,   1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat, 

Sci.,  p.  213,  and  Ohio  Pal.  vol.  2,  p.  306, 

Waverly  Gr. 

perangulatus,  see  Goniophora  perangulata. 
ponderosus,  see  Modiomorpha  ponderosa. 
randolphensis,  Worthen,  1883,  (Cypri- 

cardia   randolphensis,)    Geo.   Sur.    111., 

vol.  7,  p.  326,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
retusus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  247,  Subcarboniferous. 
salteri,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  248,  Subcarboniferous. 
sanduskiensis,   Meek,    1871,   Proc.  Acad. 

Nat,  Sci.,  p.  68,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

209,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
securis,  Wim-hell,  1870,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  12,  p.  255,  Marshall  Gr. 
simplex,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  248,  Subcarboniferous. 
solenoides,  see  Sphenotus  solenoides.* 
striatus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  II.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  249,  Subcarboniferous. 
strigatus,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  127,  Marshall  Gr. 
subtortuosns,  see  Sphenotus  subtortuosus. 
subtruncatus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

5,  p.  508,  Chemung  Gr. 
sulciftrus,  see  Cypricardinia  sulcifera. 
tethys,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

50,  Gaspe  limestone  No.  8,  Devonian, 
undatus,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 

Shells,  p.  41,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pi. 

80,  figs.  5,  6,  Chemung  Gr. 


unioniformis,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  414,  Marshall  Gr. 

valvulm,  see  Sphenotus  valvulus. 
SCHIZODUS,  King,  1844,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  14,  p.  313.  [Ety.  schizo,  I  split; 
odous,  a  tooth.]  Shell  oval  or  subtrig- 
onal;  anterior  side  rounded,  shorter 
than  the  other ;  posterior  side  tapering, 
truncate  at  the  extremity,  umbonal 
ridge  extending  to  the  postero-basal  re- 
gion ;  beaks  prominent;  surface  smooth 
or  with  concentric  stria?;  hinge  with 
two  smooth  cardinal  teeth  in  the 
right  valve  and  three  in  the  left ;  mid- 
dle tooth  of  the  left  valve  bifi-l,  and  fit- 
ting between  two  of  the  right  valve ; 
free  margins  smooth.  Type  S.  truncatus. 

sequalis,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  "N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
459,  Waverly  Gr. 

amplus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  41,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  579,  Coal  Meas. 

cayuga,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice  Lam. 
Shells,  p.  95,  syn.  for  Cytherodon  ap- 
pressus. 

chesterensis,  Meek 
&  Worthen,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  457, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  301,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

circulus,  Worthen,  FlG  9Uj._Sch|ZOdus 
1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  medinensis. 

III.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist,  p.  11,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  8, 
p.  109,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

contractus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5, 
p.  451,  Ham.  Gr. 

cuneatus,  Meek,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
336,  Coal  Meas. 

curtiformis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  253,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

curtus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc.  Chi. 
Acad.  Sci.,  p.  18,  Coal  Meas. 

degener,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.   vol.  5,  p. 

456,  Chemung  Gr. 

deparcus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  252,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

depressus,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  11,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  109,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

ellipticus,  see  Cytherodon  ellipticus. 

eminens,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

457,  Chemung  Gr. 

gregarius,  see  Cytherodon 

gregarius. 

inagnus,   Worthen,    1884, 
Bull.     No.    2,    111.    St. 
Mus.  Nat.    Hist.,  p.  9, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
8,  p.  107,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
medinensis,   Meek,    1871, 
Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  23,  p. 
165,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  299,  Wa- 
verly Gr. 


FIG.  917.— Hinge 
of  Scliizodus 
truncatus. 


SED.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


511 


mooresi,  n.  sp.  Shell  very  large,  sub- 
rhomboidal,  height  and  length  sub- 
equal;  anterior  side  straight  from  the 
beaks  and  at  right  angles  to  the  poste- 
rior side,  and  then  rounded  into  the 
basal  line ;  basal  margin  regularly 
rounded ;  posterior  side  sloping  at 
right  angles  to  the  anterior  side  from 
the  beaks  and  abruptly  rounding  into 
the  basal  margin ;  beaks  prominent, 
rising  above  the  cardinal  line,  obtuse, 
and  situate  a  little  anterior  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  shell ;  umbonal  slope  broadly 
rounded  and  undefined ;  pallial  line 
strongly  marked,  pitted,  and  placed 
near  the  margin  from  one  muscular 
scar  to  the  other ;  anterior  and  poste- 
rior muscular  scars  subtrigonal  and 
moderately  impressed ;  a  wide  vascular 
impression,  somewhat  cordate,  occupies 
the  central  area  of  the  shell,  extending 
from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  mus- 
cular scars;  one  strong  tooth  in  the 
right  valve  directed  a  little  forward, 
with  a  socket  on  each  side,  the  other 
tooth  undefined  ;  surface  nearly  smooth, 
showing  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth. 
Found  by  Henry  Moores,  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  at  Carbon  Hill,  Hocking  Valley, 
in  the  Coal  Measures,  and  now  in  the 
collection  of  Charles  Faber. 


FIG.  918.— Schizodus  mooresi.    Right  valve,  poste- 
rior part  broken  off. 

nauvooensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  10,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  108.  Keokuk  Gr. 

orbicularis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  181,  Devonian. 

ovatus,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858,  (Axinus 
ovatus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
262,  and  Pal.  Up.  Mo.,  p.  59,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

patulus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
457,  Chemung  Gr. 


perelegans,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870.  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  42,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  5,  p.  581,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  919. — Schizodus  mooresi.  Interior  of  right 
valve,  showing  pallial  line  and  place  of  sub- 
cordate  muscular  impression  and  hinge-teeth. 

pintoensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  8. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  253,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

quadrangularis,  see  Cytherodon  quadran- 
gularis. 

randolphensis,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  110,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

rossicus,  Verneuil,  1845,  Geo.  Russ.,  vol. 
2,  p.  309,  Permian  Gr. 

subtrigonalis.  Meek,  1871,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat,  Sci.,  p.  166,  Waverly  Gr. 

triangularis,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  193,  Permian  Gr. 

tumidus,  see  Cytherodon  tumidus. 

ulrichi,  Worthen,  (in  press,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  110,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

varsoviensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  10,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  107,  Keokuk  Gr. 

wheeleri,  Swallow,  1862,  (Littorina  wheel- 
eri,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1, 
p.  658,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  209,  Coal 
Meas. 

SEDGWICKIA,  McCoy,  1844,  Snyop.  Carb. 
Foss.  Ireland,  p.  61.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Nearly  equivalve,  inequilateral,  de- 
pressed, oblong,  or  suboval,  very  thin ; 
anterior  side  not  quite  closed,  often 
gibbous ;  posterior  side  longer,  more 
compressed,  and  gaping;  beaks  prom- 
inent, tumid,  incurved ;  posterior  um- 
bonal slopes  rounded,  or  forming  an 
oblique  ridge,  separated  from  the  pos- 
tero-dorsal  region  by  a  shallow  sulcus; 
lunule  distinct;  hinge  edentulous;  car- 
dinal margin  inflected  so  as  to  form  a 
narrow  false  area  behind  the  beaks; 
surface  concentrically  marked.  Type 
S.  attenuata. 


612 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[soi,. 


altirostrata,  Meek  &  Hay  den,  1858,  (Al- 
lorisma  (?)  altirostratum,)  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  263,  and  Pal.  Up.  Mo., 

f.  41,  Coal  Meas. 
compressa,   Meek,   1872,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.    Phil.,  p.  324,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  14-1,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
concava,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858,  (Lyonsia 

concava,)  Trans.   Alb.   Inst.,  vol.  4,  p. 

82,   and   Pal.   Up.    Mo.,    p.    41,    Coal 

Meas. 
(?)  divaricata,    Hall    &   Whitfleld,    1875, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  89,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
(?)  fragilis,  Meek,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  323,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  143,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
(?)  lunulata,  Whitfleld,  1878,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  140,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
neglecta,  see  Cuneamya  neglecta. 
subarcuata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  251,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  537,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  920.— Sedgwickia  topeketisis. 

topekensis,  Shumard,  1858,  (Leptodomus 
topekaensis,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  208,  and  Pal.  Up.  Mo.,  p. 
40,  Coal  Meas. 

Solemya,  Lamarck,  1818,  Hist.  Nat.  An. sans 
Vert.,  vol.  5.  See  Solenomya— the  cor- 
rect orthography,  first  used  by  Menke, 
1828,  Syn.  Meth.  Edit. 

SOLEN,  Linnaeus,  1758,  Syst.  Nat.,  10th  ed. 
[Ety.  Solen,  a  tube  or  pipe.]  Shell  very 
long ;  subcylindrical ;  ends  gaping ; 
hinge  teeth  two  in  each  valve ;  liga- 
ment external ;  anterior  scar  elongated  ; 
posterior  oblong;  pallialline  extending 
beyond  the  adductors.  Type  S.  siliqua. 
Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 


FIG.  921.— Solen  siliqua.     One-third  diam. 


missouriensis,  see  Sanguinolites   missouri- 

ensis. 

permiamis,  see  Solenopsis  permianus. 
priscus,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  423,  Portage  Gr. 
quadrangnlaris,  Winchell,  1862,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  422,  Marshall  Gr. 
scalpriformis,  see  Solenopsis  scalpriformis. 
SOLENOMYA,  Lamarck,  1818,  (Solemya,)  Hist. 

Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vol.  5,  p.  488. 

[Ety.  from  the  resemblance  to  the  two 

genera  Solen  and   Mya.~\    Elongate,  ob- 


long, equivalve,  very  inequilateral, 
posterior  end  the  shorter ;  dorsal  and 
ventral  margins  subparallel ;  ends 
rounded  and  gaping;  surface  covered 
with  a  thick,  horny  periostraca,  ex- 
tending in  jagged  portions  beyond  the 
ventral  margin ;  beaks  minute ;  carti- 
lage forming  a  thick,  triangular  mass 
behind  the  beaks,  supported  internally 
by  an  oblique  ensiform  plate ;  long  an- 
terior margin  simple,  erect,  without 
teeth ;  posterior  adductor  small,  ovate, 
within  the  cartilage  pit,  anterior  im- 
pression large,  comma-shaped.  Type  S. 
australis. 

anodontoides,  Meek,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  339,  Coal  Meas. 

biarmica,  Verneuil,  1845,  Geo.  Russ.  and 
Ural  Mountains,  Permian  Gr.  This 
species  does  not  occur  in  this  country. 

curta,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  242,  Subcarboniferous. 

iowensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  13,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  132,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

monroensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  13,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  8,  p.  131,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

radiata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1860,  (Solemya 
radiata,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 
457.  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  349, 
Coal  Meas. 

recurvata,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans.  St.  Louis 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  208,  Up.  Coal 
Meas. 

soleniformis,  Cox,  1857,  Geo.  Sur.  Ky., 
vol.  3,  p.  573,  Coal  Meas. 

varsoviensis,  Worthen,  1884,  Bull.  No.  2, 
111.  St.   Mus.    Nat.    Hist.,  -p.    12,    and 
Geo.    Sur.   111.,   vol.    8,    p.    131,    Keo- 
kuk Gr. 
vetusta,    Meek, 
1871,       Proc. 
Acad.    Nat. 
Sci.    Phil.,  p. 
66,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  d. 
206,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

SOLENOPSIS,  McCoy,  1844,  Carb.  Foss.  Ire- 
land, p.  47.  [Ety. 
Solentrpsis,  re- 
sembling a  shell 
of  the  genus 
Solen.']  Elon- 
gated ;  beaks 
compressed,  anterior;  depression  in 
front  of  beaks  ;  surface  concentrically 

>  marked.    Type  S.  minor. 

permianus,  Swallow,  1858,  (Solen  per- 
mianus,) Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci., 
vol.  1,  p.  190,  Permian  Gr. 

scalpriformis,  Winchell,  1862,  (Solen 
scalpriformis,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p. 
422,  Marshall  Gr. 

solenoides,  Geinitz,  1866,  (Clidpphorus 
solenoides.)  Carb.  und  Dyas  in  Neb., 
p.  25,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  223,  Coal 
Meas. 


FIG.  922.— Soleuomya 
vetusta. 


FIG.  923.— Solenopsis 
solenoides. 


SPA. — SPH.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


513 


SPATHELLA,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
33.  [Ety.  spathe,  a  spathe ;  ellus,  di- 
minutive.] Equivalve,  very  inequilat- 
eral, wider  behind,  transversely  sub- 
cylindrical  ;  anterior  end  short,  nar- 
rowly rounded ;  beaks  subanterior, 
small ;  umbonal  slope  rounded  or  sub- 
angular  ;  surface  concentrically  lined. 
Type  S.  typica. 
typica,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

407,  Chemung  Gr. 

ventricosa,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862, 
(Ortbonota  ventricosa,)  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  297,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  408,  Waverly  Gr. 
SPHENOLIUM,  n.  gen.  [Ety,  sphen,  wedge; 
leion,  smooth.]  Shell  large,  equivalve. 
inequilateral,  elongate,  cuneiform,  ven- 
tricose  ;  umbones  prominent;  beaks  in- 
curved at  the  anterior  end ;  cardinal 
line  at  an  angle  of  fifty  or  sixty  degrees 
from  the  basal  line,  and  appearing 
wing-like  toward  the  posterior  end; 
lunule  present ;  no  escutcheon ;  liga- 
ment external ;  muscular  scars  and 
hinge-line  unknown.  Type  S.  cunei- 
forme. 

cuneiforme,  S.    A.    Miller,  1881,   (Ortho- 
desma   cuneiforme,)    Jour.    Gin.    Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  314,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
faberi,  n.  sp.    Shell  below   the   medium 
size  for  species  in  this  genus ;    beaks 
unite       over 
the       hinge- 
line  near  the 
anterior  end ; 
anterior  end, 
pointed, 
rounded ; 
FiQ.924.— Sphenoliam faberi.          hinge-lin  e 
Left  valve.  rising   poste. 

riorly  into  a  wing-like  expansion  ;  pos- 
terior end  prolonged  at  the  postero- 
basal  margin;  basal  margin  subellip- 
tical;  umbones  high  and  gradually 
tapering  to  the  posterp-basal  margin ; 
surface  concentrically  lined.  Collected 
by  Charles  Faber  in  the  Hud.  Riv.Gr., 
at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


FIG.  92-5.— Sphenolium  richmondense. 

richmondense,  n.  sp.  Shell  large,  cunei- 
form, ventricose,  beaks  incurved  at  the 
anterior  end,  pointed ;  umbones  high, 
defined ;  cardinal  line  at  a  high  angle, 


haying  a  wing-like  posterior  end;  an- 
terior end  rounded  below  the  lunule. 
Dist  inguished 
from  S.  cunei- 
forme, which  it 
much  resembles, 
by  its  shorter 
form  and  more 
angular  umbones. 
Possibly  more 
specimens  may 
show  a  gradation  FIG.  926. —Sphenolium 
from  one  form  richmondense.  An- 
to  the  other,  te"orview- 
and  if  so,  this  specific  name  will  fall 
into  synonymy.  Collected  by  Charles 
Faber  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr.,  at  Richmond,  Indiana. 
SPHENOTUS,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
33.  [Ety.  sphen,  wedge;  ous,  ear.] 
Equival  v  e , 
very  in- 
equilateral, 
elongate; 
anterior  end 
short ;  pos- 

FIG.  927.— Sphenotus  aeolus.  teripr      end 

obliquely 

truncate ;  cardinal  line,  long,  straight ; 
umbonal  ridge  extending  to  the  post- 
inferior  extremity;  surface  concen- 
trically lined ;  two  short  teeth  beneath 
the  beak  of  the  right  valve,  and  one  or 
two  slender  lateral  teeth ;  ligament  ex- 
ternal, contained  in  a  groove ;  anterior 
muscular  scar  strongly  marked;  pos- 
terior scar  shallow ;  pallial  line  simple. 
Type  S.  arciformis. 

seolus,  Hall,   1870,  (Sanguinolites  seolus,) 
Prelim.    Not.    Lam.   Shells,  p.   46,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  404,  Waverly  Gr. 
arciformis,     Hall,     1870,     (Sanguinolites 
arcseformis,)  Prelim.  Not.  Lam.  Shells, 
p.   40,   and  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  395, 
Ham.  Gr. 
arcuatus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

400,  Chemung  Gr. 

clavulus,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites  cla- 
vulus,)  Prelim.  Not.  Lam.  Shells,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  401,  Chemung  Gr. 
contractus,  Hall,  1843,  (Cypricardia  con- 
tracta,)  Geo.  Sur.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  292, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  399,  Che- 
mung Gr. 

cuneatus,  Conrad,   1838,  (Pterinea  cune- 
ata,)  Ann.  Rep.  Geo.  N.  Y.,  p.  116,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  396,  Ham.  Gr. 
flavius,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites  flavius,) 
Prelim.   Not.  Lani.  Shells,   p.  47,  and 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  403.  Waverly   Gr. 
rigidus,  White  &  Whitfield,  1862,  (Cypri- 
cardia rigida,)    Proc.    Bost.   Soc.   Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  8,   p.  300,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  5,  p.  402,  Waverly  Gr. 
signatus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 

405,  Waverly  Gr. 

solenoides,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites 
solenoides,)  Prelim.  Not.  Lam.  Shells,  p. 
38,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  398,  Ham.  Gr. 


514 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


[SPI.— TEI«. 


subtortuosus,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites 
subtortuosus,)  Prelim.  Not.  Lam.  Shells, 
p.  41,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  397, 
Ham.  Gr. 

telamon,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
406,  Waverly  Gr. 

truncatus,  Conrad,  1842,  (Cypricardites 
truncatus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 
8,  n.  244,  Ham.  Gr. 

undatus,  Hall,  1885,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p. 
506,  Chemung  Gr. 

valvulus,  Hall,  1870,  (Sanguinolites  val- 
vulus,)  Prelim.  Not.  Lam.  Shells,  p.  46, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  p.  403,  Wa- 
verly Gr. 


FIG.  928— Spirodomus  insignia. 

SPIRODOMUS,  Beecher,  1886,  39th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  [Ety.  speira,  spire; 
demos,  house.]  Equivalve,  elongate- 
spiral  ;  beaks  terminal ;  muscular  im- 
pressions at  the  two  extremities;  no 
hinge-line.  Type  S.  insignis. 
insignis,  Beecher,  1886,  39th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Waverly  Gr. 
STBEBLOPTERIA,  McCoy,  1851,  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  series,  vol.  7,  p.  170,  and 
Brit.  Pal.  Rocks,  p.  482.  [Ety.  streblos, 
turned  the  wrong  way ;  pteron,  a  wing.] 
Pectinoid,  ovate,  or  rounded,  obliquely 
extended  toward  the  anterior  side; 
posterior  wing  rectangular,  anterior  ear 
small,  deeply  defined ;  surface  smooth 
or  radiately  ridged  ;  large,  faintly  marked 
muscular  impression  behind  the  middle ; 
short,  narrow  tooth  posterior  to  the 
beaks ;  ligament  confined  to  a  narrow, 
simple  facet  on  the  hinge  margin. 
Type  S.  laevigata. 

similis,  Walcott,  1885, 
Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  230, 
Carboniferous, 
tenuilineata,  Meek  & 
Worthen,  1860,  (Pec- 
ten  tenuilin  e  a  t  u  s , ) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phil.,  p.  452,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p. 
334,  Coal  Meas. 
TECHNOPHOHUS,  n.  gen.  [Ety.  techne,  art; 
phoros,  bearing.]  Shell  small,  equi- 
valve,  inequilateral ;  anterior  end  short, 
broadly  rounded ;  two  or  more  fur- 
rows arising  near  the  beak  extend  to 
the  postero-basal  margin  ;  beak  small, 
upright ;  surface  concentrically  lined ; 
umbonal  rib  in  front  of  the  beak  repre- 
sented in  the  cast  by  a  transverse  sul- 
cus ;  no  external  ligament,  escutcheon, 
or  lunule.  Type  T.  faberi. 


faberi,  n.  sp.  Shell  small,  equivalve,  in- 
equilateral, a  little  longer  than  high  ;  an- 
teriorend  short, broadly  rounded;  base 
more  narrowly  rounded  in  the  anterior 
and  central  part ;  the  postero-basal 
part  slightly  produced;  cardinal  line 
straight  or  nearly  so ;  beak  extremely 
small  and  standing  upright,  like  a  little 
point  projecting  beyond  the  cardinal 
line ;  valves  convex  in  the  umbonal  re- 
gion ;  two  furrows  or  cinctures  arising 
near  the  beak  in  the  umbonal  region, 
which  gradually  widen,  are  directed  to 
the  postero-basal  margin,  and  above 
these  the  postero-dorsal  part  of  the  shell 
is  somewhat  wing-like; 
surface  marked  by  very 
fine  concentric  lines ; 
the  casts  show  a  deep 
sulcus  directly  in  front 
of  the  beak  for  the  re- 
ception of  an  umbonal 
rib,  or  support  on  the 
interior  of  the  shell. 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr.,  near 
Sharonville,  Hamilton  County,  Ohio. 
Collected  by  Mr.  Charles  Faber. 


FIG.  929.— Streblop- 
terla  si  mills. 
Right  valve. 


FIG.  930. — Technophorus  faberi.  The  right  baud 
figure  shows  the  left  valve  with  a  small  piece 
broken  from  the  posterior  end  ;  the  left  baud 
figure  represents  a  well-preserved  cast;  the 
central  figure  presents  a  cardinal  view. 

Tdlina,  Linnaeus,  1758,  Syst.  Nat,,  10th  ed. 
[Ety.  telline,  a  sort  of  mussel.]  This  ge- 
nus unknown  in  the  Palaeozoic  rocks. 

(?)  ovata,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.  Syn.  for  Paleeoneilo  maxima. 
TELLINOMYA,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol..l,  p. 
151.  [Ety.  from  the  resemblance  to  the 
genera  Tellina  and  Mya.~\  Nearly  equi- 
lateral, generally  transverse,  anterior 
side  largest ;  beaks  approximate,  not 
prominent ;  hinge-line  with  a  double 
series  of  bent  teeth  connected  by  smaller 
ones  beneath  the  beak ;  ligament  pos- 
terior, external,  on  a  fulcrum;  no 
striated  area  or  cartilage  pit ;  muscular 
impressions  strong  not  bounded  by 
elevated  lines ;  pallial  line  simple. 
Type  T.  nasuta. 

abrupta,  Billings,  1862,  (Ctenodonta  ab- 
rupta,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  46,  Black 
Riv.  Gr. 

jequilatera,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  330,  Coralline  limestone. 

alta,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  27, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  309,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

anatini form-is,  see  Pterotheca  anatini- 
formis. 

angela,  Billings,  1865,  (Ctenodonta  an- 
gela,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  221,  Que- 
bec Gr. 


TEL.— VAN.] 


LAMELLIBRANCHIA  TA. 


515 


angustata,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  152,  Up.  Sil. 
astartiformis,    Salter,    1859,-  (Ctenodonta 

astartseformis,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade 

1,  p.  39,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
attenuata,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  151,  Up.  Silurian, 
cingulata,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.   Gin.    Soc. 

Nat.'Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  23,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
contracta,  Salter,  1859,  (Ctenodonta  con- 

tracta,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.  Decade  1,  p.  37, 

Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Gr. 
curta,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  86, 

Clinton  Gr. 
donaciformis,  Hall,  1847,  (Nucula  ?  dona- 

ciformis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  316,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
dubia,  Hall,   1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,   vol.  1,  p. 

153,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
elliptica,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

102,  Clinton  Gr. 
gibberula,  Salter,  1859,  (Ctenodonta  gib- 

berula,)   Can.  Org.  Rem.   Decade  1,  p. 

38,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
gibbosa,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

153,  Black  Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
hamburgensis,    Walcott,    1885,    Monogr. 

U.  S.   Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,   p.    76,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
hartsvillensis,  Safford,  1859,  (Ctenodonta 

hartsvillensis,)    Geo.   of  Tenn.,  p.  287, 

Nashville  Gr. 

hilli,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874, 
Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci., 
p.  230,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
houghtoni,  Stevens,  1858, 
(Nucula  houghtoni,) 
Am.  Jour.  Sci,  and 
Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  25, 

S.  262,  Marshall  or  Waverly  Gr. 
ata,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  26, 

Trenton  Gr. 
iphigenia,     Billings,     1862,     (Ctenodonta 

iphigenia,)  Pal.   Foss.,   vol.    1,   p.   152, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
lata,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  85, 

Clinton  Gr. 
levata,  Hall,  1847,  (Nucula  levata,)   Pal. 

N.  Y.,,  vol.  1,  p.  150,  Black  Riv.,  Tren- 
ton, and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 
logani,  Salter,  1851,  (Ctenodonta  logani,) 

Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.,  p.  36,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
machseriformis,  Hall,  1843,  (Nucula  mach- 

seriformis,)Geo.Rep.4thDist.N.Y.,p.76, 

and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  85,  Clinton  Gr. 
mactriformis,   Hall,    1843,    (Nucula  mac- 

trseformis,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist,  N.  Y.,  p. 

76,  Clinton  Gr. 
nasuta,    Hall, 

1847,   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

&152,   Black 
v.  and  Tren- 
ton Grs. 
nucleif  or  mis, 
Hall,       1859, 
Pal.    N.    Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  263,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
nuculiformis,    Hall,    1847,    (Modiolopsis 


FIG.  931.— Tellino- 
raya  hilli. 


FIG.   932.— Tellinomyra 
nasuta. 


nuculiformis,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  298, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

ovata,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p.  28, 
Trenton  Gr. 

pectunculoides,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  228,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

protensa,  Hall,  1852,  Stans.  Ex.  to  Gt. 
Salt  Lake,  p.  412,  Coal  Meas. 

sanguinolarioidea,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1,  p.  152,  Trenton  Gr. 

Stella,  Winchell,  1862,  (Nucula  stella,) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat,  Sci.,  p.  417,  Mar- 
shall Gr. 

subnasuta,  see  Clinopistha  subnasuta. 

ventricosa,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis.,  p. 
27,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  307, 
Trenton  Gr. 

TELLINOPSIS,  Hall,  1870,  Prelim.  Notice 
Lam.  Shells,  p.  80.  [Ety.  resembling  a 
shell  of  the  genus  Tdlina.~]  General 
form  like  Tellina ;  beaks  small,  subcen- 
tral,  directed  backward ;  ligament  ex- 
ternal; surface  smooth  or  obscurely 
marked  ;  ligament  external ;  muscular 
impression  shallow.  Type  T.  sub- 
emarginata. 

subemargin  ata, 
Conrad,  1842, 
(  N  u  c  u  1  i  t  e  s 
sub  emargina- 
tus,)  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
vol.  8,  p.  249, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  FIG.  933.— Tellinopsis  sub- 
vol.  5,  p.  464,  emarginata. 

Ham.  Gr. 

Ungulina,  Daudin,  1802,  Bosc.  Hist.  Nat. 
Coq.  3.  [Ety.  ungulina,  like  a  hoof.] 

suborbicularis,  see  Cardiomorpha  suborbic- 

ularis. 
Unio  orthonotus,  see  Modiolopsis  orthonota. 

primigenius,  see  Modiolopsis  primigenia. 
VANUXEMIA,  Billings,  1858,  Rep.  of  Progr, 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  186.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Ovate  ;  beaks  terminal  or  sub- 
terminal  ;  posterior  extremity  rounded, 
anterior  more  or  less  acuminated ;  two 
muscular  impressions;  anterior  teeth 
variable  in  number  sometimes  curved 
and  striated;  posterior  lateral  teeth 
from  two  to  four.  Type  V.  inconstans. 


FIG.    934.— Vanuxemia    bayfleldi.       Interior    of 
left  valve,  showing  the  striated  teeth. 

bayfieldi,   Billings,   1858,   Rep.   of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  187,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
dixonensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1866,  Proc. 

Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  16,  Trenton  Gr. 


516 


ANNELIDA. 


[VEN.— YOI,. 


inconstans,  Billings,  1858,  Rep.  of  Progr. 

Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  186,  Black  Riv.  and 

Trenton  Grs. 
montrealensis,   Billings,    1859.    Can.  Nat. 

and  Geol.,  vol.  4,  p.  444,  Chazy  Gr. 
tomkinsi,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Jour.,  vol. 

6,  p.  357,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
Venus  moliegan,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil., 

p.  44.     Not  recognized. 
VERTUMNIA.  Hall,  1884,  Pat.  N.  Y.,  vol.  5,  pt. 

1,  p.  xii.    Proposed  as  a   subgenus  of 
Pterinea,  distinguished  by  having  the 
right  valve  convex,  and  the  left  flat  or 
concave ;  hinge  area  narrow.    The  spe- 
cies referred  to  it  are  Pterinea  avis,  P. 
reproba,  and  P.  reversa. 

YOLDIA,  Muller,  1842.  Kroyer's  Nat.  Tid., 
vol.  4,  p.  91.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Shell  ovate  or  subelliptical,  subeqni- 
lateral,  compressed ;  posterior  side 
narrower  than  the  other;  surface 
smooth,  striate,  or  obliquely  sculptured, 
and  covered  with  a  polished  epidermis ; 
margins  smooth  within;  inner  laminae 
pearly  ;  hinge  plates  small,  numerous 
on  each  side  of  the  beaks ;  cartilage  pit 
under  the  beaks;  pallial  line  sinuous. 
Type  Y.  myalis. 

carbonaria,   Meek,  1871,  Rep.  Reg.  Uni- 
versity W.  Va.,  p.  6,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  336,  Coal  Meas. 


gibbosa,  McChesney,  1859.     The  name  was 
preoccupied.    See  T.  rushensis. 

knoxensis,  McChes- 
ney, 1865,  (Leda 
knoxensis,)  Expl. 
Pal.  FOBS.,  pi.  2, 
Coal  Meas. 

levistriata,  Meek  & 


Worthen,  1860, 
(Leda  levistriata,) 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 


FIG.  935.— Yoldia 
myalis. 


Sci.  Phil.,  p.  457,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
2,  p.  282,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

oweni,  McChesney,  1860,  (Leda  oweni,) 
Desc.  New.  Pal.  FOBS.,  p.  52,  Coal 
Meas. 

polila,  McChesney,  1859.  The  name  was 
preoccupied,  see  Y.  knoxensis. 

rushensis,  McChesney,  1865,  (Leda  rush- 
ensis,) Expl.  Pal.  Foss.,  pi.  2,  Coal 
Meas. 

stevensoni,  Meek,  1871,  Rep.  Reg.  Uni- 
versity W.  Va.,  p.  6,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  335,  Coal  Meas. 

subscitula,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1858,  (Leda 
subscitula,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p. 
79,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  205,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

valvulus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1872,  24th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  190,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 


SUBKINGDOM  ARTICULATA. 


THE  Articulata  are  the  most  numerous  of  all  living  animals,  and  abound  alike 
on  land  and  sea.  They  are  divided  into  Classes,  Subclasses,  Orders,  and  Suborders. 
Many  of  them  possess  intelligence,  arising  from  ganglionic  centers,  and  in  the  sum- 
mer season  provide  their  food  for  winter.  Several  living  orders  are  unknown  in 
Palaeozoic  rocks;  this  may  have  resulted,  however,  from  want  of  preservation. 
The  fossils  belong  to  the  Classes  Annelida,  Crustacea,  Arachnida,  Myriapoda, 
Insecta. 

CLASS  ANNELIDA. 

The  Annelida  have  the  bodies  divided  into  segments,  which  are  generally  fur- 
nished with  jointed  appendages.  The  living  forms  are  distributed  in  four  Orders, 
but  no  such  division  is  practicable  with  the  Palaeozoic  fossils,  where  generally  only 
the  internal  jaws,  called  Conodonts  or  worm-burrows,  are  found  preserved.  The 
Conodonts  may  be  the  internal  jaws  of  Crustacea,  as  seems  to  the  author  most 
probable ;  but  there  is  no  ground  for  referring  them  to  fish,  as  has  been  done  by 
some  authors.  The  class  may  be  divided  as  follows: 

CONODONTS. — Arabellites,  Distacodus,  Drepauodus,  Eunicites,  Glycerites,  Lum- 
briconereites,  Nereidavus,  Oenonites,  Polygnathus,  Prioniodus,  Stauro- 
cephalites.  . 


ARA. — COR.] 


ANNELIDA. 


517 


WORM-BURROWS. — Arenicolites,   Gyrichnites,  Myrianites,  Monocraterion,  Ne- 

mapodia,  Nereites,  Palseochorda,  Scolithus,  Walcottia. 
ORDER  TUBICOLA. — Conchicolites,  Cornulites,  Salterella,   Serpula,  Serpulites, 

Spirorbis. 
ORDER  UNCERTAIN. — Protoscolex. 


ARABELLITES,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  377.     [Ety.  Ara- 

bella, an  existing  genus;   lithos,  stone.] 

Jaws  with  an  extremely  prominent  an- 

terior hook,  and  a  row  of  smaller  teeth 

on  a  wide  base,  sickle-shaped  jaws,  and 

also  subquadrate  forms,  with  a  straight 

upper  edge   of   small   teeth.    Type  A. 

hamatus. 
ascialis,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc. 

Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  378,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cervicornis,    Hinde,    1879,    Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  379,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
cornutus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.   Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  377,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
crenulatus,     Hinde,     1879,     Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  379,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 

cristatus,  see  Eunicites  cristatus. 
cuspidatus,    Hinde,    1879,    Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  378,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
elegans,  Hinde,    1879,    Quar.   Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  382,  Clinton  Gr. 
gibbosus,     Hinde,     1879,     Quar.     Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  378,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
hamatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.    Lond.,    vol.    35,    p.    377,    Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
lunatus,  Hinde.  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc. 

Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  378,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
obliquus,  Hinde,  1879,   Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  379,  Hud.  Riv.Gr. 
ovalis,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc. 

Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  378,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
pectinatus,     Hinde,    1879,     Quar.    Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  379,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
politus,  Hinde,   1879,    Quar.   Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  385,  Ham.  Gr. 
quadratus,     Hinde,     1879.     Quar.     Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  379,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
rectus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc. 

Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  378,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


p. 
de, 


pearance  of  worm-burrows,  like  those 
of  the  Arenicola.  Type  A.  sparsus  or 
A.  didyma. 

sparsus,  Salter,  1856,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  203,  Clinton  Gr. 

spiralis,  Torell,  1868,  as  identified  by  Bill- 
ings, Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  77,  Up.Taconic. 

woodi,  Whitfield,  1882,  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 

p.  177,  Potsdam  Gr. 
Aulacodus    obliquus,    see    Lumbriconereites 

obliquus. 

CONCHICOLITES,  Nicholson,  1872,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  202. 
[Ety.  concha,  shell ;  colo,  I  dwell ;  lithos, 
a  stone.]  Tubes  conical,  slightly  curved, 
walls  thin,  composed  of  imbricating 
rings.  Type  C.  gregarius.  Prof.  Hall 
and  others  regard  this  genus  as  a  syn- 
onym for  Cornulites. 

corrugatus,  Nicholson,  1873,  Lond.  Geo. 
Mag.,  vol.  10,  p.  55,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

flexuosus,  Hall,  1847,  (Tentaculites  flexu- 
osus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  92,  Trenton 
and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 


scutellatus,    Hinde,    1879,     Quar.     Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.   Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  379,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
similis,  Hinde,    1879,   Quar.   Jour.    Geo.  i 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  382,  Niagara  Gr.  i 
similis  var.  arcuatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  j 

Jour.  Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  385,  i 

Ham.  Gr. 
ARENICOLITES,  Salter,  1856,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  13,  p.  199.     [Ety.  arena,  sand  ; 

colo,  I  inhabit;  lithos,  stone.]     Circular 

holes  which  appear  in  twos  on  the  sur- 

face of   sandstones,  and  have  the  ap- 


FIG. 936. — Couchicolites   flexuosus,  on  Stropho- 
mena  alternata. 


intermedius,  Nicholson,  1874,  (Ortonia 
intermedia,)  Geo.  Mag.,  n.  s.,  vol.  1,  p. 
199,  Ham.  Gr. 

minor,  Nicholson,  1873,  (Ortonia  minor,) 
Lond.  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  10,  p.  56,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

CORNULITES,  Schlotheim,  1820,  Petrefakten- 
kunde,p.  378.  [Ety.  cornu,  horn;  lithos, 
stone.]  Tube  gradually  tapering,  con- 
ical, slightly  flexuous,  small  end  usu- 
ally curved,  and  attached  to  some  for- 
eign body ;  walls  thick,  cellular, 
composed  of  numerous  imbricating 
rings,  their  widest  edge  next  the  slen- 
der base ;  external  surface  annulated, 
finely  striated  longitudinally;  inner 
surface  and  casts  scalariform,  with  two 
or  three  longitudinally  impressed  fur- 
rows. Type  C.  serpularius. 


34 


518 


ANNELIDA. 


[nis.— I.UM. 


FIG.   937— Corn  u- 
lites  arcuatus. 


arcuatus,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  276,  Niagara  Gr. 

bellistriatus,  Hall,  1888, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  20, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
carbonarius,  Gurley,  1883, 
New.  Carb.  Foss.,  p.  8, 
Kinderhook  Gr.  The 
publication  is  not  such 
as  required  by  the  rules 
of  nomenclature, 
chrysalis,  Hall,  1888,  Pal. 
N.Y.,vol.  7,  p.  20,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

cingulatus,     Hall,     1888, 
Pal.   N.  Y.,    vol.  7,  p. 
20,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

clintoni,  Hall,  1879,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  184,  Clinton  Gr. 
This  name  was  proposed  instead  of  C. 
flexuosus,  which  ia  preoccupied,  when 
Conchicplites  is  regarded  as  synony- 
mous with  Cornulites. 
contractus,  Ringueberg,  1884,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  148,  Niagara  Gr.  Syn.  for 
C.  proprius. 

distans,  Hall,  1852,  (Tentacu-  I 
lites  distans,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  f 
2,  p.  184,  Clinton  Gr.  tf 

flexuosus,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  jf 
vol.  2,  p.  98,  Clinton  Gr.  j| 

flexuosus    var.    gracilis,    Hall, 
1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.    FIG.  938. 
5,  p.  155,  Niagara  Gr.  °dls\anses 

nodosus       Ringueberg,      1884,     ° 

Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  149,  Niagara  Gr. 
proprius,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  182,  Niagara  Gr. 
tribulis,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

20,  Ham.  Gr. 

DISTACODUS,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  357.  [Ety.  dis- 
tazo,  to  doubt;  odous  tooth.]  Small, 
curved  tooth,  with  a  sharp  edge  on  both 
the  outer  and  inner  curve;  base  ex- 
panded. Type  D.  incurvus. 
incurvus,  Pander,  1856,  (Maohairodus 
incurvus,)  Monogr.  d.  foss.  Fische.  d. 
Silur.  syst.,  p.  23,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
DREPANODUS,  Pander,  1856,  Monogr.  d.  foss. 
Fische.  d.  Silur.  Syst.,  p.  20.  [Ety.  dre- 
pane,  sickle ;  odous  tooth.]  Small,  curved, 
spinv-like  tooth,  nearly  circular  in  sec- 
tion ;  base  expanded.  Type  D.  arcuatus. 
arcuatus,  Pander,  1856,  Monogr.  d.  Foss. 
Fische.  d.  Silur.  Syst.,  p.  20,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

Eotrophonia,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  91.  Not  satisfacto- 
rily denned. 

setigera,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  91.  Not  satisfactorily 
defined,  and  specimen  too  poor  for  defi- 
nition. 

EUNICITES,  Ehlers,  1868,  Palaeontographica, 
vol.  17,  p.  145.  [Ety.  Eunice,  a  Nereid ; 
lithos,  stone.]  Minute,  variously  formed, 
denticulated  jaws  of  annelids  or  crus- 
taceans. Type  E.  avitus. 


alveolatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  384,  Ham.  Gr. 

chiromorphus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  381,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

clintonensis,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  381,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

compactus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  384,  Ham.  Gr. 

contortus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  375,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

coronatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  381,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

cristatus,  Hinde,  1879,  (Arabellites  cris- 
tatus),  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol  35, 
p.  378,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

digitatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  376,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

gracilis,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  376,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

major,  see  Oenonites  major. 

nanus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  384,  Ham.  Gr. 

palmatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  384,  Ham.  Gr. 

perdentatus,  see  Lumbriconereites  perden- 
tatus. 

simplex,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  376,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

tumidus,  Hinde,    1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  384,  Ham.  Gr. 
GLYCERITES,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lon.,  vol.  35,  p.  380.  [Ety.  genus 
Glycera;  lithos,  stone.]  Jaws  consisting 
of  a  simple  curved  hook  with  a  wide 
base,  without  smaller  teeth.  Type  G. 
sulcatus. 

calceolus,  Hinde,  1879,  Qnar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  384,  Clinton  Gr. 

sulcatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  G^o. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  380,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

sulcatus,  var.  excavatus,  Hinde,  1879, 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p. 
380,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

Gordia  marina,  see  Palseochorda  marina. 
GYRICHNITES,  AVhiteaves,  1883,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  109.  [Ety.  gyros,  a  circle; 
ichnos  a  track.]  Trails  supposed  to  have 
been  made  by  an  annelid.  Type  G. 
gaspensis. 

gaspensis,    Whiteaves,  1883,  Trans.   Roy. 

Soc.  Can.,  p.  109,  Mid.  Devonian. 
Helminthoidichnites,  Fitch,  see  Pala'ochorda. 

marina,  see  Palseochorda  marina. 

tenuis,  see  Paleeochorda  tenuis. 
LUMBRICONEREITES,  Ehlers,  1868,  Palaeonto- 
graphica,  vol.  17,  p.  159.  [Ety.  Lumbri- 
conereis,  a  genus  ;  lithos,  stone.]  Distin- 
guished from  Eunicites  by  having  a 
well  defined  basal  extension.  Type  L. 
deperditus. 


MAC.— PAL.] 


ANNELIDA. 


519 


armatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Hoc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  383,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

basalis,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  383,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

dactylodus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  380,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

obliquus,  Eichwald,  1854,  (Sphagodusobli- 
quus),  Ball.  d.  •!.  Soc.  Imp.  d.  Nat.  d. 
Moscou,  p,  110,  Hud.  Riv.  and  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

perdentatus,  Hinde,  1879,  (Eunicites  per- 
dentatus),   Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 
35,  p.  375,  Clinton  Gr. 
triangularis.    Hinde,    1879,    Quar.    Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.'  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  383,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 
Macliairodus,  Pander,  1856.     This  name  was 

preoccupied.    See  Distacodus. 
incurvus,  see  Distacodus  iocurvus. 
MONOCRATERION,  Torell,  I860,  Acta  univer- 
sitatis  lundensis,   p.    13.     [Ety.   monos, 
one;  kraterion,  small  basin.]  Borings  in 
the  rock  resembling  Scolithus,  except 
in  having  a  lunnel-sliaped  enlargement 
at  the  upper  end. 
lesleyi,  Prime,  1878,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.  DD.  p. 

79,  Calciferous  (?)     Gr. 
MYRIANITES,  Murchison,  1839,  Sil.  Syst.,  p. 
700.  [ Ety.  Myrias,  a  myriad ;  lithos,  stone.] 
Trails  lying  together  in  great  numbers, 
more  or  less  corrugated  upon  the  edges, 
and  resembling  delicate  wave  lines  upon 
the  surface  of  the  rock.      Type  M.  ma- 
cleaii. 
murcliisoni,  Eramons,  1844,  Taconic  syst., 

p.  44,  Up.  Taconic. 
sillimaui,    Enimons,  1844,  Taconic  Syst., 

p.  44,  Up.  Taconic. 

NEMAPODIA,  Emmons,  1844,  Taconic  Syst,  p. 
68.  [Ety.  nema,  a  thread ;  pous,  a  foot.] 
Trail  consisting  of  a  series  of  depres- 
sions marked  by  numerous  short  paral- 
lel fine  lines;  the  trail  is  flexuous,  and 
the  short,  fine  lines  have  the  direction 
of  the  trail.  Type  N.  tenuissima. 
tenuissima,  Emmons,  1844,  Tacouic  syst, 

p.  68,  Up.  Taconic. 

NERKIDAVUS,  Grinnell,  1877,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts?,  3d  ser.,  vol.  14,  p.  229.  [Efy. 
Nerei*,  genus ;  avm,  grandfather.]  Mi- 
nute denticulated  teeth  or  jaws.  Type 
N.  varians. 

solitarius,  Hinde, 
1879,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond., 
vol.  35,  p.  385, 
Ham.  Gr. 

varians,      Grinnell, 
1877,    Am.    Jour, 
ser.,  vol.  14,  p.  229, 


—  Nereiclavus 
vurians.  Magnified  8 
diam. 

3d 


Sci.  and  Arts, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
NEUEITES,  Murchison,  1839,  Sil.  Syst.,  p.  700. 
[Ety.  from  a  resemblance  to  the  track 
of  tue  Nereis.']  Long,  convoluted  trails; 
each  side  equally  crenulated  ;  crenula- 
tions  oval  or  pointed  on  the  margin, 


FIG.  910.— Nereites  deweyi. 


and   often   traceable  to   the   center  of 
the  trail.    Type  N.  cambrensis. 

deweyi,  Em- 
mons, 1844, 
Taconic. 
Syst.,  p.  69, 
Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

gracilis,  Em- 
mons, 1844, 
Taconic 
Syst.,  p.  69, 
Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

jacksoni, 
Emm  ons, 
1844,  Taco- 
nic Syst., 
p.  69,  Up. 
Taconic. 

Ian  ceolatus, 
Emmons,  1844,  Taconic  Syst.,  p.  69,  Up. 
Taconic.  This  may  belong;  to  Nereo- 
grapsus,  as  suggested  by  Emmons. 

loomisi,  Emmons,  1844,  Taconic  Svst.,  p. 
69,  Up.  Taconic. 

pugnus,  Emmons,  1844,  Taconic  Syst.,  p. 
69,  Up.  Tacouic. 

robustus,  Emmons,  1856,  (Nereograpsus  ro- 
bustus,)  Am.  Geol.,  p.  Ill,  Up.  Taconic. 
OENONITES,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  376.  [Ety.  Oenone, 
a  genus;  lithos,  stone.]  Jaws  with  a 
more  or  less  curved  anterior  hook  ;  fol- 
lowed by  a  series  of  smaller  teeth,  simi- 
lar in  character  to  those  of  the  existing 
genus  Oenone.  Type  0.  curvidens. 

amplus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  382,  Clinton  Gr. 

carinatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

-    Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35.  p.  377,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

cuneatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  377,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

curvidens,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  376,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

fraeilis,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc. 
Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  382,  Clinton  Gr. 

insequalis,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  376,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

infrequens,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  382,  Niagara  Gr. 

major,  Hinde,  1879,  (Euuicites  major,) 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  35,  p.  374, 
Hud.  Riv,  and  Clinton  Gr. 

rostratus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  376,  Hu<l.  Riv.  Gr. 

serratus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  376,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
Ortonia,  Nicholson,  1872,  Lond.  Geo.  Mag., 
vol.  9.  Synonym  for  Conchieolites,  if 
indeed  both  are  not  synonyms  for 
Cornulites. 

cornea,  syn.  for  Conchieolites  flexuosus. 

intermedia,  see  Conchicolites  intermedius. 

minor,  see  Conchicolites  minor. 

PAL^EOCHORDA,  McCoy,  1848,    Quar.   Jour. 

Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  4,  p.  224.    [Ety.  palaios, 

ancient;  chorde,  intestine.]    Trail  very 

long,  cylindrical,  chord-like,  frequently 


520 


ANNELIDA. 


[PLA.— SCO. 


crossing  itself,  without  order,   surface 
smooth.    Type  P.  minor, 
marina,  Emmons,  1844,  (Gordia  marina,) 
p.  68,  and  Am.  Geol.,  p.  103,  Up.  Taconic. 
prima,  Whitfield,  1877,  Prelim,  Rept.  Pal. 
Black  Hills,  p.  7,  and  Geol.  Black  Hills 
of  Dakota,  p.  331,  Potsdam  Gr. 
tenuis,  Fitch,  1849,  (Helminthoidichnites 
tenuis,)  Trans.  Agr.  Soc.,  and  Am.  Geol., 
p.  103,  Up.  Taconic. 

PLANOLITES,  Nicholson,  1873,  Proc.  Roy. 
Soc.,  No.  144.  [Ety.  pianos,  wanderer; 
lithos,  stone.]  Irregularly  cylindrical, 
tortuous  casts  of  supposed  worm-tubes. 
Type  P.  vulgaris. 

vulgaris,  Nicholson,  1873,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc., 
No.  144,  and  Pal.  Prov.  of  Ontario,  p. 
42,  Clinton  Gr. 

POLYGNATHUS,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  361.  [Ety.  polys, 
many  ;  gnathos,  jaw.]  Minute  variously 
formed  teeth  and  minute  tuberculated 
plates.  Type  P.  dubius. 
coronatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  365,  Ham.  Gr. 
crassus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc. 

Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  365,  Ham.  Gr. 
cristatus,   Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  366,  Ham.  Gr. 
curvatus,  Hinde,  1879,   Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  366,  Ham.  Gr. 
dubius,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc. 

Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  362,  Ham.  Gr. 
duplicatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  364,  Ham.  Gr. 
eriensis,  Hinde,  1879,   Quar.   Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  366,  Ham.  Gr. 
immersus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  364,  Ham.  Gr. 
linguiformis,    Hinde,    1879,   Quar.   Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  367,  Ham.  Gr. 
nasutus,  Hinde,    1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  364,  Ham.  Gr. 
palmatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  367r  Ham.  Gr. 
pennatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  366,  Ham.  Gr. 
princeps,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  365,  Ham.  Gr. 
punctatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  367,  Ham.  Gr. 
radiatus,  Hinde,   1879,   Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  364,  Ham.  Gr. 
serratus,  Hinde,  1879,    Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  365,  Ham.  Gr. 
simplex,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  367,  Ham.  Gr. 
solidus,    Hinde,    1879,   Quar.  Jour.   Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  365,  Ham.  Gr. 
truncatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  366,  Ham.  Gr. 
tuberculatus,    Hinde,    1879,    Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.    Soc.    Lond.,    vol.     35,     p.     366, 
Ham.  Gr. 

PRIONIODUS,  Pander,  1856,  Monogr.  d.  Foss. 
Fieche  d.  Silur.  Syst.,  p.  28.  [Ety.  pri- 
onion,  small  eaw  ;  odous,  tooth.]  Basal 
portion  narrow  supporting  numerous, 
delicate  denticles  and  an  elongated 


tapering   tooth    which    extends    below 
the  basal  portion.     Type  P.  elegans. 
abbreviatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  359,  Ham.  Gr. 
acicularis,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  360,  Ham.  Gr. 
alatus,   Hinde,   1879,    Quar.    Jour.    Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  361,  Ham.  Gr. 
angulatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  360,  Waverly  Gr. 
armatus,  Hinde,  1879,   Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  360,  Ham.  Gr. 
clavatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  35,  p.  360.  Ham.  Gr. 
elegans.  Pander,    1856,  Monogr.  d.  Foss. 
Fieche  d.  Silur.  Syst.,  p.  29,  Hud.  Riv.Gr. 
erraticus,  Hinde,   1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  359,  Ham.  Gr. 
furcatus,  Hinde,   1879,   Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  358,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
panderi,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.   Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  361,  Ham.  Gr. 

politus,   Hinde,    1879,  Quar.    Jour.    Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  358,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

radicans,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  356,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

spicatus,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  361,  Ham.  Gr. 
PROTOSCOLEX,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  89.     [Ety.  protos, 
first;  skolex,  worm.]     Long,  slender,  nu- 
merous segments,  both  ends   obtusely 
pointed.     Type  P.  covingtonensis. 
covingtonensis,Ulrich,  1878,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  1,  p.  89,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
ornatus,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour. 
Gin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
1,  p.  90,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
simplex,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.,  Nat,  Hist,,  vol. 
1,  p.  91,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
tenuis,  Ulrich,  1878,  Jour. 
Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
1,  p.  90,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
SALTERELLA,    Billings,    1861, 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  17. 
[Ety.    proper    name.] 
Small,  slender,  elongate,  FlQ.  94!.  _Proto. 
conical  tubes,  consisting    scolex  orna- 
of   several  hollow  cones    tus- 
placed  one  within  another,  the  last  one 
forming    the   chamber    of    habitation; 
surface  concentrically  or  longitudinally 
striated.     Type   S.   ru- 
gosa. 

billingsi,  Safford,  1869. 
Geo.  of  Tenn.,  p.  289, 
Trenton  Gr. 

obtusa,  Billings,  1861,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  18,  Up. 
Taconic. 

pulchella,  Billings,  1861, 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  18, 
Up.  Taconic. 

rugosa,  Billings,  1861,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  17,  Up. 
Taconic. 

SCOLITHUS,  Haldeman,  1840,  Supp.  to.  Mon- 
graph  of  Limniades.   [Ety.  skolex,  worm ; 


FIG.  942.— Salter- 
ella  rugosa. 


SER. — STA.] 


ANNELIDA. 


521 


lilhos,    stone.]     Merely   worm  furrows, 
without  organic  characters, 
canadensis,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.  vol. 
1,  p.  96,  Potsdam  Gr. 


FIG.  943.— Scolithus  canadensis. 

linearis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

2,  Potsdam  Gr. 
verticalis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 

6,  Medina  sandstone, 
tuberosus,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Cont.  to 

Pal.  No.  2,  p.  5,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
woodi,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  45,  Potsdam  Gr. 
Serpula,  Linnteus,  1758,  Syst.  Nat.,  10th  ed. 
p.'786.  [Ety-  wrpo,  to  creep.]  Tube  cal- 
careous, procumbent,  variously  curved 
or  spirally  coiled,  growing  singly  or  in 
groups,  attached  to  marine  bodies, 
capable  of  receiving  the  entire  animal ; 
aperture  at  the  larger  extremity  sim- 
ple and  rounded.  Type  S.  vermicularis. 
insita,  White,  1878,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  37,  and  Coot,  to  Pal.,  No.  8,  p.  171, 
Coal  Meas. 

omphalodes,  see  Spirorbis  omphalodes. 
valvata,  see  Spirorbis  valvatus. 
SERPULITES,    Murcbison,    1839,    Murch.  Sil. 
Syst.,  p.  608.     [Ety.  Serpula,  a  genus  of 
annelids.]  Tube  smooth,  arched,  slightly 
calcareous,   glossy  ;    having  two  small 
longitudinal  tubes  at  opposite  points  of 
the  circumference,   stronger   than    the 
rest  of  the  shell,  and  prolonged  at  the 
posterior  end.    Type  S.  longissimus. 

annulatus,      Dawson.      1868, 
^v  Acad.  Geol.,  p.    312,   Car- 

jt&  boniferous. 

flT  dissolutus,  Billings,  1862,  Pal. 

IP  Foss.,  vol.   1,  p.  56,  Tren- 

ton Gr. 

hortonensis,    Dawson,  .1868, 
Acad.  Geol.,   p.    312,  Car- 
boniferous, 
inelegans,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

312,  Carboniferous, 
murchisoni,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 

p.  48,  Potsdam  Gr. 

murrayi,  Dawson,  1883,  Hep.  on  Redpath 
Mus.,  No.  2,  p.  13,  Carboniferous. 


FIG.  944.— Ser- 
pulites  an- 
uulatus. 


splendens,  Billings,  1859,   Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  470,  Chazy  Gr. 
Sphagodus   obliquus,    see    Lumbriconereites 

obliquus. 

SPIRORBIS,  Lamarck,  1801,  Syst.  An.  sans 
Vert,  p.  326.  [Sig.  spiral-whorl.]  Tube 
calcareous,  solitary,  coiled ;  flat,  dex- 
tral  ior  sinistral,  attached  by  one  side 
to  some  foreign  object.  Type  Serpula 
Spirorbis  of  Linnaeus. 

ammon,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  97,  Ham.  Gr. 

angulatus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  84,  Ham.  Gr. 

angulatus,  Dawson,  1868.  The  name  was 
preoccupied. 

annulatus,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  34,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  92,  Warsaw  Gr. 

annulatus  var.  nodulosus,  see  S,  nodu- 
losus. 

anthracosia,  Whitfield,  1881,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.  vol.  21,  p.  128, 
Coal  Meas. 

arietinus,  Dawson,  1869,  Rep.  of  Progr. 
Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  p.  14,  Coal  Meas. 

arkonensis,  Nicholson,  1874.  Geo.  Mag., 
vol.  1,  p.  199,  Ham.  Gr. 

carbonarius,  Dawson,  1845, 
Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.  1,  p.  326,  Coal  Meas. 

cincinnatiensis,  Miller  & 
Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Gin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1, 
p.  38,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

flexuosus,    Hall,     1  8  6  3  ,  Fl 

Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,    bis  ca'rbonar'i us. 
p.  224,  Niagara  Gr. 

inornatus,  Hall.  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst,, 
vol.  4,  p.  224,  Niagara  Gr. 

kinderhookensis,  Gurley,  1883,  New  Garb. 
Foss.,  p.  9.  Publication  not  sufficient. 

laxus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
349,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

nodulosus,  Hall,  1858,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.. 
vol.  4,  p.  34,  and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  p.  93,  Warsaw  Gr. 

obesus,  Winchell,  1866,  Rep.  Low.  Pen- 
insula Mich.,  p.  97,  Ham.  Gr. 

omphalodes,  Goldfuss,  1826,  Germ.  Pe- 
tref.,  Up.  Held,  and  Ham.  Grs. 

orbiculostoma,  Swallow,  1858,  Trans. 
St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  181,  Per- 
mian Gr. 

spinuliferus,  Nicholson,  1875,  Pal.  Prov. 
Ont,  p.  83,  Ham.  Gr. 

valvaius,  Goldfuss,  1826,  (Serpula  valvata). 

Not  American. 

STAUROCEPHAWTES,  Hinde,  1879,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  383.  [Ety. 
Staurocephalus,  an  existing  genus ;  iithos, 
stone.]  Jaws  of  more  or  less  elongated 
compressed  denticulate  plates  resem- 
bling those  of  the  genus  Staurocephalus. 
Type  S.  niagarensis. 

nigarensis,  Hinde,  1879,  Qaar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  35,  p.  383,  Nia- 
gara Gr. 


522  CRUSTACEA.  [WAI^ 

WALCOTTIA,  Miller  &  Dyer,  1878,  Jour.  Gin. 

Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,  vol.    1,  p.    39.     [Ety. 

proper    name.]     A     rugose,    flexuous, 

worm-like  furrow.     Type  W.  rugosa. 
cookana,   Miller  &  Dyer,    1878,  Cont.  to 

Pal.,  No.  2,  p.  11,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
rugosa,  Miller  &   Dyer,   1878,  Jour.  Gin. 

Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,  vol.   1,    p.    39,   Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  946.— Walcottia  rugosa. 


CLASS  CRUSTACEA. 


THERE  is  such  an  immense  diversity  among  Crustaceous  animals,  it  has  been 
found  necessary  to  make  subclasses,  orders,  and  suborders,  to  give  intelligible  def- 
initions to  the  classification.  They  are  generally  covered  with  a  peculiar  calcareous 
secretion  or  integument,  constituting  a  cutaneous  skeleton,  inclosing  the  soft 
parts  of  the  body.  Segments  are  united  by  a  membrane,  giving  flexibility  to  the 
armor.  There  being  no  way  to  increase  the  integumentby  growth,  it  is  cast  offat  stated 
periods,  and  a  new  one  is  secreted  to  cover  the  enlarged  body.  The  subclasses  are 
Cirripedia,  Entomostraca,  Xyphosura,  Edriopthalmata,  and  Podopthalmata. 

The  Subclass  Cirripedia  includes  only  a  single  order  which  bears  the  same 
name.  The  animals,  when  mature,  are  attached  to  submarine  objects,  and  are  in- 
closed in  a  shell  composed  of  several  calcareous  plates,  from  an  opening  in  which 
articulated  cirri  are  exserted  and  retracted  when  the  animal  is  alive  in  search  of 
prey.  The  common  barnacle,  which  frequently  covers  the  bottoms  of  ships  so  as  to 
impede  their  progress  across  the  ocean,  is  a  representative  of  this  order. 

The  Subclass  Entomostraca  is  divided  into  several  orders,  only  three  of  which 
are  Palaeozoic,  viz.:  Ostracoda,  Phyllopoda,  and  Trilobita.  The  Ostracoda  are 
minute  animals  inclosed  in  a  little  bivalve  shell ;  the  feet  and  antennae  are  pro- 
truded between  the  lower  edges  of  the  valves.  The  Cypris,  Daphnia,  and  Po- 
lyphemus are  living  examples  of  this  order.  The  Phyllopoda  are  so  named  on  ac- 
count of  the  broad  and  leaf-like  feet.  Some  of  them  are  covered  with  a  bivalve  shell, 
and  others  are  without  such  protection.  The  Palaeozoic  are  bivalve  shells.  The 
Estheria,  which  abound  in  pools  and  springs,  belong  to  this  order.  The  Trilobita 
possessed  a  cephalic  shield,  a  trilobed  thorax  composed  of  segments,  which  were  flex- 
ible and  allowed  the  animal  to  double  itself  up,  and  a  tail-piece  called  the  pygidium. 
The  order  became  extinct  in  the  Palaeozoic  era. 

The  Subclass  Xyphosura  has  an  anterior  subcrescentiform  carapace,  inclosing 
the  cephalothoracic  organs,  and  a  posterior  abdominal  piece,  from  which  a  tail 
spine  projects.  The  upper  surface  is  convex,  and  the  lower  concave.  There  are 
three  orders — Amphipeltida,  Euripterida,  and  Xyphosura.  Only  a  fragment  of  the 
shell  of  the  Amphipeltida  is  known.  The  Euripterida  is  also  an  extinct  order.  A 
common  form  of  the  Xyphosura  is  the  Limulus,  or  Horseshoe  Crab,  which  is  com- 
mon on  the  shores  of  the  tropical  seas. 

The  Subclass  Edriopthalmata  has  the  head  distinct  from  the  thoracic  segments, 
and  therefore  has  no  cephalothorax.  The  head  has  a  pair  of  simple  compound 
eyes,  not  pedunculated.  The  Palaeozoic  orders  are  Amphipoda  and  Anisopoda. 


CRUSTACEA.  523 

The  Order  Amphipoda  consists  of  animals  that  live  in  water,  burrow  in  sand, 
or  become  parasitic  on  fishes.  The  abdomen  is  well  developed,  and  bears  limbs  for 
leaping  or  swimming.  They  always  swim  on  their  sides.  The  common  sand- 
hopper  on  the  shore  of  the  sea  belongs  to  this  order.  The  Order  Anisopoda  has  a 
long  body,  convex  above  and  flattened  below,  and  has  affinities  with  the  Isopoda,  of 
which  the  common  wood-louse  is  an  example. 

The  Subclass  Podopthalmata  has  compound  eyes  at  the  extremity  of  a  pair  of 
movable  stalks;  the  head  and  thorax  are  generally  united,  covered  by  a  single 
piece  of  shell,  and  called  the  cephalothorax  ;  this  includes  the  antennae,  eyes,  mouth, 
jaws,  feet,  etc.  The  remaining  segments  form  an  abdomen,  which  frequently  ter- 
minates in  a  caudal  fin.  Common  examples  are  the  squill  and  the  small  edible  crab. 
There  are  several  orders  in  this  subclass,  only  three  of  which  are  Palaeozoic,  viz.: 
Phyllocarida,  Decapoda,  Tetradecapoda. 

The  Phyllocarida  has  cephalic,  thoracic,  and  abdominal  segments.  The  cara- 
pace has  no  regular  hinge.  The  living  representative  is  Nebalia,  which  inhabits  the 
sea  at  moderate  depths.  The  Decapoda  are  stalk-eyed,  and  the  head  and  thoracic 
segments  are  united  in  a  cephalothorax,  incased  in  a  common  shell,  and  have  the 
branchial  organs  inclosed  on  the  sides  of  the  cephalothorax.  The  true  thoracic  legs 
are  almost  always  ten,  whence  the  name  of  the  order.  The  Tetradecapoda  have 
their  relations  with  the  Decapoda. 

SUBCLASS  AND  ORDER  CIRRIPEDIA.    . 

FAMILY  BALANID^E. — Palaeocrusia,  Protobalanus. 
FAMILY  LEPADIIXE. — Lepidocoleus,  Strobilepis,  Turrilepas. 

SUBCLASS  ENTOMOSTRACA. 

ORDER  OSTRACODA. 

FAMILY  BEYRICHIIDJE. — Beyrichia,  Beyrichona,  Hipponicharion,  Primitia. 

FAMILY  CYPRIOTE.—  Candona. 

FAMILY  CYTHERID^E.—  Cytherella,  Cytheropsis. 

FAMILY  FABERIID^E. — Faberia. 

FAMILY  LEPERDITIID^E. — Aparchites,  Isochilina,  Leperditia. 

ORDER  PHYLLOPODA. 

FAMILY  ESTHERIID^E.  — Estheria,  Leaia,  Schizodiscus. 
FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Lepidilla,  Lepiditta. 

ORDER  TRILOBITA. 

FAMILY  ACIDASPID^E. — Acidaspis. 

FAMILY  AGLASPID^E. — Aglaspis. 

FAMILY  AGNOSTID^E. — Agnostus,  Microdiscus,  Shumardia. 

FAMILY  ASAPHID^E. — Asaphus,  Barrandia,  Megalaspis,  Nileus,  Ogygia,  Sym- 

physurus. 

FAMILY  BATHYURID.E. — Asaphiscus,  Bathyurellus,  Bathyuriscus,  Bathyurus. 
FAMILY  BRONTEID^. — Bronteus. 
FAMILY  CALYMENID^E. — Calymene,  Homalonotus. 


524  CRUSTACEA. 

FAMILY  CERAURID^E. — Ceraurus,  Sphserocoryphe,  Sphserexochus. 

FAMILY  CONOCOKYPHID^E.— Bailiella,  Chariocephalus,  Conocoryphe,   Harttia, 

Menocephalus,  Prototypus. 
FAMILY  CYPHASPID^E. — Cyphaspis. 

FAMILY  DICELLOCEPHALID^E. — Dicellocephalus,  Pterocephalia,  Ptychaspis. 
FAMILY  ENCRINURID^E. — Amphion,  Eucrinurus. 
FAMILY  ELLIPSOCEPH  ALID.E.  — Ellipsocephalus. 
FAMILY  HARPID^E. — Harpes. 
FAMILY;  ILL  JENIDJE. — Illsenurus,Illsenus. 
FAMILY  LICHID^E. — Lichas,  Terataspis. 
FAMILY  OLENID^E. — Dolichometopus,  Oryctocephalus,  Telephus,  Triarthrella, 

Triarthrus. 
FAMILY    PARADOXID^E.— Anopolenus,    Atops,     Bathynotus,    Elliptocephala, 

Mesonacis,  Olenoides,  Paradoxides. 
FAMILY  PHACOPID^E. — Dalmanites,  Phacops. 
FAMILY  PROETID^E. — Harpides,.Phsethonides,  Phillipsia,  Proetus. 
FAMILY  PTYCHOPARIDJE.  — Agraulus,  Crepicephalus,  Liostracus,  Longocephalus, 

Loganellus,  Ptychoparia,  Solenopleura. 
FAMILY  REMOPLEURID^E. — Remopleurides. 

FAMILY  TRINUCLEID^E. — Ampyx,  Dionide,  Eudymiouia,  Trinucleus. 
FAMILY  AFFINITY  UNCERTAIN. — Pemphigaspis. 
TRACKS  SUPPOSED    TO    BE    CRUSTACEAN. — Asaphoidichnus,  Cliruachtichnites, 

Diplichnites,  Protichnites,  Rusichnites. 

SUBCLASS  XIPHOSURA. 

ORDER  AMPHIPELTIDA. 
FAMILY  AMPHIPELTID.E. — Amphipeltis. 

ORDER  EURYPTERIDA. 

FAMILY  ECHINOGNATHID^:. — Echinognathus. 

FAMILY  EURYPTERIDA. — Anthraconectes,  Dolichopterus,  Eurypterella,  Euryp- 

terus,  Pterygotus,  StyJonurus. 
FAMILY  HEMIASPID^:. — Bunodella. 

ORDER  XIPHOSURA 

FAMILY  BELINURID^E. — Belinurus,  Euproops,  Protoliinulus 
FAMILY  CYCLID^E. — Cyclus,  Dipeltis. 

SUBCLASS  EDRIOPTHALMATA. 

ORDER  AMPHIPODA. 
FAMILY  DIPLOSTYLID^:.— Diplostylus. 

ORDER  ANISOPODA. 
FAMILY  ACANTHOTELSONID^E. — Acanthotelson. 


ACA.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


525 


SUBCLASS  PODOPTHALMATA. 

ORDER  PHYLLOCARIDA. 
FAMILY  CERATIOCARID^I. — Ceratiocaris,  Colpocaris,   Echinoearis,   Elymocaris, 

Ribeiria  (?),  Solenocaris,  Tropidocaris. 
FAMILY  DISCINOCARID.E. — Dipterocaris,  Spathiocaris. 
FAMILY  PINACARID^. — Dithyrocaris,  Mesothyra. 
FAMILY  PROTOCARID^E. — Protocaris. 
FAMILY  RACHURID^E. — Rachura. 
FAMILY  RHINOOARID^;. — Rhinocaris. 

ORDER  DECAPODA. 

FAMILY  ANTHRACARID^. — Anthrapalsemon. 
FAMILY  CARIDID.E. — Palseopalsemon. 
FAMILY  PAL^OCARID^E. — Gampsonyx,  Palseocaris. 

ORDER  TETRADECAPODA. 
FAMILY  ARCH^OCARID^E.— Archseocaris. 

ACANTHOT  ELSON, 

Meek  &  Wor- 
then ,  1  860, 
Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  47. 
[Ety.  akantha, 
spine ;  telson, 
end.]  Superior 
antenna?  as 
long  as  the  in- 
ferior, flagella 
longer  than  the 
peduncles; 
head  about  the 
length  of  the 
two  anterior 

thoracic  segments;  thoracic  and 
abdominal  segments  about  the 
same  length  ;  anterior  thoracic  legs 
longer  than  the  others ;  telson  sim- 
ple, long,  spine-like,  laterally  com- 
pressed ;  stylets  with  second  segments  longer  than 
first,  and  similar  to  the  telson.  Type  A.  stimpsoni. 
eveni,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 


FIG.  947. — Acanthotelson  eveni.  A,  dorsal  view;  st,  stylet;  t, 
telson  ;  B,  side  view;  a  aud  x,  antennae;  /,  anterior  leg; 
C,  enlarged  stylet. 


s  t  i  m  p  s  o  n  i. 
Dorsal  view- 


Fio.    918.— Acanthotelson    event. 
Enlarged  ;  H,  anterior  legs  and 

antennae;  8,  punctures  left  by  Kio.    950.— Acanthotelson  stimpsoiii.    Enlarged   3   diam.; 
spines  on  the  lower  side.  *,  a  protuberance  that  may  be  an  eye. 

Acantlioloma,  syn.  for  Acidaspis.  I          46,  p.  28,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p. 

spinosa,  syn.  for  Acidaspis  tuberculata.      |         551,  Coal  Meas. 


526 


CRUSTACEA. 


[ACI. — AGN. 


PIG.  951.  — Acidaspis 
anchoralis.  Cephal- 
ic shield. 


insequalis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  syn.  for  Pal- 

aeocaris  typus. 

stimpsoni,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  47,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  401,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
ACIDASPIS,  Murchison,  1839,  Sil.  Syst.,  p. 
658.  [Ety.  akis,  a  point ;  ospis,  shield.] 
Cephalic  shield,  semicircular,  margin 
thickened  and  spinous,  lateral  angles 
produced  in  spines;  glabella  convex, 
narrow  in  front,  not  reaching  the  mar- 
gin, two  lobes  on  each  side,  and  having 
a  large  spine  projecting  backward,  eyes 
prominent;  thorax  with  eight  seg- 
ments; pleurae  wide,  and  terminating 
in  spines;  pygidium  small,  axis  short, 
of  two  joints,  sides  depressed,  one  seg- 
mental  furrow,  long  spine  extending 
backward  from  the  margin  at  each  side, 
and  smaller  spines  from  the  other  parts 
of  the  margin.  Type  A.  brighti. 

anchoralis,  S.  A.  Mil- 
ler,  1875,  Cin.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p. 
349,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
callicera.    Hall,    1888, 
Pal.  N.Y.,   vol.  7, 
p.  69,  Up.  Held.  Gr! 
ceralepta,      Anthony, 
1838,    (Ceratoceph- 
ala  ceralepta,)  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  34,  p.  379.     Not  defined 
so  as  to  be  recognized, 
cincinnatiensis,   Meek,   1873,    Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  167,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
crosotus,      Locke,      1843, 
Am.  Jour.   Sci.,  vol.  44, 
p.  347,  and  Ohio   Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  165,  Hud.  Riv. 
Gr.    The  word  is  mis- 
spelled;   it    should    be  FIG.  952.— Acidas- 
crossota.  pis   anchoralis. 

danai,    Hall,    1862,    Geo.    Podium. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  423,  Niagara  Gr. 
eriopis,  see  Terataspis  eriopis. 
fimbriata,    Hall,   1879,  Desc.   New  Spec. 
Foss..  p.  20,  and  llth    Rep.   Geo.  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Ind.,  p.  334,  Niagara  Gr. 
grandis,  see  Terataspis  grandis. 
halli,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Sur.  Mo.,  p. 

200,  Trenton  Gr. 

hamata,   Conrad,   1841,    (Dicranurus  ha- 

matus,)    Ann.  Rep.  N.   Y.,  p.  48,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  371,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

horani,  Billings,  1859,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  341,  Trenton  Gr. 
ida.  svn.  for  Acidaspis  danai. 

onealli,   S.  A.   Miller,   1875, 
Cin.  Quar.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 
2,  p.  86,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
parvula,  Walcott,  1877,  31st 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  69,  Trenton  Gr. 
romingeri,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N. 
Y'>  v°l'  ^'  P'  ^i  Ham.  Gr. 
spiniyer,      see       Bathyurus 

spiniger. 

trentonensis,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  240,  Trenton  Gr. 


tuberculata,  Conrad,  18-10,  Ann.  Rep. 
N.  Y.,  p.  205,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3.  p. 
368,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

AGLASPIS.  Hall,  1862,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  7,  p.  443,  and  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  181.  [Ety.  aglaos, 
bright;  aspis,  shit-Id.]  Cephalic  shield 
somewhat  semielliptical,  wider  than 
long,  sinus  in  front ;  glabella  narrow, 
conical;  eyes  prominent,  and  situate 
anterior  to  the  middle;  thorax  having 
eight  segments;  pygidium  small,  and 
terminating  in  a  single  spine.  Type  A. 
barrandii. 

barrandii,  Hall,  1862,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  7,  p.  443,  and  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  181,  Potsdam  Gr. 

eatoni,  AVhil  field,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  52,  and  Geo.  of  AVis.,  vol. 
4,  p.  192,  Potsdam  Gr. 

AGNOSTUS,  Brongniart,  1822,  Hist.  Nat. 
Crust.  Foss.,  p.  38.  [Ety.  agnostos,  ob- 
scure.] Body  elongate,  elliptical ;  ce- 
phalic shield  and  pygidium  subequal, 
subrotund,  or  longer  than  wide,  convex 
rim  on  the  border;  glabella  convex; 
no  eyes;  no  facial  sutures;  two  thoracic 
segments.  Type  A.  pisiformif. 

acadicus,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  655, 
St.  John  Gr. 

acadicus  var.  declivis,  Matthew,  1885, 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  70,  St.  John  Gr. 

acutilobus,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  73,  St.  John  Gr. 

arnericanus,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  301,  and  Pal.  Foss,  p. 
395,  Up.  Taconic. 

bidens,  Meek,  1873,  6th  Rpp.  Hayden's 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  463,  and  Monog.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  26,  Prospect  Mount- 
ain Gr.,  Up.  Taconic. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  5.  p.  301,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  397,  Up.  Taconic. 

coloradoensis,  Shumard,  1861,  Am.  Jour, 
Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  32,  p.  218, 
Up.  Taconic. 

communis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  8. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p. 
288,  Prospect  Mountain  Gr.,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

?disparilis,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  179,  Potsdam  Gr. 

fabius,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
298,  Up.  Taconic. 

galba,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
297,  Up.  Taconic. 

interstrictus,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert. 
Foss.,  p.  7,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 
Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  38,  Up.  Taconic. 

?  josepha,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.,  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  178,  Potsdam  Gr. 

latus,  see  Beyrichia  lata. 

lobatus,  see  Microdiscus  lobatus. 

maladensis,  Meek,  1873,  Hoyden's  Sur. 
Terr.,  p.  464.  Not  properly  d' fined. 

neon,  Hall  &  Whitfirld,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo. 
Expl.,  4th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  229,  Pros- 
pect Mountain  Gr.,  Up.  Taconic. 


AGR. —  AMP.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


527 


FIG.  954. 

AgllOhUlS 

rex. 


nobilis,  Ford,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d 
per.,  vol.  3,  p.  421,  Up.  Taconic. 

obtusilobus,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  72,  St.  John  Gr. 

orion,  Billings,  I860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  5.  p.  301,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
397,  Up.  Taconic. 

?parilis,  Hall,  1S63,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  179,  Potsdam  Gr. 

partitus,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  68,  St.  John  Gr. 

prolongus,  Hall  &  Whittield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Ex  pi.  40th  parallel,  p.  230,  Pros- 
pect Mountain  Gr.,  Up.  Taconic. 

regulus,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  67,  St.  John  Gr. 
^_  rtx,  Barrande.     Probably  not 

jfa3&  an   American   species,   but 

»ygf  illustrative  of  the  genus. 

rffY^nk  richmondenRs,  Walcott,  1884, 

w|2//  Monogr.    U.  S.    Geo.   Sur., 

vol.     8,    p.     24,     Prospect 
Mountain  Gr.,  Up.  Taconic. 
seclusns,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon- 
ogr. U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p. 
25,  Prospect  Mountain  Gr.,  Up.  Taconic. 

Bimilis,  llartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  656, 
St.  John  Gr. 

tessella,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  71,  St.  John  Gr. 

tumidof.us,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40tb  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  231, 
Up.  Taconic. 

umbo,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  71,  St.  John  Gr. 

vir,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can., 
p.  69,  St.  John  Gr. 

vir  var.  concinnus,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans. 

Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  70,  St.  John  Gr. 
AGRAULUS,  Hawle  &  Corda,  1847,  Prodrom. 
einer  Monographic  der  bomischen 
Trilobiten,  p.  142.  [Ety.  agraulos,  dwell- 
ing in  the  fields.]  Body  elongate- 
ovate;  cephalic  shield  large,  serpicir- 
cular  to  lunate,  with  a  wide  margin, 
that  merges  in  the  cheeks;  glabella 
convex,  narrowed  and  rounded  in 
front,  conoidal,  three  or  four  lateral 
furrows  on  each  side,  margined  in 
front,  neck  furrow  distinct;  eyes  small, 
distant  from  glabella  or  submarginal ; 
facial  sutures,  beginning  near  the  lat- 
eial  posterior  angles,  are  directed  for- 
ward, curving  over  the  eyes  to  the  an- 
terior margin,  nearly  in  parallel  lines; 
cheeks  small,  narrow ;  sixteen  thoracic 
segments,  axal  lobe  convex;  pygidium 
small,  rounded,  three  segments;  hypo- 
stoma  oval,  truncated  anteriorly.  Type 
A.  cetice|ihnlus. 

affinis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 
72,  Up.  Taconic. 

aiticeplialus,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  75,  St.  John  Gr. 

bipunctatus,  Shumard,  1863,  (Arionellus 
bipunctatus,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  101,  Potsdam  Gr.  Poorly 
defined;  probably  belongs  to  another 
genus. 


FTG.  955. 

A gran I us 

cylindricus. 


convexus,  Whitfield,  1877,  (Arionellus 
convexus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p. 
.  190,  Potsdam  Gr.  Founded  upon  a  frag- 
ment, and  may  belong  to  another  genus, 
cylindricus,  Billing?,  1860, 
(Arionellus  cylindricus, 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 
5,  p.  301,  and  Pal.  Foes., 
vol.  1,  p.  406,  Up.  Ta- 
conic or  St.  John  Gr. 
globosus,  Walcott,  1885, 
Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  61, 
Up.  Taconic. 

hallanus,  Matthew,  1887,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  132,  St.  John  Gr. 

planus,  Shumard,  1861,  (Arionellus  pla- 
nus,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d. 
series,  vol.  32,  p.  219,  Potsdam  Gr. 

pustulatus,  Walcott,  1879,  (Arionellus 
pustulatus,)  31st  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  68,  Chazy  Gr. 

quadrangularis,  Whitfield,  1884,  (Arionel- 
lus quadrangularis,)  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  139,  Up.  Taconic. 

socialis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  71,  Up.  Taconic  or  St.  John  Gr. 

strenuus.  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 
p.  71,  Up.  Taconic  or  St.  John  Gr. 

subclavatus,  Billings,  18<JD,  (Arionellus 
subclavatus,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 
5,  p.  301,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  406,. 
Up.  Taconic  or  Quebec  Gr. 

texanus,  Shumard,  1861,  (Arionellus  tex- 
anus,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser., 
vol.  32,  p.  218,  Potsdam  Gr.  or  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

tripunctatus,  Whitfield,  1876,  Rep.  Recon. 
Up.  Mo.  to  Yel.  Nat.  Park,  p.  141, 
Potsdam  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

whitfieldanus,  Matthew,  1887,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  130,  St.  John  Gr. 

whitfieldanus  var.  compressus,  Matthew 
1887,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  130,  St. 
John  Gr. 

woosteri,  Whitfield,  1878,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  189,  Potsdam  Gr. 
AMPIIION,  Pander,  1830,  Beitrage  zur  Geog- 
nosie  des  Russischen  Reiches,  p.  139. 
[Ety.  mythological  name.]  Cephalic 
shield  short,  transverse;  glabella  con- 
vex or  subrectangular,  three  pairs  of 
furrows,  front  inclosing  a  small  fore- 
head lobe ;  eyes  small ;  facial  suture, 
behind  the  eyes,  ending  on  the  exterior 
margin  in  advance  of  the  rounded  an- 
gles; thorax  15 
to  18  articula- 
tions; pleurse 
with  out 
grooves ;  pygid- 
ium with  short 
axis  and  pleurae 
with  free  ter- 
minations; lab- 
rum  pointed,  FIG.  956  -Amphion  cana- 
convex,  mar-  densis'  ^ldlum- 
gined.  Type  A.  frontiloba. 

barrandii,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  voL 
1,  p.  288,  Quebec  Gr. 


528 


CRUSTACEA. 


[AMP. — ANT.  ' 


canadensis,  Billings,   1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  381,  Chazy  Gr. 
.convexus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  322,  Quebec  Gr. 
insularis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  290,  Quebec  Gr. 
Julius,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

290,  Quebec  Gr. 

matutinus,    Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.   N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  222,  Potsdam  Gr. 

mullisegmentatus,  see  Encrinurus  multiseg- 

mentatus. 
nevadensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  94,  Chazy  Gr. 
salteri,  Billings,  1861,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  6,  Calciferous  Gr. 
westoni,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  321,  Quebec  Gr. 

AMPHIPELTIS,  Salter,  1863,  Qnar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  75. 
[Ety.  amphi,  on  both 
sides ;  peltis,  provided 
with  a  shield  or  buck- 
ler.] Carapace  oblong, 
oval,  rounded  in  front, 
more  truncate  behind ; 
thorax  with  9  seg- 
ments, 5  project  be- 
yond the  carapace  and 
4  concealed  beneath 
it' ;  tail-piece  semi- 
circular, as  wide  as 
the  abdomen,  and  as 
long  as  the  last  three 
segments  taken  to- 
gether. Type  A.  para- 
doxus 
peltis  paradoius.  paradoxu8)  Salter,  1863, 

Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  76, 
and  Acad.  Geo.,  p.  523,  Up.  Devonian. 
AMPYX,  Dalman,  1827,  Uber  die  palseaden 
oder  die  sogenannten  Trilobiten,  p.  53. 
[Ety.  ampyx,  head-band.]  Cephalic 
shield  somewhat  trigonal ;  glabella  large, 
prominent,  narrow  behind,  and  pro- 
Acting  upward  and  forward  anteriorly ; 
cheeks  flattened,  posterior  angles  pro- 
duced ;  no  eyes  or  facial  sutures ; 
thoracic  segments  5  or  6,  flattened, 
sides  straight,  divided  by  a  diagonal 
pleural  groove ;  pygidium 
subtrigonal,  nearly  as  large 
as  the  cephalic  shield ;  one 
anterior  segmental  furrow; 
axis  faintly  marked  with 
transverse  furrows.  Type 
A.  nasutus. 

halli,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  24,  Chazy  Gr. 

Iseviusculus,     Billings,       1865, 

Pal.   Foss.,  vol.   1,    p.     295,  FIG.    958.  - 
Quebec  Gr.  Ampyx 

normalis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Hea^'wUh- 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  295,  Que-  out  mov- 
bec  Gr.  ablecheeks 

rutilius,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  f,vgldlu^e 
Foss.,  vol.1,  p.  296,  Quebec  Gr. 

semicostatus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  297,  Quebec  Gr. 


FIG.    957.— Amphi- 


FIG.  959.— Anopole- 
nus  vemistus. 


Angelina  kitchcocki,   see    Prototypus    hitch- 

cocki. 

Anomocare,  Angelin,  1852,  Pal.  Scand.,  p. 
24.  This  genus  is  not  yet  known  in 
America. 

(?)  part-urn,  Walcott,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  59,  Up.  Taconic.  This 
species  is  founded  on  a  fragment  of  the 
cephalic  shield  and  the  generic  refer- 
ence is  only  provisional. 
ANOPOLESUS,  Salter,  1864,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  20,  p.  236,  and  vol.  21,  p.  477. 
[Ety.  a,  without;  ops,  an  eye;  Olenus, 
atjenus.]  Elongated,  depressed ;  cephalic 
shield  semicircular  with  prolonged 
spines,  and  clavate  glabella  having  4 
pairs  of  furrows;  fixed  cheeks,  large, 
punctate,  strongly  margined,  each  a 
quarter  of  a  circle  in  shape,  and  reach- 
ing nearly  to  the  front  of  the  glabella, 
against  which  the  long  eyes  abut; 
thence  the  facial  suture  curves  out- 
ward, and  is  marginal 
in  front;  the  long  eye- 
lobe,  which  forms  the 
margin  of  the  fixed 
cheeks,  reaches  quite 
to  the  glabella  in 
front,  and  nearly  to 
the  posterior  angle 
below ;  free  cheeks 
are  a  narrow  band 
margined  and  reaching  only  three- 
fourths  down  the  fixed  cheek  ;  pygid- 
ium wide,  expanded,  but  narrower 
than  the  thorax,  widely  marginate, 
and  serrated  by  6  or  8  marginal  spines. 
Type  A.  henrici. 
venustus,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  73,  Up.  Taconic. 
ANTHR  ACONKCTES, 
Meek  &  Worthen, 
1868,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  46,  p. 
21,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  544. 
[Ety.  anthrax, 
coal ;  nectos,  swim- 
ming.] Dis- 
tinguished from 
Eurypterus  by  the 
absence  of  lateral 
spines  nt  the  ar- 
ticulations of  the 
legs,  which  ter- 
minate in  single  FIG.  9GO.-Anthraconec- 
nmnts  nnrl  in  tho  tes  Hiflzonensis.  Hy- 
points,  ana  mine  postoitm  enlarged  to 
great  length  and 
simple  extremity 
of  the  mesial  ap- 
pendage of  its  operculum,  as  well  as 
in  the  possession  of  two  little  spatu- 
late  supplementary  pieces.  Type  A. 
mazoneusis. 

mazonensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci  and  Arts,  vol.  46,  p.  21,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  544,  Coal 
Meas. 


show    the    scale-like 
sculpturing. 


ANT.— ARC.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


529 


domen  of  six  joints,  as  broad 
as  long,  pleurae  except  the 
second  pointed;  telson  broad, 
appendages  to  the  penul- 


FIG.  961. — Arithrnconectes  mazonensis.  a,  b,  c,  Legs, 
crushed  and  broken;  Ji,  ends  of  dorsal  half  of  body 
segments;  m,  hypostoma ;  P,  swimming  paddle 
broken;  i,  natural  articulation;  g,  basal  joints  of 
same;  x,  enlarged  surface  markings;  M,  mesial  ap- 
pendage of  opercnlum;  1,  2,  3,  articulations  ;  x,  t,  lat- 
eral alse  of  opt-rculum  ;  s,  s,  accessory  pieces;  O,  posi- 
tion of  mouih. 


FIG.  963. — Anthracopalffimon 
gracilis.  Caudal  parts  and 
one  abdominal  segment  in 
advance  of  the  telson— all 
enlarged,  a,  Small,  ter- 
minal palette;  d,  d,  two 
accessory  lamellse ;  c,  o, 
lateral  lamellae  or  fins. 


ANTHRACOPAL^MON,  Salter,  1861,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc. 
Lond.,  vol. 
17,  p.  529. 

~~^^N:teP*~~~  [Ety.      on- 

^  1  '  I  v  thrax,  coal ; 

palsemon, 
pr  a  wn  .] 
Carapace 
scarcely  as 
broad  as 
long,  sim- 
ple, con- 
vex, sides 
arched  out- 
ward; cen- 
tral ridge 
in  front 
separated 
by  a  furrow 
from  a  cen- 
tral ridge ; 

front  margin  serrate;  outer  antennae 
have  wide,  square  basal  joints;  second 
and  third  joints  not  much  oblique; 
the  rest  about  as  broad  as  long;  ab- 


FIG.  962. — Anthracopaleemon 
gracilip.  Dorsal  view  some- 
what enlarged. 


timate  joint  double  on  each 
side,  subtrigonal,  broad,  lat- 
eral fins  divided.  Type  A. 
grossarti. 

gracilis,  Meek  &  Worth  en,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  50,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  407,  Coal  Meas. 
hillanus,  Dawson,  1877,  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  4, 

p.  56,  Coal  Meas. 

APAKCHITES,  Jones,  1889,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  6th  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  384.  [Ety. 
aparche,  first.]  In  form  like  Leperditia, 
but  smaller  and  without  ocular  or  muscu- 
lar spot,  and  having  no  overlap  on  the 
ventral  margin.  Type  A.  whiteavesi. 
whiteavesi,  Jones,  1889,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist,,  6th  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  384,  Trenton  Gr. 
ARCH^OCAHIS,  Meek,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  335.  [Ety.  arrhaios,  an- 
cient; Aram,  shrimp.]  Cephalothorax 
about  equaling 
in  length  3$  seg- 
ments, subtrig- 
onal, pointed  in 
front,  truncated 

and  sinuous  Flo.  964.-Arcb»ocari8  ver- 
posteriorly;ab-  miformis. 

domen  with  six 

imbricating  segments;  telson  as  long 
as  3£  abdominal  segments  with  a  stylet 
on  each  side.  Type  A.  vermiformis. 


530 


CRUSTACEA. 


[ARC. — ASA. 


vermiformis,    Meek,    1872,    Proc.    Acad. 
Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  335,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  321,  Subcarboniferous. 
Arctinurus,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Syl.,  p.  21, 

syn.  for  Lie-has. 

Arethusina,  Barrande,  1852,  Syst.  Sil.  Boh. 
Not  yet  known  as  an  American  genus. 
(?)  americana,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  62,  Potsdam  Gr. 
Founded  upon  a  fragment  of  a  cephalic 
shield  which  does  not  belong  to  this 
genus. 

Arget,  Goldfuss,  1839,  Nova  Acta  Phys.  Acad. 

Caes.  Leop.  Nat.  Cur.     Not  American. 

Arionellus,  Barrande,  1852,   Syst.  Sil.  Boh., 

syn.  for  Agraulus. 

bipunctatus,  see  Agraulus  bipunctatus. 
conrmts,  see  Agraulus  convexus. 
cylindricus,  see  Agraulus  cylindricus. 
oweni,  see  Crepicephalus  oweni. 
planus,  see  Agraulus  planus. 
pustulatus,  see  Agraulus  pustulatus. 
quadrangularis,  see  Agraulus  quadrangu- 

laris. 

subclavatus,  see  Agraulus  subclavatus. 
texanus,  see  Agraulus  texanus. 
tripunctatus,  see  Agraulus  tripunctatus. 
ARISTOZOE,  Barrande,  1872,  Syst.  Sil.  Boh., 
vol.  1,  p.  477.     [Ety.  an'sios,  best;  zoon, 
animal.]    Carapace  bivalve ;  test  thin; 
hinge-line     straight;     ventral     margin 
grooved  and  reflected ;    tubercle    near 
anterior  margin.     Type  A.  bisulcata. 
rotundata,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and   Arts,  3d  ser.,   vol.  4,  p.   193,  Up. 
Taconic. 

troyensis,  Ford,  1873,  (Leperditia  troyen- 
sis,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser., 
vol.  6.  p.  138,  Up.  Taconic. 
ASAPHISCUS,  Meek,  1873,  6th  Rep.  Hayden's 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  485.  [Ely.  from  the 
genus  Asnphus.]  Distinguished  from 
Asapbus  by  having  nine  thoracic  seg- 
ments, a  conical  and  well-defined  gla- 
bella,  without  lateral  lobes,  the  furrow 
at  the  anterior  margin  of  the  head, 
and  less  arcuate  eyes  more  remote 
from  the  glabella ;  distinguished  from 
Bathyurellus  by 
having  its  conical 
glabelladepressed, 
and  the  margin 
of  the  head,  in 
front,  first  con- 
vex, and  eloping 
forward  into  a 
transverse  mesial 
furrow,  and  then 
rising  in  a  convex 
margin ;  the  me- 
sial lobe  of  the 
pygidium  is 
longer,  and  the 
free  margins  nar- 
rower, less  flat- 
tened and  alate. 
Type  A.  wheeleri. 
bradleyi,  Meek,  1873,  6th  Kep.  Hayden's 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  484,  Up.  Taconic. 


965.  —  Asnpbiscus 
wheeleri. 


wheeleri,  Meek,  1873,  6th  Rep.  Hayden's 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  485,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
W.  100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  43,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

ASAPIIOIDICHNTJS,  S.  A.  Mil- 
ler, 1880,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  2, 
p.  217.  [Ely.  Asaphus, 
a  genus ;  eidos,  form  ; 
ichnos,  track.]  A  track 
supposed  to  have  been 
made  by  a  crustacean. 
Type  A.  trifidus. 

dyeri,  S.  A.  Miller,  1880, 
Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat, 
Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  219, 
Utica  Slate  Gr. 

trifidus,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1880,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p. 
218,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
ASAPHUS,  Brongniart,  1822, 
Hist.,  Nat,  Crust.  Foss., 
p.  17.  [Ety.  asaphus,  un- 
certain, obscure.]  Body 
somewhat  elli  p  t  i  c  a  1 , 
sides  straightened; 
cephalic  shield  and 
pygidium  nearly  equal 
and  somewhat  semiel- 
liptical;  glabella  con- 
tracted between  the 
eyes;  eyes  large, 
smooth  ;  facial  sutures 
extending  forward  and 
outward  in  advance  of 
the  eyes,  and  then  curv- 
ing to  the  middle  of  the 
front  margin,  poste- 
riorly extending  ob- 
liquely outward,  and 
cutting  the  posterior 
margin  of  the  cephalic 
shield  within  the  lat- 
eral angles ;  thoracic 
segments  8,  with  wide, 
nearly  straight  pleural 
grooves;  axis  of  pygid- 
ium, when  traceable, 
elongate  conic,  seg- 
ments usually  indis- 
tinct. Type  A.  cornig- Fio.  900.— Asnph- 
erng  oidiclmus  trifl- 

acantJioleurus,    see   D  a  1  - 

manites  acantholeurus. 
alacer,    Billings,    1866,    Catal.    Sil.    Foss. 

Anlic.,  p.  26,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
a'pectans,  see  Dalmanites  aspectans. 
attragaloUs,  Green,  1834,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  25,  p.  325.     Probably  founded  upon 

the  pygidium  of  a  Pbacops. 
barrandi,    Hall,    1851,   Lake    Sup.   Land 

Dist.,  p.  210,  Birdseye  Gr. 
canadensis,   Chapman,   1856,  Can.   Jour. 

vol.  2,  p.  47,  Trenton  Gr. 
canalis,  Conrad,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  25,  Chazy  Gr. 
caribouen&is,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  98,  Quebec  Gr. 


CRUSTACEA. 


531 


caudatus,    Green,    syn.     for    Dalmanites 

limulurus.  (?) 
cordieri,   Casteluau,  syn.    for   Dalmanites 

limulurus. 

corycasus,  see  Proetus  corycoeus. 
crypturus,  Green,  1834,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc. 
Pa.,  vol.   1,  p.  37.    Not   an   Asaphus; 
form  not  determined. 
(?)  curiosus,    Billings,    1865,    Pal.    Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  318,  Quebec  Gr. 
denticulatus,  see  Dalmanites  denticulatus. 
ditmarsise,  Iloneyman,  1879,   Proo.  Nova 

Scotia  last.,  vol.  5,  p.  18,  Low.  Sil. 
diurus,  Green,  1839,  Am.  Jour.   Sci.,   vol. 
39,   p.  40,  Niagara  Gr.      Probably  the 
fragment  of  a  Dalmanites. 
edwardsi,  Ca&teluau,  syn.  for  Dalmanites 

limulurus. 
exlans,  see  Bathyurus  extans. 

gigas,  Dekay,  1825, 
(Isotelus  gigas,) 
Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  174, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
1,  p.  231,  Trenton 
and  Hud.  Riv. 
Grs. 

(?)  goniocercus,  Meek, 
1873,  Hayden's  Geo. 
Sur.  Terr.,  p.  480, 
Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic.  Probabiy 
a  Megalaspis. 
(?)  goniurus,  Billings, 
1860,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 
5,  p.  30  K  Up.  Ta- 
conic. Not  defined 
so  as  to  be  recog- 
nized, 
graftonensis,  Meek  & 


Via.  9(57.— Asaphus 
gigas. 


Worthen,  1870,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
p.  54,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

halli,  Conrad,  syn.  for  Dalmanites  boothi. 

halli,  Chapman,  1858,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  2,  p.  14,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

hauwani,  Brongniart,  as  identified  by 
D'Archiac  and  Verneuil.  Not  Amer- 
ican. 

hincksi,  Salter,  1859,  Ann.  and  Ma?.  Nat. 
Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  2,  Trenton  Gr. 

homalonotoHes,  Walcott,  1877,  31st  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  71,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

(?)  buttoni,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  271,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

(?)  illsenoidep,  Billings,  1800,  Can.  Nat. 
vol.  5,  p.  301,  Up.  Taconic. 

iowensi*,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Wis.,  Iowa, 
and  Minn.,  p.  577,  Trenton  Gr. 

laticostalun,  syn.  for  Dalmanites  anchiops. 

(?)  latimarginatus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  1.  p.  253,  Ulica  Slate  Gr. 

limulurus,  see  Dalmanites  limiilunis. 

marginal  is,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  24,  Chazy  Gr. 

meaaloiithnhnas,  Troost,  1840,  5th,  Geo. 
Tenn.  Niagara  Gr.  Not  clearly  defined, 
but  probably  a  Dalmanites. 


megistus,  Locke,  1841,  (Isotelus  megis- 
tos,)  Trans.  Am.  Geo.  and  Nat.,  p.  221, 
Trenton  and 
Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

micrurus,  see  Dal- 
manites inicru- 
rus. 

(?)  morrisi,  Bill- 
ings, 1865,  Pal. 
FOBS.,  vol.  1,  p. 
272,  Quebec  Gr. 
or  Up.  Taconic. 

murchisoni,  Castel- 
nau,  syn.  for  A. 
gigas. 

myrmecophorw,&ee 
Dal  m  an  i  t e  s 
myrmecopho- 
rus. 

nasutus,  see  Dal- 
manites nasu- 
tus. 

nodnstrintns,   Hall, 

vol. '  I,3  p.    248.'  F1G"  968.-Asapbu8  megis- 

Not   defined  so 

as  to  establish  a  species, 
notans,    Billings.  1866,   Catal.   Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  24,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
obtusus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

24,  Chszy  Gr. 
pelops,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

317,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic.     Not 

an  Asaphus. 
platycephalus,  Stokes,   1822,  Trans.  Geo. 

Sue.  Lond.,  2d  ser.,  vol  1,  p.  258,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
platypleurus,  Green,  1837,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.    32,    p.    169,    Low.    Sil.     Not   very 

clearly  defined. 

plturnpteryx,  see  Dalmanites  pleuropteryx. 
polbpleut-us,  Green,    1838,   Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  34,  Keokuk  Gr.      Probably  a  Phil- 

lipsia. 
quailraticaudatus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  272,  Quebec  Gr.   or  Up.   Ta- 
conic.    Not  an  Asaphus. 
romingeri,  Walcott,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  96,  Black  Riv.  and 

Trenton  Gr. 

sel'nurux,  see  Dalmanites  selenurus. 
stoke*i,  s  e  Proetus  stokesi. 
sueae,  Calvin,  1882,  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4,  p. 

23t>,  Trenton  Gr. 
tetragonocephalus,  Green,  3834,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  25,  p.  336.       Not  an  Asaphus, 

and  the  relations  not  clear. 
trenb mentis,  see  Lichas  trentonensis. 
trianijulatus,  Whittield,    syn.    for.  A.    ho- 

inalonotoides. 
trimblii,  Green,    1837,   Jour.   Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  7,  Niagara  Gr. 
vetnstus,   Hall,   1847,    (Ogygia  vetustus,) 

Pal.    N.    Y.,    vol.    1,    p.    227,     Birds- 
eye  Gr. 

vitnkUM.  Meek  &  Worthen,  1870,  (Isote- 
lus   vigilans,-)    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  p.    53.  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6, 

p.  497,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


532 


CRUSTACEA. 


[ATO.—  BAT. 


wetherilli,  Green,  syn.  for  Dalmanites  lim- 

ulurus. 

wisconsinensis,  Walcott,  1876,  28th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  97,  Trenton  Gr. 
ATOPS,  Emmons,  1844,  Taconic  System,  p. 
64,  and  Am.  Geol.  p.  115.  [Ety.  a,  ab- 
sence of ;  ops,  an  eye.]  Cephalic  shield 
semicircular,  anterior  and  lateral  edges 
turned  upward,posterioranglesrounded, 
convex ;  glabella  subquadrate,  convex, 
appearing  as  a  continuation  of  the  cen- 
tral lobe,  two  lateral  furrows  on  each 
side,  neck  segment  well  defined ;  facial 
suture  beginning  at  the  antero-lateral 
part  of  the  cephalic  shield,  runs  nearly 
parallel  with  the  anterior  margin  to  the 
front  of  the  glabella,  when  it  turns  at 
right  angles  and  runs  parallel  with  the 
glabella  to  the  posterior  margin;  no 
eyes  ;  thoracic  segments  17,  axial  nearly 
as  wide  as  the  lateral  lobes,  narrowing 
gradually  to  the  pygidium,  armed  with 
a  row  of  short  spines,  lateral  lobes  with 
a  row  of  tubercles  on  the  median  line  ; 
pygidium  small,  somewhat  semiellip- 
tical,  flat,  axial  lobe  with  a  single  ring. 
Type  A.  trilineatus. 

fischeri,  Billings,  1865,  (Triarthrus  fisch- 
eri,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  291,  Quebec 
Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

miser,  Billings,  1861,  (Conocephalites  mi- 
ser,) Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  1,  p.  12,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

trilineatus,  Emmons,  1844,  Taconic  Sys- 
tem, p.  64,  and  Am.  Geol.,  p.  115,  Up. 
Taconic. 

BAILIELLA,  Matthew,  1884,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  vol.  2, 
pi.  1.  [Ety. 
proper  name.] 
Proposed  as  a 
subgenus  and 
founded  on 
Conocoryp  h  e 
baileyi. 

BARRANDIA.  Mc- 
Coy,1849,Ann. 
Nat.  Hist,  2d 
ser.  vol.  4,  p. 
409.  [Ety. 
proper  name.] 
Ovate,  de- 
pressed ;  g  1  a  - 
bella  with  in- 
completeaxial 
furrows  and 
no  distinct 
lobes ;  eyes 

FIG.  96»-Atops  trilineatus.  central ;  facial 

suture  cutting  the  posterior  margin 
about  the  middle,  and  in  front  of  the 
eyes  arching  forward,  first  outward  and 
then  inward ;  pleurte  falcate,  with  a 
fulcrum  close  to  the  axis,  grooved,  not 
faceted  ;  pygidium  with  short  axis  and 
smoottrsides.  Type  B.  cordai. 
(?)  maccoyi,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  96,  Trenton  Gr. 


Barrandia,  Hall,  1860.     The  name  was   pre- 
occupied by  McCoy  in  1849 ;  beside,  it  is 
a  syn.  for  Elliptocephala. 
thompsoni,  see  Elliptocephala  thompsoni. 
vermontana,  see    Eiliptocephala  vermont- 
ana. 

BATHYNOTUS,  Hall,  1860,  3d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  117.  LEty.  bathys, 
ample;  notos,  back.]  Cephalic  shield 
somewhat  semielliptical,  with  posterior 


FIG.  970— Bathynotus  holopyga.    Long  eye-lobes 
crushed    down. 

angles  produced  in  very  long  spines; 
glabella  transversely  lobed ;  eye-lobe 
narrow,  elongate,  extending  from  op- 
posite the  antero  lateral  angle  of  the 
glabella  obliquely  backward  nearly  to 
the  posterior  margin ;  facial  suture 
passes  nearly  around  the  extended  eye- 
lobe,  and  cuts  the  margin  before  reach- 
ing the  posterior  extension  of  the  eye- 
lobe  ;  anteriorly  it  passes  in  front  of  the 
glabella  without,  as  it  appears,  cutting, 
the  front  margin ;  free  cheeks  united  in 
front;  thirteen  thoracic  segments;  mid- 
dle lobe  prominent,  twice  as  wide  as 
the  lateral  lobes;  articulations  strong, 
each  bearing  a  cenlral  node ;  pleurae 
short,  each  terminating  in  a  spine,  the 
last  pair  being  prolonged  far  beyond 
the  pygidium  ;  pygidium  short,  middle 
lobe  with  three  annulations,  lateral 
lobes  flat  and  plain ;  hypostoma  hav- 
ing an  obtuse  angle;  at  the  front  mar- 
gin of  the  doublure,  the  latter  being 
cut  away  to  permit  the  extension  to 
cross  it,  behind  the  doublure  it  is  trans- 
versely quadrangular.  Type  B.  holo- 
pyga. 

holopyga,  Hall,  1859,  (Peltura  holopyga,) 
12th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  61  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  528,  Up. 
Taconic. 


BAT.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


533 


BATHYUREL£US,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss,  vol. 
1,  p.  262.  [Ety.  diminutive  of  Bathyu- 
rus.]  Form  oblong,  ovate;  cephalic 
shield  convex,  lunate ;  glabella  conical 
<  or  pointed,  without  furrows;  eyes  lu- 
nate ;  facial  suture  in  front  of  the  eye, 
curving  outward,  then  straight  forward 
or  inward  on  approaching  the  margin 
behind  the  eye,  running  outward  sub- 
parallel  to  the  neck  furrow,  and  cutting 
the  margin  before  reaching  the  outer 
angle;  thorax,  nine  segments;  axis  of 
pygidium  short,  not  strongly  grooved, 
side  lobes  with  short  ribs,  and  a  broad, 
smooth  borderallaround,  sometimes  con- 
cave. Type  B.  abruptus  and  B.  nitidus. 
abruptus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  263,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
bradleyi,  Meek,  see  Asaphiscus  bradleyi. 
expansus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  318,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
formosus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  266,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
fraternus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  267,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
litoreus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  320,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
marginatus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  264,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
nitidus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  265,  Que- 
bec Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
rams,    Billings,   1865,   Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p;  320,  Que- 
bec Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
truncatw,  Meek,  1873,  Hay- 
den's Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p. 
465.      Not    satisfactorily  FJQ     971  _  Ba_ 
denned.  thyurelius  ni- 

validus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.     tidus. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  268,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 

wheeleri,  Meek,  see  Asaphiscus  wheeled. 
BATHYURISCUS,     Meek, 
1873,      6th      Rep. 
Hayden's     U.     S. 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p. 
484.      [Ety.     from 
Baihyurw.']  Ovate; 
head  semicircular ; 
glabella  straight  or 
slightly   expanded 
in  front,  three  or 
four  pairs   of    fur- 
rows ;    eyes    elon- 
gate ;     facial     su- 
tures cut   the   an- 
terior margin  of  the  head  each  side  of 
the  greatest  expansion  of  the  glabella, 
and  extend  obliquely  inward  to  the  an- 
terior bases  of  the  eyes ;  encircling  the 
latter,  they  extend  obliquely  outward, 
cutting  the  posterior  margin  so  as  to 
leave  a  narrow,  elongate  lateral  limb ; 
thorax    from    7    to  9    segments;    axis 
strong ;  pleural  groove  broad ;  pygidium 
semicircular,  axis  strong,  and  crossed/ 
by    several    furrows    which   Across  the 
lateral  lobes.    Type  B.  haydeni. 


FIG.  972. — Bathyuriscus 
productus. 


haydeni,  Meek,  1873,  (Bathyurus  hay- 
deni,) 6th  Rep.  Hayden's  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  Terr.,  p.  482,  Up.  Taconic. 

howelli.  Walcott,  1886.  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  No.  30,  p.  216,  Up.  Taconic. 

productus,  Hall&  Whitfield,  1877,  (Ogygia 
producta,)  Geol.  Expl.  40th  Par.,  vol.  4, 
p.  244,  Up.  Taconic. 

BATHYURUS,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  365.  [Ety.  bathys,  deep  ; 
oura,  tail.]  Elliptical,  sides  straight ; 
cephalic  shield  lunate,  posterior  angles 
produced  in  spines  ;  glabella  subquad- 
rate,  rounded  anteriorly,  convex,  fur- 
rows obscure,  neck  segment  distinct; 
eyes  large,  smooth,  semilunar;  facial 
sutures  curving  forward  anteriorly,  and 
posteriorly  directed  straight  backward 
from  the  eye,  and  then,  abruptly  curv- 
ing outward,  cut  the  cephalic  shield 
half-way  to  the  genal  angle ;  nine  tho- 
racic segments,  axial  lobe  narrower  than 
lateral  lobes,  and  gradually  tapering; 
pleurae  furrowed;  pygidium  smaller 
than  the  head,  segments  closely  united, 
border  flattened  and  smooth;  hypo- 
stoma  not  forked.  Type  B.  extans. 

amplimarginatus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  365,  Calciferous  Gr. 

angelini,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  4,  p.  468,  Chazy  Gr. 

arcuatus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  205,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

armatus,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  321,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 

bituberculatus,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  321,  Quebec  Gr.  or 
Up.  Taconic. 

breviceps,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  262,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

capax,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  5,  p.  321,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

caudatus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  261,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

conicus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  4,  p.  366,  Calciferous  Gr.. 

(?)  congeneris,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  92,  Quebec 
Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

cordai,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  5,  p.  321,  Calciferous  Gr. 

crotaliformis,  Dwight,  1884,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  27,  p.  253, 
Calciferous  Gr. 

cybele,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  4,  p.  366,  Calciferous  Gr. 

dubius,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  321,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 

extans,  Hall',  1847,  (Asaphus  (?)  extans,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  228,  Lower  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

gregarius,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  363,  Up.  Taconic. 

haydeni,  see  Bathyuriscus  haydeni. 

longispinus,  Walcott,  1876,  28th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  94,  Black 
River  and  Trenton  Grs. 


35 


534 


CRUSTACEA. 


[BEL. — BEY. 


minganeneis.    Billings,    1865,  Pal.    Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  353,  Calciferous  Gr. 
nero,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

260,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
oblongus,  Billings,  1860,Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  321,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
parvnlus,  Billings,  1861,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  16,  Up.  Taconic. 
perplexus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss..  vol. 

1,  p.  364,  Potsdam  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
perspicator,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  205,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
pogonipensis,    Hall    &    Whitfield,    1877, 

U.  S.  Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4, 

p.  243,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
quadratus,  Billings,  I860,  Can.   Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  320,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 

Taconic. 
saffordi,    Billings,    1860,   Can.    Nat.   and 

Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  321,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 

Taconic. 
seelyi,  Whitfield,  1886,   Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  339,  Birdseye  Gr. 
senectus,  Billings,    1861,   Pal.   Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  15,  Up.  Taconic. 
serratus,  Meek,  1873,  6th  Rep.  Hayden's 

Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  480,  Potsdam  Gr.  or 

Up.  Taconic. 
?8imillimus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  93,  Quebec  Gr.  or 

Up.  Taconic. 

smithi,    Billings,    1862,   Pal. 
A  Fpss.^vol.  1,  p.  56,  Black 


Kiv.  Gr. 
solitarius,  Billings,  1865,  Pal. 

Bath™  Foss.,  .vol.   1,   p.  362,  Up. 

smithi.  Taconic. 

spiniger,  Hall,  1847,  (Acid- 
aspis  spininger,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
241,  Black  River  and  Trenton  Gr. 

stonemani,  Vogdes,  1884,  12th  Rep.  Geo. 
and  Nat.  Hist.  Minn.,  p.  8,  Trenton  Gr. 

strenuus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  204,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

taurifrons,  Dwight,  1884,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  27,  p.  252,  Cal- 
ciferous Gr. 

timon,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  261,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

?  tuberculatus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  91,  Quebec 
Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

vetulus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  365,  Potsdam  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
BELINURUS,  Konig,  1825,  Icones  Fossilium 
Sectiles,  p.  230.  [Ety.  belos,  dart ;  oura, 
tail.]  Cephalo-thoracic  shield  sub- 
crescentiform,  more  than  twice  as  wide 
as  long,  lateral  angles  pointed ;  ocular 
ridge  surrounds  a  transversely  subel- 
liptical  area,  within  which  there  is  a 
crown- shaped  area,  surrounded  by  a 
ridge;  eyes  small,  and  at  the  lateral 
extremities  of  the  subelliptical  area; 
mesial  lobe  narrow,  and  contracted 
toward  each  end ;  lateral  lobes  wide, 
flattened  on  the  margin  and  serrate  on 
the  edge;  relson  tapering  to  a  point. 
Type  B.  bellulus. 


danas,  see  Euproops  danse. 
laccei,  Packard,  1885,  Am.  Naturalist,  vol. 
19,  p.  291,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  974.— Belinurus  bellulus.  e,  Position  of  eye, 
at  the  lateral  extremity  of  a  transversely 
elliptical  area. 

BEYRICHIA,  McCoy,  1844,  Syn.  Sil.  Foss. 
Ireland,  p.  57.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Carapace  equivalve,  oblong,  extremi- 
ties rounded,  ventral  border  semicir- 
cular, dorsal  straight ;  valves  wider  at 
the  caudal  than  the  cephalic  extremity, 
more  or  less  convex,  impressed  with 
transverse  furrows.  Type  B.  klredeni. 
sequilatera,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  158,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
609,  Up.  Silurian. 

americana,  Shumard,  1858,  (Cythere  amer- 
icana,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol. 
1,  p.  227,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
arcuata,  Bean,  1886,  Lond.  Geo.  Mag.,  p. 

438,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
atlantica,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  300,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
bella,  Walcott,  1883,  35th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  213,  Trenton  Gr. 

chambersi,  S.  A.  Miller, 
1874,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,    vol.    1,    p.    234, 
Hud.  River  Gr. 
ciliata,   Emmons,    1855, 
American  Geo.,  p.  219, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
cincinnatiensis,    see    Pri- 
mitia  cincinnatiensis. 
clathrata,  Jones,  1858,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  3d   series,  vol.   1,   p.  242,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

decora,  Billings, 
1866,  Catal.  Sil., 
Foes.  Antic.,  p.  | 
67,  Anticosti  Gr. 
dagon,  Clarke,  1855, 
Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  FIG>  m_Beyrlchia  dur- 
29,  Genesee  yi.  Magnified  25  diam. 
Shale. 

duryi,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Cin.  Qnar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  232,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  975.— Be  y- 
richia  chambers!. 
Mag.  12  diam. 


BEY.— BOR.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


535 


valve,   magnified  25 
diam- 


fcetoidea,  White  &  St.  John,  1868,  Trans. 

Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  126,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
granulosa,  Hall,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  p.  186,  Niagara  Gr. 

granulata,  Hall, 
1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  377, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
jonesi,  Dawson, 
1868,  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  312, 
Carboniferous. 
kluBdeni  var.  aca- 
dica,  1889,  Ann. 
and.  Mag.  Nat. 

Hist.,   6th   ser.,   vol.   3,   p.   379,    Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
lata,  Vanuxem,   1842,    (Agnostus  latus,) 

Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  80,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  2,  p.  301,  Clinton  Gr. 
lithofactor,  White  &  St.  John,  1868,  Pre- 

lim. Notice  of  New  Foss.,  Coal  Meas. 
logani,  see  Primitia  logani. 
logani  var.  leperditaides,  see  Primitia  leper- 

ditoides. 
logani  var.  reniformis,  see   Primitia  reni- 

formis. 
maccoyana,  Jones,   1855,  Ann.  and  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  16,  p.  88,  Onon- 

daga  Gr. 
notata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

379,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
notata  var.   ventricosa,    Hall,    1859,   Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  380,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
novascotia,  Jones   &  Kirby,   1884,  Lond. 

Geo.  Mag.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  356,  Car- 

boniferous. 
occidentals,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  TJ.  S. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  204,  Devonian. 
oculifera,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  232,  Hud  Riv.  Gr. 
oculina,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

378,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
pennsylvanica,    Jones,     1858,    Ann.    and 

Mag".  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  253, 

Onondaga  Gr. 
persulcata,  Ulrich,   1879,   Jour.   Gin.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  12,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
petrifactor,     White    &    St.    John,    1868, 

Trans.    Chi.    Acad.    Sci.,    p.    125,     St. 

Louis  Gr. 
petrifactor  var.  velata,  White  &  St.  John, 

1868,  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  126,  St. 

Louis  Gr. 
plagosa,  Jones,  1858,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 

Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  243,  Niagara  Gr. 
punctulifera,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  83,  Ham.  Gr. 
pustulosa,    Hall,     1860,    Can.    Nat.    and 

Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  157,  and 

Acad.  Geol.,  p.  609,  Up. 

Silurian. 
quadrilirata,  Hall  &  Whit-  FlQ    978  _  B 

field,  syn.  for  Beynchia     richia  richard- 

regularis.  soni.    Mag.  6^ 

regularis,    Emmons,   1855,     dlam- 

Am.  Geo.,  p.  219,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
richardsoni,  S.  A.  Miller,  1874,  Cin.  Quar. 

Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  347,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 


rugulifera,  see  Primitia  rugulifera. 

sigillata,  see  Primitia  sigillata. 

spinosa,  Hall,  1852,  (Cytherina  spinosa,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  317,  Niagara  Gr. 

striato  -  margin- 
ata,  S.  A.  Mil- 
ler, 1874,  Cin. 
Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p. 
233,  Hud. 
Riv.Gr.  This 
species  prob- 
ably belongs  FIQ  979._Beyrichia  strlato- 
to  an  unde-  marginata.  Mag.  20  diam. 
fined  genus. 

symmetrica,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 
p.  317,  Niagara  Gr. 

trisulcata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  381,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

tumifrons,  Hall,  syn.  for  Beyrichia  ciliata. 

venusta,   Billings,  1868,   Catal.  Sil.   Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  68.  Anticosti  Gr. 
BEYRICHONA,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  65.  [Ety.  from  the  genus 
Beyrichia.]  Breadth  and  length  nearly 
equal,  broad  end  anterior,  subtrigonal 
toward  the  base,  rounded  on  the  sur- 
face and  having  two  furrows,  short  and 
faintly  impressed.  Type  B.  papilio. 

papilio,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.   Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  65,  St.  John  Gr. 

tinea,   Matthew,  1885,  Trans.    Roy.   Soc. 

Can.,  p.  66,  St.  John  Gr. 
Brongniartia,  Eaton,  1832,  Geo.  Text  Book, 

syn.  for  Asaphus. 

BRONTEUS,  Goldfuss,  1839,  Nova.  Act.  Phys. 
Med.  Csesarae  Leop.  Carol.  Nat.  Cu- 
rios, xix,  p.  360.  [Ety.  mythological 
name.]  Glabella  depressed,  ovate, 
widest  in  front,  three  pair,  of  segmental 
furrows,  anterior  ones  farthest  apart; 
eye-line  proceeding  upward  from  the 
middle  of  each  side  of  the  posterior 
margin,  with  a  short,  sigmoidal  curve  to 
the  eye-lobe,  and  thence  curving  in- 
ward and  forward  to  the  front ;  thorax 
of  ten  segments,  axial  lobe  equaling  the 
lateral  lobes  in  width,  lateral  lobes  flat, 
without  facets,  bent  backward  at  the 
tip,  no  pleural  groove  ;  pygidium  semi- 
orbicular  with  a  flattened  entire  mar- 
gin, axial  lobe 
short,  sulci  pro- 
longed toward 
the  margin,  lat- 
eral folds  broad, 
not  reaching  the 
margin.  Type  j 
B.  altaceus. 

acamas,  Hall,  syn. 
for  B.  occasus. 

barrandi,  Hall, 
1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  3,  p.  350, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 

canadensis,  Logan, 
1846,   Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Canada,  App.  G.  G.  G.  of  Legis- 
lative Documents,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


536 


CRUSTACEA. 


[BUM.— CAU 


flabellifer,  Goldfuss,   Nova.  Acta.    Acad. 

Caes.  Leop.  Nat.  Cur.,  vol.  16,  p.  360, 

Up.  Silurian, 
insularis,  Billings,  1866,   Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  66,  Anticosti  Gr. 
laphami,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  88,  and  Geo.  Wie.,  vol.  4, 

p.  310,  Niagara  Gr. 
lunatus,  Billings,  1857,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Geo. 

Sur.  Can.,  p.  338,  Trenton  Gr. 
niagarensis,  Hall,  1852,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2, 

p.  314,  Niagara  Gr. 
occasus,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 

Bost.    Soc.  Nat.   Hist,  vol.   1,   p.   104, 

Niagara  Gr. 
pompilius,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  123,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tullius,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  12, 

Ham.  Gr. 
Bumastus,  Murchison,    1839,    Sil.  Syst     Not 

American,  though    I   have  illustrated 

the  genus  because  so  many    have  re- 
ferred Illsenus  to  it. 


FIG.  981. — Bumastus  barriensis. 

barriensis,  see  Illaenus  ioxus. 

trentonensis,  see  Illsenus  trentonensis. 
BUNODELLA,  Matthew,  1888,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  56.  Body  ovate-elongate,  tri- 
lobed  longitudinally ;  cephalic  shield 
subtriangular,  with  rounded  angles ; 
composed  of  a  glabella,  fixed  cheeks 
and  movable  (?)  cheeks;  glabella 
broadly  cylindrical  and  rounded  in 
front ;  fixed  cheeks  expanded  in  front, 
and  having  ear-shaped  lateral  lobes  de- 
fined by  an  impressed  line  which  may 
have  been  movable  ;  thorax,  so  far  as 
known,  had  seven  segments,  and  con- 
sisted of  an  elongate  cylindro-conical 
body,  having  triangular  lappets  or 
pleurae  attached  at  the  sides.  Type  B. 
horrida. 

horrida.  Matthew,  1888,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  56,  Up.  Silurian  or  Low.  De- 
vonian. 

CALYMENE,  Brongniart,  1822,  Hist.  Nat. 
Crust.  Foss.,  p.  7.  [Ety.  kekalymenos, 
concealed.]  Cephalic  shield  sublunate, 
margin  thickened,  distinctly  defined; 
glabella  convex,  narrower  in  front  than 
behind,  three  lateral  furrows  on  each 
side,  the  posterior  one  deep,  neck  seg- 
ment well  defined,  eyes,  small,  promi- 
nent, hiant,  near  the  glabella  fur- 
rows, and  slightly  anterior  to  the 
middle;  facial  sutures  cut  the  margin, 
in  front  of  the  eyes  and  curving  slightly 
over  each  eye,  defining  a  semicircular 


eye-lobe,  they  extend  to  the  lateral  an- 
gles, each  of  which  is  exactly  bisected ; 
anteriorly  they  are  connected  by  a 
rostral  suture,  thorax  of  thirteen  seg- 
ments, axis  most  convex,  lateral  lobes 
wider  than  axis,  bent  down  with  large 
facets;  pygidiuin  semi-oval,  axis 
prominent,  seven  to  eleven  segments, 
margin  entire.  Type  C.  blumenbachi. 

anchiops,  see  Dalmauites  anchiops. 

becki,  see  Triarthrus  becki. 

blumenbachi,  Brongniart,  1822,  Hist.  Nat. 
Crust.  Foss.,  p.  11.  American  form 
called  C.  niagarensis. 

bucklandi,  syn.  for  Ceraurus  pleurexan- 
themus. 

bufo,  see  Phacops  bufo. 

callieephala,  Green,  1832,  Monograph 
Trilobites,  p.  30,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  238,  Trenton  and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

camerata,  Conrad,  1842,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  278,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  337,  Coralline  limestone. 

christyi,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  119,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

clintoni,  Vanuxem,  (Hemicrypturus  clin- 
toni,)  Geo.  Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  79, 
Clinton  Gr. 

conradi,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol.,p.  236, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

crassimarginata,  see  Proetus  crassimargin- 
atus. 

mammillata,  Hall,  1861,  Geo.  Rep.  Wis., 
p.  50,  Trenton  Gr. 

marginalis,  see  Proetus  marginalis. 

multicosta,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  228,  Birdseye  and  Trenton  Gr. 

nasuta,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat 
Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  131,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  982.— Calymene  callicephala.  Rolled  speci- 
men and  the  under  side  of  cephalic  shield 
with  hypostoma  in  place. 

niagarensis,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  102,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
2,  p.  307,  Niagara  Gr.  This  is  the 
American  variety  of  C.  blumenbachi. 

nupera,  see  Phacops  nupera. 

odontocephala,  syn.  for  Dalmanites  selen- 
urus. 

phlyctainodes,  see  Encrinurus  phlyctai- 
nodes. 

platys,  Green,  1832,  Monograph  of  Trilo- 
bites, p.  32,  and  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 
pi.  1,  Schoharie  grit. 

rostrata,  Vogdes,  1880,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  176,  Clinton  Gr. 

rowii,  see  Proetus  rowii. 

rugosa,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p. 
200,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


:ER.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


537 


senaria,  Conrad,  1841,  syn.  for  C.  calli- 
cephala. 

spinifera,  not  defined. 

trisulcata,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. 

N.  Y.,  p.  74,  Clinton  Gr. 
CANDONA,  Baird,  1845,  Trans.  Berw.  Nat. 
Club,  vol.  2,  p.  152.  A  living  genus, 
and  probably  not  Palaeozoic.  Like 
Cypris,  except  the  lower  antennae  pos- 
sess no  tuft  of  setse,  and  the  second 
pair  of  jaws  are  destitute  of  a  branchial 
appendage.  The  shell  is  also  usually 
longer  and  narrower.  Type  C.  lucens. 

(?)  elongata,  Jones  &  Kirby,  1884,  Lond. 
Geo.  Mag.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  356,  Car- 
boniferous. 

CERATIOCARIS,  McCoy,  1849,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  412.  [Ety. 
Iteration,  pod ;  karis,  shrimp,]  Cara- 
pace bivalve,  dorsal  line  angulated 


FIG.  983.— Ceratiocaris  sinuala.    Outline. 


with  a  slight  furrow  beneath  it  on 
each  side  ;  sides  semielliptical,  much 
elongated  from  before  backward,  evenly 
convex,  ventral  margin  gently  convex, 
posterior  end  truncated  obliquely  ;  on 
each  side  near  the  anterior  end,  low 
down,  is  an  ocular  spot  ;  surface 
marked  with  fine,  imbricating  striae. 


Type  C.  solenoides- 
culeata, 


acueata,   Hall,  1859,  Pal.   N.   Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  422,  Waierlime  Gr. 
acuminata,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  422,  Waterlime  Gr. 
armata,  syn.  for  Echinocaris  punctata. 
bradleyi,  see  Colpocaris  bradleyi. 
beecheri,  Clarke,   1885,  Bull.  U.  S.   Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  44,  Ham.  Gr. 
deweyi,  Hall,  1859,  (Onchus  deweyi,)  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  320,  Niagara  Gr. 
elytroides,  see  Colpocaris  elytroides. 
grandis,  Pohlman,  1881,  Bull.  Buf.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  19,  Waterlime  Gr. 
longicauda,  see  Echinocaris  longicauda. 
maccoyana,    Hall,    1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  421,  Waterlime  Gr. 
punctata,  see  Echinocaris  punctata. 
pusillus,  Matthew,  1889,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 

Can.,  vol.  6,  p.  49,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


simplex,   Clarke,  1885,   Bull.  U.  S.   Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  16,  p.  43,  Ham.  Gr. 
sinuata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  46,  p.  22,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  3,  p.  540,  Coal  Meas. 
strigata,  see  Solenocaris  strigata. 
Ceratocephala,  Warder,  not  defined  so  as  to 

be  recognized. 

ceralepta,    Anthony,  a    fragment    of    the 
tail  of  a  Ceraurus  pleurexanthemus,  or 
of  an  Acidaspis. 
goniata,    Warder,    a    fragment  of  a  Dal- 

manites,  or  an  Acidaspis. 
CERAURUS,  Green,  1832,  Monograph   Trilo- 
bites,  p.  84.      [Ety.   keras,   horn ;  oura, 
tail.]     Cephalic    shield    crescentiform, 
trilobed,  posterior  angles  extended  into 
spines;   glabella  subquadrate,  rounded 
and  prominent  in  front,   three  lateral 
furrows    on   each    side;    eyes   faceted 
minutely;     facial 
sutures,    commenc- 
ing at   the  anterior 
margin,    passing 
close  to  the  anterior 
corners  of  the  gla- 
bella curve   around 
the       eyes,      from 
which    points  they 
extend   outward, 
and  then  deflect  a 
little  backward,  and 
cut    the    lateral 
margins  forward  of 
the  neck  furrow,  if 
it  were    extended; 
cheeks  generally 
scrobiculate ;  thorax 
of    ten    or    twelve 
segments,  axial  lobe 
narrower  than  the 
lateral   lobes;   pleura?  flattened    for   a 
distance,  and    then    curve    downward 
and   backward;   pygidium  small,  seg- 
ments   terminating    in    digitations    or 
spines;    labrum  oblong  truncate,  with 
a  pair  of    furrows    and    small    lateral 
auricles.     Type  C.  pleurexanthemus. 
(?)    apollo,    Billings,     1860,     (Cheirurus 
apollo,)   Can.    Nat.    and  Geol.,  vol.    5, 
p.  67,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
bimucronatus,  see  Ceraurus  niagarensis. 
crosotus,  see  Acidaspis  crosotus. 
(?)  eryx.  Billings,  1860,  (Cheirurus  eryx,) 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  67,  Que- 
bec Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
(?)  glaucus,    Billings,    1865,     (Cheirurus 
glaucus,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  323,  Que- 
bec Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
icarus,    Billings,  1860,  (Cbeirurus  icarus,) 
'Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  67,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

insignis,  see  Ceraurus  niagarensis. 
meekanus,  n.  sp.,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  Pro- 
posed instead  of  C.  icarus,  Meek,  in 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  162,  and  plate  14, 
figs,  a,  b,  and  c.  Meek  referred  this 
form  to  C.  icarus  of  Billings,  but  it  is 
distinguished  by  the  form  of  the  gla- 


638 


CRUSTACEA. 


[CHA. — CU. 


bella,  by  the  furrows,  structure  of  the 
thorax  and  form  of  central  lobe,  and  by 
the  pygidium,  beside  occurring  in 
higher  rocks  and  growing  to  a  much 
larger  size. 

(?)  mercurius,  Billings,  1865,  (Cheirurus 
mercurius,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  285, 
Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

niagarensis,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  427,  Niagara  Gr. 

numitor,  Billings,  1866,  (Cheirurus  numi- 
tor,) Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  27,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

nuperus,  Billings,  1866,  (Cheirurus  nu- 
perus,) Catal.  Sil.  Foss.  Antic.,  p.  60, 
Anticosti  Gr. 

(?)  perforator,  Billings,  1865,  (Cheirurus 
perforator,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  287, 
Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

pie  u  r  exanthe- 
m  u  s  ,     Green, 


1832,  Monog. 
Trilobites,  p. 
84  and  Pal.  N. 


FIG.   984.  —  Ceraurus   pleu- 
rexanthemus. 


84,  and 

Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
242,  Trenton 
and  Hud.  Riv. 
Gr. 

(?)  polydorus, 
Billings,  1865, 
(Cheirurus 
polydorus,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  286,  Que- 
bec Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 

pompilius,     Bill- 
ings,      1865, 
(Cheirurus 
pompiliue,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.    1.  p.   181, 
Chazy  or  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
(?)  prolificus,    Billings,    1865,    (Cheirurus 
prolificus,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  285  and 
325,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
pustulosiis,  syn.  for  Ceraurus  pleurexanthe- 

mus. 
rarus,  Walcott,  1877,  31st  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  68,  Trenton  Gr. 
[j  '  satyrus,   Billings,  1865,   (Cheirurus  saty- 
rus,)  Pal.  Foes.,  vol.  l,p.  324,  Chazy  Gr. 
(?)  sol,    Billings,    1865,    (Cheirurus    sol,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  288,  Quebec  Gr.  or 
Up.  Taconic. 

(?)  solitarius,    Billings,  1865,    (Cheirurus 
solitarius,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.    1,  p.    206, 
Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
tarquinius,  Billings,  1863,  (Cheirurus  tar- 
quinius,)   Proc.  Port.  Soc.    Nat.   Hist., 
vol.  1,  p.  121,  Upper  Silurian. 
vigilans,  see  Encrinurus  vigilans. 
(?)  vulcanus,    Billings,    1865,   (Cheirurus 
vulcanus,)  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  l,p.  284,  and 
324,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
CHARIOCEPHALUS,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.    Mus.   Nat.    Hifet.,    p.    175.      [Ety. 
charts,  charming  or    graceful  ;   kephate, 
head.]    Cephalic  shield  broad  ;  cheeks 
moderately   convex  toward   the    eyes  ; 
glabella   regularly  convex  and  marked 


by  transverse  furrows ;  eyes  large, 
facial  sutures  cutting  the  contour  of 
the  front  at  or  near  the  cente"r  as  in 
Agraulus,  but  distinguished  by  the 
character  of  the  palpebral  lobe,  large 
eye,  and  form  of  the  cheek.  Type  C. 
whitfieldi. 

tumifrons,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  8. 
Geo.  Expl.,  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  224, 
Potsdam  Gr. 

whitfieldi,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  175,  Potsdam  Gr. 
Cheirurus,  Beyrich,  1845,  syn.  for  Ceraurus. 

apollo,  see  Ceraurus  apollo. 

eryx,  see  Ceraurus  eryx. 

glaucus,  see  Ceraurus  glaucus. 

icarus,  see  Ceraurus  icarus. 

mercurius,  see  Ceraurus  mercurius. 

numitor,  see  Ceraurus  numitor. 

nuperus,  see  Ceraurus  nuperus. 

perforator,  see  Ceraurus  perforator. 

polydorus,  see  Ceraurus  polydorus. 

pompilius,  see  Ceraurus  pompilius. 

prolificus,  see  Ceraurus  prolificus. 

satyrus,  see  Ceraurus  satyrus. 

sol,  see  Ceraurus  sol. 

solitarius,  see  Ceraurus  solitarius. 

tarquinius,  see  Ceraurus  tarquinius. 

vulcanus,  see  Ceraurus  vulcanus. 


FIG.  985,— Climachtichnites  wilsonl. 

CLIMACHTICHNITES,  Logan,  1860,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  279.  [Ety.  klimax, 
ladder ;  ichnos,  footstep.]  A  continuous 


COL.— CON.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


539 


FIG.  986.  —  Colpocari 
bradleyi. 


narrow  trail,  with  cross  furrows, 
making  it  ladder-like.  It  may  not  be 
the  track  of  a  Crustacean.  Type  C. 
wilsoni. 

fosteri,  Chamberlin,  1883,  Geo.  of  Wis., 
vol.  1,  p.  132,  Potsdam  Gr. 

wilsoni,  Logan,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 
vol.  5,  and  Geo.  of  Can.,  p.  107,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

youngi,  Chamberlin,  1883,  Geo.  of  Wis., 

vol.  1,  p.  132,  Potsdam  Gr. 
COLPOCARIS,  Meek,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
8ci.  Phil.,  p.  323.  [Ety.  kolpos,  sinus ; 
karfe,  shrimp.]  Carapace  valves  are 
truncated  backward  and  upward,  with 
a  profoundly  sinuous  outline;  posterior 
extremity  of  the  dorsal  margin  pro- 
duced, pointed  and  curved  downward ; 
ventral  margin  inflected;  attached  on 
the  dorsal  margin  by  a  flexible  liga- 
ment ;  no  eye  tubercle  or  spot.  Type 
C.  bradleyi. 

bradleyi,  Meek,  1872, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  24, 

?.    322,    and    Ohio 
al.,  vol.  2,  p.  318, 
Waverly  Gr. 
chfsterensis,     W  o  r  - 
then,     1884,     Bull. 
No.  2,  111.    St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist,,  p.  3,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
8,  p.  153,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
elytroides,  Meek,  1872,   Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  24,  p.  334,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  319,  Waverly  Gr. 
Conocephalus,  Zenker,  1833,  Beitr.  z.  Naturg. 
d.   Urwelt,  p.   49.    Preoccupied  for   a 
genus  of  Orthoptera. 

Conocephalites,    Barrande,    1852,    Syst.    Sil. 
Boh.     This  genus  is  regarded  as  a  syn- 
onym for  Ptychoparia,  by  Walcott,  who 
also  refers  Atops,  which   has  priority, 
to  the  same  genus.     After  examining 
the  original    figure  of    Ptychoparia,   I 
am  not  convinced  that  it  is  a  synonym 
for  Atops,  hence  I  retain  both  names. 
There    were    but    few    genera    better 
denned   and  established   than    Atops, 
when    the    name    was    put    forth   by 
Emmons ;  hence  the  rules  of  priority 
demand  its  retention. 
adamsi,  see  Conocoryphe  adamsi. 
analinus,  see  Ptychoparia  anatina. 
untiquatus,  see  Ptychoparia  antiquata. 
urenosus,  see  Ptychoparia  arenosa. 
aurora,  see  Liostracus  aurora. 
baileyi,  see  Conocoryphe  baileyi. 
billingsi,  see  Ptychoparia  billingsi. 
binodosus,  see  Ptychoparia  binodosa. 
calciferus,  see  Ptychoparia  calcifera. 
valymenoides,     see     Ptychoparia     calyme- 

noides. 

cordillerse,  see  Ptychoparia  cordillerse. 
depresses,  see  Ptychoparia  depressa. 
diadematm,  see  Ptychoparia  diademata. 
•elegans,  see  Conocoryphe  elegans. 
eos,  see  Crepicephalus  eos. 
,  see  Ptychoparia  eryon. 


explanatus,  see  Ptychoparia  explanata. 

formosus,  see  Solenopleura  formosa. 

gemini-spinosw,  see  Conocoryphe  gemini- 
spinosa. 

halli,  see  Solenopleura  halli. 

hartti,  see  Ptychoparia  bartti. 

laticeps,  see  Pterocephalia  laticeps. 

matthewi,  see  Harttia  matthewi. 

minor,  see  Ptychoparia  minor. 

minulus,  see  Ptychoparia  minuta. 

miser,  see  Atops  miser. 

nactus,  Hall.  Not  defined  so  as  to  be 
recognized. 

nasutus,  see  Ptychoparia  nasuta. 

neglectw,  see  Liostracus  neglectus. 

optatus,  see  Ptychoparia  optata. 

orestes,  see  Solenopleura  orestes. 

ouangondianus,  see  Liostracus  ouangondi- 
anus. 

oweni,  see  Ptychoparia  oweni. 

patlersoni,  see  Ptychoparia  pattersoni. 

perseus,  see  Ptychoparia  perseus. 

quadratus,  Hattt,  see  Liostracus  quad- 
ratus. 

quedratus,  Whitfield,  see  Ptychoparia 
quadrata. 

robbi,  see  Solenopleura  rpbbi. 

shumardi,  see  Ptychoparia  shumardi. 

subcoronatus,  see  Ptychoparia  subcoronata. 

tener,  see  Liostracus  tener. 

teucer,  see  Ptychoparia  teucer. 

thyrsites,  see  Solenopleura  thyrsites. 

verrucosut,  see  Ptychoparia  verrucosa. 

vulcanus,  see  Crepicephalus  vulcanus. 

winona,  see  Ptychoparia  winona. 

zenkeri,  see  Ptychoparia  zenkeri. 
CONOCORYPHE,  Corda,  1847,  Prodrom  einer 
Monographic  der  bohmischen  Trilobi- 
ten,  p.  139.  [Ety.  konos,  cone;  koryphe, 
top  of  the  head.]  Cephalic  shield 
somewhat  semicircular,  convex;  gla- 
bella  convex,  somewhat  cone-shaped, 
widest  behind,  rounded  in  front, 
from  one-half  to  three-fourths  the 
length  of  the  head,  lateral  furrows  from 
one  to  three  on  each  side,  more  or  less 
distinct ;  facial  sutures  cut  obliquely 
across  the  margin  from  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  lateral  third,  and  curve 
around  the  eyes,  and  then  curve  out- 
ward toward  the  posterior  angles ; 
(in  C.  sulzeri  and  as  described  by  Corda, 
the  facial  sutures  begin  near  the  apex 
directly  in  front  of  the  eyes,  and  are 
directed  in  lines  nearly  parallel  to  the 
eye-lobes.)  Thorax  eight  to  sixteen 
segments,  axial  lobe  narrower  than 
lateral  lobes,  pleurae  faceted ;  pygidium 
small.  Type  C.  sulzeri. 

adamsi.  Billings,  1861,  (Conocephalites 
adamsi,)  Geo.  Vt.,  vol.  2,  p.  950,  Up. 
Taconic  or  Georgia  Gr. 

baileyi,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocephalites 
baileyi,)  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  645,  St.  John  Gr. 

elegans,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocephalites 
elegans,)  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  650,  St.  John  Gr. 

gallatinensis,  Meek,  1873,  6th  Rep.  Hay- 
den's  U.  8.  Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  p.  485,  Up. 
Taconic. 


540 


CRUSTACEA. 


[COR  — CYB. 


FIG.  987.— Conocoryphe 
kingi. 


geminispinosa,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocepha- 
lites  geminispinosus,)  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
653,  St.  John  Gr. 

kingi,  Meek, 
1870,  P  r  o  c  . 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  vol.  22, 
p.  63,  and  Rep. 
on  40th  Par- 
allel, p.  20,  Up. 
Taconic. 

quadrans,  Hall  & 
Whitfield,  1877, 
(Crepicephalus 
quadrans,)  Geo. 
40th     Parallel, 
vol.    4,   p.   238, 
•     Up.  Taconic. 
walcotti,      M  a  t  - 
thew,      1884, 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  119,  St.  John  Gr. 
Coronwra,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.   N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 
32.    Founded  upon  the  variation  in  the 
spines  of  the  pygidium  of  Dalmanites. 
Corycephalus,  Hall,  1888,  syn.   for  Dalman- 
ites. 

CREPICEPHALUS,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis. 
Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  376.  [Ety.  krepis, 
horseshoe ;  kephale,  head.]  Glabella 
rather  flat,  slipper-shaped,  tapering 
and  slightly  acuminated  anteriorly, 
with  a  faint  ridge  in  the  median  line  ; 
two  small  depressions,  and  a  posterior 
furrow  partially  divide  the  glabella; 
facial  sutures  run  nearly  parallel  to 
the  margin  of  the  glabella,  and  join  a 
thickened,  cord-like,  anterior,  narrow 
border,  inclosing  a  convex  area,  nar- 
rower in  front  than  at  the  sides ;  pygid- 
ium large ;  axial  lobe  has  four  seg- 
ments, side-lobes  bounded  by  a  slightly 
concave  border,  which  widens  poste- 
riorly, and  terminates  in  long  spines, 
and  of  which  the  confines  are  almost 
rectangular,  with  rounded  corners. 
Type  C.  iowensis. 

angulatus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  220, 
Potsdam  Gr. 

anytus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo. 
Expl.  40th  parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  219,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 
angusta,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  208,  Up.  Taconic. 
centralis,    Whitfield,   1877,    Rep.   on  the 
Pal.  of  Black  Hills,  p.    10,  and    Geo. 
Black  Hills,  p.  341,  Potsdam  Gr. 
diadematus,   Hall,   1863,  (Conocephalites 
diadematus,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  167,  Potsdam  Gr. 
eos,    Hall,    1863,    (Conocephalites    eos,) 
16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
151,  Potsdam  Gr. 
gibbesi,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  50,  Potsdam  Gr. 
granulosus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.    Expl.    40th    Parallel,    vol.    4,  p. 
214,  Potsdam  Gr. 


haguei,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo- 
Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  210,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

iowensis,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 
Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  576,  Potsdam  Gr. 


FIG.  988.—  Crepicephalus  Qao     „ 

lilianus.      Cephalic    Fl,Q    989  -Crept  cepha- 

- 


shield     without     the 
movable  cheeks. 


, 

!us 


Pygid- 


lilianus,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  No.  30,  p.  207,  Up.  Taconic.   " 
maculosus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  215, 

Potsdam  Gr. 
miniscensis,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 

Iowa,   and  Minn.,  pi.  1,   fig.   14,  ;Pots- 

dam  Gr. 
montanensis,  Whitfield,   1876,    Rep.  Re- 

con.  Up.  Mo.  to  Yel.  Nat.  Park,  p.  141, 

Potsdam  Gr. 
nitidus,  Hall   &   Whitfield,    1877,   U.   S. 

Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  212, 

Potsdam  Gr. 
onustus,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  Potsdam  Gr. 
oweni,  Meek  &  Hayden,  1861,  (Arionellus 

(Crepicephalus)  oweni,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  13,  p.  436,  Potsdam  Gr. 
planus,  Whitfield,  1877,  Rep.  on   Pal.  of 

Black   Hills,   p.    11,   and   Geol.    Black 

Hills,  p.  343,  Potsdam  Gr. 
quadrans,  see  Conocoryphe  quadrans. 
simulator,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  218, 

Potsdam  Or. 
unisulcatus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  216, 

Potsdam  Gr. 
vulcanus,  Billings,  1861,  (Conocephalites 

vulcanus,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  14,  Pots- 

dam Gr. 
wisconsinensis,    see    Loncbocephalus    wis- 

coneinensis. 
Cryphieus,   Green,    1837,   Jour.    Acad.    Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  7,  syn.  for  Dalmanites.    Not 

well  defined,  and  the  name  was  preoc- 

cupied for  a  genus   of   Coleoptera   in 

1833. 

ftootfu,  see  Dalmanites  booth  i. 
calliteles,  see  Dalmanites  calliteles. 
greeni,  syn.  for  Dalmanites  calliteles. 
CryptolithuH,  syn.  for  Trinucleus. 

tesselatus,  see  Trinucleus  concentricus. 
Cybele,     Loven,     1845,    p.     110,    Ofversigt 

Vetensk.  Acad.  Handl.,  p.  110. 
punctata,  Hall,  1852.     This  species  belongs 

to  the  genus  Encrinurus,  and  the  spe- 
.  cific  name  being  preoccupied,  the  name 

is  changed  to  E.  ornatus. 


CYC.— CYT.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


541 


FIG.  990.-Cyphas- 
pis  christyi. 


Cydus  americanus,  Packard,  1885,  Am.  Nat., 
vol.  19,  p.  293.  Coal  Meas.  Not  de- 
fined so  as  to  be  recognized. 
CYPHASPIS,  Burmeister,  1843,  Die  Organ  der 
Trilobiten,  p.  103.  [Kty.  cyphos,  con- 
vex; asf>is,  shield.]  Cephalic  shield 
semicircular,  posterior  angles  produced 
in  spines,  margin  thickened  ;  glabella 
very  convex,  ovoid,  no  furrows,  but 
with  two  small  pyriform  basal  lobes 
bounded  by  deep  furrows  ;  eyes  small, 
semilunate  ;  cheeks  broad  ;  facial  su- 
tures proceed  in  a  nearly  straight  line, 
from  the  anterior  margin  to  the  eyes,  and 
are  then  directed  to  the  posterior  an- 
gles ;  thorax  10  to  17  segments,  rounded 
at  their  extremities;  axis  tapering; 
pygidium  small,  axis  short,  lateral  lobes 
depressed.  Type  C.  ceratopthalmus. 
breviinarginatus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol. 
8,  p.  93,  Trenton  Gr. 
christyi,  Hall.Trans.  Alb. 
Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  188,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

coelebs,  Hall,  1888,  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  151, 
Low.  Held.  Gr. 
craspedota,    Hall,    1888, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 
148,  Ham.  Gr. 
diadema,     Hall,      1888, 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   7,  p. 
144,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
girardeauensis,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep. 

Mo.,  p.  197,  Trenton  Gr. 
hybrids,  Hall,  1888,  Pal. 
N.   Y.,  vol.  7,  p.   144, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 
laevis,  Hall,  1876,  (Phil- 
lipsia    laevis,)    Illust. 
Devon.   Foss.,   pi.  21, 
ChemungGr. 
minuscula,    Hall,    1876, 
(Phillipsia    m  i  n  us- 
cula,)    Illust.    Devon. 
Foss.,  pi.  20,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

ornata,    Hall,    1876, 
(Phillipsia       ornata,) 
Illust.    Devon.    Foss. 
pi.  21,  Ham.  Gr. 
ornata  var.  baccata,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  7,  p.  146,  Ham.  Gr. 
stephanophora,  Hall,  1888,    Pal.   N.    Y., 

vol.  7,  p.  142,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
Cyihere,  Muller,  1785,  Entomo^-traca  sue  In- 
secta,  etc.,  p.  63.    The  type  is  C.  fla- 
vida  a  living  specips.    The  genus  is  un- 
knowu  in  Palaeozoic  rocks. 
ommcona,  see  Beyrichia  americana. 
earbonaria,  see  Leperditia  carhonaria. 
cincinnaliensis,  see  Cytheropsis  cincinnati- 

ensis. 
crasximarginata,  see  Cytheropsis  crassimar- 

ginata. 

irrtgularis,  see  Cytheropsis  irregularis. 
nebraakensis,  see  Cytheropsis  nebraskensis. 
okeni,  see  Leperditia  okeni. 


Wi.-Cyphas- 
K»™rdeauen- 


-Cytherella  in- 
flata. 


simplex,  see  Cytheropsis  simplex. 
sublsevis,  see  Leperditia  sublsevis. 
subrecta,  see  Leperditia  subrecta. 
CYTHERELLA,  inflata. 

I    find    in    the 

Acadian  Geol- 

ogy,   p.    206,   a 

small  Entomos- 

traca,    from  the  FIG 

Coal    Meas.    of 

Nova  Scotia,  fig- 

ured   under   this  name,  but   without 

any   description    or  reference   to    any 

other  author.    The  figures  are   repro- 

duced. 
Cytherella  glandella,  see   Cytheropsis   glan- 

della. 
Cytherina,  Lamarck,  1818,  Anim.  sans  Vert. 

t.    v,    p.    125.       [Ety.    diminutive    of 

Cy  there.']     A     synonym     for     Cythere, 

which  is  not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 
alta,  see  Leperditia  alta. 
crenulata,  see  Cytheropsis  crenulata. 
cylindrica,  see  Isochilina  cylindrica. 
fabulites,  see  Leperditia  fabulites. 
spinosa,  see  Be3rrichia  spinosa.  Not  Reuss 

in  1844. 
subcylindrica,  .  see    Cytheropsis    subcylin- 

drica. 

subelliptica,  see  Cytheropsis  subelliptica. 
CYTHEROPSIS,  McCoy,  1849,  Ann.  and  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.,  2d.  ser.,  vol.  4,  p.  249.  [Ety. 

Cytheropsis,  resembling  Cythere.]     Dis- 

tinguished from   Cythere,    which   now 

swarm  in  the  sea,  by  the  great  thick- 

ness of  the  valves,  and  in  having  eye 

or  muscle  spots.    Type  C.  aldensis. 
cincinnatiensis,  Meek,  1872,  (Cythere  cin- 

cinnatiensis,)   Proc.   Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p. 

331,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.          -..,,_.. 

1,  p.  158,  Hudi  Riv.  Gr.      /T^V 
concinna,     see      Primitia      ^]^^|r 

concinna.  ^ifflr^ 

crassimarginata,        Win-  FIG.  993—Cyther- 

chell,     1862,    (Cythere  °^  cmclnnati' 

crassimarginata,)  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  429,  Marshall  Gr. 
crenulata,     Emmons,     1856,     (Cytherina 

crenulata,)    Am.    Geol.,   p.  220,  Tren- 

ton Gr. 


FIG.  994.—  Cytheropsis  glandella. 

glandella,    Whitfield,  1882.  (Cytherellina 

glandella,)  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.   Hist., 

vol.  1,  p.  94,  Warsaw  Gr. 
irregularis,   S.  A.  Miller,   1878,    (Cythere 

irregularis,)  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  1,  p.  106,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
nebraskensis,  Geinitz,  1866,  (Cythere  ne- 

braskensis,)  Garb,  und  Dyas  in  Neb.,  p. 

2,  Coal  Meas. 
rugosa,  Jones,  1858,  Ann.  Nat.   Hist.,  3d 

ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  249,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
siliqua,  Jones,  1858,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d 

ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  249,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 


542 


CRUSTACEA. 


[DAL. 


simplex,  White  &St.  John,  1868,  (Cythere 
simplex,)  Trans.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  p.  127, 
St.  Louis  Gr. 

subcylindrica,  Emmons,  1856,  (Cytherina 
subcylindrica,)  Am.  Geo.,  p.  220,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

subelliptica,  Emmons,  1856,  (Cytherina 
subelliptica,)  Am.  Geo.,  p.  220,  Black 
Riv.  Gr. 

Dalmania,  Emmricb,  1845.  This  name 
having  been  preoccupied  for  a  genus  of 
insects,  Dalmanites  has  been  substi- 
tuted, though  many  authors  prefer  to 
use  Odontochile,  a  name  proposed  by 
Corda.  • 

DALMANITES,  (Emmrich,  1845,  Dalmania,) 
Barrande,  1852,  Syst.  Syl.  Boh.,  vol.  1. 
[Ety.  proper  name.]  Cephalic  shield 
sublunate,  with  lateral  angles  produced 
into  spines;  glabella  widest  anteriorly, 
rounded  in  front,  with  a  highly  convex 
anterior  subelliptical  lobe,  three  lateral 
furrows  on  each  side  ;  eyes  prominent, 
subreniform,  lenses  numerous,  situated 
posteriorly ;  facial  sutures,  curving 
slightly  from  the  anterior  margin,  and 
each,  following  the  curvature  of  the 
eye  to  the  posterior  part  by  a  sig- 
moidal  flexure,  reach  the  lateral  mar- 
gin very  slightly  posterior  to  the  eye 
itself;  thorax  with  eleven  segments, 
axis  most  convex,  lateral  lobes  wider 
and  more  or  less  flattened;  pygidium 
subtriangular,  usually  extended  pos- 
teriorly into  a  spine,  segments  numer- 
ous. Type  D.  caudatus. 
acantholeurus,  Conrad,  1841,  (Asaphus 
acantholeurus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  48, 
and  Illust.  Devon. 
Foss.,  pi.  19,  Onon- 
daga  limestone, 
achates,  Billings,  1860, 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  5,  p.  63,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

fegeria,  Hall,  1862,  15th 
Rep.  N.  Y.   St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  57,  and 
Illust.   Devon.    Foss.. 
pi.  12,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
anchiops,   Green,    1832, 
(Calymene  anchiops,) 
Monograph    of  Trilo- 
bites,  p.  35,  and  Illust. 
Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  9,  Schoharie  grit, 
anchiops  var.  armatus,   Hall,  1862,  15th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  56, 
Schoharie  grit. 

anchiops  var.  sobrinus,  syn.  for  D.  anchiops. 

aspectans,    Conrad,    1841,    (Asaphus   as- 

pectans,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  49,  and 

Illust.     Devon.     Foss.,     pi.     13,     Up. 

Held.  Gr. 

barrisi,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

48,  Ham.  Gr. 
bebryx,  Billings,  I860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  61,  Trenton  Gr. 
bicornis,  TIall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  196,  Niagara  Gr. 


FIG.  995.— Dalman 
ites  achates. 


bifidus,   Hall,   1862,   15th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  63,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
boothi,  Green,  1837,  (Cryphseus  boothi,) 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  32,  p.  343,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  42,  Ham.  Gr. 
breviceps,  Hall,  1866,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  223,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
callicephalus,     Hall,     1847, 

(Phacops     callicephalus,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  247, 

Trenton  Gr. 
calliteles,       Green,     .  1837, 

(Cryphaeus        calliteles,) 

Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 

vol.  32,  p.  346,  and  Illust. 

Devon.      Foss.,     pi.     16, 

Ham.  Gr. 
calypso,    Hall,    1862,    15th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 

Hist.,  p.    61,    and    Illu&t.  FIG.  996.— Dai- 
Devon.  Foss.,  pi.    13,  Up.     mauites  cal- 

Held.  Gr.  licephalus. 

carleyi,  Meek,   1872,   Am.   Jour.  Sci.,  3d 

ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  424,  and  Ohio  Pal.  vol.  1, 

p.  170,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

•       comis,    Hall,     1888,     Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  41,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
concinnus,     Hall,      1876, 
Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi. 
10,  Schoharie  grit, 
coucinnus     var.    serrula, 
Hall,   1888,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  7,  p.  30,  Up.  Held. 
Gr. 

FIG.  997.  coronatus,      Hall,      1862, 

Dalmanites  15th     Rep.    N.     Y.    St. 

calliteles.  Mug    Na£  Higt ^  p    5g> 

and  Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  12,  Ham.  Gr. 
cuyahogse,  Claypole,  1884,  Geol.  Mag.,  3d 

ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  303,  Waverly  Gr. 
danse,    Meek    &    Worthen,    1865,     Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  264,  and  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  363,  Niagara  Gr. 
dentatus,   Barrett,    1876,  Am.   Jour.    Sci. 

and  Arts,  vol.  11,  p.  200,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
denticulatus,    Conrad,     1841,     (Asaphus 

denticulatus,)  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  48, 

and  Illust.   Devon.   Foss.,   pi.   10,   Up. 

Heli.  Gr. 
emarginatus,    Hall,  1876,    Illust.    Devon. 

Foes.,  pi.  10,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
epicrates,  Billings,   1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  119,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
erina,    Hall,  1862,    15th  Rep.    N.    Y.   St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  62,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
helena,    Hall,  1862,   15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  61,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
intermedius,    Walcott,     1877,   31st    Rep. 

N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  69,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 
latieaudatus,  Hall,    1847.      This    name    is 

erased  from  the  list, 
limulurus,   Green,  1832,  (Asaphus  limul- 

urus,)  Monograph  Trilobites,  p.  48,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  303,  Niagara  Gr. 
logani,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat,    and   Geo., 

vol.  5,  p.  156,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  608, 

Up.  Silurian. 


DIG.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


543 


macrops,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  59,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
meeki,  Walcott,  1885,  Mouogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  207,  Lower  Devonian, 
micrurus,  Green,  1832,   (Asaphus  micru- 

rus,)  Monograph  Trilobites,  p.  56,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  359,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  998.— Dalmauites  limulurus. 

myrmecophorus,  Green,   1835,    (Asaphus 

myrmecophorus,)  Supp.  to  Monograph 

of  Tribolites,  p.  16,  and  Illust.  Devon. 

Foss.,  pi.  13,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
nasutus,   Conrad,   1841,    (Asaphus  nasu- 

tus.)  Ann.   Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  48,  and  Pal. 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  362,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
ohioensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1871,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil.,  p.  91,  and  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  234,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
phacoptyx,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  31,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pleione,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  62,  and  Illust.  Devon. 

Foss.,  pi.  16,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
pleuropteryx,     Green,     1832,      (Asaphus 

pleuropteryx,)    Monograph    Tribolites, 

L55,   and   Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,   p.   356, 
w.  Held.  Gr. 
pygmaeus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  56,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
regalis,  Hall,  1876,  lilust.   Devon.  Foss., 

pi.  11,  Schoharie  grit, 
selenurus,   Eaton,   1832,  (Asaphus  selen- 

urus,)  Geo.  Text  Book,  p.  31,  and  Illust. 

Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  12,  Corniferous  Gr. 
tridens,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

361,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
tridentiferus,   Shumard,   1855,  Geo.  Rep. 

Mo.,  p.  199,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
troosti,  Safford.     Not  denned, 
verrucosus,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 

vol.  4,  p.  218,  Niagara  Gr. 


vigilans,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  Prog.  Geo.  Sur. 
Wis.,  p.  51,  Niagara  Gr. 

werthneri,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab. 
Denison  Univ.,  p.  116.  Not  well  de- 
fined. 

DICELLOCEPHALUS,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur. 
Wis.,  Iowa.,  and  Min.,  p.  573,  (written 
by  Owen  Dikelocephalus.)  [Ety.  dikella, 
mattock ;  kephale,  head.]  Cephalic  shield 
sublunate  or  semicircular,  rather  flat; 
glabella  oblong ;  sides  parallel,  rounded 
in  front,  transverse  behind ;  three  lat- 
eral furrows  on  each  side,  the  posterior 
two  crossing  the  glabella  and  dividing 
it  into  three  lobes ;  facial  sutures  arise 
in  the  center  of  the  anterior  border, 
run  parallel  with  the  same  to  the  front 
of  the  eyes,  are  then  directed  backward, 
make  a  sigmoid  flexure  over  each  eye, 
and  when  near  the  neck  segment  ab- 
ruptly curve  laterally,  reaching  the  pos- 
terior border  near  the  posterior  spines 
of  the  cephalic  shield  ;  thorax  with  nine 
segments,  axis  narrower  than  lateral 
lobes;  pygidium  with  a  flattened  bor- 
der, produced  posteriorly  on  each  side, 
and  rounded  in  the  middle ;  axis  ex- 
tended only  about  half  the  length,  with 
four  to  six  segments,  which  become  ob- 
solete on  the  lateral  lobes.  Type  D. 
minnesotensis. 

affinis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
197,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

angustifrons,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  42,  Potsdam  Gr. 

barabuensis,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 
Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  63,  and  Geo.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  201,  Low.  Magnesian  Gr. 

belli,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  5,  p.  301,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

bilobatus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  226, 
Potsdam.  Gr. 

(?)  corax,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  334,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

crassimarginatus,  Whitfield,  1882,  Geo. 
Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  344,  Potsdam  Gr. 

cristatus,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  301,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 

devinei,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  195,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

eatoni,  Whitfield,  1878,  Anu.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  65,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  202,  Low.  Magnesian  Gr. 

expansus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  45,  Potsdam  Gr. 

finalis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  89,  Up.  Taconic. 

flabellifer,  Hall  &  Wf.itfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  227, 
Potsdam  Gr. 

(?)flagricaudus,  White,  1874.  Rep.  Invert. 
Foss.,  p.  12,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th  Mer., 
vol.  4,  p.  60,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

gothicus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S.  Geo. 
Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  242,  Up. 
Taconic.  Probably  a  syn.  for  Olenoides 
wahsatchensis. 


544 


CRUSTACEA. 


[DIG. — DIP. 


granulosus,  see  Ptychaspis  granulosa. 
hisingeri,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  196,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
inexpectane,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  IT.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  90,  Quebec  Gr.  or 
Up.  Taconic. 

iole,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 

vol.  8,  p.  43,  Potsdam  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

latifrons,  Shumard,  1863,  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  101,  Potsdam  Gr. 
lodensis,  Whitfield,  1880,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  51,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  189,  Potsdam  Gr. 

magnificus.  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  301,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 
marcoui.  Whitfield,  1884,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  139,  Up.  Taconic. 
marica,  AValcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  44,  Potsdam  Gr. 
megalopa,  Billings,   1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  301,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 
miniscrnsis,  see  Ptychaspis  miniscensis. 

minnesoten  sis, 
Owen,  1852,  Rep. 
Wis.,  Iowa,  and 
Miu., p.  574,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

minnesoten  sis 
var.  limbatus, 
Hall,  1863,  16th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
p.  141,  Potsdam 
Gr. 

misa,  Hall,  1863, 
16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  N H t. 
Hist.,  p.  144,  Pots- 
dare  Gr. 
missisquoi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  199,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
multicinctus,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4,  p.  226, 
Potsdam.  Gr. 
nasutus,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 

Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  44,  Potsdam  Gr. 
osceola,  Hall,  1863,  16th   Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  146,  Potsdam  Gr. 
oweni,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol..5,  p.  301,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
pauper,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  200,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
pepinensis,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Wis.,  Iowa, 

and  Minn.,  p.  574,  Potsdam  Gr. 
planifrons,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  301,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 

pogonipensis,    Hall    &   Whitfield,    1877, 
U.  S.  Geo.  Expl.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  4, 
p.  243,  Potsdam  Gr. 
quadriceps,  see  Olenoides  quadriceps, 
richmondensis,    Walcott,    1885,    Monogr. 
U..S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  41,  Potsdam  Gr. 
roemeri,  Shumard,  1861,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 

vol.  32,  p.  220,  Potsdam  Gr. 
selectus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  199,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 


FIG.  999.— Dicellocepha- 
lus  minnesotensis. 


sesostris,  see  Ptychaspis  sesostris. 

spiniger,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  143,  \Potsdam  Gr. 

wahsatchensis,    see    Olenoides    wahshtch- 

ensis. 
Dicranurus,  syn.  for  Acidaspis. 

hamatus,  see  Acidaspis  hamata. 
DIONIDK,  Barrande,  1847,  in  Lith.  Proc. 
[Ety.  from  the  mythological  name 
Dione.~\  Body  oval,  tapering  behind, 
trilobed,  faintly  convex;  cephalic  shield 
short,  wide,  semicircular,  or  crescenti- 
form,  produced  at  the  postero-lateral 
angles  into  spines;  glabella  short,  wide, 
strongly  convex,  smooth,  no  lateral  fur- 
rows ;  two  longitudinal  furrow?,  mak- 
ing it  trilobate;  cheeks  wide,  with  per- 
forated margin  ;  no  eyes  ;  no  facial 
suture;  hypostoma  elliptical,  with  two 
bow-shaped  wings  in  front,  and  poste- 
rior margin  entire;  six  thoracic  seg- 
ments, with  nodes  on  each  side  of  the 
axial  lobe  ;  pygidium  subtriangular, 
rounded  behind  axis,  with  numerous 
segments,  and  lateral  lobes  with  radial 
furrows.  Type  D.  formoea. 

(?)  perplexa,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 

Antic.,  p.  67,  Anticosti  Gr. 
DIPELTIS,  Packard,  1885,  Am.  Nat.,  vol. 
19,  p.  291.  [Ety.  dis,  double  ;  pelte,  small 
shield.]  Cyclus-like  in  form  ;  suborbic- 
ular,  flattened,  disk-like,  sloping  from 
the  median  area  to  the  eilge  ;  divided 
in  two  parts,  a  cephalic  shield  and  ab- 
domen ;  integument  thin,  showing  no 
segments.  Type  D.  diplodiscus. 

diplodiscus,  Packard,  1885,  Am.  Nat.,  vol. 

19,  p.  291,  Coal  Meas.     Poorly  defined. 
Dipkura,  Green,  syn.  for  Homalonotus. 

dekayi,  see  Homalonotus  dekayi. 
DIPLICHNITES,  Dawson,  1863,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  19.  [Ety. 
diploos,  double  ;  ichno?,  foot-print.]  Con- 
sisting of  two  rows  of  impressions,  each 
about  an  inch  long  and  one-fourth  of 
an  inch  wide,  placed  close  together, 
while  the  rows  are  six  inches  apart, 
and  the  intermediate  space  smooth,  as 
if  a  flat  body  had  been  drawn  over  it. 
Type  D.  senigma. 

senigma,  Dawson,  1863,  A  in.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  19,  Coal  Meas. 

D  I  PL  O  STYLUS,  O.  2 

Sal  ter, 

1863,  Quar. 

Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,     vol. 

19,    p.    76. 

[Ety.   Dip- 

lostylus, 

double 

tail,  in  al- 

lusion    t  o 

the      two 

pairs  Of  ap- 

pendages 

to    the    telson.]      Carapace    unknown  ; 

body  segments  arched,  and  with  minute 

pleurae  ;  tail   segment  large,  triangular, 


FIG.  101.0.  —  Dlploslylusdnwsoni. 
«.  Tail,  nut,  size;  6,  terminal 
Joint,  enlarged. 


DIP. — ECH.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


545 


spinous,  with  two  pairs  of  simple,  ovate 
appendages.    Type  D.  dawsoni. 
dawsoni,  Salter,    1863,   Quar.   Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  77,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
207,  Coal  Meas. 

DIPTEROCARIS,  Clarke,  1883,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  121.  [Ety. 
dipteros,  two-winged ;  karis,  shrimp.J 
Carapace  elongate,  divided  along  the 
major  axis  into  two  wings ;  greatest 
width  anteriorly ;  wings  united  medi- 
ally for  one-third  to  one-fifth  the  length 
of  the  carapace;  anchylosed,  but  sep- 
arated toward  the  ends.  Surface  marked 
concentrically.  Type  D.  pennidsedali. 
pennidseilali,  Clarke,  1883,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  122,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

pescervse,  Clarke,  1883,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  123,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

procne,  Clarke,  1883,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  122,  Chemung  Gr. 
DITHYROCARIS,  Scouler, 
1844,  Syn.  Carb. 
Foss.,  Ireland  & 
McCoy,  1855,  Brit- 
ish Pal.  Rocks,  p. 
181.  [Ety.  dithyros, 
having  two  valves; 
karis,  shrimp. )  Car- 
apace semioval ;  an- 
terior end  rounded, 
sometimes  notched; 
posterior  end  sub- 
truncate,  with  lat- 
eral angles  produced  into  spines;  sur- 
face with  faint  imbricating  strife,  mar- 
gins thickened  and  corrugated,  with 
three  longitudinal  ridges,  one  in  the 
middle  extending  the  entire  length,  the 
others  not  reaching  the  margin ;  tail 
terminating  in  three  tri- 
angular spines.  Type  D. 
scouleri. 

belli,  see  Mesothyra  belli. 

carbouaria,  Meek  &  Worthen, 

1870,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  55,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  5,  p.  618,Coal  Meas. 

neptuni,  see    Mesothyra   nep- 

tuni. 

Dolichocephala,   Claypole,    1883, 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  238, 
syn.  for  Stylonurus. 
lacoana,   syn.    for  Stylonurus 

excelsior. 

DOLICHOMETOPUS,  Angelin,  1852,  Paleonto- 
logia  Scandinavica.  [Ety.  dolichos, 
long;  metope,  panel  or  space  between 
two  hollows.]  Cephalic  shield  with  tu- 
mid margin ;  eyes  large,  narrow,  lunate ; 
glabella  wider  in  front,  smooth,  no  lat- 
eral furrows;  neck  furrow-marked; 
facial  sutures,  beginning  at  the  poste- 
rior margin  near  the  lateral  angles,  are 
directed  toward  the  eyes,  passing 
which,  they  diverge  to  the  anterior 
margin  ;  pygidium  semicircular,  strongly 


FIG.  1001.  —  Ditbyro- 
c  a  r  i  s  corbonaria. 
Telsou  and  stylets. 


convex,  margin  entire,  axis  almost 
semicylindrical,  with  two  or  more  fur- 
rows. Type  D.  suecicus.  It  is  doubt- 
ful about  this  being  an  American 
genus,  as  the  identifications  have  been 
made  alone  on  the  pygidium. 

?  convexns,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  269,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

?gibberulus,    Billings,    1865,    Pal.    Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  269,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

?rarus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  FOSP.,  vol.  1,  p. 

352,  Calciferous  Gr. 

DOLICHOPTERUS,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  414.  [Ety.  dolichos,  long ;  pteron, 
wing.]  Cephalic,  thoracic,  and  caudal 
portions  similar  to  Eurypterus;  post- 
oral  plate  lyrate  or  cordiform  lyrate; 
central  thoracic  appendage  from  the 
first  thoracic  segment,  strong,  thick, 
and  simple,  in  its  anterior  part;  ante- 
rior feet  composed  of  strong,  thick 
joints,  with  curved  terminal' spines ; 
natatory  organs  having  the  joints  elon- 
gate, the  seventh  and  eighth  little 
dilated,  and  the  terminal  palette  ex- 
tremely developed.  Type  D.  macro- 
chirus. 

macrochirus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
3,  p.  414,  Waterlime  Gr. 

mansfieldi,  Hall,  1877,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  p.  621,  Lower  Coal  Meas. 
ECHINOCARIS,  Whitfield,  1880,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  34. 
[Ety.  echinos,  sea  urchin ;  karis,  shrimp.] 
Carapace  bivalve ;  valves  suboyate, 
united  dorsally  by  a  straight  hinge, 
anterior,  posterior,  and  basal  margins 
rounded ;  surface  marked  by  longitu- 
dinal ridges  or  representative  nodes  or 
ridges;  abdomen  naked,  composed  of 
several  segments  and  a  caudal  plate, 
which  is  produced  into  an  elongated 


FIG.  1002.— Echinocaris  punctata. 

spine,  with  a  lateral  movable  spine  on 
each  side ;  posterior  margin  of  the  ab- 
dominal segments  bearing  spines. 
Type  E.  sublsevis. 

condylepis,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  173,  Chemung  Gr. 

longicauda,  Hall,  1863,  (Ceratiocaris  lon- 
gicauda,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  73,  Genesee  Slate. 

multinodosa,  Whitfield,  1880,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  38,  Erie 
shales. 


546 


CRUSTACEA. 


[ECH.— ELY. 


punctate,  Hall,   1863,  (Ceratiocaris  punc- 
/  tata,)  16th  Rep.  N.   Y.    St.    Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  74,  Ham.  Gr. 

pustuloea,  Whitfleld,  1880,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  sen,  vol.  19,  p.  38,  Erie 
shales. 

socialis,  Beecher,  1884,  Rep.  of  Prog.  Pa. 

Geo.  Sur.  PPP,  p.  10,  Chemung  Gr. 
-  sublsevis,  Whitfield,  1880,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  36,  Erie 
shales. 

whitfieldi,  Clarke,  1885,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  No.  16,  p.  45,  Ham.  Gr. 

wrightana,  Dawson,  1881,  (Equisetides 
wrightanus,)  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 
37,  p.  301,  Portage  Gr. 

ECHINOGNATHUS,  Walcott,  1882,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  213. 
[Ety.  echinos,  sea  urchin;  gnathos,  jaw.] 
Founded  upon  fragments ;  endogna- 
thary  limbs  (one  or  more  pairs)  formed 
of  eight  or  nine  joints,  six  of  which 
carry  long,  backward  curving  spines, 
articulated  to  their  posterior  side ;  ter- 
minal joint  slender,  elongate,  acumi- 
nate; surface  of  body  with  scale-like 
markings.  Type  E.  clevelandi. 

clevelandi,  Walcott,  1882,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  213,  Utica 
Slate  Gr. 

ELLIPSOCEPHALUS,  Zenker,  1833,  Beitrage 
zur  Naturgeschichte  der  Urwelt,  p.  51. 
[Ety.  ellipsis,  ellipse;  kephale,  head.] 
Broadly  ovate;  cephalic  shield  semi- 
circular, depressed,  without  spines; 
glabella  subquadrangular,  rounded  in 
front,  without  transverse  furrows ;  eyes 
oblong,  lunate,  narrow,  projecting  out- 
ward ;  facial  sutures  short,  commencing 
at  the  anterior  margin,  in  front  of  the 
eyes,  and  curving  over  them  toward  the 
posterior  angles;  thoracic  segments 
twelve,  axis  nearly  as  broad  as  lateral 
lobes;  pygidium  small,  semicircular, 
trilobed.  Type  E.  hoffi. 

?curtus,  Whitfield,  1877,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  58,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  191,  Potsdam  Gr.  Founded  upon  a 
fragment  of  the  cephalic  shield,  and 
the  generic  reference  is  very  doubtful. 
ELLIPTOCEPHALA,  Emmons,  1844,  Taconic 
System,  p.  21.  [Ety.  ellipsis,  ellipse; 
kephale,  head.]  Ovate  ;  cephalic  shield 
lunate,  more  than  twice  as  wide  as  long, 
posterior  angles  produced  in  spines ; 
groove  and  border  on  the  anterior  and 
lateral  margins;  glabella  nearly  equal 
in  width  throughout,  and  marked  with 
three  pairs  of  furrows;  eyes  large, 
elongate,  semilunate,  extending  from 
near  the  base  of  the  shield  more  than 
half  way  to  the  anterior  margin ;  hy- 
postoma  broadly  ovate;  thirteen  or 
fourteen  articulations  in  the  thorax, 
axis  convex,  lateral  lobes  flattened,  last 
segments  directed  backward ;  pygidium 
narrow,  elongated,  axis  acutely  pointed. 
Type  E.  asaphoides.  This  generic  name 
can  stand  in  accordance  with  rule  n  of 


the  British  Association  of  1842,  and  the 
established  laws  of  nomenclature  ad- 
hered to  by  reputable  scientists  since 
that  time,  notwithstanding  it  is  recom- 
mended to  naturalists  in  selecting 
names  to  avoid  such  as  too  closely  ap- 
proximate words  already  adopted.  It 
is  true  the  masculine  form  of  the  word 
was  preoccupied  by  Zenker,  but  the 
same  can  be  said  of  Goniophora  of 
Phillips,  for  Agassiz  had  preceded  him 
in  using  the  word  Goniophorus ;  Schi- 
zodon  was  used  for  a  mammal  before 
King  used  Schizodus  for  a  Lamelli- 
branch ;  Gray  used  Acrophylla  before 
Nicholson  used  Acrophyllum ;  and  we 
might  mention  a  hundred  other  in- 
stances where  generic  names,  differing 
only  in  gender  or  termination,  have 
been  introduced  and  accepted  by  the 
best  naturalists,  and  have  come  into 
such  general  use  as  to  constitute  part 
of  the  nomenclature  of  science.  Ole- 
•nellus  can  not  be  used  to  supplant  El- 
liptocephala  upon  any  ground  of  dis- 
covery, definition,  or  law. 

asaphoides,  Emmons,  1844,  Taconic  Sys- 
tem, p.  21,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  256, 
Up.  Taconic. 

gilberti,  Meek,  1874,  (Olenellus  gilberti,) 
Rep.  Invert.  Foss.,  p.  7,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  44,  Up.  Taconic. 

howelli,  Meek,  1875,  (Olenellus  howelli,) 
Rep.  Invert.  Foss.,  p.  8,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
100th  Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  47,  Up.  Taconic. 

iddingsi , 
Walcott, 
1885,  (Ole- 
nellus id- 
din  gsi,) 
M  o  n  o  g  r. 
U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol. 
8,  p.  28, 
Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

tho  mpsoni, 
Hall,  1859, 
( Olenellus 
t  h  o  m  p  - 
soni,)  12th 
Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist., 

p.  59,   Up.        FIG.  1003.--Elliptocephala 
Taconic.  thompsoni. 

undulostriata,  Hall,  1847,  (Olenus  undu- 
lostriatus,)  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  258, 
Up.  Taconic.  Poorly  defined. 
ELYMOCARIS,  Beecher,  1884,  Rep.  Pa.  Geo. 
Sur.  PPP,  p.  13.  [Ety.  elymos,  pod; 
karis,  shrimp.]  Carapace  bivalve ;  elon- 
gate, longitudinally  subquadrangular, 
dorsal  line  nearly  as  long  as  the  valves ; 
margins  thickened ;  optic  node  near  the 
anterior  end,  behind  which  are  two 
elevations;  two  segments  in  the  ab- 
domen ;  telson  a  short,  broad  spine, 
with  two  lateral  spines,  crenulated  on 


EMB. — EUP.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


547 


the  inner    margins  for  fimbria.     Type 
E.  siliqua. 
capsella,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

181,  Ham.  Gr. 
siliqua,  Beecher,  1884,  Rep.  Pa.  Geo.  Sur. 

PPP,  p.  13,  Chemung  Gr. 
Embolamus   rotundatw,   Rominger,  syn.   for 

Bathyuriscus  howelli. 
spinosa,    Rominger,    syn.    for    Olenoides 

spinosus. 

ENCRINURUS,  Emmrich,  1845,  Neues  Jahrb.  f. 
Mineral,  p.  42.  [Ety.  en,  prefix;  krino, 
parted ;  oura,  tail.]  Cephalic  shield 
semielliptical,  tuberculated,  lateral  an- 
gles produced  into  spines  ;  glabella  pyri- 
form,  three  furrows  at  each  side  toward 
the  base;  cheeks  flattened,  triangular; 
eyes  in  the  middle  of  the  cheeks,  ele- 
vated on  foot- stalks;  facial  suture  behind 
the  eye  cuts  the  outer  margin  in  front 
of  the  angles ;  thorax  with  eleven  seg- 
ments ;  pygidium  triangular,  lateral 
lobes  with  about  eight  segments,  de- 
flected, sometimes  pointed ;  axis  nar- 
row, convex,  with  numerous  segmental 
lines.  Type  E.  punctatus. 
deltoideus,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Sur.  Mo., 
p.  198,  Up.  Sil. 

egani,    S.    A.     Miller, 
1880,  Jour.  Gin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p. 
254,  Niagara  Gr. 
elegantulus,     Billings, 
1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,   p.  62,  Anti- 
costi Gr. 
excedrensis,    S  a  ff  o  r  d , 

Not  defined. 
Isevis,  Angelin,  1852, 
(Cryptonymus  Ise- 
vis,) Palseontologia 
Scandinavica,  p.  4, 
Up.  Sil. 

mirus,    Billings,   1865, 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
292,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
multisegmentatus,    Portlock,   1843,    (Am- 
phion  multisegmentatus,)  Rep.  Geo.  of 
Londonderry,  etc.,  Anticosti  Gr. 
nereus,  Hall,  1867, 20th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.    Hist.,    p.    425, 
Niagara  Gr. 
ornatus,  Hall  &  Whit- 
field,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  FIG.   1005.-Encrinu- 
vol.  2,  p.  154,  Niag-    r£fffinl-  CePhalic 
ara  Gr. 

phlyctainpdes,    Green,   1837,    (Calymene 
phlyctainodes,)    Am.    Jour.     Sci.     and 
Arts,  vol.  32,  p.  167,  and  Pal.  N.Y.,vol. 
2,  p.  314,  Niagara  Gr. 
punctatus,  Wahlenberg,  1821,  Nova  Acta 

Soc.  Upsal.,  Anticosti  Gr. 
trentonensis,   Walcott,    1877,  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.     Mus.     Nat.    Hist.,    p.    68,    Tren- 
ton Gr. 

varicostatus,  Walcott,  1877,  31st  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  p.  69,  Trenton  Gr. 
vigilans,  Hall,  1847,  (Ceraurus  vigilans,) 


FIG.    1004.—  Encrinu 
rus  egani. 


Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  245,  Black  Riv.  and 
Trenton  Grs. 

Endymion,  Billings,  1862.     The  name  being 
preoccupied  for  a  genus  of  plants,  the 
author  proposed  Endymionia. 
meeki.  see  Endymionia  meeki. 

ENDYMIONIA,  Billings,  1865, 
Pal.   Foss.,  vol.  1,   pp. 
93,  281.     [Ety. '  proper 
name.]    Cephalic 
shield    semioval,    con- 
vex ;     glabella     ovate, 
convex,     an     elongate 
oval  tubercle  on   each  FlG    1006._Endy. 
side ;  thorax  of  six  or    mionia  meeki. 
seven    segments,    axis 
convex,  side  lobes  flat,  groove  crossing 
them  diagonally;    pygidium    semioval, 
trilobed  and  divided  by  furrows  into 
segments;  distinguished  fromTrinucleus 
by  the  absence  of  a  punctured  border 
on  the  head  shield,  and  from   Ampyx 
by  the  form  of  the  glabella,  which  has 
a  tubercle  on  each  side,  and  is  destitute 
of  a  rostrum.    Type  E.  meeki. 
meeki,  Billings,  1862,  (Endymion  meeki,) 
Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  pp.  93,  281,  Quebec 
Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

Enoploura,  Wetherby,  1878,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  163.  Proposed 
instead  of  Anomalocystites,  upon  the 
ground  that  it  is  a  Crustacean,  instead 
of  a  Cystidean. 

ESTHERIA,  Ruppell,  and  Straus-Durckheim, 
1837,  Mus.  Senckenberg.,  vol.  2,  p. 
119.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Carapace 
valves  oval,  globose,  with  a  definite 
hinge-line,  well  marked  umbones  and 
concentric  ridges,  valves  inequilateral, 
subtrigonal  or  subovate,  umbo  near  an- 
terior end.  Type  E.  dahalacensis.  A 
living  genus,  and  probably  not  Palseo- 
zoic. 

pulex,  Clarke,  1882,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  466,  Ham.  Gr. 

EUPROOPS,  Meek,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol. 
43,  p.  394.  [Ety.  eu,  very ;  pro,  for- 
ward; ops,  eye.]  Cephalo- thoracic 
shield  crescentric,  more  than  twice  as 
wide  as  long,  convex,  lateral  angles 
terminating  in  spines;  posterior  mar- 
gin concave,  from  the  lateral  angles 
two-thirds  of  the  distance  to  the  middle, 
the  central  part  being  straight  or 
slightly  concave ;  the  ocular  ridge  sur- 
rounds a  crown-shaped  or  subquadran- 
gular  area,  occupying  the  central  third 
of  the  shield ;  the  sides  are  slightly 
concave,  in  front  there  is  a  central 
emargination,  and  posteriorly  the  ridge 
is  continued  in  a  spine,  on  each  side, 
directed  back  over  the  abdomen  ;  eyes 
small,  compound,  located  at  the  antero- 
lateral  angles  of  the  crown-shaped  cen- 
tral area ;  mesial  lobe  small,  narrowing 
forward  and  reaching  the  ocular  ridge, 
in  a  linear  carina ;  it  bears  a  tubercle  on 
the  posterior  part;  abdomen  trans- 
versely subelliptical,  mesial  lobe  nar- 


-548 


CRUSTACEA. 


[EUR. 


row;  lateral  lobes  wide,  flattened  on 
the  margins ;  segments  denned  by  lin- 
ear ridges,  which  are  produced  beyond 
the  flattened  borders  in  curved  mucro- 
nate  spines;  telson  subtrigonal,  gradu- 
ally tapering.  Type  E.  danae. 

•  colletti,  White,  1884,  13th  Rep.  Ind.  Geo. 
Sur.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  172,  Coal  Meas. 

danse,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  (Bellinu- 
rus  danse,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  43,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  395, 
Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1007.— Euproops  dame,     e,  Eyes ;  p,  pits  ; 
*,  node. 

longispina,  Packard,  1885,  Am.  Naturalist, 

vol.  19,  p.  291,  Coal  Meas. 
'EuRYPTEKELLA,  Matthew,  1888,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  60.  [Ety.  diminutive  of 
Eurypterus.]  Minute;  body  ovate  elon- 
gate, obscurely  divided  into  three  re- 
gions, and  faintly  trilobed ;  head  sub- 
triangular,  rounded  at  the  outer  corners, 
emarginate  behind,  seemingly  com- 
posed of  three  anchylosed  segments; 
thorax  subquadrate,  four  segments, 
first  one  with  a  median  ridge ;  abdo- 
men elongately  triangular,  several  seg- 
ments, produced  in  a  long,  flexible  tail ; 
surface  tuberculated.  Type  E.  ornata. 

ornata,  Matthew,  1888,  Trans.   Roy.  Soc. 

Can.,  p.  60,  Lower  Devonian. 
EURYPTERUS,  DeKay,  1.825,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat. 
Hist.  N.Y.,vol.  1,  p.  375.  [Ety.  euros, 
breadth ;  pteron,  wing.]  Body  ovate-lance- 
olate, gradually  attenuate  behind,  termi- 
nating in  a  spiniform  tail ;  carapace  on 
the  upper  side  entire ;  eyes  two  dis- 
tant, sessile,  within  the  margin  of  the 
carapace,  two  simple  oculiform  tuber- 
cles or  cornese  situated  subcentrally ; 
thoracic  and  caudal  portions  composed 
of  thirteen  joints,  the  first  narrow  and 
the  last  prolonged  in  a  triangular 
spine,  with  serrated  edges ;  the  first  two 
articulations  are  anchylosed  on  the  lower 
side,  and  from  the  central  part  a  loco- 
motive appendage  is  directed  backward 
to  the  3d  or  4th  articulation,  terminat- 
ing in  two  slender  processes  ;  mouth 


central,  beneath  the  carapace,  sur- 
rounded by  four  pairs  of  jointed  feet 
and  a  fifth  larger  pair  ;  the  three  anterior 
pairs  are  similar;  several  joints  b^ar  a 
small  articulating  spine  at  the  distal 
extremities,  and  the  terminal  joint 
consists  of  a  spine  ;  the  fourth  pair  is 
longer,  more  slender,  without  spines, 
except  on  the  terminal  joint  ;  the  fifth 
pair  are  natatory,  longer,  more  dilated, 
and  placed  beneath  the  posterior  part 
of  the  carapace,  basal  joints  composed 
of  broad  rhomboidal  plates  covering  the 
posterior  part  of  the  carapace,  over  the 
inner  edges  of  which  there  is  a  longitu- 
dinally ovate  plate,  at  the  anterior  sin- 
uate margin  of  which  is  the  entrance 
to  the  mouth.  Type  E.  remipes. 

beecheri,  Hall,  1884,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.  PPP, 
p.  30,  Chemung  Gr. 

boylei,  Whiteaves,  1884,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  3, 
p.  42,  Guelph  Gr. 

dekayi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
411,  Waterlime  Gr. 

eriensis,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  196,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 


gganteus,  Pohlman,  1882,  Bull.  Buff.  Soc. 

Nat,  Sci.,  vol.  4,   p. 
grandis,    Grote  &  Pitt, 


).  41,  Waterlime  Gr. 
1875,    (Eusarcus 

grandis,)  Bull.    Buff.    Soc.   Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  3,  p.  17,  Waterlime  Gr. 
lacustris,  Harlan,  1834,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc. 

Penn.,  vol.  1,  p.  98,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  407,  Waterlime  Gr. 
lacustris  var.  robustus,   Hall,  1859,   Pal 

N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  410,  Waterlime  Gr. 
mazonensis,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Am. 

Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  46,  p.  21,  and  Geo;  Sur 

111.,  vol.  3,  p.  544,  Coal  Meas. 
micropthalmus,    Hall,    1859,   Pal.   N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  407,  Low.  Ht-ld.  Gr. 
pachychirus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.    Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  412,  Waterlime  Gr. 
pennsylvanicus,    Hall,   1877,    Proc.    Am. 

Phil.  Soc.,  p.  621,  Carboniferous, 
potens,  Hall,  1884,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.  PPP,  p. 

37,  Carboniferous, 
prominens,   Hall,    1884,   Proc.   Am.    Ass. 

Sci.,  vol.  33,  p.  420,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

7,p.l57,Clin- 


ton  Gr. 

pulicaris,Salter, 

1863,      Quar.  /^" 

Jour.    G  e  o  .  (    /•" 

Soc.,  vol.  19,  V 

p.     78,     and 

Acad.    Geol., 

p.    523,    Up. 

Devonian. 
pustu  losus, 

Hall,       1859, 

Pal.    N.     Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  413, 

Waterlime 

Gr  FIG.  1008.—  Eurypterus    rem- 

rpminps    De-     ipes"     Dia8rai11    of    sma11 

Kay?   1826,    s^i"'eu 

Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  p.  375,  and 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  404,  Waterlime  Gr. 


BUS.— HIP.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


549 


scorpicmis,  Grote  &  Pitt,  1875,  (Eusarcus 
scorpionis,)  Bull.  Buff.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  3,  p.  1,  Waterlime  Gr. 
stylus,  Hall,  1884,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa.,  PPP,  p. 

"34,  Low.  Coal  Meas. 

tetragonopthalmus,  Fischer,  1839,  Bull. 
Soc.  Imper.  Nat.  Moscou.,  Water- 
lime  Gr. 

Eusarcus,  Grote  &  Pitt,  1875,  Bull.  Buff.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  1,  syn.  for  Eu- 
rypterus. 

grandis,  see  Eurypterus  grandis. 
scorpimis,  see  Eurypterus  scorpionis. 
FABEHIA,    n.    gen.     [Ety.     proper    name.] 
Minute  crustaceans  inclosed  in  a  shell 
with  openings  on  the  edge  for  the  pro- 
trusion of  the  feet  and  antennae.     They 
are  referred  to  the  Ostracoda,  because 
the  test  is  like  that  of  Leperditia  and 
Beyrichia,  but  they  are  distinguished 
by  being  closed  in  a  single  shell;  they 
are  evidently  globose,  depressed  or  vari- 
able in  form.     Type  F.  anomala. 
anomala,  u.  sp.     Minute,  subcircular  in 
outline,  and  flattened   on  each    side; 
thickness  about  one-fourth  the  diame- 
ter ;  one  edge  somewhat  sharpened ;  a 
Otflk       ^\  ?^  or  °Pen" 

ill      I  1  inS'  a  b  ° u  fc 

eight     times 
Viji      U  as    long  _  as 

\il|f  wide,   exists 

yj       W  on  the  thick- 

er edge  of 
the  shell; 
and  at  less 
than  the  thickness  of  the  shell  distant 
from  the  slit,  there  is  a  circular  open- 
ing on  the  edge  of  the  shell,  and  below 
this  reaching  nearly  to  the  thinner  edge 
of  the  shell,  there  is  a  very  narrow  slit 
that  does  not  seem  to  penetrate  the 
test.  Found  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr.,  in  Butler  County,  Ohio, 
and  now  in  the  collection  of  Charles 
Faber. 

HARPES,  Goldfuss,  1839,  Nova  Acta  Physico 
medica  Academiae  Caesareae  Leopoldino 
Carolines  Naturae  Curiosorum,  vol.  19, 
358.  [Ety.  harpe,  a  hook  or  sickle.] 
phalic  shield  horseshoe-shaped, 
very  convex  cen- 
trally, flatly  ex- 
panded on  the  ex-  / 
ternal  margin,  and  /•' 
posterior  angles  I 
produced  in  long  L 
spines;  glabella  \ 
very  prominent,  ' 
short,  front  sub- 
quadrate,  posterior 
part  contracted,  a 
curved  lateral  fur- 
row on  each  side  FIG-  1010.— Harpes 
separating  two  el- 
liptical lobes  from  the  posterior  half ; 
eyes  small,  near  the  anterior  part  of 
the  glabella;  facial  sutures  from  the 
posterior  angles,  curving  through  the 


FIG.  1009. — Fabei'ia  anomala. 
Three  views,  mag.  odiam. 


p.  3 

Cer 


eyes  and  then  to  the  antero-lateral  mar- 
gins, thoracic  segments  numerous. 
Type  H.  ungula. 

antiquatus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  468,  Chazy  Gr. 

consuetus,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  64,  Anticosti  Gr. 

dentoni,  Billings,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  8,  p.  36,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

e  s  ca  n  abse, 
Hall,  1851, 
Geo.  Lake 
Sup.  Land 
Dist.,  vol.  2, 
p.  211,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

grand,  Bill-) 
ings,  1865, 
Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  326, 
Quebec  Gr. 

ott  a  w  e  n  s  i  s , 
Billings, 
1865,     Pal. 
Foss.    vol.  1  FIG.  1011.— Harpes  ottawensis. 
p.  182*,  Trenton  Gr. 

HARPIDES,  Beyrich,  1846,  Untersuchungen 
Trilobiten  als  Fort.  [Ety.  from  resem- 
blance to  the  genus  Harpes.]  Cephalic 
shield  semicircular, margin  wideand  flat, 
spines  at  posterior  lateral  angles ;  gla- 
bella short,  narrow,  granular  ;  lobe  on 
each  side  at  base;  cheeks  have  radi- 
ating strise ;  eyes  small,  joining  the 
front  end  of  the  glabella  by  a  small 
ridge ;  thorax  with  22  segments,  pleurae 
three  times  as  wide  as  tne  axis.  Type 
H.  rugosus.  Only  fragments  have  been 
referred  to  this  genus  in  America. 

atlanticus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  281,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

concentricus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  282,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

?  desertus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  333,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic, 
HARTTIA,  Walcott,  1884,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 
vol.  2,  p.  283.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Distinguished  from  Conocoryphe  by 
having  a  lobe  or  elevation  in  the  front 
of  the  glabflla,  small  pygidium,  and 
sloping  front  to  the  cheeks  and  frontal 
lobes.  Type  H.  matthewi. 

matthewi,  Hartt,  1868, 
(Conocephalites 
matthewi,)  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  646,  St. 
John  Gr. 

Hausmannia,  Hall,  1888,  FIG.    1012.  —  Hartt  ia 
synonym    for    Dal-     matthewi.  Cephalic 
manites. 
Hernia ypturus,  Green,  syn.  for  Asaphus. 

clintoni,  Vanuxem,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  3d 
Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  79,  Clinton  Gr.  Gen- 
eric relation  not  determined. 

rasoumowski,  syn.  for  Asaphus  expansus. 

HIPPONICHARION,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy. 

Soc.  Can.,  p.  64.     Breadth  nearly  equals 

the  length ;  broadly  semi-elliptical  to- 


550 


CRUSTACEA. 


[HOM.— 


FIG.  1013.— Holorae- 
topus  angellni. 
Head  and  side 
view. 


ward  the   base,  flattened,   crossed    by 
three  symmetrical  ridges;  the  middle 
one  is  inconspicuous.     Type  H.  eos. 
eos,    Matthew,    1885,    Trans.    Roy.    Soc. 
Can.,  p.  64,  St.  John  Gr. 

HOLOMETOPUS,  Angelin, 
1852,  Palfeontologia 
Scandinayica.  [Ety. 
holos,  entire;  metopon, 
space  between  the 
eyes.]  Cephalic  shield 
semicircular;  glabella  long,  narrow, 
convex,  widened  in  front,  separated 
from  cheeks  by  deep  furrows ;  cheeks 
tumid ;  eyes  small,  situated  well  to  the 
posterior;  neck  furrow  distinct;  facial 
sutures  curved  a  little  outward,  in  front 
of  the  eye.  Type  H.  limbatus. 
angelini,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  p.  95, 

Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
HOMALONOTUS,  Konig,  1825,  Icones.  Foss. 
Sectiles,  p.  4.  [Ety.  liomalos,  on  the 
same  level ;  notos,  back.]  Cephalic  shield 
hyperbolic,  anterior  angle  subacute, 
margins  rounded,  surface  convex ;  gla- 
bella subquadrate,  short,  wider  poste- 
riorly, no  furrows;  eyes  opposite  the 


FKJ.  1011— Homalonotus  delphinocephalas. 

central  part  of  the  glabella,  small ; 
facial  suture,  from  the  anterior  angle  to 
the  margin,  following,  the  border  of  the 
margin,  and  curving  like  the  letter  S,  it 
reaches  the  eye,  and  by  a  like  curve 
passes  to  the  posterior  lateral  angle ; 


thoracic  segments  13,  axis  wider  than 
the  lateral  lobes,  which  have  subtrun- 
cate  ends,  with  large  distinct  facets; 
pygidium  hyperbolic  and  terminating 
in  a  spine.  Type  H.  knighti. 

atlas,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  20.  Not 
recognized. 

dawsoni,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  5,  p.  155,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  607, 
Up.  Silurian. 

dekayi,  Green,  1832,  (Dipleura  dekayi,) 
Monograph  Trilobites,  p.  79,  and  Illust. 
Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  25,  Ham.  Gr. 

delphinocephalus,  Green,  1832,  (Trimerus 
delphinocephalus,)  Monograph  of  Trilo- 
bites, p.  82,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p. 
309,  Niagara  Gr. 

giaanteus,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p.  20. 
Not  recognized. 

herculaneus,  Castelnau,  1843,  Syst.  Sil.,  p. 
20.  Not  recognized. 

jacksoni,  Green,  1837,  (Trimerus  jacksoni,) 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  32,  p.  347,  Up.  Sil. 

knighti,  Konig,  1825,  Icones.  Foss.  Sec- 
tiles,  pi.  7,  fig.  85,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

major,  Whitfield,  1885,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  193,  Oriskany  Gr. 

vanuxemi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  352,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
ILL^NURUS,  Hall,  1863, 16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  176.  [Ety.  from  the  genus 
lllsenus;  oura,  tail.]  Body  broadly  ellip- 
tical ;  cephalic  shield  short,  convex, semi- 
elliptical  ;  glabella  subquadrate,  convex, 
smooth,  without  distinct  dorsal  furrow; 
palpebral  lobe  marginal;  cheeks  wide; 
facial  suture  nearly  vertical,  slightly  di- 
verging, anterior  to  the  eye;  movable 
cheeks  wide  and  short;  thoracic  seg- 
ments con  vex,  central  lobe  wide,  lateral 
lobes  narrow,  pygidium  short,  narrow, 
subelliptical,  convex  in  front,  more 
curved  behind.  Type  I.  quadratus. 

convexus,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  66,  and  Geo.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  203,  Low.  Mag.  Gr. 

eurekensis,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  97,  Potsdam  Gr. 

quadratus,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  176,  Potsdam  Gr. 
ILL.ENUS,  Dalman,  1828,  ueber  die  Paleeaden 
oder  die  sogenannten  Trilobiten,  p.  51. 
[Ety.  illaino,  to  look  awry,  to  squint.] 
Cephalic  shield  very  convex  and  like 
one-fourth  of  a  sphere,  with  the  an- 
terior margin  slightly  produced;  gla- 
bella defined  only  as  a  slight  convexity, 
between  subparallel  lines,  on  the  pos- 
terior part  of  the  shield  ;  eyes  semilu- 
nate,  near  the  lateral  margins  smooth  ; 
facial  suture  makes  a  gentle  curve  from 
the  antero-lateral  margin  to  the  eye, 
and  then  to  the  margin  midway  of  the 
lateral  lobes  of  the  thorax;  thoracic 
segments  9  or  ten,  broad ;  pygidium 
much  like  the  cephalic  shield.  Type  I. 
crassicauda. 

ambiguus,  Foerste,  1885,  Bull.  Sci.  Lab. 
Denison  Univ.,  p.  106,  Niagara  Gr. 


ISO.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


551 


americanus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geol.,  vol.  4,  p.  371,  Trenton  Gr. 
angusticollis,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  376,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
arcturus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 

23,  Chazy  and  Black  Riv.  Grs. 
arcuatns,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  FOBS.,  vol.  1, 

p.  279,  Quebec  Gr. 
armatus,  Hall,  1867,  20th   Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  418,  Niagara  Gr. 
barrier^,   Murch.    1839,   Sil.    Syst.     The 

species  formerly  identified  with  this  is 

Illsenus  ioxus. 
bayfieldi,   Billings,    1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  369,  Chazy  Gr. 
clavifrons,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.   and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  379,    Chazy  and  Black 

Riv.  Grs. 
conifrons,  Billings,  1859,  Can.   Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  378,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
conradi,   Billings,   1859,    Can.    Nat.    and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  372,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
consimilis,  Billings,   1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  277,  Quebec  Gr. 
consobrinus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  280,  Quebec  Gr. 
cornigerus,    Hall,   1872,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  186,  Niagara  Gr. 
crassicauda,    Wahlenberg,     1821,    (Ento- 

mostracites  crassicauda,)  Nov.  Act.  Soc. 

Upsal.,  vol.   8,  p.  27,  and   Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  1,  p.  229,  Trenton  and  Galena  Grs. 


Fio.  1015.— Illsenus  globosus.    Two  views. 

cuniculus,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  421.  Niagara  Gr. 
daytonensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1875,  Ohio 

Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  119,  Niagara  Gr. 
fraternus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  276,  Quebec  Gr. 

globosus,  Billings,  1859, 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  367,  Chazy 
Gr. 

graftonensis,     Meek     & 
Worthen,   1869,    Proc. 
Acad.   Nat.  Sci.   Phil, 
and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
6,  p.  508,  Niagara  Gr. 
grandis,    Billings,   1859, 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  380,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr.  and  Mid.  Sil. 
herricki,  Foerste,  1887,  15th  Rep.  Geo.  and 
Nat.  Hist,  of  Minn.,  p.  479,  Trenton  Gr. 
imperator,    Hall,    1861,     Rep.    of   Progr. 
Wis.,  p.   49,   and  20th  Rep.   N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  332,  Niagara  Gr. 
incertus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  332,  Quebec  Gr. 

indeterminatus,  Walcott,  1877,  31st  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  70,  Black 
Riv.  Gr. 


FIG.  1016.— lllffinu 
globosns. 
view. 


insignis,  Hall,  1864,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  331,  Niagara  Gr. 
ioxus,   Hall,    1867,    20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  420,  Niagara  Gr. 
latidorsatus,  Hall,  1847,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 

p.  230,  Trenton  Gr. 
madisonanus,  Whitfield,  1882,  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  307,  Niagara  Gr. 
milleri,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 

vol.  4,  p.  375,  Black   Riv.   and   Tren- 
ton Grs. 
minnesotensis,   Foerste,   1887,  15th  Rep. 

Geo.  and  Nat.  Hist,  of  Minn.,  p.  478, 

Trenton  Gr. 
niagarensis,  Whitfield,  1880,    Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  68,  Niagara  Gr. 
orbicaudatus,  Billings,  1859,  Can.  Nat.  and 

Geo.,  vol.  4,  p.  379,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr,  and 

Mid.  Sil. 
ovatus,  Conrad,  1843,  (Thaleops  ovatus,) 

Proc.   Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.   1,  p. 

332,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  259,  Black 

Riv.  Gr. 
pterocephalus,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep. 

Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  p.  87,  and  Geo.  Wis., 

vol.  4,  p.  309,  Niagara  Gr. 
simulator,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  327,  Quebec  Gr. 


FIG.  1017.— Illseaus  taurus. 

taurus,  Hall,  1861,  Rep.  of  Progr.  Wis. 
Sur.,  p.  49,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p. 
320,  Trenton  and  Galena  Grs. 

trentonensis,  Emmons,  1842,  (Bumastus 
trentonensis,)  Geo.  Rep.  N.  Y.,  p.  390, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  230,  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

tumidifrons,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  278,  Quebec  Gr. 

vindex,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 
179,  Chazy  Gr. 

worthenamis,  syn.  for  Hlsenus  insignis. 
ISOCHILINA,  Jones,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  197.  [Ety.  isos,  equal; 
cheilos,  lip.]  Equivalve,  the  margins  of 
the  valves  meeting  uniformly,  not  over- 
lapping, as  in  Leperditia  greatest  con- 
vexity central  or  toward  the  anterior 
end,  eye  tubercle  present;  muscular 
spot  not  distinct,  externally.  Type  I. 
Ottawa. 


552 


CRUSTACEA. 


[ISO. — LEP. 


FIG.   1018.-Isochi- 
lina  joiiesi. 


armata,  Walcott,  1883,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  213,  Trenton  Gr. 

cylindrica.     Hall,    1852, 
(Cytherinacylindrica,) 
Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   2,  p. 
14,  Medina  Gr. 
gracilis,      Jones,      1858, 
Can.  Org.    Rem.  Dec- 
ade  3,    p.   98,     Black 
Riv.  and  Trenton  Grs. 
.    jonesi,  Wetherby,  1881,   Jour.  Cin.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  80,  Trenton  Gr. 
labrosa,  Jones,  1889,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,    6th   ser.,  vol.    3,   p.   383,    Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

Ottawa,  Jones,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  97,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
Isotelus,,  DeKay,  1825.  Annals  Lyceum  Nat. 
Hist.  N.  Y.,  vol.'l,  p.  174.  [Ety.  tsos, 
equal ;  telos,  end.]  A  subgenus  of 
Asaphus. 

canalis,  see  Asaphus  canalis. 
gigas,  see  Asaphus  gigas. 
maximus,  see  Asaphus  megistus. 
megistus,  see  Asaphus  megistus. 
vigilans,  see  Asaphus  vigilans. 
LBAIA,   Jones,  1862,    App.    to   Mon.    Foss. 
Estheria.,  p.  116.    [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Carapace  bivalve;   subquadrate ,    thin, 
horny,  truncated  and   slightly    curved 
behind,  rounded  in  front,  straight  on 
the  dorsal  edge ;  surface  concentrically 
ridged  and    finely    reticulated    in   the 
furrows;  each   valve   crossed   by  one, 
two,    or    three    ridges;   the  first    and 
most  conspicuous  crosses  from  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  umbo  to  the  antero- 
yentral  angle;  the  second,  when  it  ex- 
ists, reaches  the  postero-ventral  angle, 
and    the    third  lies    along  the   dorsal 
margin.    Type  L.  leidyi. 
leidyi,   Lea,    1856,   (Cypricardia    leidyi,) 
Proc.  Acad.    Nat.    Sci.,  vol.  7,  p.  341, 
Coal  Meas. 


FiG.f— 1019.— Leaia'tricarinata.     B  1,  right  valve : 
B  2,  enlarged  ;  B$,  dorsal  view;    c,  left  valve. 

tricarinata,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  541,  Coal  Meas. 
LEPERDITIA,  Rouault,  1851,  Bull.  Soc.  Geo. 
France,  2d  eer.,  t.  8,  p.  377.    [Ety.  lepis, 
scale  ;  dittos,  double.]   Carapace  bivalve, 


inequivalve,  right  valve  larger  than  the 
left,  and  overlapping  the  ventral  border, 
and  to  some  extent  the  anterior  and 
posterior  borders  of  the  left  valve ;  valves 
smooth,  convex,  horny,  oblong,  longer 
than  broad,  bean-shaped,  inequilateral, 
posterior  half  the  broader ;  dorsal 
border  straight;  ventral  border  semi- 
circular. Type  L.  brittanica. 

alta,  Conrad,  1843,  (Cytherina  alta,)  Geo. 
Rep.  3d  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  112,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  373,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

amygdalina,  Jones,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem., 
Decade  3,  p.  97,  Chazy  Gr. 

angulifera,  Whitfield,  1882,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  197,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

anna,  Jones,  1858,  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  96,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

anticostiana,  Jones,  1858,  (L.  canadensis 
var.  anticostiana,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  95,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

arctica,  Jones,  1856,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  17,  p.  87,  Up.  Sil. 

argenta,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  146,  Up.  Taconic. 

billingsi,  Jones,  1881,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  5th  ser.,  vol.  18,  Trenton  Gr. 

bivertex,    Ulrich,    1879,   Jour.    Cin.   Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  11,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
bivia,  White,   1874,  Rep. 
Invert.  Foes.,  p.  11,  and 
Geo.      Sur.    W.    100th 
Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  58,  Que- 
bec Gr. 
byrnesi,    S.      A.    Miller, 

"ia&-  1874,  Cin.   Quar.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  123,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 

ceecigena,  S.  A.  Miller,  1881,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  262,  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

canadensis,      Jones,      1858,  ,--. 

Ann.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  ^ 

vol.  1,  p.  244,    Chazy    to 
Trenton  Gr. 

capax,  Safford.  Not  defined. 

carbonaria,  Hall,  1858,  (Cy- 
there  carbonaria,)  Trans. 
Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  33, 
and  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  FIG.    1021.— Le- 
Hist.,  p.  94,  Warsaw  Gr.      perduia    cse- 

cayuga     Hall      1862,     15th    S^e'and' 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.     magnified. 
Hist.,  p.  83,  Cornif.  Gr. 

concinnula,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  299,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

crepiformis,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  10,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

cylindrica,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  231,  Utica  Slate 
and  Hud.  Riv.  Grs. 

dermatoides,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  192, 
Up.  Taconic. 

ebinina,  Dwight,  1889,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  38,  p.  144,  Up. 
Taconic. 

faba,  Hall,  1876,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  186,  Niagara  Gr. 


<£> 

FIG.  1020.-Leper- 
clitia    byrnesi. 


CRUSTACEA. 


553 


fabulites,  Conrad,  1843,  (Cytherina  fabu- 
lites,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  332, 
Trenton  Gr. 

fonticola,  Hall,  1867,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  428,  Niagara  Gr. 

gibbera,  Jones,  1856,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  17,  p.  90,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

gibbera  var.  scalaris,  see  L.  scalaris. 

gracilis,  see  Isochilina  gracilis. 

hudsonica,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  375,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

jonesi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 
372,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

josephana,  Jones,  1858,  (L.  canadensis 
var.  josephana,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  94,  Black  Riv.  to  Tren- 
ton Gr. 

labrosa,  Jones,  1858,  (L.  canadensis  var. 
labrosa,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3,  p. 
93,  Chazy  Gr. 

louckana,  Jones,  1858,  (L.  canadensis  var. 
louckana,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3,  p. 
93,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

marginata,  Keyserling,  1846,  Wissen- 
schaftliche  Beobachtungen,  etc.,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

minutissima,  Hall,  1871,  24th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  231,  Utica  Slate 
and  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

morgani,  Safford.     Not  defined. 

nana,  Jones,  1858,  (L.  canadensis  var. 
nana,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Decade  3,  p.  92, 
Calciferous  Gr. 

okeni,  Munster,  1830,  (Cythere  okeni,) 
Jahrbuch  fur  Min.,  Geo.  und  Petrif. 
Carboniferous. 

Ottawa,  see  Isochilina,  Ottawa. 

ovata,  Jones,  1858,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  252,  Black 
Riv.  Gr. 

pauquettana,  Jones,  1858,  (L.  canadensis 
var.  pauquettana,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  Dec- 
ade 3,  p.  94,  Black  Riv.  Gr. 

parasitica,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  276,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

parvula,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  376,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

pennsylvanica,  Jones,  1858,  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  251, 
Clinton  Gr. 

punctulifera,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  92,  Ham.  Gr. 

radiata,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  9,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 

rotundata,  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  206,  Devonian. 

scalaris  Jones,  1858,  (L.  gibbera  var.  sca- 
laris,) Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  250,  Waterlime  Gr. 

seneca,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  84,  Ham.  Gr. 

sinuata,  Hall,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  5,  p.  158,  Up.  Silurian. 

spinulifera,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  83,  Up.  Held  Gr. 

sublsevis,  Shumard,  1855,  (Cythere  sub- 
tevis,)  Geo.  Rep.  Mo.,  p.  195,  Low. 
Magnesian  Gr. 


troyensis,  see  Aristozoe  troyensis. 
turgida,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,   vol.  1, 

p.  299,  Quebec  Gr. 
ventralis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  300,  Quebec  Gr. 

unicornis,  Ulrich,  1879,  Jour.  Cin. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  10,  Utica 
Slate  Gr. 

LEPIDILLA,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  62.  [Ety.  lepis,  a  scale.]  Bi- 
valve; hinge-line  straight,  projecting 
from  the  general  contour  of  the  shell ; 
umbo  and  hinge-line  separated  from  the 
valve  by  a  sinus,  behind  which  there  is 
a  foramen.  Type  L.  anomala. 
anomala,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 

Can.,  p.  62,  St.  John  Gr. 
LEPIDITTA,  Matthew,  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.  p.  61.     [Ety.    lepis,  scale;    dittos, 
double.]      Minute,    obliquely  semicir- 
cular, wider  on  the  anterior  half,  hinge 
straight ;  umbones  in  the  middle,  low. 
Type  L.  alata. 
alata,    Matthew,    1885,  Trans.    Roy.   Soc. 

Can.,  p.  61,  St.  John  Gr. 
curta,   Matthew,  1885,    Trans.  Roy.   Soc. 

Can.,  p.  62,  St.  John  Gr. 
LEPIDOCOL  BUS, 
Faber,  1886, 
Jour.      Cin. 
Soc.       Nat, 
Hist.,  vol.9, 
p.  15.   [Ety. 
lepis,   scale ; 
k  o  I  e  o  s  , 
sh  eath.] 
Bodv    elon-  FIG.  1022.— Lepldocoleusjamesi. 
gatef    com-    fe2  diam"    Lebanon  spec' 
posed  of  two 

series  of  thin,  imbricating,  angular  plates, 
interlocking  and  over- 
lapping along  the  basal 
edges ;  plates  small, 
more  or  less  triangular 
in  outline ;  one  side  al- 
ways longer  than  either 
of  the  others ;  one  side 
usually  sigmoidal;  entire 
outer  surface  marked 
with  stria;.  Type  L. 
jamesi. 

jamesi,  Hall  &  Whitfield, 
1875,(Plumulitesjamesi,) 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  106, 
Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 

LICHAS,  Dalrnan,  1826,  Uber 
die  Palseaden  oder  die 
Sogenannten  Trilo- 

biten,  p.  71.      [Ety.  my- 
thological name.]    Body 
subovate,    flat,     granu- 
lated;   cephalic    shield 
somewhat  lunate,  often 
pointed   in    front;    gla- 
bella  large,  convex,   a  furrow  curving 
inward  and  backward  from  the  anterior 
third  on  each  side,   and  cutting  off  or 
partly  inclosing  two  oval  spaces  ;  cheeks 
small ;  eyes  large,   reniform  ;    eye-line 


FIG.  1023.-L,epi- 
docoleus  jaine- 
sl.  Fa  b  e  r  's  . 
Cincin  nati 
specimen. 


554 


CRUSTACEA. 


[we. 


cutting  the  outer  margin  in  front  of  the 
angles ;  thorax  of  ten  segments  ;  pleurae 
flat,  falcate,  each  with  a  furrow  not 
reaching  the  margin ;  pygidium,  side 
lobes  flat,  two  falcate  ribs  on  each  side 
projecting  beyond  the  margin,  each 
with  a  mesial  duplicating  groove,  mid- 
dle lobe,  semielliptical,  pointed.  Type 
L.  laciniatus. 


FIG.  1024.— Lichas  faberi.    Mag.  2  diam. 

armatus, Hall,  1862.  Preoccupied;  changed 

to  L.  eriopis. 
bigsbyi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

364,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

boltoni,  Bigsby,  1825,  (Paradoxides  bol- 
toni,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p. 

365,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  311,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 

boltoni  var.  occidentalis,  Hall,  1863, 
Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  vol.  4,  p.  223,  and 
llth  Rep.  Ind.  Geo.  Sur.,  p.  344,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

breviceps,  Hall,  1863,  Trans.  Alb.  Inst., 
vol.  4,  p.  222,  and  llth  Eep.  Ind.  Geo. 
Sur.,  p.  343,  Niagara  Gr. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  65,  Antic.  Gr. 

cbamplainensis,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  vol.  1,  p.  342,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 

cucullus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  266,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  299,  Trenton  Gr. 

decipiens,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  104,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

draoon.  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 
85,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

emarginatus,  Hall,  1879,  28th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  199,  Niag- 
ara Gr. 

eriopis,  see  Terataspis  eriopis. 


faberi,  n.  sp.  Broadly  elliptical,  granu- 
lated ;  head  somewhat  crescentiform, 
slightly  pointed  in  front,  very  convex, 
posterior  angles  terminating  in  short, 
obtuse  spines ;  glabella  very  convex, 
divided  into  three  lobes;  central  lobe 
contracted  in  the  middle,  widely  ex- 
panded in  front,  and  less  expanded  be- 
hind, and  a  slight  furrow  cuts  off  a 
small  lobe  from  the  postero-lateral 
angles ;  lateral  lobes  reniform  ;  and  an- 
other small  lobe  is  separated  from  the 
posterior  part  of  the  cheeks  by  a 
stronger  furrow-;  eyes  prominent,  reni- 
form, and  directed  backward ;  occipital 
ring  wide ;  axial  lobe  of  thorax  wider 
than  the  lateral  lobes;  pygidium  lacini- 
ate,  axis  with  two  narrow  articulations 
in  front,  and  a  longer  posterior  one 
that  slopes  backward  and  becomes  con- 
fluent with  the  expanded  border ;  lat- 
eral lobes  composed  of  three  expanded 
articulations,  which  terminate  in  acute 
points,  and  are  marked  in  the  central 
part  by  a  groove  for  three-fourths  of 
their  length,  which  is  represented  by  a 
rib  on  the  under  side ;  central  lobe 
grooved  in  like  manner,  and  bifid  at 
the  posterior  extremity.  The  pygid- 
ium will  readily  distinguish  it  from  L. 
trentonensis,  beside  the  broader  axial 
lobe  of  the  thorax  and  somewhat  differ- 
ent cephalic  shield.  Hud.  Riv.  Gr.  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  The  specimen  illus- 
trated is  from  the  collection  of  Charles 
Faber. 


FIG.  1025.— Lichas  faberi.    Large  and  small 
pygidium. 

grandis,  see  Terataspis  grandis. 

gryps,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p.  84, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
harrisi,    S.    A.    Miller,   1878,    Jour.   Cin. 

Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,   vol.   1,  p.   106,  Hud. 

Riv.  Gr. 
hispi-his,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

77,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
hylseus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

81,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
jukesi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  pp. 

282  and  335,  Quebec  Gr. 
minganensis,    Billings,   1865,    Pal.    Foss., 

vol.  1,  p.  181,  Chazy  or  Black  Riv.  Gr. 
nereus,  Hall,  1863,   16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  226,  Niagara  Gr. 
obvius,  Hall,  1868,  20th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  424,  Niagara  Gr. 
ptyonurus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  86,  Niagara  Gr. 
pugnax,  Winchell  &  Marcy,  1865,  Mem. 

Bost.    Soc.    Nat.    Hist,    p.    103,    Niag- 
ara Gr. 


WO. — MEG.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


555. 


FiQ.  1026.— Lichas 
treiitonensis. 


pustulosus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 
p.  366,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

superbus,  Billings, 
1875,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  vol.  7,  p.  239, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 
trentonensis,  Conrad, 
1842,  (Asaphus  tren- 
tonensis,)  Jour. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 
8,  p.  277,  and  Pal. 
N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  235, 
Black  Riv.  and  Tren- 
ton Grs. 

LIOSTRACUS,  Angelin, 
1852,  Palsepntologica 
Scandinavica,  p.  23. 
[Ety.  leiostrakos, 
smooth-shelled.] 
Body  elongate  ;  test  smooth  or  with  mi- 
croscopic punctures;  glabella  elevated, 
furrows  faint;  dorsal  furrow  faint  in 
front;  fixed  cheek  arched  downward 
at  the  sides ;  front 
limb  concave ;  occipi- 
tal ring  aculeate ;  head 
at  the  genal  angle 
rounded;  ends  of  the 
pleurae  of  the  thorax 
rounded;  pygidium 
minute,  having  few 
segments.  Type  L.  ac- 
uleatus. 

aurora,  Hartt,  1868,  (Con- 
ocephalites  aurora, 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  653,  St.  Flo.  1027.-Liostra- 
John  Gr.  cus aculeatus. 

linnarsoni,  Brogger,  1878, 
Paradoxides  skifrene  vid  Krekling,  p. 
47,  St.  John  Gr. 

linnarsoni  var.  alata,  Matthew,  1887, 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  147,  St. 
John  Gr. 

neglectus,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocephalites 
neglectus,)  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  652,  St.  John 
Gr.  Probably  a  syn.  for  L.  tener. 
ouangondianus,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocepha- 
lites ouangondianus,)  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
648,  St.  John  Gr. 

ouangondianus  var.  gibbus,  Matthew, 
1887,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  140,  St. 
John  Gr. 

ouangondianus  var.  immarginata,  Mat- 
thew, 1887,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  139, 
St.  John  Gr. 

ouangondianus  var.  planus,  Matthew, 
1887,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  140,  St. 
John  Gr. 

quadratus,   Hartt,    1868,   (Conocephalites 
quadratus,)    Acad.    Geol.,    p.    654,   St. 
John  Gr. 
tener,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocephalites  tener,) 

Acad.  Geol.,  p.  652,  St.  John  Gr. 
Lisgocaris,  Clarke,  syn.  for  Spathiocaris. 

lutheri,  see  Spathiocaris  lutheri. 

LONCHOCEPHALUS,  Owen,   1852,  Geo.  Wis., 

Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  575.     [Ety.  longus, 

long ;  kephale,  head.]    Cephalic  shield, 

having  a  wide  frontal  limb ;  posterior 


FIG.  1028.— Lonchoceph- 
alus  cbippewensis. 


angle  of  each  cheek  terminating  in  a 
spine ;  glabella  short,  subquadrate,  or 
truncato-conical,  highly  arched;  two  or 
three  obscure  furrows  on  each  side ; 
base  projected  backward,  in  a  spine  of 
greater  or  less  length,  in  the  median 
line,  over  the  thoracic  segments ;  facial 
sutures  cut  the  anterior  margin  in  front 
of  the  eyes,  and  gently  curve  outward 
and  then  inward  to  the  anterior  angles 
of  the  palpebral  lobes;  thence  curving 
to  the  base  of  the  eyes,  they  are  di- 
rected backward  and  slightly  outward 
to  the  posterior  margin ;  pygidium  sup- 
posed to  be  semilunar,  with  little  or  no 
border,  and  having  four  segments  in 
the  axial  lobe.  Type  L.  chippewensis. 
chippewe  nsis, 
Owen,  1852, 
Geo.  Wis., Iowa, 
and  Minn.,  p. 
576,  Potsdam 
Gr. 

hamulus,  Owen, 
1852,  Geo.  Wis., 
Iowa,  and 
Minn.,  p.  576, 
Potsdam  Gr. 
wisconsinensis,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Wis., 
Iowa,  and  Mirin.,  p.  576,  and  16th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  146,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

LOGANELLUS,  Devine,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  8,  p.  95.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
General  form  ovate ;  cephalic  shield 
lunate ;  glabella  convex,  conical,  two  or 
three  oblique  furrows  on  each  side; 
facial  suture  behind  the  eye  curving 
outward,  and  cutting  the  posterior  mar- 
gin inside  the  angle  and  in  front  of  the 
eye,  curving  outward  to  the  frontal 
margin;  thorax  broad,  side  lobes  flat, 
pleurae  about 
twelve ;  groove 
running  along  the 
middle  nearly  to 
the  extremities ; 
pygidium  with  a 
well-defined  axis, 
side  lobes  de- 
pressed, and  with 
four  to  six  ribs ; 
distinguished  from 
Olenus  by  having 
the  facial  suture 
curved  outward  in 
front  of  the  eye. 
Type  L.  quebecensis.  This  is  one  of 
the  forms  often  referred  to  Conocoryphe 
or  to  Ptychoparia,  but  the  genus  may 
be  worth  preserving. 

quebecensis,  Devine,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  8,  p.  95,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 

MEQALASPIS,  Angelin,  1852,  Palaeontologia 
Scandinavica.  [Ety.  megale,  great ;  aspis, 
shield.]  Body  subelliptical ;  cephalic 
shield  obtusely  pointed  in  front, 
genal  angles  spined;  glabella  convex, 


FIG.  1029.— Longanel- 
lus  quebeceusis. 


556 


CRUSTACEA. 


[MEN. — MES. 


expanded  anteriorly,  no  lateral  fur- 
rows, eyes  large  and  close,  posterior; 
facial  sutures 
commencing 
at  the  ante- 
rior apex  of 
the  shield, 
curving  lat- 
erally, and 
then  con- 
tracting to 
the  eyes  in 
front  and 
making  a  sig- 
moidal  flexure,  cut  the  posterior  mar- 
gin midway  between  the  dorsal  furrows 
and  the  genal  spines ;  pygidium  sub- 
triangular,  outer  margin  bordered,  and 
terminating  in  a  spine.  Type  M. 
limbata. 

belemnura,  White,  1874,  Rep.  Invert. 
Foss.,  p.  11,  and  Geo.  Sur.  W.  100th 
Mer.,  vol.  4,  p.  59,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up. 
Taconic. 


FIG.  1030.— Megalaspis  belem- 
nura.   Pygidium. 


PiG.  1031.— Mesonacis  vermontana. 

MENOCEPHALUS,  Owen,  1852,  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 
Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p.  577.  [Ety.  mcnos, 
strength;  kephale,  head.]  Cephalic 
shield  semicircular,  with  a  narrow  bor- 
der all  around ;  glabella  highly  con- 
vex, hemispherical  or  ovate,  with  a 
broadly  rounded  front,  sometimes  show- 
ing two  inconspicuous  lateral  furrows 


on  each  side ;  cheeks  tumid  ;  eyes  dis- 
tant from  the  middle  of  the  ghibella ; 
facial  suture  cuts  the  front  margin  a 
little  inside  a  line  drawn  lengthwise  of 
the  body  and  through  the  eye,  and  cuts 
the  posterior  margin  a  little  outside 
this  line;  thoracic  segments  six  or 
seven,  axis  convex,  tapering  a  little 
narrower  than  the  side  lobes  ;  pygidium 
semicircular,  axis  and  side  lobes  divided 
by  segmental  furrows.  Type  M.  min- 
nesotensis. 

?globosus,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  301,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  408,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

minnesotensis.  Owen, 
1852,  Geo.  'Sur.  Wis., 
Iowa,  and  Minn.,  p. 
577,  Potsdam  Gr. 

(?)  salteri,  Devine,  1863, 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol. 
8,  p.  210,  and  Pal  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  203,  Up.  Ta-  salteri. 

conic. 

?sedgwicki,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  5,  p.  301,  and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  407,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
MESONACIS,  Walcott,  1885,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  29,  p.  328.  [Ety. 
meson,  middle ;  aids,  point,  spear.] 
Head  and  first  fourteen  segments  like 
Elliptocephala,  and  the  pygidium  and 
ten  posterior  segments  like  Paradox- 
ides.  Type  M.  vermontana. 

vermontana,  Hall,  1859,  (Olenus  vermont- 
anus,)  12th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  60,  Up.  Taconic,  Georgia  Gr. 
MESOTHYRA,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 
Ivi.  [Ety.  mesos,  middle ;  thuris,  small 
door.]  Carapace  subquadrate;  valves 
in  contact  at  the  apices  of  two  broad, 
subtriangular  extensions,  situated  on 
the  dorsal  line  opposite  the  eye  nodes, 
forming  a  broad  and  short  anterior  or 
rostral  cleft,  and  a  long  posterior  cleft ; 
test  broadly  infolded  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, thickened  and  produced  into  a 
conspicuous  and  acute  posterior  spine ; 
posterior  margin  incurved  and  produced 
into  a  short  spine  at  the  dorsal  line ; 
surface  with  a  single  strong  carina  on 
each  valve ;  abdomen  consisting  of  two 
somites,  of  which  the  posterior  is  the 
longer;  post-abdomen  with  a  broad 
caudal  plate,  which  is  produced  into  a 
relatively  short  telson ;  lateral  spines 
long  and  setaceous.  Type  M.  oceani. 

belli,  Woodward,  1870,  (Dithyrocaris 
belli,)  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  8,  p.  106,  Mid. 
Devonian. 

neptuni,  Hall,  1863,  (Dithyrocaris  nep- 
tuni,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  75,  Ham.  Gr. 

oceani,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 
187,  Portage  Gr. 

spunuea,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 
193,  Ham.  Gr. 

veneris,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 
193,  Ham.  Gr. 


CRUSTACEA. 


557 


MICRODISCUS,  Emmons,  1856,  Am.  Geol.,  p. 
116.  [Ely.  mikros,  small;  diskos,  quoit.] 
Subelliptical ;  cephalic  shield  semicir- 
cular ;  glabella  narrow,  convex,  rounded 
in  front,  more  or  less  pointed  behind, 
without  furrows  or  occipital  groove; 
cheeks  more  or  less  convex,  no  eyes  or 
trace  of  sutures ;  thorax  with  four  ar- 
ticulations, axis  narrow,  convex,  lateral 
lobes  wider,  depressed;  pygidium 
shorter  than  the  cephalic  shield,  sub- 
trigonal  or  rounded  posteriorly,  tri- 
lobed,  axis  divided  into  four  or  six  seg- 
ments, and  having  a  border.  Type  M. 
quadricostatus. 

connexus,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  194,  Up. 
Taconic. 
dawsoni,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geo.,  p.  654, 

St.  John  Gr. 
lobatus,   Hall,   1847,   (Agnostus  lobatus,) 

Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p.  258,  Up.  Taconic. 
meeki,  Ford,    1876,    Am.  Jour.    Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  11,  p.  371,  Up.  Taconic. 
parked,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  No.  30,  p.  157,  Up.  Taconic. 

pulchellus,    Hartt,   1885, 

x^JBtes^  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can., 

/   ffeNv  P-  74,  St.  John  Gr. 

F       ifwi    1*      pulchellus  var.  precursor, 

|FjP          Matthew,  1885,  Trans. 

gs»          Roy.  Soc.    Can.,  p.  75, 

St.  John  Gr. 

quadricostatus,  Emmons, 
1856,  Am.  Geo.,  p.  116, 
Up.  Taconic. 
speciosus,  Ford,  1873, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  6,  p. 
137,  Up.  Taconic. 
NILEUS,  Dalman,  1826,  Uber  die  Palaeaden 
Oder  die  Sogenannten  Trilobiten,  p.  49. 
[Ety.  mythological  name.]  Cephalic 
shield  twice  as  wide  as  long,  convex, 
lateral  angles  broadly  rounded ;  gla- 
bella subquadrate,  undefined  anteriorly, 
no  lateral  furrows,  convex,  sloping  in 
all  directions  from  the  central  part; 
facial  sutures  in  front,  nearly  parallel 
with,  and  almost  reaching,  the  anterior 
margin,  each  forming  a  sigmoid  flexure 
to  the  anterior  part  of  the  eye,  then 
forming  a  semicircular  eye-lobe  from 
the  posterior  angle  of  the  eye,  and  di- 
rected laterally  to  the  posterior  margin 
within  the  broadly  rounded 
angle  of  the  cephalic  shield ; 
eyes  very  large,  lunate,  with 
many  lenses ;  eight  thoracic 
segments,  indistinctly  trilo- 
bate, axial  lobe  the  broader ; 
pygidium  twice  as  wide  as 
long,  not  trilobate,  no  seg- 
ments, broadly  rounded 
posteriorly.  Type  N.  ar- 
madillo. 

affiuis,    Billings,    1865,    Pal. 
Foss.,   vol.  1,    p.   275,   Quebec   Gr.    or 
Up.  Taconic. 


FIG.  1033.— Micro- 
discus  quadri- 
costatus. Mag- 
nified 5  diam. 


macrops,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  273,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 

scrutator,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  274,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
Nolhozoe,  Barrande,  Whitfield  referred  some 
ovate    bodies   found    in    the   Potsdam 
sandstone,   without    characteristics,  to 
this  genus,  under  the  name  of  Nothozoe 
vermoutana.    See  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  1884,  vol.  1,  p.  144. 
Nuttainia,  syn.  for  Trinucleus. 

concentrica,  see   Trinucleus  concentricus. 

sparsa,  syn.  for  Homalonotus  dekayi. 
Oduntocephalus,  Conrad,  1840,  Am.  Geo.  Rep. 
N.  Y.     Not  properly  defined. 

selenwm,  see  Dalmanites  selenurus. 
Odontochile,  syn.  for  Dalmanites. 
OGYGIA,  Brongniart,  1822,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust. 
Foss.,  p.  28.  [Ety.  mythological  name.] 
Flat  or  slightly  convex ;  cephalic  shield 
semicircular ;  glabella  wider  in  front, 
with  three  lateral  furrows  on  each  side ; 
eyes  large,  lunate,  affixed  centrally  near 
the  glabella,  facial  suture  marginal  in 
front,  curving  like  the  letter  S,  and 
terminating  posteriorly  midway  be- 
tween the  outer  angle  of  the  cephalic 
shield  and  thoracic  axis;  thorax  with 
narrow  axis,  pointed  pleura;, 'grooved, 
obscure,  and  remote  fulcrum;  eight 
segments;  pygidium  many  segments, 
sides  with  radiating  furrows,  the  inter- 
stices of  which  are  divided  by  half  rays. 
Type  O.  guettardi. 

klotzi,  Rominger,  1887,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  12,  Potsdam  Gr. 

parabola,  Hall  &  Whitfield,   syn.  for  Ba- 
thyuriscus  productus. 

problematica,     Walcott,     1885,    Monogr. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  63,  Potsdam  Gr. 

serrata,    Rominger,    gyn.     for    Olenoides 
nevadensis. 

producta,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  see  Bathyu- 
riscus  productus. 

spinosa,  see  Olenoides  spinosus. 

vetusta  see  Asaphus  vetustus. 
Olenellus,  Hall,  1862, 15th  Rep.  N.Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  86,  syn.  for  Elliptocephala. 

asaphoides,  see  Elliptocephala  asaphoides. 

gilberti,  see  Elliptocephala  gilberti. 

howelli,  see  Elliptocephala  howelli. 

iddingsi,  see  Elliptocephala  iddingsi. 

vermontanus,  Hall,    1859,    see    Mesonacis 

vermontana. 

OLENOIDES,  Meek,  1877,  Geol.  Expl.  40th 
Par.,  vol.  4,  p.  25.  [Ety.  Olenus,  and 
oides  form.]  Ovate,  head  large,  semi- 
circular ;  glabella  straight  or  slightly 
expanded  in  front;  three  pairs  of  fur- 
rows;  eyes  elongate;  facial  sutures  ex- 
tend obliquely  outward  from  the  an- 
terior base  of  the  eyes  and  cut  the 
frontal  margin ;  posteriorly  they  cut  the 
margin  at  the  pleural  angle,  and  run 
subparallel  to  the  margin  to  the  pos- 
terior end  of  the  eye ;  thorax  with  eight 
or  more  segments  ;  axis  strong,  pleural 
groove  broad,  and  lobes  well  defined; 
pygidium  marked  transversely  on  the 


558 


CRUSTACEA. 


[OLE.— PAI,. 


axis,    and    lateral    segments    directed 
backward.    Type  O.  nevadensis. 


PIG.  1035.— Olenoides  typicalis.; 

fordi,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  195,  Up.Taconic. 

hevis,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull. U.S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  187,  Up. 
Taconic. 

nevadensis,  Meek,  1870,  (Para- 
doxides  nevadensis,)  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  62, 
and  Geol.  Expl.  40th  Par., 
vol.  4,  p.  23,  Up.  Taconic. 

quadriceps.  Hall  &  Whitfield, 
1877,  (Dicellocephalus  quad- 
riceps,) Geol.  Expl.  40th  Par., 
vol.  4,  p.  240,  Up.  Taconic. 

spinosus,  Walcott,  1885,  (Ogygia  spinosa,) 
Mon.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  63,  Up. 
Taconic. 

stissingensis,  Dwight,  1889,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  38,  p.  147, 
Up.  Taconic. 

typicalis,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  No.  30,  p.  183,  Up.  Taconic. 

wahsatchensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877, 
(Dicellocephalus  wahsatchensis,)  Geol. 
Expl.  40th  Par.,  vol.  4,  p.  241,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

Oknus,  Dalman,  1826,  Uber  die  Palseaden 
oder  die  sogenannten  Trilobiten,  p.  54. 
Not  an  American  genus. 

f  logani,  see  Loganellus  quebecensis. 

thompsoni,  see  Elliptocephala  thompsoni. 

undulostriatus,  see  Elliptocephala  undu- 
lostriata. 

vermonlana,  see   Mesonacis   vermontana. 

ORYCTOCEPIIALUS,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S. 

Geo.  Sur.  No.  30,  p.  210.     [Ety.  oryktos, 

furrowed  ;  kephale,  head.]    Glabella  ob- 


long, transversely  lobed;  eyes  central, 
narrow,  ocular  ridges  connecting  them 
with  the  axial  furrow  about  the  gla- 
hella;  facial  suture  marginal  in  front, 
and  cutting  the  posterior  margin  within 


i. — Oryctocephalus     primus, 
shield. 


Cephalic 


with     segmented 
margin  spinous. 


the  postero-lateral  angles ;  free  cheeks 
spinous;     pygidium 
axis  and  pleural  lobes 
Type  0.  primus, 
primus,  Walcott,  1886, 
Bull.    U.    S.    Geo. 
Sur.  No.  30,  p.  210, 
Up.  Taconic. 
PAL^OCARIS,    Meek     & 
Worthen,         1865, 
Proc.     Acad.     Nat. 
Sci.    Phil.,    p.    48. 
[Ety     palaio,,.    an- 
cient;  fcam,shrimp.] 
Inner     and     outer 
pairs  of  antennae  of  nearly  equal  length' 


H'X 

FiQ.  1038.— Palseocaris  typus.    3  diam. 

the  former  each  bearing  a  well  devel- 
oped accessory  appendage;  peduncles 
of  both  pairs 
shorter  than 
the  flagella ; 
head  about 
as  long  as  the 
first  two  ab- 
dominal seg- 
ments ;  tho- 
racic legs  long 
and  slender, 
anterior  pair 
not  chelate ; 
telson  long, 


FIG.  1039—  Paleeocaris  typus. 
Caudal  part  4  diam. 


tapering,  and 
horizontally 
flattened :  sty- 
lets with  first  joint  very  small,  second 
double,  and  also  flattened  horizontally. 
Type  P.  typus. 

typus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  49,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol  2,  p.  405,  Coal  Meas. 


.— PAR.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


559 


PAL^OCREUSIA,  Clarke,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
7,  p.  210.  [Ety.  palaios,  ancient ;  Creu- 
sia,  a  genus.]  Capitulum  ovate,  patel- 
liform,  surface  conical;  apex  truncated 
by  a  horizontal  plane,  forming  a  large 
central  aperture ;  surface  striated;  basis 
tubuliform,  subcylindrical  or  cup- 
shaped.  Type  P.  devonica. 
devonica,  Clarke,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  210,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

PAL^EOPAL^EMON,  Whitfield,  1880,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  19,  p.  40. 
[Ety. palaios,  ancient;  palsemon,  a  genus.] 
Shrimp-like,  thoracic  carapace  nar- 
rowed, but  not  rostrate  in  front  and 
keeled  on  the  back  and  sides ;  abdo- 
men, six  segments  terminated  by  an 
elongated,  triangular,  and  pointed  tel- 
son  ;  segments  arched;  pleurae  smooth, 
not  lobed  or  expanded,  extremities 
rounded ;  sixth  segment  bearing  cau- 
dal flaps,  one  on  each  side,  composed 
of  five  visible  elements,  the  outer  four 
apparently  anchylosed  to  form  a  trian- 
gular plate  on  each  side  of  the  telson ; 
thoracic  ambulatory  appendages  elon- 
gated, smooth  and  filiform,  except  the 
upper  second  joint,  which  is  laterally 
compressed ;  abdominal  appendages 
short ;  antennae  large  and  strong.  Type 
P.  newberryi. 

newberryi,  Whitfield,  1880,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  Vol.  19,  p.  41,  Erie  shales. 
PARADOXIDES,  Brongniart,  1822,  Hist.  Nat. 
Crust.  Foss.,  p.  31.  [Ety.  paradoxos, 
marvelous,  paradoxical.]  Cephalic 
shield  lunate,  margin  thickened,  not 
reflexed ;  glabella  clavate  or  oval, 
moderately  convex,  enlarged  anteriorly, 
three  curved  furrows  cross  it,  dividing 
it  into  four  parts  ;  fixed  cheeks  tumid ; 
eyes  oblong,  lunate,  distant  and  oppo- 
site the  second  division  of  the  glabella ; 
facial  suture,  cutting  the  margin  in 
front  of  the  eye  and  curving  S-like 
to  the  eye,  and  curving  in  like  manner 
to  the  posterior  mar- 
gin directly  behind 
the  eye ;  movable 
cheek  tumid  and 
prolonged  in  a  spine ; 
thorax  16  to  20; 
segments,  axis  con- 
vex, narrower  than 
the  lateral  lobes,  lat- 
eral lobes  flattened 
and  turned  back- 
ward ;  pygidium  cir- 
cular or  oval ;  axis 
segmented,  short, 
lateral  lobesiflattened 
and  projected  back- 
ward. Type  P.  tes- 

FIG.  1040.— Paradoxides    .  sini> 

bohemicus.  abenacus,       Matthew, 

1885,     Trans.     Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  78,  St.  John  Gr. 
acadicus,    Matthew,    1883,    Trans.    Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  103,  St.  John  Gr. 


acadicus    var.    suricus,    Matthew,    1885, 

Trans.     Roy.    Soc.     Can.,    p.    77,    St. 

John  Gr. 
arcuatus,  Harlan,  1835,  Trans.  Geo.  Soc., 

syn.  for  Triarthrus  becki. 
barberi,  N.  H.  Winchell,  1885,  13th  Ann. 

Rep.  Geo.  Sur.  Minn.,  p.  67,  Potsdam 

Gr.     Not  a  Paradoxides. 
bennetti,  Salter,  1859,    Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 

Soc.,  vol.  15,  p.  552,  Up.  Taconic. 
boltoni,  see  Lichas  boltoni. 


FIG.  1041.— Paradoxides  harlani. 


decorus,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

p.  75,  Up.  Taconic. 
eatoni,  syn.  for  Triarthrus  becki. 
etemnicus,    Matthew,  1883,    Trans.  Roy. 

Soc.  Can.  pp.  92,  271,  St.  John  Gr. 
etemnicus  var.  breviatus,  Matthew,  1883, 

Trans.    Roy.     Soc.     Can.,     p.     99,    St. 

John  Gr. 
etemnicus  var.  malicitus,  Matthew,  Trans. 

Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  101,  St.  John  Gr. 
etemnicus  var.  pontificalis,  Matthew,  1883, 

Trans.    Roy.    Soc.    Can.,    p.     102,    St. 

John  Gr. 
etemnicus  var.  quacoensis,  Matthew,  1883, 

Trans.    Roy.    Soc.     Can.,     p.    102,    St. 

John  Gr. 
etemnicus  var.  suricoides,  Matthew,  1883, 

Trans.    Roy.    Soc.     Can.,     p.    106,   St. 

John  Gr. 
harlani,    Green,     1834,   Am.  Jour.    Sci., 

vol.  25,  p.  336,  Up.  Taconic. 
lamellatus,    Hartt,   1868,    Acad,  Geol.,  p. 

656,  St.  John  Gr. 
lamellatus  var.  loricatus,  Matthew,  1883, 

Trans.    Roy.    Soc.    Can.,    p.    106,     St. 

John  Gr. 
micmac,  Hartt,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  657, 

and  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  vol.  2,  p. 

101,  St.  John  Gr. 


560 


CRUSTACEA. 


[PEL. — PHI. 


nevadensis,  Meek,   see    Olenoides    nevad- 

ensis. 
quadrispinosus,   Emmons,  syn.  for  Bathy- 

notus  holopyga. 

regina,    Matthew,    1887,    Am.    Jour.    Sci. 

and  Arts,  3d   ser.,  vol.  33,  p.  389,  and 

Trans.    Roy.  Soc.    Canada,  p.   115,   St. 

John  Gr. 

tenellus,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2, 

Up.  Taconic. 

thompsoni,  see   Elliptocephala  thompsoni. 
triarthrv.s,    Harlan,    syn.    for    Triarthrus 

becki. 

vermonlana,  see  Mesonacis  verm  on  tana. 
Peltura,     M.     Edwards,     1840,     Hist.    Nat. 
Crust.,    t.    3,   p.    344.    Type   P.    scara- 
baeoides. 

holopyga,  see  Bathynotus,  holopyga. 
PEMPHIGASPIS,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  221.  [Ety.pem- 
phix,  pustule;  aspis,  shield.]  Founded 
upon  part  of  a  shield  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  pygidium  of  a  trilobite ; 
a  narrow,  straight,  annulated  axis  ex- 
tends to  the  margin  posteriorly ;  side 
lobes  wider,  ovate  and  ventricose. 
Type  P.  bullata. 
bulfata,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  211,  Potsdam  Gr. 
PHACOPS,  Emmrich,  1839,  de  Trilobites, 
Dissertatio  Inauguralis,  p.  19.  [Ety. 
phakos,  lens;  ops,  eye.]  Form  compact, 
glabella  inflated  and  expanded  in  front; 
the  two  front  pairs  of  furrows  are  ob- 
scure ;  eyes  large,  numerous  lenses ; 
genal  rounded  ;  pleurae  rounded,  pygid- 
ium moderate,  of  few  (often  coa- 
lesced) segments  with  an  even  border, 
never  produced.  Type  P.  latifrons. 

bufo,  Green,  1832, 
(Calymene  bufo,) 
Monograph  of  Trilo- 
bites, p.  41,  and  Illust. 
Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  8, 
Ham.  Gr. 

bombifrons,  Hall,  1862, 
15th    Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.   Nat.   Hist.,    p. 
67,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cacapona,     Hall,    1862, 
15th  Rep.  N.   Y.  St. 
Mus.    Nat.   Hist.    p. 
68,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

callicfphala,  see  Dalmanites  callicephalus. 
cristata,  Hall,  1862,   15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  67,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
cristata  var.  pipa,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  7,  p.  18,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
hudsonica,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3, 

p.  355,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 
laticaudus,  see  Dalmanites  laticaudus. 
logani,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  353, 

Low.  Held.  Gr. 

nupera,  Hall,  1843,  (Calymene  nupera,) 
Geo.  R«p.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  262,  and 
Illust.  Devon.  FOBS.,  pi.  8,  Che- 
mung  Gr. 

orestes,  Billings,  1860,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  4,  p.  65,  Mid.  Sil. 


FIG.  1042.— Phacops 
bufo. 


rana,  Green,  1832,  (Calymene  bufo  var. 
rana,)  Monograph  of  Trilobites,  p.  42, 
and  Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  7, 
Ham.  Gr. 

trajanus,  Billings,  1863,  Proc.  Port.  Soc. 
Xat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  124,  Low. 
Held.  Gr. 

trisulcata,  Hall,  1843,  (Calymene  (?)  trisul- 
cata,)  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  74, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  300,  Clin- 
ton Gr. 

PH^THONIDBS,  Angelin,  1878,  Palaeonto- 
logia  Scandinavica,  p.  21.  [Ety.  phae- 
thon,  radiant.]  Head  shield  resembling 
Cyphaspis,  the  frontal  area  more  con- 
cave, and  lateral  glabellar  furrows 
stronger  and  generally  duplicate; 
thorax  having  seven  or  more  narrow 
segments ;  axis  wide ;  pygidium  re- 
sembling Proetus,  relatively  large,  8  to 
12  annulations  on  the  axis,  and  8  or  9 
on  the  pleurte;  these  extend  to  the 
margin,  and  are  duplicate  the  entire 
length.  Type  P.  stokesi. 

arenicolus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  134,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

cyclurus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  137,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

denticulatus,  Meek,  1877,  (Proetus  den- 
ticulatus,)  Geol.  Expl.  40th  Par.,  p.  49, 
Devonian. 

gernmams,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  136,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

varicella,   Hall,    1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  135,  Up.  Held  Gr. 

PHILLIPSIA,  Portlock,  1843,  Rep.  Geol.  Lon- 
donderry, p.  305.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Cephalic  shield  sub- 
semicircular,  angles 


on    each    side ; 

large,  reniform,  retic- 
ulated;   thorax    of    9 

segments  having  pleu- 

ral    grooves  and   dis- 
tinct facets ;  pygidium 

semioval,     axis     and 

lateral  lobes  furrowed, 

margin  entire,  smooth. 

Typf  P.  gemmulifera. 
auriculatus,  Hall,    1862, 

(Proetus  auriculatus,)  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  79,  Waverly  Gr. 
bufo,    Meek    &    Worthen,     1870,     Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,   p.  52,  and   Geo.   Sur. 

111.,  vol.  5,  p.  528,  Keokuk  Gr. 
cliftonensis,    Shumard,    1858,    Trans.    St. 

Louis  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.   227,  Coal 

Meas. 
coronata,   Hall,    syn.    for    Cyphaspis    or- 

nata. 
doris,    Hall,   1860,    (Proetus   doris,)  13th 

Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  112, 

Waverly  Gr. 
howi,  Billings,  1863,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geol., 

vol.  8,  p.  209,  Carboniferous. 


PRI.— PRO.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


561 


IG.  1044,-Pliil- 
lipsia   lodien- 


insignis,  Winchell,  1863,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  p.  24,  Burlington  Gr. 
laevis,  see  Cyphaspis  Isevis. 

lodiensis,  Meek,  1875,  Ohio 
Pal,  vol.  2,  p.  323,'  Wa- 
verly  Gr. 

major,  Shumard,  1858, 
Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 
Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  226,  and 
Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p.  238,  Coal 
Meas. 

meramecensis,      Shumard, 
1855,  Geo.  Rep.    Mo.,  p. 
199,    Archimedes     lime- 
stone or  Keokuk  Gr. 
minuscula,    see     Cyphaspis 

minuscula. 
missouriensis,  Shumard,  1858,  Trans.  St. 
St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  225,  Coal 
Meas. 

or>tata,  Hall,  see  Cyphaspis  ornata. 
perannulata,    Shumard,    1858,    Trans.  St. 
Louis   Acad.  Sci.,  vol.   1,   p.  296,    Per- 
mian Gr. 

portlocki.  Meek   &   Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  268,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
III.,  vol.  5,  p.  525,  Keokuk  Gr. 
rockfordensis,  Winchell,  1865,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  p.  133,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
santramonensis,  Meek  &    Worthen,  1865, 
Proc.    Acad.    Nat.     Sci.,    p.    271,    and 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    5,    p.    615,    Coal 
Meas. 

ecitula,   Meek    &   Worthen,    1865,    Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  270,  and  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  5,  p.  612,  Coal  Meas. 
stevensoni.  Meek,   1871,  Reg.  Rep.  Uni- 
versity W.  Va,,  Kask'-iskia  Gr. 
swallovi,    Shumard,  1855,   (Proetus  swal- 
lovi,)    Geo.    Rep.    Mo.,    p.     196,    Wa- 
verly  Gr. 
tennesseensis,    Winchell,    1869,   Geo.    of 

Tenn.,  p.  445,  Waverly  Gr. 
tuberculata,    Meek    &    Worthen,     1870, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  52,   Burling- 
ton Gr. 
vindobonensis,  Hartt,  1868,   Acad.  Geol., 

p.  313,  Carboniferous. 
Piliolites,  Cozzens,  1848.     Not  identified. 
ohioensis,  Cozzens,  1848.     Not  identified, 
but   probably  the  fragment  of  a  Dal- 
manites. 

Platynotm,  syn   for  Lichas. 
boltoni,  see  Lichas  boltoni. 
trentonemis,  see  Lichas  trentonensis. 
Plumulites,  Barrande,  syn.  for  Turrilepas 
devonicus,  see  Turrilepas  devonicus. 
gracillimus,  see  Turrilepas  gracillimus. 
jamesi,  see  Lepidocoleus  jamesi. 
newberryi,  see  Turrilepas  newberryi. 
Prestwichia,  Woodward,    1867,   Quar.  Jour, 
Geo.   Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  23.     Not  known 
in  America. 

erifnsis,  see  Protolimulus  eriensis. 

PHIMITIA,  Jones,  1865,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 

Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  16,    p.    415.     [Ely. 

primitia,  first  of  the  kind.]      Carapace 

minute;    bivalve,    equivalve,    convex 


oblong;  hinge  straight ;  surface  of  each 
valve  impressed,  on  the  dorsal  region 
either  medially  or  toward  the  anterior 
extremity,  with  a  vertical  sulcus, 
variable  in  size.  Type  P.  strangu- 
lata. 

acadica,  Matthew.  1885,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.  p.  66,  St.  John  Gr. 

aequalis,  Jones  &  Hall,  1886,  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  5th  ser.,  vol.  17,  p. 
411,  Low.  Held.  Gr. 

cincinnatiensis,    S.    A.    Miller, 
1875,    (Beyrichia  Cincinnati-        CD 
ensis,)      Gin.     Quar.     Jour.   _, 
Sci.,    vol.    2,    p.    350,    Hud.   fijjjf 
RiV.  Gr.  cincinnati- 

concinna,  Jones,  1858,  (Cytber-       eusis. 
opsis    concinna,)    Ann.    and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  249. 
Black  Riv.  Gr. 

cristata,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  59,  Calcifer- 
ous  Gr. 

gregaria,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  58,  Calcifer- 
ous  Gr. 

logani,  Jones,  1858,  (Beyrichia  logani,) 
Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol. 
1,  p.  244,  Chazy  Gr. 

leperditioides,  Jones,  1858,  (Beyrichia 
logani  var."  leperditioides,)  Can.  Org. 
Rem.,  Decade  3,  p.  91,  Chazy  Gr. 

mundula,  Jones,  1855,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  16,  p.  90,  Low. 
Devonian. 

muta,  Jones,  1865,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  16,  p.  425,  Up. 
Sil. 

reniformis,  Jones,  1858,  (Beyrichia  logani 
var.  reniformis,)  Can.  Org.  Rem.,  De- 
cade 3,  p.  91,  Chazy  Gr. 

rugulifera,  Jones.  1858,  (Beyrichia  rugu- 
lifera,)  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  242,  Niagara  Gr. 

ecaphoides,  Jones,  1889,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  6th  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  377,  Low. 
Devonian.  • 

seeleyi,  Whitfield,  1889,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  60,  Calcifer- 
ous  Gr. 

sigillata,  Jones,  1858,  (Beyricbia  sigil- 
lata,)  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  3d  ser., 
vol.  1,  p.  242,  Niagara  Gr. 
PROETUS,  Steininger,  1830,  Bemerkungen 
uber  die  Versteinerungen  welche  im 
Uebergangs-Gebirge  der  Eifel,  p.  4. 
[Ety.  mythological  name.]  Subellip- 
tical ;  cephalic  shield  semicircular,  mar- 
gin thickened ;  glabella  very  convex, 
parabolic,  rounded  anteriorly,  no  lat- 
eral furrows ;  neck  furrow  well  marked ; 
eyes  prominent,  smooth,  close  to  gla- 
bella ;  facial  suture,  on  a  line  with  the 
eyes  in  front,  curves  gently  backward 
and  reaches  the  posterior  margin, 
within  the  genal  angle ;  thoracic  seg- 
ments 10,  convex,  lateral  lobes,  with 
an  oblique  indentation  ;  pygidium  tri- 


562 


CRUSTACEA. 


PRO.] 


lobed,    segmented,   semicircular;    axis 

very  convex,  short.    Type  P.  cuvieri. 
alaricus,    Billings,     1860, 
Can.     Nat.    and    Geo., 
vol.  5,  p.  68,  Hud.  Riv. 
Gr. 

,  angustifrons,  Hall,    1862, 
15th    Rep.     N.   Y.    St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.  70, 
Schoharie  grit. 
auriculatus,  see  Phillipsia 

auriculatus. 

canaliculatus,  Hall,  1862, 
FIG.  1016 -Proe-         15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
tus  alaricus.  Nat.    Hist.,    p.    73,   Up. 

Held.  Gr. 
clarus,  Hall,   1862,  15th  Rep.  N.   Y.    St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  71,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
conradi,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  69,  and  Illust.  Devon. 

Foss.,  pi.  20,  Schoharie  grit, 
corycoeus,  Conrad,   1842,  (Asaphus  cory- 

cceus,)  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p. 

277,  and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  2,  p.  315,  Ni- 
agara Gr. 
crassimarginatus,  Hall,  1843,    (Calymene 

crassimarginata,)  Geo.  Rep.   4th   Dist. 

N.  Y.,  D.  172,  and  Illust.  Devon.  Foss., 

pi.  20,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
curvimarginatus,   Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  7,  p.  94,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
davenportensis,    Barris,    1879,   Proc.    Dav. 

Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  287,  syn.  for  P. 

prouti. 
delphinulus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  Ill,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
denticulatus,    see    Phaethonides    denticu- 

latus. 

doris,  see  Phillipsia  doris. 
ellipticus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 

Acad.  Nat.  Sci',  p.   267,  and  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  3,  p.  460,  Kinderhook  Gr. 
folliceps,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

101,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
granulatus,  Wetherby,    1881,   Jour.  Gin. 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  81,  Kaskas- 

k>  Gr. 
haldemani,  Hall,  1862,   15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  74,  Ham.  Gr. 
hesione,   Hall.    1862,    15th    Rep.    N.  Y. 

St.    Mus.     Nat.     Hist.,    p.     70,     and 

Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  20,  Schoharie 

grit, 
jejunus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

124,  Ham.  Gr. 
junius,   Billings,   1863,   Proc.    Port.   Soc. 

Nat.     Hist.,    vol.    1,     p.     122,     Low. 

Held.  Gr. 
latimarginatus,  Hall,    1888,   Pal.   N.   Y., 

vol.  7,  p.  97,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
loganensis,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.  Exp.   40th   Par.,    vol.  4,    p.    264, 

Waverly  Gr. 
longicaudus,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  108,  and  Illust. 

Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  20,  Ham.  Gr. 
macrobius,     Billings,     1863,    Proc.   Port. 

Soc.    Nat.    Hist,    vol.  1,  p.    123,  Low. 

Held.  Gr. 


macrocephalus,    Hall,    1862,    15th     Rep. 

N.     Y.    St.    Mus.    Nat.    Hist,    p.    77, 

Ham.  Gr. 
marginalis,  Conrad,  1839,  (Calymene  mar- 

ginalis,)  Ann.  Geo.  Rep.   N.  Y.,  p.  66, 

and  Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  21,  Tully 

limestone, 
microgemma,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

7,  p.  109,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
missouriensis,  Shumard,  1855,  Geo.  Rep. 

Mo.,      p.      110,     Waverly      or     Cho- 

teau    Gr. 
nevadee,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

129,  Low.  Devonian, 
occidens,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  80,  Ham.  Gr. 
ovifrons,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

110,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
parviusculus,  Hall,  1860,  13th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist,  p.   120,   and  24th 

Rep.,  p.  223,  Hud.  Riv.  Gr. 
peroccidens,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 

Geo.  Expl.  40th   Par.,  vol.  4,  p.    262, 

Waverly  Gr. 
phocion,  Billings,  1874, 

Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p. 

63,  Gaspe   limestone 

No.  8,  Devonian, 
planimarginatus,  Meek, 

1871,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  89,  and 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

223,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
protuberans,      Hall, 

1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 

3,  p.  351,  Low.  Held. 

Gr. 
prouti,  Shumard,  1863, 

Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  FIG.  1047.  —  Proetus 

Sci.,    vol.    2,   p.   110,  phocion. 

Ham.  Gr. 
rowii,    Green,    1838,    (Calymene    rowii,) 

Am.   Jour.    Sci.,    vol.   33,   p.    406,   and 

Illust.  Devon.  Foss.,  pi.  21,  Ham.  Gr. 
spurlocki,  Meek,  1872,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d 

ser.,  p.  426,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  161, 

Hud.  Riv.  Gr.    The  young  of  an  Asa- 
phus. 
stenopyge,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  110,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
stokesi,     Murchison,      1839,      (Asaphus 

stokesi,)  Sil.  Syst,  p.  625,  and  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  2,  p.  316,  Niagara  Gr. 
swallovi,  see  Phillipsia  swallovi. 
tumidus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

113,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
verneuili,  Hall,  1861,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 

Mus.  Nat,  Hist.,  p.  73,  and  Illust.  Dev. 

Foss.,  pi.  20,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
PKOTICHNITES,  Owen,  1852,  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 

vol.  8,  p.  214.     [Ety.  protos,  first;  ichnos, 

foot-print;    lithos,    stone.]    It   consists 

of  two  rows  of  tracks  or  depressions, 

several  inches  apart ;  each  row  consists 

of  numerous  irregular  and   subcircular 

depressions,  sometimes  elongated;  be- 
tween the  rows  there  is  frequently  a 

groove,  and  at  other  times,  the  surface 


PRO.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


563 


has  apparently  been   pressed  smooth. 
Type  P.  septemnotatus. 

_;  alternans,  Owen,  1852, 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 
8,  pi.  14,  Potsdam 

latus,  Owen,  1852,  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  8,  pi. 
11,  Potsdam  Gr. 

lineatus,  Owen,  1852, 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 
8,  pi.  13,  Potsdam 
Gr. 

logananus,  Marsh, 
1869,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  2d  ser., 
vol.48,  Potsdam  Gr. 

multinotatus,  Owen, 
1852,  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.  8,  pi.  12,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

octonotatus,  Owen, 
1852,  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 

dam  Gr. 

septemnotatus,  Owen, 
1852,  Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.   8,  pi.   9.  Pots- 
dam Gr. 
,    PROTOBALANUS,      Whit- 

FiG.     1048.  —  Protich-  fl   ,,  -i  Qee  V>  i  vr  v 

nites    septemnota-          field,  1888,  Pal.  N.Y,. 
tus.  vol.  7,  p.  Ixii.    [Ety. 

protos,  first ;  Bala- 
nus,  genus.]  Shell  ovate  about  the 
basis  ;  composed  of  12  plates  of  which 
the  carina  is  largest  and  most  elevated ; 
rostrum  small ;  lateralia  five  on  each 
side  ;  radial  areas  between  the  lateralia 
broad.  Type  P.  hamiltonensis. 
hamiltonensis,  Whitfield,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y., 
vol.  7,  p.  209,  Ham.  Gr. 

PROTOCARIS,  Walcott,  1884,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  2,  p.  283.  [Ety.  protos,  first; 
karis,  shrimp.]  Carapace  without  evi- 
dence of  a  dorsal  suture,  rounded  on 
the  dorsal  line,  and  bent  downward  on 
the  sides ;  no  rostrum ;  body  many 
jointed,  31  segments  extending  out 
from  beneath  the  carapace,  the  last 
segment  broader  than  the  preceding, 
and  terminating  in  two  spines.  Type 
p.  marshi. 

marshi,  Walcott,  1884,  Bull.  U.   S.  Geo. 
Sur.  vol.  2,  p.  283,  Georgia  Gr. 

PROTOLIMULUS,  Packard,  1886,  Mem.  Nat. 
Acad.  Sci.,  p.  150.  [Ety.  protos,  first ; 
Limulus,  a  genus.]  Cephalothorax 
large,  subsemicircular ;  genal  angles  pro- 
duced ;  cephalic  appendages  small ; 
terminal  segments  of  the  posterior  mem- 
bers f oliaceous ;  abdomen  composed  of 
six  (?)  segments,  including  the  large 
caudal  spine.  Type  P.  eriensis. 
eriensis,  Williams,  1885,  (Prestwichia 
eriensis,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  30,  p.  46,  Chemung  Gr. 

PROTOTYPUS,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull,  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  211.  [Ety . protos,  first; 
typus,  type.]  Body  ovate ;  head  broad, 


semicircular;  glabella  large,  sides  par- 
allel, rounded  in  front,  no  furrows; 
frontal  limb  narrow,  in  front  of  the 


FIG.  1049.— Protocaris  marshi. 

glabella  and  bordered ;  fixed  cheeks 
crossed  in  front  of  the  eyes  by  an  ocular 
ridge ;  eyes  large,  reniform ;  occipital 
ring  narrow ;  movable  cheeks  curved 
on  the  outer  margin  and  ^terminating 


FIG.  1050.— Prototypus  hitclicockl. 


in  spines;  facial  suture  passing  very 
little  outward  from  the  eye  to  the  an- 
terior margin,  which  it  cuts  at  nearly 
right  angles ;  behind  the  eye,  it  passes 
obliquely  outward  and  backward,  with 


564 


CRUSTACEA. 


[PTE.— PTY. 


slight  curvature,  to  just  within  the 
cheek  spine;  thorax,  twelve  segments, 
strongly  trilobed ;  pleura  straight, 
broadly  channeled  and  pointed;  pygid- 
ium  small,  semiellipUcal,  and  marked 
by  three  furrows  on  the  small  axis  and 
lateral  areas.  Type  P.  hitchcocki. 

hitchcocki,  Whittield,  1884,  (Angelina 
hitchcocki,)  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  1,  p.  148,  Up.  Taconic. 
PTEROCEPHALIA,  Roemer,  1849,  Texas,  mit 
naturwissench.  Anhang.  Bonn.,  and 
afterward  in  1852,  Kreid  von  Texas,  p. 
92.  [Ety.  pteron,  wing ;  kephale,  head.] 
Cephalic  shield  semicircular,  nearly 
flat;  glabella  less  than  half  the  length 
of  the  head  shield,  with  a  flat,  wing- 
like  projection  in  front;  two  or  three 
furrows  on  each  side ;  neck  furrow  dis- 
tinct ;  facial  sutures  dir.  cted  nearly 
straight  back  from  the  anterior  margin 
to  the  eye,  after  passing  whuh  it  is  di- 
rected at  an  angle  laterally  of  about 
forty- five  degrees  to  the  posterior  mar- 
gin ;  eyes  situate  nearly  opposite  the 
posterior  lobe  of  the  glabella;  pygid- 
ium  subcircular,  margin  flattened  and 
produced  ;  axial  lobe  narrow,  about  ten 
segments.  Type  P.  sanctisabse. 

laticeps,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  (Cono- 
cephalites  laticeps,)  Geo.  Ex  pi.  40th 
Par.,  vol.  4,  p.  221,  Potsdam.  Gr. 

occidens,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  58,  Potsdam  Gr. 

sanctisabse,  Roemer,  1849,  Texas,  mit 
naturwissench.  Anhang.,  and  in  1852, 
Kreid  von  Texas,  p.  92,  Potsdam  Gr. 
PTERYGOTUS,  Atrassiz,  1839,  Murch.  Sil.  Syst., 
p.  605.  [Ety.  pteron,  wing ;  <m.s,  ear.] 
Distinguished  from  P^urypterus  by  hav- 
ing eyes  marginal  instead  of  within  the 


FIG.  1051.— Pterygotus  problematlcus. 

carapace,  twelve  segments  instead  of 
thirteen  in  the  body,  a  bilobate  caudal 
extremity  and  chelate  antennae  at  the 
anterior  part  of  the  carapace.  Type  P. 
problematicus. 


acuticaudatus,  Pohlman,  1882,  Bull.  Buf. 

Soc.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  42,  Waterlime  Gr. 

buffaloensis,    Pohlman,    Bull.    Buf.    Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  17,  Waterlime  Gr. 
cobbi,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p.  417, 

Waterlime  Gr. 

cummingsi,  Grote  &  Pitt,  1875,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  18,  Water- 
lime Gr. 

globicaudatus,  Pohlman,  1882,  Bull.  Buf. 
Soc.    Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,   p.  42,  Water- 
lime  Gr. 
macrophthalmus,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y., 

vol.  3,  p.  418,  Waterlime  Gr. 
osborni,  Hall,  1859,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  3,  p. 

419,  Waterlime  Gr. 

.  quadraticaudatus,  Pohlman,  1882,  Bull. 
Buf.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  4,  p.  43,  Water- 
lime  Gr. 

PTYCHASPIS,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  170.  [Ety.  ptyche, 
fold;  aspis,  shield.]  Cephalic  shield 
broad,  with  wide  depressed  convex 
cheeks;  glabella  cylindrical,  convex, 
transversely  lobed,  prominent  in  front; 
eyes  anterior  to  the  middle ;  facial  suture 
cutting  the  anterior  border  almost  in 
front  of  the  eye,  and  from  below  the 
eye  it  proceeds  obliquely  to  the  base  a 
little  without  the  center  of  the  cheek, 
leaving  the  movable  cheek  near  the  size 
of  the  fixed  cheek;  movable  cheek  sub- 
trapezoidal,  border  thickened,  and  ex- 
tended backward  in  a  spine.  Type  P. 
miniscensis. 

barabuensis,  Winchell,  1864,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  37,  p.  230, 
Potsdam  Gr. 

grauulof-a,  Owen,  1852,  (Dikelocephalus 
granulosu-s)  Geo.Wis.,  Iowa, and  Minn., 
p.  575,  Potsdam  Gr. 

miniscensis,  Owen,  1852,  (Dikelocephalus 
miniscaensis,)    Geo.    Wis.,    Iowa,    and 
Minn.,  p.  574,  Potsdam  Gr. 
minuta,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 
Sur.  Wis.,  p.  55,  and  Geo.  of  Wis.,  vol. 
4,  p.  186,  Potsdam  Gr. 
pustulosa,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877,  U.  S. 
Geo.    Expl.   40th   Par.,   vol.  4,   p.  223, 
Potsdam  Gr. 
sesoslris,  Billings,  1865 
(Dikelocephalus  se- 
sostris),   Pal.   Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  198,  Quebec 
Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
speciosa,  Walcott,  1879, 

32d  Rep.  N.  Y.   St.  FIG.  1052.-Ptychaspi8 
Mus.  Nat.   Hist.,  p.  sesostris. 

131,  Caldferous  Gr. 
striata,  Whitfield,  1878,  Ann.  Rep.  Geo. 

Sur.  Wis.,  p.  55,  Potsdam  Gr. 
PTYCHOPARIA,  Corda,  1847,  Prodrom.  einer 
Monographic  der  bohmischen  Trilo- 
biten,  p.  141.  [Ety.  ptyche,  fold.]  Ce- 
phalic shield  semilunar ;  genal  angle 
spined  or  pointed ;  glabella  narrow  an- 
tetiorly,  elevated ;  furrows  four,  distinct, 
directed  forward ;  facial  sutures  widely 
separated,  extending  and  converging 


REM.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


565 


forward  from  the  eyes,  so  as  to  intersect 
the  anterior  margin  within  a  point 
where  a  line  would  cut  it  if  drawn 
through  each  eye  parallel  with  the  axis 
(Corda's  figure  makes  the  facial  sutures 
cut  the  margin  laterally,  in  a  line  drawn 
at  right  angles  to  the  anterior  end  of 
the  glabella) ;  these  lines  extend  them- 
selves from  the  eyes  to  the  posterior 
margin  by  making  a  double  curve,  and 
cut  the  margin  within  or  near  the  lat- 
eral angles;  fixed  cheek  arched  down- 
ward at  the  sides ;  occipital  ring  spined ; 
thoracic  segments  fourteen ;  ends  of 
pleurae  pointed  or  rounded;  pygidium 
medium  size,  six  or  seven  articulations 
in  the  axis ;  surface  of  test  with  minute 
punctures  or  scattered  tubercles.  Type 
P.  striata. 

affinis,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur., 
p.  54,  Potsdam  Gr. 

anatina,  Hall,  1863,  (Conocephalites  ana- 
tinus,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  158,  Potsdam  Gr. 

(?)  annectans,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  91,  Pogonip  Gr. 

antiquatus,  Salter,  1859,  (Conocephalites 
antiquatus,)  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  15,  p. 
554,  Up.  Taconic. 

arenosa,  Billings,  1861,  (Conocephalites 
arenosus,)  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  15,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

billingsi,  Shumard,  1861,  (Conocephalites 
billingsi,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  vol. 
32,  p.  220,  Potsdam  Gr. 

binodosa,  Hall,  1863,  (Conocephalites  bi- 
nodosa,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  160,  Potsdam  Gr. 

breviceps,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  8.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  49,  Potsdam  Gr. 

calciferus,  Walcott,  1879,  (Conocephalites 
calciferus.)  32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  129,  Calciferous  Gr. 

calymenoides,  Whitfield,  1877,  Geo.  Sur. 
Wis.,  vol.  4,  p.  179,  Potsdam.  Gr. 

clavata,  Walcott,  1877,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  198,  Up.  Taconic. 

cordillerse,  Rominger,  1887,  (Conocepha- 
lites cordillerse,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  12,  Potsdam  Gr. 

depressa,  Shumard,  1861,  (Conocephalites 
depressus,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  32,  p. 
219,  Potsdam  Gr. 

dissimilis,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  51,  Up.  Taconic,  Pros- 
pect Mountain  Gr. 

eryon,  Hall,  1863.  (Conocephalites  eryon,) 
16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p. 
157,  Potsdam  Gr. 

explanata,  Whitfield,  1882,  (Conocepha- 
lites explanatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Wis.,  vol.  4, 
p.  181,  Potsdam  Gr. 

fitchi,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  197,  Up.  Taconic. 

hartti,  Walcott,  1879,  (Conocephalites 
hartti,)  32d  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  130,  Calciferous  Gr. 

housensis,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  201,  Up.  Taconic. 


37 


leeviceps,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  p.  54,  Potsdam  Gr. 

(?)  linnarsoni,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  8,  p.  47,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

minor,  Shumard,  1863,  (Conocephalites 
minor,)  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  vol. 
2,  p.  105,  Potsdam  Gr. 

minuta,  Bradley,  1860,  (Conocephalites 
minutus,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 
30,  p.  242,  Potsdam  Gr. 

nasuta,  Hall,  1863,  (Conocephalites  nasu- 
tus,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  155,  Potsdam  Gr. 

occidentalis,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  S. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  51,  Potsdam  Gr. 

oweni,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  155,  Potsdam  Gr. 

patersoni,  Hall,  1863,  (Conocephalites  pat- 
ersoni,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  159,  Potsdam  Gr. 

pernasuta,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  49,  Potsdam  Gr. 

perseus,  Hall,  1863,  (Conocephalites  per- 
seus,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  153,  Potsdam  Gr. 

piochensis,  Walcott,  1886,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  No.  30,  p.  201,  Up.  Taconic. 

(?)  prospectensis,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  46,  Up.  Ta- 
conic—Prospect  Mountain  Gr. 

(?)  quadrata,  Whitfield,  1880,  (Conoceph- 
alites quadratus,)  Geo.  Sur.  Wis., 
vol.  4,  p.  180,  Potsdam  Gr. 

rogersi,  Walcott,  1884,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  2,  p.  283,  Up.  Taconic. 

shumardi,  Hall,  1863,  (Conocephalites 
shumardi,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  p.  154,  Potsdam  Gr. 

similis,  Walcott,  1884,  Monogr.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  52,  Potsdam  Gr. 

similis  var.  robusta,  Walcott,  1884,  Mon. 
U.  S.  Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  53,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

subcoronata,  Hall  &  Whitfield,  1877, 
(Conocephalites  subcoronatus,)  Geo. 
40th  Par.,  vol.  4,  p.  237,  Up.  Taconic. 

teucer,  Billings,  1861,  (Conocephalites 
teucer,)  Geo.  Vt.,  vol.  2,  p.  951,  Geor- 
gia Gr. 

verrucosa,     Whit- 
field,     1884, 
(Conocephalites 
verrucosu*s,) 
Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  - 
1,   p.    139,  Pots-  FIG- 
dam  Gr. 

winona,  Hall,  1863,  (Conocepbalites  wi- 
nona,)  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.,  p.  161,  Potsdam  Gr. 
zenkeri,  Billings,  1860,  (Conocephalites 
zenkeri,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo.,  vol.  5, 
and  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  398,  Up.  Ta- 
conic. 

REMOPLEURIDES,  Portlock,  1843,  Rep.  Geol. 
Lond.,  p.  254.  [Ety.  remus,  oar ;  pleura, 
rib.]  Cephalic  shield  subcircular  or 
transversely  subelliptical;  glabella  large, 


566 


CRUSTACEA. 


[RHA.— SHU. 


PIG.  1054.  —  Remo- 
pleuridesstriatu- 
lus.  a,  ft,  Hypo- 
stoma. 


convex,  Voval,  narrower  anteriorly 
and  abruptly  bent  down  over  the 
front ;  eyes  large, 
semilunar,  reaching 
the  neck  segment; 
rostral  suture  marked ; 
free  cheeks,  small, 
narrow,  subtriangular, 
and  produced  poste- 
riorly in  spines ;  tho- 
rax with  ten  segments, 
axial  lobe  very  wide, 
and  gradually  taper- 
ing posteriorly;  side 
lobes  narrow,  pleura> 
short,  falcate,  directed 

«/\   A  backward ;    pygidium 

/    1 1          small  and  terminating 
in   two   short  spines. 
Ill  Type  R.  colbi. 

V         affinis,     Billings,     1865, 
j^^u         Pal.  Foss.,  vol.   1,   p. 
jfr  325,  Quebec  Gr. 

canadensis,         Billings, 
1865,  Pal.   Foss.,   vol. 
1,  p.  182,  Chazy  Gr. 
panderi,         Billings, 
1865,  Pal.  Foss.,    vol.   1,   p.   293,   Que- 
bec Gr. 
schlotheimi,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 

1,  p.  294,  Quebec  Gr. 
striatulus,  Walcott,  1875,  Cin.  Quar.  Jour. 

Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  347,  Trenton  Gr. 
Ehabdichinites,  Dawson,  1873,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  20.  A  name 
proposed  for  certain  markings  on  the 
rocks  which  are  not  the  remains  of  or- 
ganisms. 

RHACHURA,  Scudder,  1878,  Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  19,  p.  296.  [Ety. 
rachis,  ridge;  oura,  tail.]  Type  R. 
venosa. 

venosa,  Scudder,  1878,  Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  19,  p.  296,  Coal 
Meas. 

RHINOCARIS,  Clarke,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  Iviii.  [Ety.  rhine,  file ;  karis,  shrimp.] 
Cephalothorax  univalyular,  laterally 
appressed;  outline  as  in  Ceratiocaris ; 
anterior  extremity  produced  into  a 
narrow,  vertically  flattened  prora,  con- 
tinuous with  substance  of  the  carapace ; 
axial  line  with  a  low  ridge ;  abdomen 
composed  of  not  less  than  four  sub- 
cylindrical  somites ;  post-abdomen  bear- 
ing three  spines,  of  which  the  telson  is 
elongate  and  conical,  and  the  cercopods 
flattened.  Type  R.  columbina. 
columbina,  Clarke,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  195,  Ham.  Gr. 
scaphoptera,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 

p.  197,  Ham.  Gr. 

RIBEIRIA,  Sharp,  1853,  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol. 
9,  p.  157.  [Ety.  proper  name.]  Elon- 
gated, laterally  compressed  in  the  form 
of  a  Pholas;  open  at  both  ends  and 
along  the  pedal  margin,  with  a  thick, 
transverse,  internal  plate  near  the  an- 
terior extremity,  behind  which  is  a  cor- 


FiG.   1056.— Rusich- 
nitescarbonarius. 


rugated   boss  for  the  attachment  of  a 
muscle.     Type  R.  pholadiformis. 
calcifera,  Billings,  1865, 
Pal.  Foss.,   vol.   1,  p. 

340,  Calciferous  Gr. 
compressa,       Whitfield, 

1886,  Bull.   Am.  MUS.FIG.  1055._Ribei- 
Nat.     Hist.    vol.     1,       ria  calcifera. 
Birdseye  Gr. 
longiuscula,  Billings.  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1,  p. 

341,  Calciferous  Gr. 
ventricosa,Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  344,  Birdseye  Gr. 

RUSICHNITES,  Dawson, 
1861,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  1,  p.  363. 
Ety.  rusos,  wrinkled ; 
ichnos,  track.]  Sup- 
posed by  the  author 
to  be  the  track  of  a 
Crustacean,  like  the 
Limulus,  and  consist- 
ing of  two  undulated, 
rounded,  contiguous  furrows;  but  the 
type  resembles  a  fucoid  quite  as  much, 
if  not  more,  than  it  does  a  track,  and  if 
related  to  Rusophycus,  which  is  clearly 
a  fucoid,  then  it  should  be  referred  to 
the  vegetable!  kingdom.  Type  R. 
acadicus. 

acadicus,   Dawson,   1861,  Can.   Nat.  and 
Geo.,  vol.  1,  p.  363,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
410,  Coal  Meas. 
carbonarius,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol., 

p.  257,  Carboniferous. 

Salteria,  Walcott,  1884.  The  name  was 
preoccupied,  and  is  a  synonym  for 
Bailiella. 

Sao,  Barrande,  1846,  and  Syst.  Sil.  Boh.,  vol. 
2.  Type  Sao  hirsute,  a  primordial  form 
unknown  in  America. 
?  lamottensis,  Whitfield,  1886,  Bull.  Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  334,  Birds- 
eye  Gr. 

SCHIZODISCUS,  Clarke,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol. 
7,  p.  62.  [Ety.  schiza,  cleft;  diskos, 
quoit.]  Carapace  valves  separable  along 
the  hinge;  outline  circular  or  ovate, 
narrow  posteriorly ;  surface  convex  or 
depressed,  elevated  at  the  beaks,  which 
are  prominent,  slightly  incurved,  and 
situated  anteriorly,  hinge-line  equaling 
in  length  the  greatest  diameter  of  the 
carapace;  edge  parallel,  not  gaping, 
surface  concentrically  wrinkled.  Type 

capsa^larke,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

207,  Ham.  Gr. 

SHUMARDIA,  Billings,  1862,  Pal. 
Foss.,  vol.  1,  p.  92.  [Ety. 
proper  name.]  Cephalic 
shield  semicircular ;  gla- 
bella  convex,  subcylin- 
drical,  no  eyes,  pygidium 
semielliptical,  axis  cylin- 
dro-conical,  ribbed,  side 
lobes  ribbed,  distinguished 
from  Agnostus  by  the  ribs  on 
pygidium.  Type  S.  granulosa. 


SOL.— SPH.] 


CRUSTACEA. 


567 


FIG.  1058.— Solenocaris  strigata. 
Cast  of  interior  of  left  valve. 


glacialis,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 
p.  283,  Up.  Taconic. 

granulosa,  Billings,  1862,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol.  1, 

p.  92,  Quebec  Gr.  or  Up.  Taconic. 
SOLENOCARIS,  Meek,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  355.  [Ety.  solen,  a  genus 
of  shells;  karis,  shrimp.]  Posterior 
end  subtruncated  backward  from  below, 
but  not  sinuous,  as  in  Colpocaris;  ocu- 
lar tubercle  obsolete,  and  no  indica- 
tions of  having  its  valves  anchylosed 
along  the  dorsal  margin.  Type  S.  stri- 
gata. This  name  was  preoccupied  for 
another  crustacean  by  Young,  in  1868, 
in  Proc.  Nat.  Hist.  Glasgow,  vol.  1, 
p.  171. 

stludo  vici, 
W  o  rthen, 
1884,  Bull. 
No.  2,  111. 
St.  Mus. 
Nat,  Hist., 
p.  3,  and 
Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  8,  p.  153,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

strigata,  Meek,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  335,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
321,  Waverly  Gr. 

SOLENOPLEURA,  Angelin,  1852,  Palseonto- 
logia  Suecica,  p.  26.  [Ety.  selene,  moon ; 
pleuron,  side.]  Body  ovate,  test  granu- 
lated or  tuberculous ;  head  wide,  semi- 
circular; glabella  prominent,  furrows 
distinct,  dorsal  furrows  deep  and  con- 
tinuous ;  fixed  cheeks,  elevated  in  the 
middle,  front  limb  convex;  occipital 
ring  bearing  a  tubercle;  genal  angle 
pointed ;  thoracic  segments  fourteen ; 
ends  of  pleurae  bluntly  rounded ;  pygid- 
ium  medium  size,  few  segments.  Type 
S.  canaliculata. 

acadica,  Whiteaves,  1887,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  157,  St.  John  Gr. 

acadica  var.  elongata,  Matthew,  1887, 
Trans.  Roy".  Soc.  Can.,  p.  159,  St. 
John  Gr. 

communis,  Billings,  1874,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
2,  p.  72,  Up.  Taconic. 

formosa,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocephalites 
formosus,)  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  654,  St. 
John  Gr. 

halli,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocephalites  halli,) 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  654,  St.  John  Gr. 

nana,  Ford,  1878,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 
3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p. 
126,  Up.  Taconic. 

orestes,  Hartt,  1868, 
(C  o  n  o  c  e  p  halites 
orestes,)  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  649,  St. 
John  Gr. 

robbi,     Hartt,    1868, 

(  C  o  n  o  c  e  phalites  FIG.  I059.-Soienopleu- 
robbi,)  Acad.  Geol.,  ranana.  Magnified. 
p.  648,  St.  John  Gr. 

thyrsites,  Hartt,  1868,  (Conocephalites 
thyrsites.)  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  653,  St. 
John  Gr. 


tumida,  Walcott,  1887,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  34,  p.  196,  Up.  Taconic. 
SPATHIOCARIS,  Clarke,  1882,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  477.  [Ety. 
spathe,  spathe;  karis,  shrimp.]  Cara- 
pace in  one  piece,  oblong  elliptical, 
convex,  apical  point  near  the  focus  of 
the  ellipse,  from  which  point  a  cleft 
extends  backward,  widening  to  the  mar- 
gin. Type  S.  emersoni. 

emersoni,  Clarke,  1882,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d.  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  478,  Port- 
age Gr. 

lutheri,  Clarke,  1882,  (Lisgocaris  lutheri,) 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol. 
23,  p.  478,  Ham.  Gr. 

SPH^EREXOCHUS,  Beyricb,  1845,  Eubereinige 
Bohm.  Tril.,  p.  21.  [Ety.  tsphaira,  ball ; 
exochos,  prominent.]  Cephalic  shield 
very  convex,  almost  globular;  cheeks 
not  scrobiculate ;  glabella  nearly  spher- 
ical, three  furrows  on  each  side,  two 
upper  obscure,  lower  strong  and  curved 
down  to  the  neck  furrow  ;  eye's  faceted 
minutely ;  facial  suture  ending  on  the 
external  margin  near  the  angles,  in 
front  continuous  and  submarginal ; 
thorax  11  joints;  pygidium  3  segments, 
free  at  their  ends ;  lab  rum  sub  trigonal, 
with  a  marginal  furrow;  no  rostral 
shield.  Type  S.  mirus. 

canadensis,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  64,  Anticosti  Gr. 

mirus,  not  American. 

parwis,  Billings, 
1865,  Pal.  Foss., 
vol.  1,  p.  180, 
Chazy  or  Black 
Riv.  Gr. 

romingeri,  Hall, 
1867,  20th  Rep. 
N.  Y.  St.  Mus. 
Nat,  Hist,  p.  425,  Niagara  Gr. 
SPHJEROCORYPHE,  Angelin,  1852,  Palseonto- 
logia  Scandinavica.  [Ety.  sphaira,  ball ; 
koryphe,  top  of  the  head.]  Cephalic 
shield  convex,  genal  angles  spined ; 
glabella  spheroidal  an- 
teriorly, two  lateral 
furrows;  eyes  promi- 
nent ;  facial  sutures 
cut  the  lateral  mar- 
gins posteriorly ;  tho- 
rax with  ten  segments, 
axial  lobe  narrower 
than  lateral  lobes ; 
pleurae  terminate  in 
short  spines ;  pygid- 
ium composed  of  three 
segments,  anterior  one 
produced  in  two 
spines.  Type  S.  gran- 
ulata. 

robusta,    Walcott,   1875, 

Cin.  Quar  Jour.  Sci.,  ..-. 
vol.  2,  p.  273,  Trenton  coryphe  robusta. 
Gr. 

salteri,  Billings,  1866,  Catal.  Sil.  Foss. 
Antic.,  p.  63,  Anticosti  Gr. 


FIG.  1060.— Sphserexochus 
parvus.  Upper  and  side 
view  of  glabella. 


568 


CRUSTACEA. 


[STR. — TRI. 


STROBILEPIS,  Clarke,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  63.  [Ety.  strobilos,  cone-shaped; 
lepis,  scale.]  Capitulum  composed  of 
four  vertical  ranges  of  plates  having  in 
general  a  trihedral  form,  but  varying 
in  size  and  contour ;  each  plate  articu- 
lated with  or  overlapping  the  next  pre- 
ceding ;  anterior  extremity  terminated 
by  a  large,  circular,  conical  plate ;  plates 
thick  and  ornamented.  Type  S.  spi- 
nigera. 

spinigera,  Clarke,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.7, 
p.  212,  Ham.  Gr. 

STYLONURUS,  Page,  1856,  Geological  Text 
Book,  p.  190.  [Ety.  'stylos,  a  mast  or 
spar;  oura,  tail.]  General  form  like 
Eurypterus,  but  distinguished  by  the 
peculiar  development  of  the  two  pos- 
terior foot  pairs;  these  are  alike,  long, 
thin,  and  consist  of  9  segments,  of 
which  the  two  last  form  a  small  claw ; 
the  posterior  pair  reach  to  the  middle 
of  the  long  posterior  spine.  Type  8. 
powriei. 

excelsior,  Hall,  1884,  36th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  77,  Catskill  Gr. 

SYMPHYSURUS,  Goldf uss,  1843,  Neues  Jahrb.  f . 
Mineral.  [Ety.  symphysis,  growing 
together;  oura,  tail.]  Elliptical;  genal  an- 
gles rounded ;  cephalic  shield  semicircu- 
lar, convex ;  glabella  convex,  subquad- 
rate,  smooth,  no  lateral  furrows ;  eyes 
lunate;  facial  sutures  arching  in  front 
of  the  glabella,  and  cutting  the  posterior 
part  of '  the  cephalic  shield  near  the 
genal  angles;  8  thoracic  segments; 
pygidium  somewhat  semicircular,  no 
segments,  border  flattened.  Type  S. 
laeviceps. 

goldfussi  (?),  Walcott,  1885,  Monogr.  U.  8. 
Geo.  Sur.,  vol.  8,  p.  95,  Trenton  Gr. 
This  species  is  founded  on  a  glabella 
with  fixed  cheeks,  and  probably  it  does 
not  belong  to  this  genus. 

TELEPHTJS,  Barrande,  1852,  Syst.  Sil.  Boh. 
[Ety.  mythological  name.]  Glabella 
strongly  convex,  margined  by  deeply 
impressed  bow-shaped  furrows;  neck 
segment  tumid;  cheeks  subtriangular, 
or  subrcescentiform,  small  posteriorly, 
wider  in  front;  pygidium  small, 
strongly  convex,  hemispherical,  mar- 
gin tumid,  axis  with  three  segments. 
Type  T.  fractus.  Only  recognized  in 
America  by  fragments  of  glabella. 
americanus,  Billings,  1865,  Pal.  Foss.,  vol. 
1,  p.  291,  Quebec  Gr. 

TERATASPIS,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  223.  [Ety.  teras, 
marvel;  aspis,  shield.]  Distinguished 
•  from  Acidaspis,  which  it  resembles  by 
the  prominent  ellipsoidal  frontal  lobe 
of  the  glabella,  posterior  spines  of  the 
lateral  lobes  and  nodes  of  the  occipital 
ring,  and  from  Lichas  by  the  spines  of 
the  pygidium  being  themselves  bearers 
of  lateral  spines.  Type  T.  grandis. 
grandis,  Hall,  1862,  15th  Rep.  N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  82,  and  Illust.  Devon. 


FOBS.,  pi.    17,  (Licl.as   grandis,)   Scho- 
harie  grit. 

eriopis,  Hall,  1863,  (Lichas  eriopis,)  16th 
Rep.  N.  Y.  St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  226, 
and  Illust.   Devon.  Foss.,   pi.   19,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 
Zhaleops,  Conrad,  syn.  for  Illaenus. 

ovata,  see  Illaenus  ovatus. 
TRiRATHRELLA,Hall,  1863, 16th  Rep.N.  Y.  St. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  177.  [Ety.  diminu- 
tive of  Triarthrus.]  Glabella  elongate, 
semioval,  with  the  fixed  cheeks  wide 
and  spreading  in  the  posterior  limb, 
and  very  narrow  in  front,  an  obscure 
indentation  at  the  margin  ;  general  ex- 
pression like  Triarthrus.  Type  T.  auro- 
ralis. 

auroralis,  Hall,  1863,  16th  Rep.  N.  Y. 
St.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  p.  177,  Pots- 
dam Gr. 

TRIRATHRUS,  Green,  1832,  Monograph  of 
Trilobites,  p.  87.  [Ety.  triarthrus,  three- 
jointed.]  Subelliptical ;  cephalic  shield 
somewhat  semicircular  or  sublunate; 
glabella  moderately  convex,  sides 
straight,  rounded  in  front,  deeply  trilo- 
bate on  each  side  by  the  lateral  fur- 
rows, with  a  prominent  occipital  groove 
near  the  base,  and  occipital  ring,  from 
the  center  of  which  a  spine  sometimes 
arises;  eyes  small  and  placed  on  the 
anterio-lateral  margin ;  free  cheeks 
forming  a  narrow  rim ;  thorax  with 
from  13  to  16  articulations;  central 
axis  convex,  wider  than  the  lateral 
lobes ;  pygidium  with  5  to  7  segments 
in  the  axis  and  one  or  two  less  in  the 
lateral  lobes.  Type  T.  becki. 

becki,  Green,  1832,  Mono- 
graph of  Trilobites,  p.  87, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1,  p. 
237,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 

canadensis,  Smith,  1861, 
Can.  Jour.,  vol.  6,  p.  2,75, 
Utica  Slate  Gr. 

fischeri,  see  Atops  fischeri. 

glaber,  Billings,  1859,  Can. 
Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  4,  p. 
382,  and  Can.  Geol.,  p. 
202,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 

spinosus,  Billings,! 857,  Rep. 
of  ProgV.  Geo.  Sur.  Can.,  FlQ    1062-_ Trl. 
p.  340,  and  Can.  Geol.,  p.   artiirus  becki. 
202,  Utica  Slate  Gr. 
Trimerus,  syn.  for  Homalonotus. 

delphinocephalus,  see  Homalonotus  delphi- 
nocephalus. 

jacfaoni,  see  Homalonotus  jacksoni. 
TRINUCLEUS,  Lhwyd,  (or,  as  he  spelt  it, 
Llhwydd,)  1698,  Phil.  Trans.,  vol.  20,  p. 
279.  "[Ety.  trinucleus,  three-kerneled.] 
Cephalic  shield  highly  convex,  a  wide 
border  impressed  with  several  rows  of 
deep  puncta  and  posterior  angles,  ter- 
minating in  spines ;  glabella  pyriform, 
pointed  behind,  no  lateral  furrows; 
cheeks  convex ;  no  eyes  or  facial  su- 
tures; neck  furrow  distinct;  thorax 
with  six  articulations,  axis  narrow, 


TRO.— ZAC.] 


ARACHNIDA. 


569 


FIG.  1063.— Trinu- 
cleus  concetitri- 


convex ;  side  lobes  wide,  flat,  straight, 
pleural  groove  not  reaching  the  margin  ; 
pygidium  subtriangular,  margin  de- 
flected, axis  conical,  about  six  furrows; 
side  lobes  flat,  with  about  the  same 
number  of  furrows.  Type  T.  concen- 
tricus. 

bellulus,  Ulrich,  1878, 
Jour.  Gin.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  99.  The 
young  of  T.  concentri- 
cus. 

concentricus,  Eaton,  1832, 
(Nuttainia  concentrica,) 
Geo.  Text-t&ook,  p.  128, 
and  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  1, 
p.  249,  Trenton  to  Hud. 
Riv.  Gr. 

TROPIDOCARIS,  Beecher,  1884,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  PPP,  p.  15.  [Ely.  tropis,  a  keel ; 
karis,  a  shrimp.]  Carapace  bivalve, 
semiovate  or  semielliptical,  obliquely 
truncated  behind ;  valves  about  twice 
as  long  as  wide,  having  one  or  more 
longitudinal  ridges ;  cephalic  region 
indicated  by  elevations  at  the  anterior 
end ;  optic  node  situate  on  a  ridge ; 
two  segments  of  the  abdomen.  Type 
T.  bicarinata. 
alternata,  Beecher,  1884,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  PPP,  p.  19,  Waverly  Gr. 
bicarinata,  Beecher,  1884,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 

vol.  PPP,  p.  16,  Chemung  Gr. 
interrupts,  Beecher,  1884,  Geo.  Sur.  Pa., 
vol.  PPP,  p.  18,  Chemung  Gr. 


TURRILEPAS,  Woodward,  1865,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  21,  p.  486.  [Ety.  turns, 
tower;  Upas,  scale.]  Elongate,  cone- 
shaped  bodies,  composed  of  from  4  to 
6  vertical  ranges  of  scale-like,  subtri- 
angular plates  covered  with  elevated 
concentric  lines ;  plates  of  middle 
range  convex  and  bearing  a  median 
carina.  Type  T.  wrightana. 

cancellatus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  216,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

devonicus,  Clarke,  1882,  (Plumulites  de- 
vonicus,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol. 
24,  p.  55,  Ham.  Gr. 

flexuosus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7, 
p.  215,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

foliatus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 
218,  Ham.  Gr. 

gracillimus,  Ringueberg,  1888,  (Plumu- 
lites gracillimus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  136,  Niagara  Gr. 

newberryi,  Whitfield,  1882,  (Plumulites 
newberryi,)  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol. 
2.  p.  217,  Portage  Gr. 

nitidulus,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

218,  Ham.  Gr. 

squama,  Hall,  1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.  7,  p. 

217,  Ham.  Gr. 
tener,  Hall,   1888,  Pal.  N.  Y.,  vol.   7,  p. 

219,  Ham.  Gr. 

ZACANTHOIDES,  Walcott,  1888,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  36,  p.  165.  Proposed 
to  receive  Olenoides  leevis,  0.  spino- 
sus,  O.  flagricaudatus,  and  O.  typicalis, 
but  not  defined. 


CLASS  ARACHNIDA. 


THE  animals,  forming  the  class  Arachnida,  include  the  spiders,  scorpions,  and 
many  offensive  parasites  and  microscopic  forms.  They  are  generally  possessed  of 
four  pairs  of  legs  attached  to  the  anterior  division  of  the  body,  but  have  no  an- 
tennae. The  Palseozic  fossils  are  nearly  all  referred  to  an  extinct  order,  Anthraco- 
marti,  but  a  few  are  referred  to  the  living  orders,  Pedipalpi  and  Scorpiones.  The 
Pedipalpi  have  arm-like  prehensile  organs,  terminating  in  a  movable  claw,  annu- 
lated  abdomen,  and  long  flexible  limbs.  They  inhabit  tropical  countries,  and  have 
a  forbidding  aspect.  The  Scorpiones  have  large  palpi  or  arm-like  prehensile  organs, 
terminated  by  a  pair  of  nippers,  and  an  elongated,  tail-like  abdomen,  which  ends  in 
a  sharp  claw ;  and  when  the  animal  is  in  motion,  this  is  carried  over  the  back  in  a 
threatening  manner.  The  poison  glands  are  situated  at  the  base  of  the  claw,  and 
when  the  animal  stings,  a  portion  of  the  venom  is  thrown  into  the  wound.  The 
scorpions  are  inhabitants  of  tropical  countries.  The  Order  Anthracomarti  is  defined 
as  follows :  Body  more  or  less  depressed  ;  cephalothorax  and  abdomen  distinctly 
separable ;  cephalothorax  frequently  made  up  in  large  part  of  pedigerous  segments, 


570 


ARACHNIDA. 


[ANT. — EOS. 


more  or  less  wedge-shaped,  and  visible  above  as  well  as  below,  the  arrangement  of 
which  corresponds  to  that  of  the  coxse.  The  abdomen  forms  a  single  mass,  and  is 
composed  of  a  variable  number  of  visible  segments,  ranging  from  four  to  nine. 
Palpi  not  much  longer  than  the  legs,  simply  terminated. 

ORDER  ANTHRACOMARTI. 

FAMILY  ARCHITARBID.E. — Anthracomartus,  Architarbus,  Geraphrynus. 
FAMILY  ARTHROLYCOSID^:. — Arthrolycosa. 
FAMILY  POLIOCHERIDJE. — Poliochera. 

ORDER  PEDIPALPI. 
FAMILY  GERALINURID^E. — Geralinura. 

ORDER  SCORPIONES. 
FAMILY  EOSCORPIONID.E. — Eoscorpius,  Mazonia. 


ANTHRACOMARTUS,  Karsch,  1882,  Zeitschr. 
deutsch.  geol.  Gesellsch.,  p.  556.  [Ety. 
anthrax,  coal ;  Martos,  proper  name.] 
Cephalothorax  quadrate,  the  front 
square  or  scarcely  convex,  about  half 
the  size  of  the  abdomen ;  coxae  radiat- 
ing from  a  broad  triangular  sternal 
plate,  the  base  of  which  forms  the 
posterior  margin ;  sides  of  body  con- 
stricted so  as  to  show  a  distinct 
though  slight  separation  of  cephalo- 
thorax  and  abdomen  ;  abdomen  orbic- 
ular, composed  of  seven  segments  of 
similar  length  throughout.  Type  A. 
volkelianus. 

pustulatus,    Scudder,    1884,    Proc.    Am. 
Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  p.  13,  Low.  Coal 
Meas. 
trilobitus,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 

Arts  and  Sci.,  p.  13,  Coal  Meas. 
AKCHITARBUS,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  3,  p.  568.    [Ety.-archaios,  ancient; 
tarbos,  object  of  alarm.]   Cephalothorax 
orbicular,   broadly   rounded    in  front, 
much   smaller    than   the 
abdomen,  but  not    sepa- 
rated from  it  by  a  marked 
lateral  constriction ;  coxae 
radiating  from  a  central 
pit ;  abdomen  oval,  com- 
posed of  nine   segments, 
of  which    those    on   the 
basal  half  are  very  much 
shorter  than  the  others, 
and  on    the    dorsal    sur- 
face are  forced  still  more 
closely  together   by   the 
large  post-thoracic  plate ; 
no    abdominal     append- 
ages.   Type  A.  rotundatus. 
rotundatus,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  3,  p.  568,  Coal.  Meas. 


FIG.  1064.— Ar- 
chitarbus ro- 
tundatus. 


ap- 


ARTHROLYCOSA, Harger,  1874,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  7,  p.  219. 
[Ety.  arthron,  a  joint  ; 
lykos,  a  spider.] 
Cephalothorax  orbic- 
ular, twice  as  large 
as  the  abdomen  ; 
Coxee  radiating  from 
a  central  pit;  ab- 
domen oval  much 
narrower  at  the  base 
than  the  cephalo- 
thorax,  with  no  Ion- 
gitudinal  sculptur- 
ing,  and  composed 
of  seven  segments  ;  no  abdominal 
pendages.  Type  A.  antiqua. 
antiqua,  Harger,  1874,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  7,  p.  219,  Coal 
Meas. 

EOSCORPIUS,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci  and  Arts,  2d.  ser.,  vol.  46,  p. 
25,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol  3,  p.  560. 
[Ety.  eos,  dawn;  scorpiils,  a  scorpion.] 
Cephalothorax  quadrangular,  some- 
what wider  behind  than  long  ;  mesial 
and  lateral  furrows  between  which  the 
surface  bears  granules;  mandibles 
stout,  without  teeth  or  serrations  ;  mov- 
able finger  curved  and  sharp  at  the  point  ; 
legs  stout,  divisions  long  ;  abdomen 
twice  as  long  as  as  Cephalothorax  ; 
segments  gradually  increase  in  size  to 
the  sixth,  while  the  seventh  and  last 
is  2J  times  as  long  as  the  sixth,  but 
rapidly  contracts,  and  is  truncated  for 
the  attachment  of  the  tail  ;  the  anterior 
margin  of  each  of  the  first  six  segments 
is  rounded  ;  the  three  tail,  segments 
preserved  are  stout,  oblong,  and  covered 
with  granules;  the  comb-like  organ 
shows  11  or  12  divisions.  Type  E. 
carbonarius. 


GER.— PRO.] 


ARACHNIDA. 


571 


carbonarius,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  46,  p. 
24,  and  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  560, 
Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1066.—  Eoscorpius  carbonarius.  Natural  size; 
a,  body  segment  enlarged  ;  c,  comb  ;  d,  same 
enlarged  ;  TO,  mandibles  ;  p,  pits. 

GERALINURA,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  p.  13.  [Ety.  gems, 
old  ;  linon,  linen  ;  oura,  tail.]  Ce 


o  ;  non,  nen  ;  oura,  ta.  epao- 
thprax  ovate,  the  front  rounded,  one- 
third  as  broad  as  hinder  portion  ;  palpi 
large  and  robust,  with  interior  spines; 
first  two  pairs  of  legs  slender,  the 
hinder  stout  and  broad  ;  abdomen 
composed  of  nine  joints,  the  basal  three 
rather  short,  the  others  subequal  and 
longer.  Type  S.  carbonaria. 
carbonaria,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  p.  13,  Coal  Meas. 
GERAPHRYNUS,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  p.  13.  [Ety.  geras, 
old  ;  Phrynus,  a  genus.]  Cephalothorax 
fusiform,  angulated  in  front,  nearly  as 
large  as  the  abdomen  ;  coxae  radiating 
from  a  median  line  ;  palpi  slenderer 
than  the  legs,  longer  than  the  cephalo- 
thorax,  springing  from  its  extreme  front, 
and  of  uniform  size  throughout  ;  ab- 
domen subfusiform,  composed  of  nine 
segments,  rounded  behind,  with  no 
constriction  at  the  base;  a  large  tri- 
angular post-thoracic  plate,  crowding 
the  middle  of  the  first  five  short  seg- 
ments out  of  a  straight  transverse  line  ; 


readily  distinguished  from  Architarbus 
by  its  produced  and  angulate  cephalo- 
thorax.     Type  G.  carbonarius. 
carbonarius,    Scudder,    1884,    Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  p.  13,  Coal  Meas. 

MAZONIA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  563.  [Ety.  proper  name.] 
Cephalothorax  moderately  convex,  sub- 
quadrangular  ;  anterior  lateral  margins 
rounded,  and  anterior  margin  truncated 
on  each  side  of  a  small  mesial  trian- 
gular projection  ;  mesial  furrow  extends 
forward  from  the  posterior  margin, 
widening  and  deepening  to  the  front, 
where  it  occupies  one-third  of  the 
breadth,  and  is  partly  filled  by  the  oc- 
uliferous  prominence,  which  bears  on 
each  side  a  large  eye ;  eyes  circular, 
convex,  arranged  for  looking  obliquely 
forward,  outward,  and  upward;  seven 
or  eight  abdominal  segments,  the  last 
one  truncated  for  the  tail.  Type  M. 
woodana. 

woodana,  Meek  &  Worthen,   1868,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  563,  Coal  Meas. 

POLIOCHERA,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
Arts  and  Sci.,  p.  13.  [Ety.  polios,  hoary ; 
cheras,  to  be  bereft.]  Cephalothorax 
scarcely  longer  than  broad,  slightly 
narrowing  anteriorly,  the  front  square ; 
coxae  radiating  from  a  median  line ; 
legs  stout,  moderately  long;  abdomen 
full,  at  base  as  broad  as  the  cephalotho- 
rax,  broadening  slightly  behind,  fully 
rounded,  composed  of  four  segments, 
the  first  segment  about  one-third  the 
length  of  the  others,  which  are  equal ; 
no  abdominal  appendages.  Type  P. 
punctulata. 

punctulata,    Scudder,    1884,    Proc.    Am. 
Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  p.  13,  Coal  Meas. 

Proscorpim,  Whitfield,  1885,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  183.  [Ety.  pro,  be- 
fore ;  scorpius,  a  genus.]  Cephalothorax 
with  large  dorsal  eye-lobe ;  eyes  small, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  median  line ; 
lateral  eyes  on  ridges,  as  in  living  scor- 
pions ;  sixth  ventral  segment  of  the 
preabdomen,  counting  from  behind, 
large,  equal  in  length  and  breadth  to 
the  corresponding  dorsal  segment ;  an- 
terior walking  limb  terminating  in  a 
bifid  claw ;  postabdomen  not  reversed 
as  in  living  scorpions.  Type  P.  osborni. 
Good  authorities  say  this  is  merely  an 
Eurypterus,  with  no  affinity  or  resem- 
blance to  a  scorpion.  With  this  view 
the  author  coincides. 
osborni,  Whitfield,  1885,  Bull.  Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  p.  184,  Waterlime  Gr. 
Synonym,  probably,  for  Eurypterus 
remipes. 


572 


MYRIAPODA. 


[ACA  — ARC. 


CLASS  MYRIAPODA. 


THE  animals  composing  the  Class  Myriapoda  are  elongated,  and  composed  of 
numerous  segments,  all  of  which  are  substantially  alike  except  the  first  and  last. 
The  articulations  of  the  body  each  bear  one  or  two  pairs  of  jointed  legs.  The  com- 
mon centipede  and  long-jointed  worms,  with  numerous  legs,  found  in  damp  places 
and  on  trunks  of  trees,  some  of  which  coil  up  when  alarmed,  are  examples.  Only 
a  few  Palaeozoic  fossils  are  referred  to  this  Class,  and  these  belong  to  extinct 
Orders. 

ORDER  ARCHIPOIvYPODA. 


FAMILY  AKCHIULID^;. — Archiulus,  Trichiulus,  Xylobius. 

FAMILY    EUPHOBERID^:. — Acantherpestes,    Amynilespes,    Anthracerpes, 

leticus,  Euphoberia. 
FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Archseoscolex. 


Ei- 


ORDER  PROTOSYNGNATHA. 
FAMILY  PAL^EOCAMPID^. — Palaeocampa. 


ACANTHERPESTES,  Meek  &  Worth  en,  1868, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  559.  [Ety. 
akantha,  a  spine  ;  erpesies,  a  creeper.] 
Spines  bifurcate  at  tip,  and  arranged  in 
dorsal,  pleurodorsal,  and  lateral  rows ; 
segments  three,  or  more  than  three 
times  as  broad  as  long.  Type  A. 
major. 

major,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868.  (Eu- 
phoberia major,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  2d.  ser.,  vol.  46,  p.  26,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  558,  Coal 
Meas. 


FIG.  1068.— Amynile 
wortheni. 


FIG.  1067.— Acantherpestes  major.    Fragment.   »,  spine; 
n,  base  of  spine. 

AMYNILESPES,  Scudder,  1885,  in  Zittel's 
Handbuch  der  Pal.,  p.  729.  [Ety. 
amuno,  to  keep  off;  iluspaomai,  to  crawl.] 
Spines  simple,  arranged  in  dorsolateral 


rows;  segments  four  times  as  broad  as 
long.    Type  A.  wortheni. 
wortheni, 
Scudder, 
1885,  in  Zit- 
tel's  Hand- 
buch   der 
Pal.,  vol.  2, 

&729,  Coal 
eas. 

ANTHRACERPES, 
Meek  & 
Worthen,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  51.  [Ety.  anthrax,  coal; 
erpo,  to  creep,  in  allusion  to  its  car- 
boniferous age  and  probable  hab- 
its.] Founded  upon  an  articulated 
body  of  nineteen  segments  and 
part  of  another.  The  last  seg- 
ment terminates  in  three  or  four 
short,  slender,  hair-like  or  spine- 
like  appendages.  Below  the  mid- 
dle of  each  segment  there  is  a 
small  prominence,  marking  the 
spiracles,  or  breathing  apertures, 
which  pertain  to  the  Myriapoda. 
Type  A.  typus. 

typus,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  51,  and 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  409,  Coal 
Meas. 

ARCHJSOSCOLEX,  Matthew,  1888,  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  59.  [Ety.  archaios, 
ancient ;  skolex,  worm.]  Cylindrical, 
tapering  behind  the  middle,  and  also 
at  the  three  anterior  segments ;   head 
small,    somewhat    conical ;    thorax    of 
three  joints,  increasing  in  width  back- 


ARC.— TRI.] 


MYRIOPODA. 


573 


rows  on  the  back,  spines  spinuliferous; 
ventral  half  of  the  segments  each  bears 
a  pair  of  small  slender-jointed  legs. 
Type  E.  armigera. 


ward,  but  decreasing  in  length ;  limbs  ! 
tapering,  posterior  pair  as  long  as  the 
thorax,  and  larger  and   stronger  than 
those  in  front;  abdomen  of  eleven  vis- 
ible    seg- 
ments, those  .  v\.>J$y 
at    the     an-         , ^.\.^-^>f;>  -;'-[;rp 
terior       end  •>3"^7iTHl\llIlUU)r*llT* 
wider  and  — ^^^> 
those  of  the      B?wf/«TO7irWf  f  I 
middle  long- 
er ;  basal  seg-  FIG.  1071.— Euphoberia  armigera.    Entire  specimen 
ment  has  an 

oblong    scar   near   the  posterior  edge; 
crust  chitonous.    Type  A.  corneus. 
corneus,  Matthew,  1888,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Can.,  p.  59,  Devonian. 

ARCHIULUS,     Scudder, 

1868,    Mem.    Bost. 

Soc.     Nat.     Hist.,  ! 

vol.  2,  p.  231,  and  j 

Acad.     Geol.,     p. 

496.     [Ety.    or-  I 

chaios,        ancient ; 

ioulos,  wood-louse.] 

Segments     entire, 

varying   much    in 

relative  proportions,  but  generally  from 
two  to  three  times  broader  than  long, 


anguilla,  Scudder,  1880,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  177,  Coal  Meas. 
armigera,   Meek  &  Worthen,   1868,    Am. 

Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  46,  p. 

26,  and  Geo.  Sur.   111.,   vol.  3,  p.  556, 

Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1069.  -  Archiulus 
xylobioides.  A  n  t  e- 
rior  part  enlarged. 


furnished  with  only  a  few  papillae,  per- 
haps supporting  spiny  hairs.  Type  A. 
xylobioides. 

xylobioides,  Scudder,  1868,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  236,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  496,  Coal  Meas. 

EILEIICUS,  Scudder,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.  [Ety.  eiktikos,  rolling  one's  self.] 
No  spines,  but  large,  low  tubercles,  se- 
rially arranged ;  segments  few,  less 
than  twice  as  broad  as  long.  Type  E. 
anthracinus. 

anthracinus,  Scudder,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  Coal  Meas. 

EUPHOBERIA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1868,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  46,  p. 
26.  [Ety.  eu,  very ;  phoberos,  formi- 
dable.] Head  semicircular  ;  body  long, 
slender,  very  slightly  tapering,  and 
terminating  abruptly;  segments  sev- 
enty-five or  more  on  the  ventral  side 


FIG.  1070. — Euphoberia  armigera.    Part  of  a  large 
specimen. 

and  half  as  many  on  the  dorsal ;  dorsal 
half  of  the  segments  rounded,  and  each 
supporting  three  or  four  spines,  curved 
slightly  backward,  and  arranged  in 


FIG.  1072.— Euphoberia  armigera.    A,  part  of  an 
individual ;  B,  enlarged  surface  pitting. 

carri,  Scudder,  1880,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  171,  Coal  Meas. 

flabellata,  Scudder,  1880,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  174,  Coal  Meas. 

granosa,  Scudder,  1880,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  168,  Coal  Meas. 

horrida,  Scudder,  1880,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  158,  Coal  Meas. 

major,  see  Acantherpestes  major. 
PAL^OCAMPA,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  52.  [Ety. 
pcdaios,  ancient;  kampe,  a  caterpillar.] 
Head  small;  segments  ten,  similar,  sub- 
equal,  and  each  bearing  a  pair  of  stout 
clumsy  legs,  and  four  bunches  of  cylin- 
drical needles  or  spines ;  bunches  seated 
on  mammillae,  and  arranged  in  dorso- 
pleural  and  lateral  rows,  needles  or 
spines,  exceedingly  slender,  scarcely  ta- 
pering, blunt  at  tip,  and  longitudinally 
serrated.  Type  P.  anthrax. 

anthrax,  Meek  &  Worthen,  1865,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  52,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  410;  Coal  Meas. 
TRICHIULUS,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  290.  [Ety.  trichos, 
hair;  ioulos,  wood-louse.]  Segments  en- 
tire, from  three  to  five  times  broader 
than  long,  closely  covered  with  pa- 
pillse,  arranged  in  definite  series  longi- 
tudinally, and  transversely  supporting 
long,  sweeping  hairs.  Type  T.  villosus. 

ammonitiformis,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  292,  Coal 
Meas. 

nodulosus,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  292,  Coal  Meas. 


574 


INSECTA. 


[XYL. 


villosus,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  291,  Coal  Meas. 
XYLOBIUS,  Dawson,  1860,  Quar.  Jonr.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  16,  p.  268.  [Ety.  xylobius,  liv- 
ing in  wood.]  Body  crustaceous,  cylin- 
drical, elongate,  rolling  spirally ;  seg- 
ments thirty  or  more,  anterior  ones 
smooth,  posterior  ones  furrowed;  legs 
small,  numerous;  labrum  quadrilateral, 
divided  by  notches  or  joints  into  three 
portions;  mandibles  two-jointed,  last 
ovate  and  pointed ;  eyes  ten  or  more  on 
each  side.  Type  X.  sigillarise. 

dawsoni,  Scudder,  1868,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  236,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  496,  Coal  Meas. 


fractus,  Scudder,  1868,   Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,   p.  234,   and   Acad. 

Geol.,  p.  496,  Coal  Mea 
mazonius,         Zittel, 

1885,      Handbuch 

der    Pal.,    p.    730, 

Coal  Meas. 
sigillari^e,     Dawson, 

1860,    Quar.   Jour. 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  16, 

p.  271,  Coal  Meas.  FIG.  1073.  —  Xylobius 
RfiidHpr  siglllariae.  a,  Organ 
M  T5  V  with  palpus,  pertain- 

Mem.    cost,     ing  to  the  mouth,  en- 

Soc.     Nat.     Hist.,     larged. 

vol.  2,  p.  234,  and   Acad.   Geol.,  p.  496, 

Coal  Meas. 


CLASS    INSECTA. 


INSECTS  are  possessed  of  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen.  Three  pairs  of  legs  and 
one  pair  of  antennae  belong  to  them  in  their  perfect  state.  They  are  the  highest 
and  most  complicated  class  of  articulated  animals,  and  abound  almost  everywhere. 
No  living  order,  in  this  class,  is  known  from  the  Palaeozoic  rocks.  Indeed,  the 
fossils  consist  almost  wholly  of  fragments  of  wings  showing  little  else  than  neura- 
tion ;  but  they  have  been  studied  by  Scudder,  until  he  has  classified  them  into  an 
Order  and  Families,  to  the  general  satisfaction  of  entomologists,  and  all  must 
concede  he  has  accomplished  a  very  difficult  task.  The  Order  Palaeodictyoptera, 
which  includes  the  Orthopteroid  and  Hemipteroid  Palaeodictyoptera,  has  been  de- 
fined as  follows :  Body  generally  elongated  ;  mouth  parts  variously  developed  ; 
antennae  filiform ;  thoracic  joints  subequally  developed ;  legs  moderately  large ;  meso 
and  metathoracic  wings  closely  similar,  equally  membranous ;  the  six  principal 
veins  always  developed;  the  marginal  simple,  and  forming  the  costal  border;  the 
mediastinal  generally  simple  or  with  superior  branches  only ;  the  other  veins  usu- 
ally dichotomize ;  stout  and  well  defined  cross  veins  rare ;  membrane  generally 
reticulate ;  wings  in  repose  lying  on  the  abdomen ;  the  anal  area  of  hind  wings, 
though  usually  of  great  distal  extension,  never  plaited,  though  sometimes  broadly 
folded;  abdomen  usually  long  and  slender,  the  last  joint  often  furnished  with  sim- 
ple articulated  appendages. 

ORDER  PAL^ODICTYOPTERA. 

FAMILY  GERARIID^E. — Adiphlebia,  Gerarus,  Megathentomum,  Polyernus. 

FAMILY  HEMERISTID^E. — Chrestotes,  Hemeristia,  Lithentomum. 

FAMILY    HOMOTHETID.E. — Anthracothremma,    Cheliphlebia,     Didymophleps, 

Encaenus,  Genentomum,  Genopteryx,  Gerapompus,  Homothetus. 
FAMILY  MYLACRID^E. — Lithomylacris,  Mylacris,  Necymylacris,  Paromylacris, 

Promylacris. 
FAMILY     PAL^OBLATTINID^S. — Archymylacris,      Etoblattina,      Gerablattina, 

Oryctoblattina,  Petrablattina. 

FAMILY  PAL^OPTERINID^. — Aethophlebia,   Dieconeura,  Miamia,  Propteticus. 
FAMILY  PALJEEPHEMERID.E.—  Ephemerites,  Geraphemera,  Platephemera. 


ADI. — CHR.J 


INSECTA. 


575 


FAMILY  PHTHANOCORID^E.  — Phthanocoris. 

FAMILY  PROTOPHASMID.E. — Haplophlebiura,  Paolia,  Titanophasma. 

FAMILY  XENONEURID.E. — Geroneura,  Xenoneura. 

FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Archegogryllus,  Dyscritus. 

SUPPOSED  INSECT  TRAILS. — Haplotichnus,  Plangtichnus,  Treptichnus. 


ADIPHLEBIA,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  345.  [Ety.  a,  pri- 
vative;  dis,  double;  phlebion,  vein.] 
Body  rather  stout;  wings  rather  broad  ; 
all  the  nervules  simple,  arising  from 
their  stems  near  the  base  of  the  wings  ; 
subparallel  and  longitudinal.  Type 
A.  lacoana. 

lacoana.  Scudder,    1884,  Mem.   Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  345,  Coal  Meas. 

AETHOPHLEBIA,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  338.  [Ety. 
aethes,  strange ;  phleps,  a  vein.]  Inter- 
no-median  vein  terminating  before  the 
middle  of  lower  border,  emitting  a 
single  main  branch,  beyond  its  middle 
which  is  superior,  and  which,  with  me- 
dian fork  of  externo-median  and  larger 
part  of  main  scapular  branch,  form  a 
continuous  adventitious  vein  crossing 


acadicum,  Scudder,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
388,  Coal  Meas. 

parallelling  Scudder,  1879,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  85,  Coal  Meas. 
BLATTINA,  Burmeister,  1838,  Handbuch  der 
Entomologie.  [Ety.  Blatta,  a  cockroach.] 
A  living  genus  of  cockroaches,  raised 
to  the  rank  of  a  family,  and  by  some 
naturalists  to  the  rank  of  an  order,  to 
which  the  name  Dictyoptera  has  been 
applied.  It  is  not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 

bretonensis,  see  Mylacris  bretonense. 

fascigera,  see  Gerablattina  fascigera. 

heeri,  see  Mylacris  heeri. 

sepulta,  see  Petrablattina  sepulta. 

venusta,  see  Etoblattina  venusta. 
CHELIPHLEBIA,  Scudder,  1884,iMem.jBost.Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  328.      [Ety.  chek, 
forked  ;  phlebion,   vein.]      Body  rather 


anthrax,  coal ;  thremma,  reared.]  Body 
stout ;  prothorax  several  times  broader 
than  long;  wings  subequal  and  elon- 
gated ;  scapular  vein  arcuate  and  nearly 
reaching  the  tip;  externo-median  vein 
with  numerous  parallel  branches, 
mostly  simple.  Type  A.  robusta. 
robusta,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  327,  Coal  Meas. 
ARCHEGOGRYLLUS,     Scudder,     1868,      Proc.  j 
Bost.   Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,   vol.   xi,  p.  401.  j 
[Ety.  archeqos,  first  in  time ;    gryllus,  a  | 
cricket.]     Relations  not  clearly  under-  j 
stood.    Type  A.  priscus. 
priscus,    Scudder,  1868,  Proc.   Bost.  Soc. 
Nat  Hist. ,  vol.  11,  p.  401,  and  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  323,  Coal  Meas. 
ARCHIMYLACRIS,  Scudder,  1868,  Acad.  Geol., 
p.  388.     [Ety.  arc/i.6,  beginning  ;    Myla- 
cris, cockroach.]     Mediastinal  area  com- 
paratively   short ; 
scapular  terminat- 
ing below  the  tip, 
and  with  the  ex- 
tern o-median, 
which      is      com- 
paratively   small, 
occupying         less 
than      half       the 

wing;     internomedian    vein  compara- 
tively long.    Type  A.  acadicum. 


1884,   Mem.  Bost.   Soc.Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
3,  p.  328,  Coal  Meas. 

CHRESTOTES,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  3,  p.  567.  [Ety.  chrestotes,  good  of 
its  kind.]  Wings  short,  broad,  well 


FlO.    1074.— Archimyla- 
cris  acadicum. 


Fio.  1076.— Chrestotes  lapidea. 

rounded  ;  vena  scapularis  throws  sev- 
eral branches  downward,  commencing 
before  the  middle  of  the  wing,  and  with 
its  branches  occupies  the  upper  two- 


574 


INSECTA. 


[XYL. 


villosus,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  291,  Coal  Meas. 
XYLOBIUS,  Dawson,  1860,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  16,  p.  268.  [Ety.  xylobius,  liv- 
ing in  wood.]  Body  crustaceous,  cylin- 
drical, elongate,  rolling  spirally ;  seg- 
ments thirty  or  more,  anterior  ones 
smooth,  posterior  ones  furrowed;  legs 
small,  numerous ;  labrum  quadrilateral, 
divided  by  notches  or  joints  into  three 
portions;  mandibles  two-jointed,  last 
ovate  and  pointed ;  eyes  ten  or  more  on 
each  side.  Type  X.  sigillarise. 

dawsoni,  Scudder,  1868,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  2,  p.  236,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  496,  Coal  Meas. 


fractus,  Scudder,  1868,   Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.   2,    p.   234,    and   Acad. 

Geol.,  p.  496,  Coal  Meas. 
mazonius,         Zittel, 

1885,      Handbuch 

der    Pal.,    p.    730, 

Coal  Meas.  TO9~        /   j 

sigillarue,     Dawson,    Kf       a/Mi 

1860,    Quar.   Jour.    ^  iSr» 

Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  16, 

p   271    Coal  Meas  FIG.     1073.  —  Xylobius 
BimiliR,     Scudder,     ^fthDafous  ^n'lhf 

1868,   Mem.    Bost.     S  Whe  mouth,  en"- 

Soc.     Nat.     Hist.,     larged. 

vol.  2,  p.  234,  and   Acad.   Geol.,  p.  496, 

Coal  Meas. 


CLASS    INSECTA. 


INSECTS  are  possessed  of  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen.     Three  pairs  of  legs  and 
one  pair  of  antennae  belong  to  them  in  their  perfect  state.     They  are  the  highest 


ERRATA. 

Fig.  1072  is  Euphoberia  granosa. 
Figs.  1074  and  1075  are  transposed. 


nued  as  follows :  ±sody  generally  elongated ;  mouth  parts  variously  developed ; 
antennae  filiform ;  thoracic  joints  subequally  developed  ;  legs  moderately  large ;  meso 
and  metathoracic  wings  closely  similar,  equally  membranous ;  the  six  principal 
veins  always  developed ;  the  marginal  simple,  and  forming  the  costal  border ;  the 
mediastinal  generally  simple  or  with  superior  branches  only ;  the  other  veins  usu- 
ally dichotomize;  stout  and  well  defined  cross  veins  rare;  membrane  generally 
reticulate ;  wings  in  repose  lying  on  the  abdomen ;  the  anal  area  of  hind  wings, 
though  usually  of  great  distal  extension,  never  plaited,  though  sometimes  broadly 
folded;  abdomen  "usually  long  and  slender,  the  last  joint  often  furnished  with  sim- 
ple articulated  appendages. 

ORDER  PAL^EODICTYOPTERA. 

FAMILY  GERARIID^E. — Adiphlebia,  Gerarus,  Megathentomum,  Polyernus. 

FAMILY  HEMERISTID^E. — Chrestotes,  Hemeristia,  Lithentomum. 

FAMILY    HOMOTHETID^E. — Anthracothremma,    Cheliphlebia,     Didymophleps, 

Encsenus,  Genentomum,  Genopteryx,  Gerapompus,  Homothetus. 
FAMILY  MYLACRID^E. — Lithomylacris,  Mylacris,  Necymylacris,  Paromylacris, 

Promylacris. 
FAMILY     PAL^OBLATTINID^-:. — Archymylacris,      Etoblattina,      Gerablattina, 

Oryctoblattina,  Petrablattina. 

FAMILY  PAL^EOPTERINIDJE. — Aethophlebia,   Dieconeura,  Miamia,  Propteticus. 
FAMILY  PAL^EEPHEMERID^E. — Ephemerites,  Geraphemera,  Platephemera. 


ADI.— CHR.J 


INSECTA. 


575 


FAMILY  PHTHANOCORID^E. — Phthanocoris. 

FAMILY  PROTOPHASMID^E. — Haplophlebiura,  Paolia,  Titanophasma. 

FAMILY  XENONEURID^;. — Geroneura,  Xenoneura. 

FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Archegogryllus,  Dyscritus. 

SUPPOSED  INSECT  TRAILS. — Haplotichnus,  Plangtichnus,  Treptichnus. 


ADIPHLEBIA,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  ! 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  345.     [Ety.  a,  pri-  | 
vative ;    dis,    double  ;    phlebion,    vein.]  j 
Body  rather  stout ;  wings  rather  broad  ; 
all  the  nervules  simple,  arising    from 
their  stems  near  the  base  of  the  wings  ; 
subparallel   and  longitudinal.        Type 
A.  lacoana. 

lacoana.  Scudder,    188 1,  Mem.   Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  345,  Coal  Meas. 

AETHOPHLEBIA,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  338.  [Ety. 
aethes,  strange ;  phleps,  a  vein.]  Inter- 
no-median  vein  terminating  before  the 
middle  of  lower  border,  emitting  a 
single  main  branch,  beyond  its  middle 
which  is  superior,  and  which,  with  me- 
dian fork  of  externo-median  and  larger 
part  of  main  scapular  branch,  form  a 
continuous  adventitious  vein  crossing 
principal  nervules  of  the  wing;  ulti- 
mate offshoots  of  externo-median  vein 
arise  indifferently  from  the  main  vein 
and  the  principal  branch,  and  are 
parallel  and  similar  to  the  offshoots  of 
the  veins  above.  Type  A.  singularis. 
singularis,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  338,  Coal  Meas. 

ANTHRACOTHREMMA,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem. 
Bost,  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  327.  [Ety. 
anthrax,  coal ;  thremma,  reared.]  Body 
stout ;  prothorax  several  times  broader 
than  long ;  wings  subequal  and  elon- 
gated ;  scapular  vein  arcuate  and  nearly 
reaching  the  tip ;  externo-median  vein 
with  numerous  parallel  branches, 
mostly  simple.  Type  A.  robusta. 
robusta,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  327,  Coal  Meas. 

ARCHEGOGKYLLUS,  Scudder,  1868,  Proc. 
Bost,  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  xi,  p.  401. 
[Ety.  archegos,  first  in  time  ;  gryllus,  a 
cricket.]  Relations  not  clearly  under- 
stood. Type  A.  priscus. 
priscus,  Scudder,  1868,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  j 


Nat  Hist.,  vol.  11,  p.  401,  and  Mem.  Bost. 

Dl.3,  p   " 
ARCHIMYLACRIS,  Scudder,  1868,  Acad.  Geol., 


Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  323,  Coal  Meas. 


acadicum,  Scudder,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
388,  Coal  Meas. 

parallelum,  Scudder,  1879,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  85,  Coal  Meas. 
BLATTINA,  Burineister,  1838,  Handbuch  der 
Entomologie.  [Ety.  Blatta,  a  cockroach.] 
A  living  genus  of  cockroaches,  raised 
to  the  rank  of  a  family,  and  by  some 
naturalists  to  the  rank  of  an  order,  to 
which  the  name  Dictyoptera  has  been 
applied.  It  is  not  a.  Palaeozoic  genus. 

bretonensis,  see  Mylacris  bretonense. 

fascigera,  see  Gerablattina  fascigera. 

heeri,  see  Mylacris  heeri. 

sepulta,  see  Petrablattina  sepulta. 

venusta,  see  Etoblattina  venusta. 
CHELIPHLEBIA,  Scudder,  1884,|Mem.|Bost.Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  328.  [Ety.  chele, 
forked  ;  phlebion,  vein.]  Body  rather 
slender,  but  wings  large  and  coarse, 
without  cross  veins,  interno-median 
vein  extending  far  toward  the  tip  of  the 
wing  with  many 
oblique  branches. 
Type  C.  elongata. 

carbonaria,      Scudder, 
1884,     Mem.      Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,   vol.  FIG.      1075.  -  Cheli- 
3,  p.  328,  Coal  Meas.     }?£lebla    carbona- 

elongata,    Scudder, 
1884,   Mem.  Bost.   Soc.Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
3,  p.  328,  Coal  Meas. 

CHRESTOTES,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  3,  p.  567.  [Ety.  chrestotes,  good  of 
its  kind.]  Wings  short,  broad,  well 


p.  388.  [Ety.  arche,  beginning ;  Myla- 
cris, cockroach.]  Mediastinal  area  com- 
paratively short ;  | 
scapular  terminat- 
ing below  the  tip, 
and  with  the  ex- 
tern o  -  m  e  d  i  a  n, 
which  is  com- 

Fio.   ]p74.-Archimyla-         paratively    small, 
cris  acadicum.  occupying         less 

than      half       the 

wing;     internomedian    vein  compara- 
tively long.    Type  A.  acadicum. 


FIG.  1076,-Chrestotes  lapidea. 

rounded  ;  vena  scapularis  throws  sev- 
eral branches  downward,  commencing 
before  the  middle  of  the  wing,  and  with 
its  branches  occupies  the  upper  two- 


576 


INSECTA. 


[DID  — ETO. 


fifths  of  the  upper  wing,  and  perhaps 
more  of  the  lower ;  remainder  of  wing 
occupied  by  the  longitudinally  divari- 
cating branches  of  the  next  two  veins  ; 
anal  area  in  upper  wing  distinctly  set 
off  at  the  basal  portion  of  the 
wing.  Type  C.  lapidea. 

lapidea,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur. 

111.,  vol.  3,  p.  567,  Coal  Meas. 
DIDYMOPHLEPS,  Scudder,  1878,  Proc.    ^3^ 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  19,  p.    ^| 
300.      [Ety.    didymos,    double ;    ^ 
phleps,  vein.]    All  the  veins  and  ""^ 
branches    above    the    interno- 
median  longitudinal  and  nearly 
parallel;    nearly   all  the  lower 
half  of  the  wing  being  occupied 
by  the  oblique  branches  of  the  interno- 
median  vein.    Type  D.  contusa. 

contusa,  Scudder,  1878,  (Termescontusus,) 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  19,  p.  300,  and 
Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p. 
330,  Coal  Meas. 

DIECONEURA,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  336.  [Ety.  dieko, 
to  extend  through;  neuron,  a  vein.] 
Externo-median  vein  simple  ;  interno- 
median  vein  important,  arcuate,  ex- 
tending far  toward  the  extremity  of  the 
lower  margin.  Type  D.  rigida. 

arcuata,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  336,  Coal  Meas. 

rigida,   Scudder,  1884,  Mem.   Bost.   Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  336,  Coal  Meas. 
DYSCRITUS,  Scudder,  1868,  Lond.  Geo.  Mag., 
vol.  5,  p.  176.  [Ety.  dyscritos,  hard  to 
determine.]  Founded  on  a  fragment 
of  the  middle  part  of  a  wing  with- 
out proper  definition.  Type  D.  ve- 
tustus. 

vetustus,  Scudder,  1868,  Lond.  Geo.  Mag., 

vol.  5,  p.  176,  Devonian. 
ENC*:NUS,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  325.  [Ety.  en, 
very ;  kainos,  new,  strange.]  Body 
stout,  thoracic  segments  twice  as  broad 
as  long;  abdomen  ovate;  fore  wings 
with  the  mediastinal  vein  straight,  ter- 
minating before  the  apical  third  of  the 
wing  with  numerous  straight  branches  ; 
scapular  with  similar  branches  ending 
half  way  between  the  mediastinal 
and  the  tip ;  externo-median  impor- 
tant with  distant  branches.  Type  E. 
ovalis. 

ovalis,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,  vol.  3,  p.  325,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1077. — Ephemerites  affin 


EPHEMERITES,     Scudder,    1868,    Geo.     Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.   571.      [Ety.  Ephemera,  a 


living  genus.]     The  genus  was  not  de~ 
fined.     It    is   probably  a  neuropteroid 
Palseodictyoptera.     Type  E.  simplex, 
affinis,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
3,  p.  572,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1078.— Ephemerites  gigas. 

gigas,  Scudder,  1868,   Geo.   Sur.  111.,  vol. 

3,  p.  571,  Coal  Meas. 
primordialis,  Scudder,  1878,    Proc.    Bost. 

Soc.  Nat.    Hist.,   vol.  19,   p.  248,  Coal 

Meas. 


FIG.  1079.— Ephemerites  simplex. 

simplex,    Scudder,    1868,   Geo.  Sur.   111., 

vol.  3,  p.  571,  Coal  Meae. 
ETOBLATTINA,  Scudder,  1882,  Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  21,  p.  391.  [Ety. 
etos,  true;  Blattina,  a  genus.]  Media- 
stinal area  comparatively  short;  scapu- 
lar not  reaching  tip  of  wing  and  with 
the  externo-median,  which  is  compara- 
tively large,  occupying  less  than  half 
the  wing;  interne-median  vein  compar- 
atively long.  Type  E.  mazonana. 


FIG.  1080. — Etoblattina  primaeva.    From 
Saarbruck  in  Europe  for  comparison. 

lesquereuxi,  Scudder,,  1879,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  67,  Coal 
Meas. 


GEN.— HAP.] 


INSECTA. 


577 


mazonana,  Scudder,  1882,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  21,  p.  391,  Coal  Meas. 

venusta,  Lesque- 
reux,  1860,  (Blat- 
tina  venusta,) 
Geo.  Sur.  Ark., 
vol.  2,  p.  314,  Coal 

EN™uM,  Scud- 
der, 1884,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  329. 
[Ety.  genos,  race,  kind  ;  entomon,  insect.] 
Wings  large,  elongated  with  coarse  ve- 
nation and  abundant  cross  veins ;  medi- 
astinal  vein  very  long,  with  numerous 
branches  to  the  costa ;  other  branches 
very  distant  and  stout ;  the  externo-me- 
dian separated  more  widely  than  usual 
from  the  scapular,  especially  in  the 
hind  wing.  Type  G.  validum. 
validum,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  329,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1082. — Genentomum  validum. 

GENOPTERYX,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  327.  [Ety. 
genos,  kind,  race  ;  pterux,  a  wing.]  In- 
terno-median  vein  with  branches  very 
similiar  to  those  of  the  externo-median 
vein,  the  outermost  in  close  proximity 
to  the  innermost  branches  of  the  latter. 
Type  G.  constricta. 

constricta,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  327,  Coal  Meas. 

GERABLATTINA,  Scudder,  1879,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  110.  [Ety. 
geras,  old ;  Blattina,  a  genus  of  insects.] 
Mediastinal  area  comparatively  long ; 
scapular  and  externo-median  area  to- 
gether occupy  less  than  half  the  wing, 
the  branches  of  both  superior ;  interno- 
median  vein  comparatively  long.  Type 
G.  balteata. 
balteata,  Scudder, 
1879,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
3,  p.  110,  and  Perm, 
or  Up.  Garb.  Flora 
Of  Pa.,  p.  104,  Up.  FIG.  1083.-Gerablat- 
Coal  Meas.  or  Per-  tina  balteata. 
mian. 

fascigera,  Scudder,  1879,  (Blattina  fascig- 
era,)  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol. 
3,  p.  113,  Coal  Meas. 

GEREPHEMERA,  Scudder,  1868,  Lond.  Geo. 
Mag.,  vol.  5,  p.  175.  [Ety.  geras,  old ; 
Ephemera,  a  genus  of  insects.]  Founded 
on  the  fragment  of  a  tip  of  the  wing. 
Definition  incomplete.  Type  G. 
simplex. 


simplex,  Scudder,  1868,  Lond.  Geo.  Mag., 

vol.  5,  p.  175,  Upper  Devonian. 
GERAPOMPUS,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  326.  [Ety. 
geras,  old ;  pompos,  an  escort.]  Body 
slender,  the  prothorax  as  long  as  broad  ; 
fore  wings  well  rounded,  the  media- 
stinal  arcuate  like  *;he  costa,  with  infre- 
quent simple  branches;  scapular  end- 
ing near  the  tip.  Type  G.  blattinoides. 

blatinoides,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  326,  Coal 
Meas. 

extensus,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  326,  Coal  Meas. 
GERARUS,  Scudder,  1868,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.3,  p.  344.  [Ety.  geraros, 
of  stately  bearing.]  Body  slender,  taper- 
ing anteriorly ;  wings  slender ;  mediasti- 
nal vein  variable ;  branches  of  scapular 
vein  numerous,  more  or  less  longitudi- 
nal, simple  or  forked,  occupying  much 
more  space  than  the  branches  of  any 
other  vein.  Type  G.  danse. 

danse,  Scudder,  1868,  (Miamia  danse,) 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  3,  p.  566,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1084.— Gerarus  dan 


mazonus,    Scudder,    1884,    Mem.     Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  344,  Coal  Meas. 

vetus,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  344,  Coal  Meas. 
GERONEURA,  Matthew,  1888,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  Can.,  p.  57.  [Ety.geros,  old ;  neura, 
a  vein.]  Anterior  wing  of  the  body 
elliptical  elongate,  venation  strongly 
marked,  scapular  ridge  conspicuous; 
mediastinal  vein  close  to  the  scapular, 
but  curves  outward  at  the  extremity  ; 
scapular  vein  and  its  branches  cover  a 
triangular  area  terminating  at  the 
apical  end  of  the  wing;  main  scapular 
terminates  near  the  end  of  the  costal 
edge;  externo-median  vein  throws  off 
two  branches,  the  first  one  stronger 
than  the  main  vein,  and  the  second  one 
goes  with  a  sinuosity  toward  the  base 
of  the  apical  margin ;  nerves  regular 
and  simple.  Type  G.  wilsoni. 

wilsoni,  Matthew,  1888,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 

Can.,  p.  57,  Lower  Devonian. 
HA PLOPHLEBIUM,   Scudder,  1867,  Can.   Nat. 
and  Geo.,  2d   ser.,  vol.   3,  p.  202,  and 
Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  11,  p. 
150.      [Ety.    haplos,    simple ;    phlebion, 
a  vein.]     Wing  with  simple  neuration 
and  intercostal    spaces  filled    with   mi- 
nute reticulations   without    any   cross 
veins ;  wing  long  and  slender. 
Type  H.  barnesi. 


578 


INSECTA. 


[HAP.— LIT. 


barnesi,  Scudder.  1867,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.  2d  set-.,  vol.  3,  p.  202,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  386,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1085. — Haplophlebium  barn 


A  fern  covers  part  of  the  wing 


longipennis,  Scudder,   1884,   Proc.  Amer. 

Acad.,  vol.  20,  p.  172,  Coal  Meas. 
HAPLOTICHNUS,  n.  gen.  [Ety.  haplotes,  plain- 
ness, simplicity ;  ichnos,  track.]  Sim- 
ple, small,  half-cylindrical  trails  running 
in  any  direction.  Supposed  to  have 
been  made  by  the  larva  or  pupa  of 
some  palseodictyopterous  insect.  Type 
H.  indianensis. 

indianensis,  n.  sp.  A  simple  half-cylin- 
drical trail,  needle-like  in  size,  running 
in  straight  or  crooked  lines,  or  cross- 
ing itself.  Found  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  Kaskaskia  Group,  at  the  Whetstone 
quarries  in  Orange  County,  Indiana. 


FIG.  1086.— Haplotichnus  indlaneusls. 

The  remains  of  insects  found  in  the 
Palaeozoic  rocks  occur  under,  such  cir- 
cumstances as  to  induce  the  belief  they 
were  more  or  less  aquatic  in  their  habits, 
and  frequented  swamps  and  shores  of 
bays  and  inlets.  The  Whetstone  quar- 
ries of  Orange  County,  Indiana,  are 
yellowish  white,  slaty  mud-rocks  re- 
sembling, in  appearance,  the  Solen- 
hofen  slates,  but  coarser  in  texture. 
They  are  limited  in  extent,  and  may  be 
fairly  presumed  to  represent  the  muddy 
shore  of  some  bay  or  internal  sea  of 
Subcarboniferous  age.  The  slaty  layers 
are  covered  more  or  less  upon  the 
upper  surface  with  trail-furrows,  and 
on  the  under  surface  with  elevated 
lines,  showing  the  trails  were  made  in 
mud,  which  afterward  hardened,  and 
was  then  covered  with  a  thin  deposit 
of  mud  which  was  tracked  and  hard- 
ened and  covered,  and  so  on  in  one 
series  after  another  throughout  the 
whole  thickness  of  the  slaty  deposit. 
Many  of  the  living  Dictyoptera  are 


aquatic  in  their  habits  in  the  larva  and 
pupa  state,  and  it  is  not  until  the  per- 
fect insect  is  about  to  emerge  from  the 
skin  of  the  pupa  that  it 
creeps  out  of  the  water 
on  the  muddy  shore  or 
stonee,  or  climbs  the  stems 
and  leaves  of  aquatic 
plants,  and  from  this 
position  the  imago  springs 
into  an  aerial  habitat. 
The  trails  on  the  Whet- 
stone slates  were  evidently 
made  by  animals,  and 
all  the  evidence  seems  to  indicate  they 
were  made  by  insects,  though  the 
evidence  may  not  be  either  clear  or 
conclusive  in  the  latter  respect.  Under 
these  circumstances  the  author  has 
selected  three  common  but  distinct 
trails,  and  given  then  generic  names ; 
viz.,  Haplotichnus,  Plangtichnus,  and 
Treptichnus. 

HEMERISTIA,  Dana,  1864,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  37,  p.  34.  [Ety.  htm- 
era,  day ;  istia,  house.]  Scapular  branch 
strongly  arcuate,  at  its  base  distant 
from  the  main  stem,  and  at  first  taking 
the  course  of  its  basal  offshoot.  Type 
H.  occidentalis. 

occidentalis,  Dana,  1864,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  37,  p.  34,  Coal 
Meas. 

H  O  M  O  T  HETUS, 

Scudder, 
1867,  Can. 
Nat.  and 
Geol.,  2d 
ser.,  vol. 
3,  p.  202. 
[Ety.  ho- 
mos, simi- 
lar ;  thetos, 

placed.]  Mediastinal  vein  extremely 
long,  scarcely  surpassed  by  the  scapu- 
lar, and  with  scarcely  any  branches  to 
the  costa;  externo-median  vein  with 
only  a  few  branches  in  the  outer  fourth 
of  the  wing;  interno-median  vein  sim- 
ilar to  the  last.  Type  H.  fossilis. 
fossilis,  Scudder,  1867,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  202,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  525,  Upper  Devonian. 

Libellula,  Linnaeus.     Not  a  Palaeozoic  genus. 
carbonaria,  see  Cheliphlebia  carbonaria. 

LITHENTOMUM,  Scudder,  1867,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  202.  [Ety. 
lithos,  stone ;  entomon,  an  insect.]  Main 


FIG.  1087.— Homothetus 
fossilis. 


FIG.  1088.— Lithentomum  hartti. 

scapular  branch  with  a  single,  or  at 
most  two  branches,  which  are  almost 
wholly  longitudinal.  Type  L.  hartti. 


UT. — PAO.] 


INSECTA. 


579 


hartti,  Scudder,  1867,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  202,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  525,  Upper  Devonian. 
LITHOMYLACRIS,  Scudder,  1879.  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  48.  [Ety. 
lithos,  stone ;  Mylakrls,  a  kind  of  roach.] 
Mediastinal  and  scapular  areas  together 
occupying  more  than  half  the  wing; 
externo-median  area  small,  compressed, 
scarcely  expanding  apically.  Type  L. 
angustum. 

angustum,  Scud- 
der, 1879,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  3,  p. 
48,  Coal  Meas. 
FIG.  1089.  —  Llthomylaeris      pi  t  tstonianuui, 
angustum.  Scudder,    1879, 

Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  50, 
Coal  Meas. 
simplex,  Scudder,  1879,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  51,  Coal  Meas. 
MEGATHENTOMUM,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  3,  p.  570.  [Ety.  megathos,  large- 
ness; enJtomon,  an  insect.]  Wings  of 
great  size,  remarkably  broad  and 
rounded ;  veins  distant ;  simple,  infre- 
quent divarications,  and  cross  neura- 
tion  of  delicate,  irregular  veinlets ; 
the  wing  is  also  dotted  with  larger 
and  smaller  spots.  Type  M.  pustu- 
latum. 


FIG.  1090. — Megathentomum  pustulatam. 

pustulatum,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111"., 

vol.  3,  p.  570,  Coal  Meas. 
MIAMIA,  Dana,  1864,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  37,  p.  34.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Scapular  vein  close  to  the  me- 
diastinal ;  straight,  main  branch  arising 
near  the  middle  of  the  wing,  and  no- 
where distant  from  the  main  stem. 
Type  M.  bronsoni. 

bronsoni,  Dana,  1864,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  37,  p.  34,  Coal  Meas. 

danse,  see  Gerarus  danse. 

MYLACRIS,  Scudder,  1868,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

3,   p.  568.     [Ety.    Mylakris,   a   kind  of 

cockroach.]     Wings  broad,  mediastinal 

and  scapular  areas  together  occupying 


FIG.  1092.— Mylacrls 


a  n  Uiracophilum 
Prouotal  shield. 


less  than  half  the  wing ;  scapular  area 
larger  than  the  mediastinal.  Type  M. 
anthracophilum. 

a  n  t  h  r  a  c  ophilum, 
Scudder,  1868, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
3,  p.  568,  Coal 
Meas. 

antiquum,  Scudder, 
1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist., 
vol.  3,  p.  300, 
Coal  Meas. 

bretonense,  Scud- 
der, 1874,  (Blat- 
tina bretonensis,) 
Can.  Nat.,  vol.  7, 
p.  271,  Coal  Meas. 

carbonum,  Scudder, 
1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.    Nat.     Hist.,  FIG.  109l.-Mylacris  an- 
vol.     3,     p.     304,          thracophilum. 
Coal  Meas. 

heeri,  Scudder,  1874,  (Blattina  heeri,) 
Can.  Nat.,  vol.  7,  p.  272,  Coal  Meas. 

lucifugum,  Scudder, 
1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p. 
301,  Coal  Meas. 
mansfieldi,  Scudder, 
1880,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist,,  vol.  3,  p. 
47,  Coal  Meas. 

ovale,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  308,  Coal  Meas. 

pennsylvanicum,  Scudder,  1880,  Mem. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  44,  Coal 
Meas. 

priscovolans,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  307,  Coal  Meas. 
NECYMYLACRIS,  Scudder,  1880,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  53.  [Ety.  ne- 
kus,  dead ;  Mylakris,  a  roach.]  Some  of 
the  apical  branches  of  the  mediastinal 
vein  arise  beyond  the  base  of  the  wing, 
and  scarcely  partake  in  the  radiate  ar- 
rangement of  the  others.  Type  N.  la- 
coanum. 

heros,  Scudder,  1880,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  54,  Coal  Meas. 

lacoanum,    1880,    Mem.   Bost.    Soc.    Nat. 

Hist.,  vol.'  3,  p.  53,  Coal  Meas. 
ORYCTOBLATTINA,  Scudder,  1885,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  37.  [Ety.  oruktos, 
quarried ;  Blattina,  a  genus.]  Principal 
veins  widely  separated  at  base ;  scapular 
area  surpassing  apex,  and  with  externo- 
median  occupying  more  than  half  the 
wing,  the  branches  of  latter  inferior; 
interno-rnedian  vein  comparatively 
short.  Type  O.  occidua. 

occidua,  Scudder,  1885,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  37,  Coal  Meas. 
PAOLIA,  Smith,  1871,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  44.  [Ety.  proper 
name.]  Wings  long,  slender,  branches 
of  veins  dichotomizing  strongly,  and 
running  in  a  longitudinal  direction,  so 
that  the  externo-median  branches  oc- 


580 


INSECTA. 


[PAR.— PRO. 


cupy  only  a  slight  portion  of  the  lower 
margin.    Type  P.  vetusta. 

gurleyi,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Amer. 
Acad.  vol.  20,  p.  173,  Coal  Meas. 

lacoana,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Amer. 
Acad.,  vol.  20,  p.  173,  Coal  Meas. 

superba,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Amer. 
Acadl,  vol.  20,  p.  173,  Coal  Meas. 

vetusta,  Smith,  1871,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  44,  Coal  Meas. 
PAROMYLACRIS,  Scudder,  1885,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  35.  [Ety.  pares,  before, 
or  forefather ;  Mylakris,  a  kind  of  roach.] 
Body  much  arched;  pronotal  shield 
more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long; 
wings  extremely  broad;  mediastinal 
area  large  and  extended,  and  with  the 
scapular  occupying  half  the  wing;  ex- 
terno-median  area  expanding  apically. 
Typ^  P.  rotundum. 

rotundum,   Scudder,    1885,    Proc.    Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  35,  Coal  Meas. 
PETRABLATTINA,  Scudder,  1876,  Can.  Geol., 
vol.  8,  p.  88.  [Ety.  petra,  stone ;  Blat- 
tina,  a  genus.]  Scapular  and  externo- 
median  areas  together  covering  more 
than  half  the  wing;  the  externo-median 
vein  directed  toward  and  terminating 
near  the  middle  of  the  inner  border  of 
the  wing,  branches  superior ;  interno- 
median  vein  very  short.  Type  P. 
sepulta. 

sepulta,  Scudder,  1876,  (Blattina  sepulta,) 
Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  vol.  8,  p.  88,  Coal 
Meas. 

PHTHANOCORIS,  Scudder,  1884,  Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  22,  p.  58.  [Ety. 
phthaiw,  first ;  kore,  pupa.]  Front  wing 
differentiated  from  the  hind  wing; 
corium  distinct  from  the  membrane, 


FIG.  1093.—  Plangtichnus  erraticus. 

narrow  clavus ;  no  embolium  or  cun- 
eus ;  mediastinal  and  scapular  veins 
widely  separated  at  base.  Type  P.  oc- 
cidentalis. 

occidentalis,   Scudder,   1884,  Proc.   Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  22,  p.  58,  and  Mem 


FIG.  1094.— Platyphemera 
anticua. 


Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  348,  Coal 

.     Meas. 

PLANGTICHNUS,  n.  gen.  [Ety.  Plagktos, 
wandering ;  ichnos,  track.]  A  zigzag, 
half-cylindrical,  broken  trail,  running 
in  any  and  every  direction  ;  sometimes 
dotted  or  sunk  deeper  at  the  angles 
than  at  other  places,  or  most  depressed 
between  the  angles  in  some  cases. 
Supposed  to  have  been  made  by  the 
larva  or  pupa  of  some  Palseodictyopter- 
ous  insect.  See  remarks  under  Haplo- 
tichnus.  Type  P.  erraticus. 

erraticus,  n.  sp.  A  simple,  irregularly 
zigzag,  half-cylindrical,  broken  trail, 
running  in  any  and  every  direction, 
depressed  in  spots  deeper  than  the 
general  trail.  Collected  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  Kaskaskia  Group  at  the 
Whetstone  quarries,  in  Orange  County, 
Indiana. 

PLATEPHEMERA,  Scudder,  1867,  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geol., 
2d  ser., 
vol.  3,  p. 
202.  [Ety. 
platys,  flat ; 
ephemera, 
an  insect.] 
Fou  n  d  e  d 
upon  the 
f  ragm  e  n  t 
of  an  up- 
per wing, 
showing  nervation  and  a  heavy  cross 
vein  near  the  base  between  two  mid- 
dle veins,  from  which  new  promi- 
nent veins  arise  ;  ancient  May-flies,  in 
which  the  lower  externo-median  stem 
seems  to  be  formed  on  the  same  plan 
as  the  upper  stem.  Type  P.  antiqua. 

antiqua,  Scudder,  1867,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geol.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  202,  and  Acad. 
Geol.,  p.  524,  Devonian. 
POLYERNCS,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost.  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  343.  [Ety.  polys, 
many ;  ernes,  a  scion.]  Body  moder- 
ately stout ;  wings  rather  broad  ;  me- 
diastinal vein  extending  nearly  to  the 
tip  of  wing ;  branches  of  scapular  vein 
inequidistant  at  origin,  longitudinal, 
closely  crowded  and  ramose,  yet  hardly 
more  important  than  the  externo"- 
•  median  vein.  Type  P.  complanatus. 

complanatus,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  343,  Coal  Meas. 

laminarum,  Scudder,  1884,  Mem.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  343,  Coal  Meas. 
PBOMYLACRIS,  Scudder,  1885,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  34.  [Ety.  pro,  before  ; 
mylakris,a,  kind  of  roach.]  Body  much 
arched ;  wing  broad ;  mediastinal  and 
scapular  areas  together  not  occupying 
more  than  a  third  of  the  wing ;  scapu- 
lar area  smaller  than  the  mediastinal, 
the  vein  running  obliquely  to  the  costal 
margin.  Type  P.  ovale. 

ovale,  Scudder,  1885,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  34,  Coal  Meas. 


PRO. — XEN.] 


INSECTA. 


581 


PROPTETICUS,  8cu4der,188l,  Mem.  Rost.  Soo. 
Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  3,  p.  334.  [K'y.  prnl, 
early;  p'elik**,  winged.]  S/apular  vein 
widely  srpirued  from  the  inediastinal, 
arcuate,  main  branch  arising  n«ar  the 
base  of  the  wiiur,  part'ng  widely  from 
the  main  stem.  Tyi>e,  P  infernm. 
inf-mus,  Scudder,  1881,  Mem.  U  .*t.  S>c. 
Nat,  Hist.,  vol.  8,  p.  331,  Coal  \feas. 

TER.HKS,  Linnann,    174S,    Syst-ma  Naturte, 

p.  610.     Not,  a  I'alajozoii:  genii*. 
coiitusus,  see  Didyrnophleps  coutusa. 


Fio.  1095.— Treptichnus  bifnrens.     The  trails  are 
larger  than  hhowu  by  the  figure. 

TITANOPUAMA,  Brongniart,  as  recognized 
by  Scudder.  Wing  very  large,  moder- 
ately sltnder;  nuuration  moderately 


abundant;  scapular  vein  beginning  to 
branch  iu  the'  middle  of  the  basal  half 
of  the  wing. 

jucu'ida,Si:u  Ider,  188 1,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad., 

vol.  20,  p.  16'J,  Coil  \[ea^. 
TKEPI'ICIINUS,  n.  gen.  [Kty.  treptos,  to  be 
turned  abiut;  ichnos,  track.]  A  zigz-tg, 
half-cylindrical,  continuous  trail, 
forked  at  each  angle,  and  running  in 
any  direction;  each  line  is  prolonged 
in  the  direction  in  which  the  animal 
moved,  at  the  angle,  so  as  to  form  a 
short  fork  or  projection.  Supposed  to 
bave  been  made  by  the  larva  or  pupa 
of  some  Pakeopterous  insect.  See  re- 
marks under  Haplotichnus.  Type  T. 
bil'ii'cus. 

bifurcus,  n.  sp.  A  zig/ag,  half  cylindrical, 
continuous  trail,  quite  evenly  depressed, 
and  forked  at  each  angle;  the  bifurca- 
tion takes  place  in  the  direction  in 
which  the  animal  moved,  but  generally 
is  less  sunken  than  the  trail,  aud 
sometimes  shows-simply  a  dot  discon- 
nected with  the  angle.  Collected  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  Kaskaskia  Group 
at  the  Whetstone  quarries  in  Orange 
County,  Indiana. 

XKXONEURA.  Scudder,  1867,  Can.  Nat.  and 
Geo  ,  2d  ser.,  v>l.  3,'  p.  202.  [Er.v.  xenos, 
new,  strange;  naura,  a  vein.]  M>dtisti- 
nal  an  1  secular  veins  as  iu  Palaeip- 
terina;  externo-median  vein  amalga- 
mated at  base  with  the 
scapular,  branching  be- 
yond  the  middle,  interno- 
median  divided  at  bi»e  in 
two  branches.  Type  X. 
antiquorura. 

antiqu  >rum,    Scudder,    1867, 

Can.  Nat.  and  Geol.,  2J  ser.,  vol.  3,  p. 
202,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  525,  Upper 
Devonian. 


582  PISCES. 


SUBKINGDOM  VERTEBRATA. 


THIS  is  the  highest  division  of  the  Animal  Kingdom,  and,  until  within  the 
last  twenty  years,  the  essential  character  upon  which  the  subkinglom  was  based 
was  the  possession  of  a  bony  or  cartilaginous  internal  skeleton,  having  a  spine  or 
vertebral  column.  Since  that  time  the  class  known  as  Tunicates,  or  Ascidians, 
which  have  no  bony  skeleton,  has  been  referred  to  it;  and  the  Amphioxus  lanceo- 
Jatus,  a  little,  slender,  transparent  creature,  having  only  a  gelatinous  cord,  no 
brain  cavity,  and  colorless  blood,  which  was  regarded  as  the  lowest  type  of  fishes, 
and  had  been  elevated  into  an  order  called  Leptocardia,  is  now  taken  out  of  the 
Class  Pisces  and  referred  to  a  separate  class  called  Acrania.  The  Classes  Tuni- 
cata  and  Acrania  are  not,  however,  known  in  Palaeozoic  rocks.  Another  class, 
called  Cyclostomata,  consisting  of  long,  cylindrical,  worm-like  bodies,  with  a  tough 
skin,  destitute  of  scales,  pectoral  and  ventral  fins,  but  having  a  fin  at  the  extremity 
of  the  body  without  any  rays,  and  having  a  cartilaginous  skeleton,  and  which  in- 
cludes the  various  species  of  lampreys  that  inhabit  fresh  water,  and  are  also  found 
in  the  ocean,  and  which  have  generally  been  regarded  as  an  order  of  fishes,  is 
unknown  in  Palaeozoic  rocks.  Some  authors  would,  however,  place  the  Conodonts 
in  this  class ;  but  if  they  do  not  belong  to  the  Annelida,  then  there  are  stronger 
reasons  for  believing  they  belong  to  Crustacea  than  for  thinking  they  should  be 
referred  to  the  Cyclostomata. 

No  Palaeozoic  fossil  from  an  animal  as  highly  organized  as  the  lowest  mammal 
or  a  bird  has  ever  been  found.  The  fossils  are  confined  to  the  lowest  organizations 
of  fishes,  batrachians,  and  reptiles.  The  lower  forms  of  fishes  have  only  a  cartilag- 
inous cord,  resembling  the  embryonic  state  of  fishes  having  an  osseous  skeleton. 
In  higher  forms  the  spine  consists  of  bony  vertebrae,  united  in  such  manner  as  to 
allow  flexibility  and  strength  by  reason  of  attaching  muscles,  and  also  to  protect  a 
spinal  nerve  that  passes  through  it. 

CLASS  PISCES,  OR  FISHES. 

The  Class  Pisces  has  been  divided  into  four  subclasses — Ganoidea,  Selachia, 
Dipnoa,  and  Teleostia.  The  Teleostia  have  been  divided  into  eleven  orders,  and 
these  into  twenty  suborders.  This  subclass  embraces  a  very  large  majority  of 
the  living  fishes.  All  of  them  have  a  complete  bony  vertebral  column  and  skull. 
Nearly  all  edible  fishes  belong  to  this  subclass.  Many  have  a  naked  skin,  but  the 
majority  are  covered  with  horny  scales  of  various  forms.  When  the  scales  are 
smooth  the  fish  are  said  to  belong  to  the  Cycloidea;  when  the  hinder  margins  of 
the  scales  are  denticulated  they  belong  to  the  Ctenoidea.  Fishes  have  pectoral  fins, 
which  are  called  the  representatives  of  anterior  limbs;  and  ventral  fins,  representa- 
tives of  posterior  limbs;  and  also  dorsal,  caudal,  and  anal  fins.  This  subclass  is 
unknown  in  Palaeozoic  rocks.  Agassiz  divided  the  fish  into  four  groups — Cycloids, 
Ctenoids,  Placoids,  and  Ganoids — based  on  the  character  of  the  scales;  but  as  a 
single  fish  has  been  found  bearing  two  of  these  types  of  scales,  and  as  it  is  now 


PfSCES.  583 

known  that  the  whole  structure  of  animals  must  be  taken  into  consideration  in  clas- 
sification, his  system,  like  that  of  every  other  based  on  a  single  character,  has  given 
way  to  more  perfect  knowledge  of  animal  life  and  physical  structure.  And  it  is 
quite  probable,  if  the  characters  of  Devonian  fishes  could  be  completely  ascertained, 
as  we  know  the  living  forms,  they  would  all  be  found  to  belong  to  extinct  sub- 
classes. They  are  judged,  however,  only  from  meager  fragments  of  the  ossified 
parts,  and  arranged  by  homologies  with  the  existing  species,  and  classed  in  orders 
where  the  affinities  seem  most  strongly  to  arrange  them. 

SUBCLASS  GANOIDEA. 

The  Ganoidea  (from  ganos,  brightness,  in  allusion  to  the  enameled  armor  with 
which  some  of  them  are  covered)  commences  in  the  Devonian  strata,  where  the 
fossil  remains  soon  become  abundant,  and  continue  to  occur  from  that  time  forward 
to  the  present,  though  very  few  families  now  exist.  Agassiz  included  as  Ganoids 
all  fish  covered,  in  whole  or  in  part,  with  bony  plates ;  but  some  of  the  living  genera 
were  found  to  belong  to  the  Teleostia,  and  later  classification  has  been  held  to 
include  all  fossil  species  falling  within  the  original  definition  of  Agassiz  and  part 
of  the  living  forms.  The  dermal  skeleton  consists  of  smooth,  bony  plates,  covered 
with  enamel.  In  some  cases  they  are  rhomboidal,  arranged  edge  to  edge  in  oblique 
transverse  rows;  in  other  cases  the  scales  are  rounded  ;  and  in  a  few  species  the  skin 
is  naked.  There  is  much  diversity  in  the  skeletons,  and  all  shades  of  ossification  in 
the  vertebral  column  and  skull  from  cartilaginous  to  perfect  bone.  The  subclass 
has  been  divided  into  seven  orders,  viz. :  Chondrostea,  Halecomorpha,  Ginglymoda, 
Pycnodonta,  Crossopterygia,  Acanthodea,  and  Placodermata. 

The  Order  Chondrostea  includes  the  sturgeons  of  fresh  and  salt  water,  and 
the  paddle-fish  or  spoon-bill  cat  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  its  tributaries. 

The  Order  Halecomorpha  (shad-like)  is  generally  united  with  the  Ginglymoda, 
under  the  name  of  the  Holostea ;  but  is  distinguished  by  having  large,  round  scales, 
no  shingle-like  fulcra  on  the  fins,  and  in  having  the  vertebrae  concave  at  both  ends, 
as  in  the  Teleostia.  The  only  living  genus  is  the  Amia,  called  bow-fin,  mud-fish, 
dog-fish,  etc.  It  is  common  to  the  lakes  and  sluggish  rivers.  The  order  is  not 
certainly  known  in  Palaeozoic  rocks. 

The  Order  Pycnodonta  has  a  short,  vertically-flattened  body,  covered  with 
rhomboid  scales  and  peculiar  dermal  ribs.  Tail  either  heterocercal  or  homocercal. 

The  Order  Ginglymoda  has  a  bony  skeleton,  rhomboid  scales,  and  shingle-like 
fulcra  on  the  fins.  The  vertebrae  are  convex  in  front  and  concave  behind,  forming 
ball  and  socket  joints ;  tail  heterocercal,  and  ventral  fins  between  the  pectorals  and 
anals.  This  order  is  represented  by  the  gar-pikes,  which  are  common  in  Amer- 
ican rivers. 

The  Order  Crossopterygia  is  represented  by  two  genera  in  the  African  waters, 
and  fossils  are  referred  to  it  back  in  geological  time  as  far  as  the  Devonian.  The 
scales  may  be  cycloid  or  rhomboid ;  the  throat  is  protected  by  two  or  more  plates ; 
the  caudal  fin  is  diphycercal ;  dorsal  fin  is  divided  in  two  or  more  divisions^  pec- 
torals and  ventrals  have  a  scaly  axis ;  no  fulcra. 

The  Order  Acanthodea  had  cartilaginous  skulls,  heterocercal  tails,  rhomboidal 
scales,  and  were  armed  with  a  spine  before  each  fin,  and  are  said  to  occupy  a;place 
between  the  Gauoidea  and  Selachia.  They  are  all  Palaeozoic. 


584  PISCES. 

The  Order  Placodermata  had  the  head  and  thoracic  region  inclosed  in  sculp- 
tured, bony  plates.  In  some  the  tail  was  naked,  in  others  it  was  covered  with 
ganoid  scales;  in  some  the  fins  were  inclosed  in  plates,  but  the  vertebra}  were  not 
ossified.  This  order  includes  the  oldest  fish  remains  known  to  the  geologist. 

SUBCLASS  SELACHIA. 

The  word  Selachia  is  derived  from  selachos,  the  Greek  word  for  shark.  This 
subclass  is  also  called  Elasmobranchia  and  Chondropterygia,  and  it  includes  the 
living  sharks,  rays,  and  skates.  The  skeleton  is  cartilaginous,  and  the  plates  of 
the  skull  are  united  without  sutures.  There  are  pectoral  and  ventral  fins,  and 
the  caudal  fin  is  usually  heterocercal.  The  surface  of  the  body  is  naked  or  cov- 
ered with  calcified  papilla?,  comparable  with  teeth,  and  even  spinous.  The  pla- 
coid  scales  sometimes  form  a  sculptured  armor.  The  dermal  spines  found  fossil 
are  collectively  known  as  Ichthyodorulites.  The  teeth  are  never  inserted  into  the 
jaws,  but  are  sustained  in  their  position  by  the  strong  skin  of  the  gums.  They 
sometimes  have  obtuse  crowns,  and  form  a  pavement  for  both  jaws;  in  other  cases 
the  teeth  are  conical,  sharp,  arranged  in  rows,  with  the  apices  pointed  backward. 
The  subclass  is  divided  into  the  Holocephala  and  Plagiostomata.  The  Holocephala 
is  represented  in  the  existing  seas  by  the  Family  Chiiuaerida3,  and,  it  is  said,  com- 
bines some  of  the  characters  of  the  Selachia,  Ganoidea,  and  Batrachia.  The  Pla- 
giostomata  is  divided  into  two  orders,  the  Squaliua  and  Kaiina,  The  vertebral  are 
well  developed,  and  the  skin  is  covered  with  plates,  shields,  or  spines.  The  Order 
Squalina  includes  the  ocean  sharks  and  dog-fishes.  The  Order  Rii'ma  includes  the 
skates  and  rays  of  the  present  seas;  one  of  them  is  called  the  saw-fish,  and  another 
produces  dangerous  electrical  discharges. 

SUBCLASS  DIPNOA. 

This  subclass  is  said  to  furnish  a  connecting  link  from  the  Ganoidea  to  the  Ba- 
trachia. In  external  appearance  the  fish  are  ganoid-like.  The  body  is  long,  eel- 
like,  covered  with  scales,  and  terminates  in  a  compressed  caudal  fin  with  weak  fin- 
rays.  The  head  is  broad  and  flat.  There  are  two  orders,  Mmopneumonia  and 
Dipneumonia.  The  Monopneumonia  includes  the  Ceratodidae,  some  of  which  are 
living  in  Australia,  and  they  are  common  in  the  Mesozoic  rocks,  but  the  existence 
of  them  in  the  Palaeozoic  rocks  is  very  doubtful. 

The  Order  Dipneumonia  contains  the  living  Family  Sirenidao,  which  contains 
two  genera,  the  Lepidosiren,  from  the  rivers  of  Brazil,  and  the  Protopterus,  from 
tropical  Africa.  There  is  little  reason  to  believe  this  order  is  represented  in  Palaeo- 
zoic rocks,  though  Ctenodus  and  Dipterus  have  been  referred  to  it. 

SUBCLASS  GANOIDEA. 

ORDER  ACANTHODEA. 
FAMILY  ACANTHODIDJE. — Acanthodes. 

ORDER  CHONDROSTEA. 

FAMILY  CHONDROSTEIDJE. — Asterosteus,  Macropetalichthys. 
FAMILY  PAL^EONISCID^E.— Chirolepis,  Mecolepis,  Palaeoniscus,  Rhadinichthys. 


PISCES.  585 

ORDER  CROSSOPTERYGIA. 

FAMILY  CCELACANTHID^E. — Coelacantluis. 

FAMILY*  CROSsopTERYGiD^E.—Ceratodus,    Conchodus,    Ctenodus,    Heliodus, 

Onycliodus,  Peplorhina. 

FAMILY  DIPTERID^E. — Diplerus,  Gnathorhiza,  Ptyonodus. 
FAMILY  HOLOPTYCHID^E. — Glyptolepis,  Holoptychius. 
FAMILY  :iPiiANEnopLEURONiD,E. — Phaneropleuroo. 
FAMILY  RHIZODONTID^E. — Eusthenopterou,  Rhizodus. 

ORDER  GINGL.YMODA. 
FAMILY  LEPIDOSTETDJE. — Aerolepis,  Amblypterus,  Eurylepis. 

ORDER  PL.ACODERMATA. 

FAMILY  CEPIIALASPID.S:. — Acanthaspis,  Acantholepis,  Cephalaspis. 
FAMILY  COCCOSTEID^:. — Coccosteus,  Dinichthys,  Liognathus. 
FAMILY  PTERASPID^E  — Diplaspis,  Palseaspis. 

FAMILY  PTERICIITIIYIDJE. — Aspidichthys,  Bothriolepis,  Pterichthys. 
FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Mycterops. 

ORDER  PYCNODONTA.. 

FAMILY  PYCNODONTID^E.  — Platysomus. 
FAMILY  UNCERTAIN.  — Ectosteorachis. 

SUBCLASS  SEL.ACHIA. 
DIVISION    HOLOCEPHALA. 

ORDER  CHIMEROIDIDEA. 

FAMILY  COIMEROIDID^E.—  Cyrtacauthus,  Liognathus,  Machseracanthus,  Ptyc- 
todus,  Rhinodus,  Rhynchodus. 

DIVISION    PLAQIOSTOMATA. 

ORDER   SQUALINA. 

FAMILY  COCHLIODONTID^E. — Chitonodus,  Cochliodus,  Cymatodus,  Deltodopsis, 
Deltodus,  Deltoptychius,  Helodus,  Orodus,  Orthopleurodus,  Petrodus, 
Platvodus,  Poecilodus,  Psephodus,  Sandnlodus,  Stenopterodus,  Tseuiodus, 
Tomodus,  Trigonodus,  Vaticinodus,  Xystrodus.  The  Cochliodontidae 
commenced  at  the  base  of  the  Subcarboniferous,  reached  their  greatest  de- 
velopment in  the  same  geological  system,  and  only  one  genus,  Orthopleu- 
rodus,  is  found  as  high  as  the  Coal  Measures. 

FAMILY  HYBODONTID^E. — Agassizodus,  Apedodus,  Bathychilodus,  Carcharop- 
sis,  Cladodus,  Diplodus,  Hybocladodus,  Janassa,  Lambdodus,  Liodus,  Me- 
sodmodus,  Orodus,  Periplectrodus,  Phoebodus,  Piisticladodus,  Stemmatodus, 
Thrinacodus,  Polyrhizodus. 

FAMILY  PETALODONTID^E. — Antliodus,  Calapodus,  Cholodus,  Chomatodus, 
Ctenopetalus,  Ctenoptychius,  Dactylodus,  Desmiodus,  Fissodus,  Harpaco- 
dus,  Lisgodus,  Peltodus,  Peripristis,  Petalodus,  Petalorhynchus,  Polyrhi- 
zodus, Pristodus,  Tanaodus,  Veuustodus. 


586 


PISCES. 


[ACA. — ACO. 


FAMILY  ICHTHYODORULITES. — Acondylacanthus,  Amacanthus,  Anaclitacan- 
thus,  Asteroptychius,  Batacanthus,  Bythiacanthus,  Compsacanthus,  Ctena- 
canthus,  Cyrtacauthus,  Drepauacanthus,  Edestus,  Erismacanthus,  Eune- 
macanthus,  Ganipsacanthus,  Gisacanthus,  Glyramatacanthus,  Gyracanthus, 
Horaacanthus,  Lecracanthus,  Listracanthus,  Machseracanthus,  Marracan- 
thus,  Oracanthus,  Orthacanthus,  Physonemus,  Piiigeacanthua,  Stenacan- 
thus,  Xystracanthus. 

ORDER  RAIINA. 
FAMILY  PSAMMODONTID^E. — Copodus,  Psammodus. 


ACANTHAPPIS,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
[Ety.  akantha,  spine ; 
Cranium  plates  some- 


, , 

vol.    2,    p.    36.     [Ely.    akantha,   spine; 
aspis,    shield.]     Craniu 


what  quadrangular  at 
one  end,  then  abruptly 
bending  to  one  si<le, 
and  prolonged  to  an 
acute  point;  surface 
carinated  and  tuber- 
culated.  Type  A.  ar- 
mata. 

armata,  Newberry,  1875, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  37. 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ACANTJIODES,  Aga&siz,  1833, 
Recherches  sur  les 
Poiss.  Fus*.,  vol.  1,  p. 
19.  [Ety.  akantha, 
spine.]  Fish  lepidoid, 
mouth  wide ;  lower 
jaw  longer  than  the 
upper;  teeth  brush- 
like  ;  scales  small ;  dor- 

sal   fin 

opposite 

anal; 

pectoral  Fi°-  1097.— Acantliaspis  armata. 

In  rtrp-     PI'tte  bearing  spine  from  left 

i  a.  i  g  c  ,     side  of  crauium 

first  ray 

of  each  fin  strong,  large, 
stiff;  rays  of  caudal  fin 
close.  Type  A.  bronni. 
affinia,  Whiteaves,  18S9, 
Tians.  Roy.  Soc.  Can., 
vol.  6,  p.  77,  Low.  Devo- 
nian. 

concinnus,  Whiteaves, 
18.S9,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
tulosus.  He-  Can.,  vol.  6,  p.  77,  Low. 
duced  outlines  Devonian, 
probably  ^In'  AcANTnoLEPis,  Ne  w  b  e  r  r  y , 
their  relative  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2. 
positions.  p_  38  [Ety.  akantha, 

spine  ;  lepis,  scale.]    Tuberculated  cran- 
ial or  dermal  plates,  having  a  prevailing 


Fio.1098.— Acan- 
tliolepls     pus- 
II  e- 


spatulate  outline;  some  are  thin  and 
have  the  appearance  of  large,  elon- 
gated, unsymmttjical  scales;  others  are 
stronger  and  produced  into  points  that 
sometimes  become  spines.  Type  A. 
pustulosa. 

pustulosa,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  38,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
ACONDYLACANTHUS,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur. 
III.,  vol.  6,  p.  432.  [Ety. 
akondylos,  without  bony 
knobs;  akantha,  spine.]  Fin 
rays  long,  gradually  taper- 
ing, laterally  compressed, 
moderately  curved  posteri- 
orly;  lateral  faces  longitudi- 
nally fluted;  coatae  smooth, 
enameled,  increasing  by  bi- 
furcation and  implantation ; 
posterior  face  excavated 
longitudinally,  without  me- 
dian keel ;  postero-lateral 
angles  bear- 
ing a  row  of 
d  o  w  nward 
hooked  den- 
ticles; pulp 
cavity  occu- 
pying the 
posterior  half 
of  the  spine. 
Type  A.  gra- 
cilis. 

seq  uicoatatus, 
St.    John    & 
W  o  r  t  h  e  n , 
1875,    Geo. 
Sur.   III.,  vol.  6,  p.  434, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

gracilis,  St.  John  &  Wor- 
then, 1875,  Geo.  Sur. 
III.,  vol.  6,  p.  433,  Wa- 
verly  or  Kinderhook  Gr. 
mudgianus,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  1883,Geo.  Sur. 

^'-1ea7'P-244'UP-rI0.1099.-Acon- 
V./OHI  lueas.  elylitca  u  tl)  us 

nuperus,  St.  John  &  Wor-  grucilis.  Side 
then,  1883,-  Geo.  Sur.  view  of  spine 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  242,  Up.  ™?'  A  dfam' 
Coal  Meas. 

occidentalis,  Newberry  &  Worthen, 
1866,  (Leptacanthus  occidentalis,) 


ACR. — ASP.] 


PISCES. 


587 


Geo.    Sur.    111.     vol.     2,    p.     116,    St. 
Louis  Gr. 

rectus,   St.    John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,  vol.  7,  p.  241,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

xiphias,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  244,  K«okuk  Gr. 
ACROLEPIS,   Agassiz,   1830,    Recherches  sur 
les  Poiss.   Foss.,   vol.   2,   p.    79.     [Ety. 
akros,      sharp.] 
le()is,     scale; 
Distinguished 
from   Pygopte- 
rus     in      the 
shorter    anal 


FIG.  lluO.— Acrolepis  sedg- 
wicki.    Magnified  scale. 


being    a    little 
more    anterior 
in  position  and 
the  scales  mo  re 
strongly  keeled  and    sulcated    diagon- 
ally.   Tvpe.A.  sedgwicki. 
hortonensis,   Dawson,  1888,   Acad.  Geol., 

p.  254,  Subcarboniferous. 
Agassichthys,  Newberry,  syn.   for  Macrope- 
talichthys. 

minni,  see  Macropetalichthys  manni. 
sullivanti,    see    Macropetalichthys     sulli- 

vanti. 

AQASSIZODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  311.  [Ety. 
proper  name ;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth 
variable,  transversely  elongated,  base 
usually  produced;  crown  traversed  by 
a  crest,  raised  into  several  summits, 
the  central  one  often  large.  Type  A. 
variabilis. 

corrugatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
(Orodus  corrugatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
4,  p.  358,  Coal  Meas. 

scitulus,  St.  John  &  Wortheu,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  322,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1101.— Agassizodus  variabilis. 

variabilis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
(Lophodus  variabilis,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p.  361,  Coal  Meas. 

virginianus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  321,  Coal 
Meas. 

AMACANTIIUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  464.  [Ecy. 
ami,  backward ;  akantha,  spine.]  Dor- 
sal spine  firmly  implanted,  curved  for- 
ward, laterally  compressed,  posterior 
face  truncated  and  longitudinally  keeled 
or  denticulate  along  the  median  line ; 
rounded  and  tuberculated  in  the  con- 
cave anterior  face;  lateral  surface 
covered  with  tuberculose  costse.  Type 
A.  gibbosus. 


gibbosus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Homacanthus  gibbosus,}  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  1 13,  SD.  Louis  Gr. 
AMBLYPTKRUS,  Agassiz,  1833,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poissons  Fosses,  t.  1,  p.  28.  [Ety. 
hmhlys,  blunt;  ptero»,  fin.]  All  fins 
large  and  composed  of  numerous  rays; 
pectoral  very  large;  anal  hrrnd;  dorsal 
opposite  the  anal  point  of  the  ventral, 
which  is  far  back ;  little  rays  on  the 
superior  lobe  of  the  heterocercal  tail ; 
head  blunt;  scales  medium,  rhomboid. 
Type  A.  macropterus. 

macropterus,    Agassiz,     1836,    R'cherch. 

Poiss.  Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  28,  Coal  Meas. 
ANACMTACAXTHUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen, 
1875,  Geo  Sur.  Ill ,  vol.  6.  p.  442.  [Ety. 
annkWos,  leant  upon ;  akantha,  spine.] 
Fin  spine  recumbent  or  imbedded  along 
its  inferior  extent,  laterally  compressed, 
subovate  in  transverse  s  -ction  ;  exposed 
part  constricted  along  the  line*of  union 
wi'h  the  base.  Type  A.  s^micostatus. 

semicostatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  6,  p.  443,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

ANTLIODUS,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  18f»6, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  33.  [Etv.  anttia, 
a  depression ;  odous,  a  tooth.]  Teeth 
transversely  elliptical,  compressed,  con- 
cavo-convex ;  crown  similar  to  that  of 
Petalodus;  root  short  or  obsolete.  Type 
A.  mucronatus. 

cucullus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2.  p.  41,  Keokuk  Gr. 

gracilis.  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  393,  Warsaw  Gr. 

minutus,    Newberry    &    Worthen,    1866, 
.       Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  43,  Keokuk  Gr. 

mucronaius  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  38,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

parvulus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  38,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

perovalis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  393,  Warsaw  Gr. 

politus,  Newbetry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  2,  p.  42,  Keokuk  Gr. 

robut-tus,  Newberry  &  Won  hen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  39,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

sarcnlulus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  356,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

similis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  41,  Keokuk  Gr. 

simplex,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  2,  p.  44,  Burlington  Gr. 

sulcatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  45,  Keokuk  Gr. 
APEDODUS,  Leidy,  1856,    Jour.  Acad.    Nat. 
Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  162.     [Ety.  apedos. 
level,  smooth  ;  odous,  tooth.]    Flattened 
lancet-shaped  teeth.     Type  A.  priscus. 

priscus,  Leidy,  1856,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  162,  Chemung  Gr. 
ASPIDICHTIIYS,   Newberry,   1873,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.    1,    p.    322.     [Ety.    aspis,    shield; 
ichthys,    fish.]      Dorso-median  plate  of 
the   carapace    similar  to   that  of    Pte- 


588 


PISCES. 


[ASP.— EOT- 


richlhys,  but  many  tiroes  larger  and 
covered  with  large,  IK  miepheii<  al, 
smooth,  enameled  tubercles.  Type  A. 
olavattis. 

davauip,  Ntwberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  3L'3,  Portage  Gr. 


Fio.  1102.— Aspidlchtliys  clavatus. 

Aspidodttf,  Newbprry  &  Worthen,  18GC,  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  2,  p.  92,  syn.  for  Pse- 
phodup. 

ccnwlutw,  we  P^fphodus  convolutup. 

cniinlatvf,  see  Ptephcdus  crenuhitus. 
Asltracanllius    ndtrivs,    see    Bytiiiacaiithus 

sideriup. 

AsTKKOPTYcmrP,  McCoy,  1854,  British  Pal. 
Rocks,  p.  615.  [Ety.  ast<r,  s\»r;pfyx, 
•wrinkle.]  Bony  fin-ray  compietsed, 
long,  slender,  gradually  la|  eiing  to  a 
point  at  tlie  distal  end,  and  abruptly 
tapeiingat  the  stiiated  proximate  end 
or  base  of  insertion;  pid«s  moderately 
convex,  <  on  verging  tot  hr  anteiior  edge, 
which  IP  strongly,  keeled;  pep  tenor 
face  with  a  moderate  cavity,  each  lat- 
eial  edge  having  a  row  of  small,  pointed 
te«th,  directed  upward;  sides  with 
smooth,  thread-like  ridges,  separated 
by  broader,  flat,  lot  giludinally  stiiated 
spaces  on  which  are  irregularly  s<  at- 
t«red,  Pinooth,  BJ  iiioustubeiclts.  Type 
A.  ornatus. 

bellulup,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Snr.  111.,  vol  6,  p.  439,  Coal  Mcas. 

kfokuk,  St.  John  &  Woithm,  1S75,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  «,  p.  430,  Kerknk  Gr. 

Etludovk-i,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  187-% 
Geo.  8ur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  437,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

tfnellup,  St.  John  &  Wortl-en.  18F3,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  248,  Up.  Coal 
Aleae. 

tennis,  St.  Jol-n  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  438,  Kflpkppkia  Gr. 

tmngukriH,  Ke\vbeiry  &  AVorthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol/4,  p.  370,  Builiug- 
t(.n  Gr. 

vetustup,  St.  John  and  Won  hen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  435,  Waveily  or  Kiii- 
dej)io<  k  Gr. 

ABTKROSTKIS,  Nfwberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  j>.  36.  [Ety.  an'tr,  star;  osftvn, 
bone.]  H<  ad  1«  ng,  narrow,  broadening 
in  the  occipital  region  ;  surface  coveied 
by  a  feheet  of  tubeiculated  enamel; 


na^al  pits  strongly  mntkrd;  condyle- 
lil-e  J'oeterior  pn  jectioiiS.  Type  "  A. 
stenr  cephalus. 

steiioieplmliiK,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  3(5,  Coinif.  r-'u-"  <ir. 
BATACAN-JIIUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Gto.  !Sur.  111.,  vol.  G,  p.  4(>8.  [Ety. 
bulos,  prickly  bush;  akonllia,  spine*.] 
Sj.ines  long,  tapering,  cuived  forwatd; 
apex  obtuse;  trann\eise  Motion  t-ub- 
circular  or  oval,  with  anterior  angle 
ami  posti  rior  face;  lateral  sinfiices 
lounded,  <  overed  with  stellate  tul»er- 
cl-  s  with  intercostal  sn'ci  ;  bas^  moder- 
ately insert.-d;  pulp*  cavity  bubctutrul. 
T\pe  B.  bat'ulil'onnis 

bac-uliiomiis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  4G9,  Keo- 
kuk  Gr. 

necis,  St.  John  &  Wort  ben,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  2-33,  Keokuk  (Jr. 

Stella t us,  Newln-ny  &  'A'oitlien,  18GG, 
(Dr* -pnnacanthu8(?)  stellatup,)  Gto.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  125,  Ke<  knk  Gr. 
BATIIYCIIII  ows,  St.  John  &  WuMhtn,  1875, 
G-o.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  G,  p.  252.  [Ety. 
bathi/s,  deep  ;  ilu-ilos,  lip;  ddtni*,  tooili.] 
Teeth  miiiute,  latnaliy  elongattd,  sub- 
(liiptical,  hiuuons  in  froi.t ;  median 
cmp  with  cutting  edgep  flanked  by  a 
pair  of  diverging  denticlts  of  fciiuilar 
si  ape,  with  a  minute 
deiitit-le  between  tl.e  lat- 
eral and  median  cusps. 
Type  B.  marisaacsi. 

mucis-aacsi,    St.     John    & 

Won  hen,  1875,  G>  o.  Sur.  F        ]]OH  _  ,? 
111.,  \ ol  (5,  p.  252,  Middle    . i.V,  hi  I ., d  us 
])ev.('nian.  HUU-IMU.«».I.. 

BoTititioj.Ei'is,  Eichwald.  1840,  Bull.  Soc.  St. 
P«.ttrtsburg.     [Ety.    bolhiion,   a   furiow; 


Fio.  11W.— Botliriolepls  canadensis. 


Ifjris,  a  scale.]  Cephalic  shield  pome- 
wLat  peiiiiellijitical  in  outline  and  cov- 
ered with  plaup,  as  in  Pttrichihys  and 


BYT.— CHI.] 


PISCES. 


589 


Asterolepis,  but  distinguished  by  the 
course  of  the  furrows  and  shape  of 
the  plates;  it  lias  longer  articulating 
plates  in  the  limb  or  arm,  and  hns  been 
otherwise  distinguished,  though  i  Wely 
related  to  botli  genera.  Type  B.  or- 
natus. 

canadensis,  AVhiteavep,  1880,  (Pterichthys 
canadensif,)  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts, 
3.1.  sen,  vol.  20,  p.  135,  Up.  Devo- 
nian. 

BYTIIIACANTITCS,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  (i,  p.  444.  [K  y. 
bythiox,  deep  ;  akantha,  ppine.]  Fin 
ppmes  deeply  imbedded,  laterally  com- 
pressed, exposed  part  recumbent, 
tuberculated  ;  posterior  face  low,  keeled  ; 
pulp  cavity  forming  a  deep  channel  in 
the  posterior  side  of  the  base.  Type  B 
vanhornii. 

sideiiu^,  LHdy,  1873,  (Asteracanthns  sid- 
erin.s,)  Ext.  Vert,  Fauna,  p.  313,  St. 
Lou  s  Or. 

vanhornii,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Mir.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  445,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

CALOI-ODPS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  GPO. 
Snr.  Ill,  vol.  6,  p.  403.  [Ely.  kalus, 
beautiful  ;  odous,  tooth.] 
Teeth  in  geneial  f  >rm 
like  Petalodus,  but  dis- 
tinguished by  the  tur- 
gid, 8ul>coniral,  unsym- 
metiu'al  crown.  TypeC. 
•picaiiR 

apicalis,  St.   John  &  Wor-  Fio  llOo  —  Caio- 
then,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,    }*'duVpicao 
vol.    6,    p.    403,    Middle    diam.      B' 
Coal  M»  as. 

CABCHAI:OPSIS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Recherches  sur 
JHS  Po  ssons  Fossiles,  vol.  3,  p.  313. 
[Ety.  carcharops's,  shaik-like.]  P.in- 
cipal  cusps  very  strong,  erect,  com- 
pressed  in  front,  rounded  behind, 
broadly  expanded  at  base;  lateral  an- 
gles sharp,  crenulated  ;  extremities  oc- 
cupied by  isolated,  conical,  lateral 
denticles;  coional  faces  smooth  or 
faintly  striattd  vertically;  base  in  out- 
"linelikeClado- 
dus,  moder- 
ately produced 
and  broadly 
rounded  poste- 
riorly; anterior 
face  sinuous, 
termi  n  a  ti  ng 
below  in  a 
ridge;  inft-rior 
surface  exca- 


.  1106.-Caro.1aropsis 

woniieui.  . 

wortheni,    .New- 

berry,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  69, 
Subcarboniferous. 

CBPHALASPJS,  Agas-siz,  183(5,  Recherch.  Pois. 
FOBS.,  t.  2,  p.  135.  [Ety.  kepliale,  head; 
aspis,  shield.]  Entire  bkVleton  exteinal  ; 
head  shield  very  large,  subcrescent- 


iform   when    depressed   but   in  better, 
condition    showing    an    arching    over 
thetopofthe 
head,    cov- 
ered   with 
d  i  sc  oi  dal, 
scul  plured, 
bony  platep, 
with     the 
crescent 
horns  d  i  - 
reot'd   back- 
waid;  eyes 
large,    ellip- 
tical, on  eai  h 
side    of    the 
upper     cen- 
tral {art    of  F(o _  1107__,.ephalnsp|S 
tl)6        head;     Hemt  >hieia  deprt-s.-ed.  and 
bodyr?pidly     snowina  the  jointedangular 
tapering,  an-     outliue  of  part  of  the  body, 
gularon  top, 

and  presenting  a  jointed  appearance 
somewhat  1  ke  a  trilobite;  doisal,  anal, 
and  caudal  (in,  the  latter  like  a  paddle 
or  oar.  Type  C.  lyelli. 

campbeltonenhis,   Whiteaves,    1881,   Can. 
Nat.,  vol.  10,  Devonian. 

dawsoni,  Lankester,  1870,   London   Geo. 

Mag.,  Devonian. 

CERATODCS,  Apa«siz,  1833,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poi?sons  Fossiles,  t.  1,  p.  129.  [Ety. 
keras,  horn  ;  oluvs,  tooth.]  Teeth  large, 
thick,  longer  than  wide,  veiy  poious; 
crown  transversely  sulcated.  Type  C. 
latii-simus. 

favo.Mis,  Cope,  1884,  Pal.  Bull.,  No.  39,  p. 
28,  Permian. 

paucicristatus,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  Am.  Phil* 
Soc.,  p.  54,  Permian. 

vinslovii,  Cope,  187G,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

p.  410,  Permian. 

Cliiroilus,  McCoy,  1848,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  2,  p.  130.  [Ety.  clirir,  the 
hand  ;  nitons,  tooth.]  Tooth  fan-shaped, 
thick,  flattened  ;  anterior  broad,  margin 
deeply  divided  into  lobes;  inner  nearly 
straight  margin  has  a  small,  recurved, 
thumb -li-k«  lobe  projecting  ntaily  at 
right  angles  from  tiie  middle  of  its 
length,  preventing  the  mesial  junction 
of  the  tiitors  of  each  side  of  the  jaw; 
inner  marginal  lobe  the  lorg<  r;  surface 
minutely  punctured.  Type  C.  pesiana). 
Not  d«  finitely  known  in  America. 

acutas,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
hci.,  vol.  8,  p.  99,  Coal  Meas.  Too  poorly 
defined  to  warrant  recognition. 
CniROLEPis,  Agassiz,  1833,  Recherchfs  sur 
les  Poissons  Foshiles,  t.  1,  p.  128.  [Ety. 
cheir,  hand  ;  left*,  ecale.]  B'»nes  01  the 
head  t-culptured  ;  j-houlder-bone  and 
fins  osseous;  pectorals  large,  leaching 
near  the  ventral  fin,  and  ventral  reach- 
ing near  the  aral  fin;  doisal  fin  small 
and  opposite  the  posterior  pait  <f  the 
anal  fin;  tail  well-developed,  principally 
on  the  lower  side ;  scales  small,  sculp- 


690 


PISCES. 


[CHI.— CXA. 


lured,  and  ranged  diagonally  in  wavy 
lines.     Type  C.  trailli. 

canadensis,  YVhiteaves,  1881,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  21,  p.  496, 
Up.  Devonian. 

CHITOXODUS,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  109.  [Ety.  chiton,  a 
smock  or  coat ;  odom,  tooth.]  Mandib- 
ular  posterior  teeth  trapezoidal,  arched 
in  the  direction  of  inrollment ;  median 
teeth  narow,  inrolled  longitudinally; 
maxillary  posterior  teeth  subquadrilat- 
eral,  arched,  and  inrolled  along  the 
outer  margin.  Type  C.  spingeri. 

antiquus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  116,  Low.  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

latus,  Leidy,  1856,  (Cochliodus  latus,) 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  11,  p.  87,  pi. 
5,  fig.  17,  Keokuk  Gr. 

liratus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  119,  Sf.  Louis  Gr. 

rugosus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Po3fJlodus  rugosus,  P.  ornatns,  and  P. 
convolutus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  pp. 
94,  95 ;  vol.  4,  p.  366,  Keokuk  Gr. 

spingeri,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  112,  Up.  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

tribulis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  117,  Keokuk  Gr. 
CHOLODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  415.  [Ety.  cholos,  de- 
fective; odous,  tooth.]  Distinguished 
from  Peltodus  and 
Fissodu*,  by  the 
eccentrically  lobed 
crest  and  extreme 
downward  pro- 
longation of  the 
lateral  extremities 
of  the  coronal 
fold  in  the  convex 
face.  Type  C.  inseqnalis. 

insequalis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  416,  Coal  Meas. 
CIIOMATODUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  3,  p.  107.  [Ety. 
choma,  a  pile  or  heap;  odous,  tooth.] 
Teeth  transversely  much  elongated, 
compressed,  and  depressed  ;  crown  hav- 
ing the  homologous  parts  of  Petalodus, 
and  the  form  and  structure  of  Polyrhi- 
zodus ;  root  short,  sometimes  obsolete, 
undivided.  Type  C.  linearis. 

affinis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  54,  Keokuk  Gr. 

angularis,  see  Tanaodus  angularis. 

arcuatus,  St.  John,  1870,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  vol.  2,  p.  435,  and  Pal.  E.  Neb.,  p. 
243,  Coal  Meas. 

chesterensis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  363,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

comptus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  356,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

costatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  85,  Keokuk  Gr. 


,Fio.  1108  — Cholodus 
.    ,  insequalis.      Con- 
vex mce. 


cultellus,    Newberry    &    Worthen,    1866, 

Geo.  Sur.    111.,    vol.   2,   p.   52,   Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
elegans,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  86,  Keokuk  Gr. 
gracillimus,  see  Tanaodus  gracillimus. 
incoustans,   St.   John   &  AVorthen,   1875, 

Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    6,    p.    360,    St. 

Louis  Gr. 
incrassatus,  St.  John 

&  Worthen,  1875, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 

6,  p.  359,  St.  Louis 

Gr.  .  FIG.  1109.— Chomatodus 

msignis,  Leidy,  1856,  incrassatus. 

Trans.    Am.    Phil. 
Sue.,  vol.  11,  p.  87,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
linearis,  Agassiz,  1843,  (Psamuaodus  line- 
arin,)  Recherches  Pois.   FOBS.,   t.   3,  p. 
108,  Subcarb. 

loriformis,   Newberry   &  AVorthen,  1866, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  58,  Keokuk  Gr. 

molaris,  Newberry  &  AVorthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,  vol.  2,  p.  56,  Keokuk  Gr. 
multiplicatus,  see  Tanaodus  multiplicatus. 
obscurus,  see  Tanaodus  obscurus. 
parallel  us,    St.    John    &    AArorthen,   1875, 
Geo.   Sur.    111.,    vol.    6,    p.    358,    War- 
saw Gr. 

pufdllus,    Newberry    &    AVorthen,    1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  53,  Keokuk  Gr. 
varsoviensis,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  393,  AVarsaw  Gr. 
venustus,    Leidy,    see  Venustodus    leidyi, 
where  the  specific  name  is  made  to  des- 
ignate the  genus,  and    the  author  the 
specific  name,  contrary  to  the  rules  of 
notnenclatare;  also  see  Venustodus  ve- 
nustus. 

CLADODUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Recherches  sur  les 
Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  3,  p.  196.  [Ety. 
klados,  twig  ;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  with 
broad,  horizontal,  semicircular,  thick, 
bony,  coarsely  fibrous  base,  rounded 
behind,  truncated  in  front ;  »crown  di- 
vided into  long,  sharp,  subulate,  con- 
ical points,  arranged  along  the  straight 
truncated  edge  of  the  base ;  medial 
cone  much  larger  than  the  secondary 
ones,  of  which  latter  the  exeraal  cones 
are  the  larger;  all  the  cones  striated 
longitudinally,  and  either  circular  in 
section  or  with  simple  cutting  edges, 
slightly  compressed.  Type  C.  mirabilis. 
acuminatus,  N  e  w  - 
berry,  1857,  Proc. 
A  cad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  99, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  45,  Subcarbo- 
niferous. 

alternatus,   St.  John 
&   Worthen,    1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
6,  p.  265,  AVaverly 
or  Kinderhook  Gr. 
angulatus,    Newberry   &  Worthen,   1866, 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    2,    p.    24,    Keo- 
kuk Gr. 


FIG.  lllO.-Clndodns 
aeum  hiatus. 


PISCES. 


591 


bellifer,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  270,  Burlington  Gr. 
cariuatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  279,  Coal  Meas. 
coucinnus,    Newberry,    1875,    Ohio    Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  48,  Portage  Gr. 
costatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  27,  Kaskiskia  Gr. 
detiexus,    Newberry    &    Worthen,    1870, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.   4,  p.  355,   Burling- 
ton Gr. 
eccentricus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 

Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    6,    p.    272,    St. 

Louis  Gr. 
elegans,  Newberry  &  "Worthen,  1870,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  354,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
euglypheus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 

Geo.    Sur.     111.,     vol.     6,    p.    274,    St. 

Louis  Gr. 
exiguus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol  6,  p.  261,  Waverly  or  Kin- 
derhook Gr. 
exilis,    St.   John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  258,  Waverly  or  Kin- 

derhook  Gr. 
ferox,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  26,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
fulleri,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  276,  Coal  Meas. 
gomphoides,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  269,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 
gracilis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  30,  Coal  Meas. 
grandis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  29,  Kaskaskia  Ur. 
hertzeri,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  46,  Portage  Gr. 
intercostatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 

Geo.   Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  267,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 
iscliypus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  354,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
lamnoides,   Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  30,  Keokuk  Gr. 
magnificus,  Tuomey,  1858,  2d  Rep.  Geo. 

Ala.,  p.  39,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
micropus,   Newberry   &.  Worthen,    1866, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  21,  Keokuk  Gr. 
mortifer,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,  vol.  2,  p.  22,  Coal  Meas. 
newmani,  Tuomey,  1858,  Geo.  Ala.,  p.  39, 

Kaskaskia  Gr. 
occidentalis,  Leidy,  1859,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
paudatm,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.  vol.  6,  p.  278,  Coal  Meas. 
parvulus,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  48,  Portage  Gr. 
pattersoni,    Newberry,    1875,    Ohio    Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  47,  Waverly  Gr. 
politus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  27,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
praenuntius,  St.  John   &    Worihen,  1875, 

Geo.    Sur.  Ill,  vol.  6,  p.  270,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 
raricostatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,   1875, 

Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    6,    p.    271,    Keo- 
kuk Gr. 


robustus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  20.  KenkukGr. 

romingeri,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,'  p.  49,  Waverly  Gr. 

spinosus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.,  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  22,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

springeri,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  259,  Waverly 
or  Kinderhook  Gr. 

stenopu«,  Newberry  &  AVorthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  2,  p  23,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

subulatus,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  47,  Cuyahoga  shale  over  the  Berea 
grit. 

succinctus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo. Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  265,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

turritus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  28,  Keokuk  Gr. 

vanhornii,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  273,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

wachsmuthi,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  6,  p.  263,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

zygopus,  Newberry  &  Worthen.  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  25,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

Climaxodits,  McCoy,  1848,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2.  [Ety.  klimax, 
ladder;  odom,  tooth.]  Tooth  longer 
than  wide,  gradually  narrowing  toward 
the  front,  with  nearly  straight  sides; 
anterior  part  of  the  crown  crossed  by 
broad,  imbricating,  transverse  ridges,  at 
right  angles  to  its  length  ;  surface  mi- 
nutely punctured.  Type  C.  imbricatus. 
Not  definitely  known  in  America. 

brevis,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  100,  Coal  Meas.  Too 
poorly  defined  to  warrant  recognition. 
COCCOSTEUS,  Agassiz,  1836,  Rech^rch.  Pois. 
Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  302.  [Ety.  kokkos,  berry ; 
osleon,  bone.]  Hrad  rounded ;  body 
triangular,  with  long  vertebral ed  tail, 
like  a  rudder,  the  whole  compared  in 
form,  by  Hugh  Miller,  to  a  boy's  kite; 
head  and  body  covered  with  tuber- 
culated  bony  plates  ;  central  front  plate 
like  the  keystone  of  an  arch  ;  the  pos- 
terior body  plate  is  large,  saddle-wise 
toward  the  center,  pointed  behind;  on 
the  ridge  there  is  a  longitudinal  groove 
ending  in  a  perforation,  a  little  behind 
the  apex.  It  is  this  plate  which  has 
been  described  as  C.  occidentalis,  but  it 
does  not  show  groove  or  perforation. 
Type  C.  decipiens. 

acadicus,  Whiteaves,  1881,  Can.  Nat.,  vol. 
10,  Upper  Devonian. 

occidentalis,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio    Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  32,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
COCHLIODUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  3,  p.  113.  [Ety. 
kochlias,  anything  spiral;  odous,  tooth.] 
Lower  jaw  thick,  short,  bony,  V-shap-d, 
bearing  on  each  ramus  two  obliquely 
twisted  and  obtusely  ridged  semi- 
cylindrical  teeth,  strongly  inrolled  on 


592 


PISCES. 


[CCEI,. — COP. 


Fio.  llll.-Cochliodus 
coiilortus. 


the  outer  margin,  convex  above,  con- 
cave below,  with  porous  grinding  sur- 
faces, as  in  P&mmoddB,  from  the  ter- 
mination of  the  vertical  medullary 
canals.  Type  C.  contortus. 

costatu  s, 
Newbe  r  ry 
&Worthen, 
1870,  Geo. 
Sur.  111., 
vol.  4,  p. 
364,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 
erassus,  New- 
b'rry  & 
Wort  hen, 
1866,  syn. 

for    Sandalodus    hevissimus. 
latus,  see  Chitonodus  latns. 
leidyi,    St.  John   &   Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  127,  Kas-kaskia  Gr. 
niliilus,  pee  Deltoptyclnus  nilidus. 
nobilis,  Newberry   &    Wortl.en,    syn.   for 

Chitonodus  latus. 
obliquiiH,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  126,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
occidmt'iHs,  see  I)«  Itodus  occidentalis. 
vanhornii,   St.   John    &    Worthen,    1883, 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    7,    p.    120,    St. 
Louis  Gr. 

C<EL  ACANTHI'S,  Agassiz,  1836,  Recherches 
snr  les  Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  2,  p.  170. 
[Kty.  koilvs,  hollow  ;  ukantha,  spine.] 
Head  plates  sculptured;  scales  large, 
imbricated,  sculptured,  artanged  diag- 
onally; two  small  dorsal  fins  support*  d 
on  interspinous  bones,  the  anteiiorone 
a  little  f./rward  of  the  ventral  tin,  and 
the  posterior  one  n«  arly  opposite  the 
anal  fin ;  caudal  flu  equi-lobate,  and 
near  its  extremity  a  minute  supple- 


FIG.  1112.— Coelacanthuselegans. 

mental  caudal ;  vertebral  column  carti- 
laginous, but  neural  arches  and  fin-nus 
bony;  teeth  small,  numerous,  conical. 
Type  C.  grunulosus. 

elegan->,  New  berry, 
1856,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat,  Sci.  Phil.,  vol. 
8,  p.  98,  ami  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  339, 
Coal  Meas. 

ornatus,      Newberry, 

1856,     Proc.     Acad.  Fio.    1113.-Ccelaoan- 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.     "ins       icroiiui<wi«. 
8,  p.    98,   and    Ohio     Magnified  ,*ule. 
Pal,  vol.  1,  p.  3-10,  Coal  Meas. 

robustup,  Newberry,  1856,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  !Sc,i.  Pnil..  v'ul.  8,  p.  9S,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  341,  Coal  Me 


COMPSACANTIIUS,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  99,  and  Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  331.  [Kty-  compsos,  ele- 
gant ;  akanth'i,  a  spine.]  Spines  small, 
gently  curved  backward;  exposed  part 
smooth,  polished;  section  circular; 
single  row  of  remote,  depressed  hooks 
on  the  posterior  median  line.  Type  C. 
Ifevis. 

sevis,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  99,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  332,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  11M.— Compsacanihuslsevis. 

Conch'opsis,  ?yn  for  Crelacanthu?. 
anguiifmis.  syn.  for  CoBUteanthUfl  elegans. 
extintJienidticus,    syn.    lor  Peplorhina    an- 

thracina. 
filiferus,  syn    for  Ccelacaothus  elegans. 

COXCIIODCS,  Mc- 
Coy, 1848, 
Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  2d. 
per.,  vol.  2. 
[Ety.  con- 
cAoi,  shell ; 
FIG.  1115— Oonchodu-i  o^o»s  tooth.] 

P'icatus-  Teeth  large, 

somewhat  semicircular,  pointed  in 
front,  subtruncate  behind,  deeply  con- 
cave on  the  grinding  surface;  internal 
margin  straight,  thickened,  edg->  ab- 
ruptly deflected  ;  external  border  con- 
vex, much  raised,  undulato  plicate, 
ridg  s  larger  in  front,  smaller  poste- 
rior; under  surface  polished,  minutely 
porous.  Type  C.  o->treiformis. 
plicatu«,  Dawson.  18b8,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

209,  Co  1  Mta*. 
COPODUS,  Agassix,  MSS., 
1859,  St.  John  & 
Wort  hen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p. 
227.  [Ety.  knpis, 
broad, curved  knit'e; 
o<1<nis,  t  'oth.]  Teeth 
bilaterally  sym- 
metrical, pp-imiing 
the  ja\v  without 
m<  sia-1  suture,  ar- 
ranged in  single, 
longitudinal  series 
from  behiinl  back- 
ward ;  lateral  bor- 
ders converging  an- 
teriorly; coronal 
region  arched ;  rim 

at  bace;  ant-rior  F|(J  me.  -  Copodus 
and  posterior  walls  cornmns.  Maxtl- 
vertical, channeled  ;  Jury  form,  a,  Trlt- 
inferior  surface  "niling  surf"ce;  *' 


concave;        porous 
beneath   the  enam- 
eled   coronal    sur.ace. 
nutus. 


iransverse     proHle; 


longliudiual  pro- 
Type    C. 


cor- 


CTE.] 


PISCES. 


593 


FIG.  1117. — Copodns  cor- 
nutus.  Mnndibiilar 
form,  a,  Triturating 
snrfnee;  6,  transverse 
profile;  c,  longitudinal 
profile.  «1  _. 


pusillup,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  231,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
vanhornii,  St.  John 
&  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.     Snr.     111., 
vol.  7,  p.  229,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

CTKN  A  c  ANTITUS, 
Agapf-iz,  1843, 
Rtcherches  stir 
les  Poissons  Fos- 
Pilps,  t.  3,  p.  11. 
[Ety.  ktenos, 

comb ;  akanihu, 
spine.]  Fin  spine 
coin  pi  essed,  grad- 
ually tapering, 
arch'ed  back- 
ward; anterior 
face  narrow, 
rounded ;  pos- 
terior face  con- 
cave, lateral 
edges  boidered 
by  two  rows  of 
curved  denticles 
inclined  down- 
ward ;  surface 
ridges  furrowed, 
_  peciinated  by 
transverse  scales  or  tubercles;  con- 
cealed base  rapidly  tapering,  finely 
striated.  Type  C.  tennistriatup. 
angulatup,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  118,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

burlingtonensis,  St.  John  &  Worthen, 
1875,  Geo.  Sur.  Ill,,  vol.  6,  p.  426, 
Burlington  Gr. 

buttersi,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  240,  Lower  Coal 
Meas. 

cannaliratus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  239,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

costalus,  see  Eunemacanthus  costatus. 
coxanus,    St.    John    &    Worthen,    1883, 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.   7,    p.    233,   Keo- 
kuk Gr. 
defivxus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,  vol.  7,  p.  234,  St.  L^uis  Gr. 
eleuans,  Tuotney,  1858,   Geo.  Ala.,  p.  38, 

Kaskaskia  Gr. 

excavatup,    St.   John   &    Worthen,    1875, 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    6,    p.    428,    Keo- 
kuk Gr. 
formosus,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  328,  Waverly  Gr. 
furcicarinatus,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  54,  Waverly  Gr. 
gemmatus,   St.  John    &   Worthen,    1875, 
Geo.     Sur.     111.,    vol.    6,    p.    429,    St. 
Louis  Gr. 

gracillimus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  126,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

grado-costatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  425,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


harrisoni,St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  236,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
keokuk,  bt.  John  &  Wort  lien,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  427,  Keokuk  Gr. 
latispinosus,  Whitcav<s,    1881,   Can.  Nat. 

and  Geol.,  vol.  10,  Upper  Devonian, 
maishi,  Neubervy,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  326.  Coal  Mexs. 
mayi,  Newberry    &    Worthen,  1870,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  372,  Burlington  Gr. 
parvulus,  Newb*rry,  1H75,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  55,  Clev.  land  s»-ale. 
pellensis,  St.  John  &  Woithen,  1883,  Geo. 

Snr.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  237,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
pugiunculus,  St.  John   &  Woithen,  1875, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  o,  p.  430,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
sculptus.  St.  J.-hn  &  Worlhen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.    111.,    vol.  6,    p.   421,    Waverly   or 

Kinderlu  ok  Gr. 
similis,  St.  John  &  Worthen.  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,  vol.  6,  p.  431,Khskfiskia  Gr. 
speciosus,  St.  John  &  Worthen.  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.    6,    p.    424,   Waverly    or 

Kinderhook  Gr. 
spectabilis,    St.  John   &   Worthen,    1875, 

Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  6,  p.  420,  Waveriy  or 

Kinderhook  Gr. 
triangularis,    Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  329,  Waverly  Gr. 
vaiians,  St.  John  &  Worthen.  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.    III.,   vol.    6,   p.   422,  Waverly    or 

Kindeihook  Gr. 


FIG.  1118. — Ctenacanthus  triaugularis. 

vetustus,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  32H.  Waverly  Gr. 
wiighti,  New1>eny,"l884,  35th  Rep.  N.  Y. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  p.  206,  Ham.  Gr. 
CTENODUS,  Agapsiz.  1843,  Recherch^s  stir  les 

Poissons  Foesilts,    t.  3,  p.   137.     [Ety. 

kteiiot,     comb;     odou»,     tooth.]    Tooth 

somewhat   fan  like,    with    closely    ser- 

ratf  d  edges,  very  porous  and  sulcated  ; 

position  in   the   jaw   unknown.    Type 

C.  crifrtatiis. 
dialophus,    Cope,    1878, 

Proc.   Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

vol.  17,  p.  528,  in  Pal. 

Bull.  No.  29,  Permian, 
fopsatus,      Cope,      1877, 

Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

p.  54,  Permian, 
gurleianus,    Cope,   1877, 

Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Spc., 

p.  55,  Permian, 
ohioensis,     Cope,    1874, 

Proc.    Acad.  Nat.  S.i. 

Phil.,  p.  91,  and  Ohio 

P«l.,    vol.    1,    p.    410, 

Coal  M,  as  F         im.~Cteno- 

penpnon,     Cope.    18/8,      dus  serratiu. 

Pal.      Bull.      No    29, 

in  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  St  c.,  vol.  17,  p.  527, 

Permian. 


594 


PISCES. 


[CTE.— DAC. 


porreotus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
in  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  527, 
Permian. 

puxillus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  26,  in 
Pr..c.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.    17,   p.    191, 
Permian, 
reticulatup,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  60,  Coal  Meas. 
serratus,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  59,  Coal  Meas. 

CTENOPETALVS,  Agassiz,  1869,  Catal.  FOBS. 
Fish,  Collection  of  Earl  of  Enniskillen, 
in  Geo.  Mag.,  vol.  6.  [Ety.  ktemts, 
comb  ;  pelalos,  broad,  full-grown.]  The 
serrated  or  denticulated  crest  distin- 
guishes it  from  Petalodus,  which  it 
much  resembles,  and  to  which  it  bears 
about  the  Fame  relation  as  Petalodus 
does  to  Antli«dus.  Type  C.  serratus. 
bellulus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,  vol.  6,  p.  398,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
limatulus,    St.    John    &    Worthen,   1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  399,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

medius,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  400, 
Kaska^kia  Gr. 
occidentals,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  401, 
Coal  Meas. 

vinosus,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  396,  Keokuk  Gr. 
CTENOPTYCHIUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  li^cherches 
pur  les  Poissons  Fospilt  s,  t.  3,  p.  99. 
[Ety.  klenos,  comb;  ptyche,  wrinkle.] 
Teeth  small,  highly  polished,  strongly 
compressed,  rounded  or  obtusely 
pointed ;  edge  divided  into  several 
strong  dentirulations;  base  of  crown 
with  a  few  imbricating  folds  of  ganoine ; 
bony  root,  oblong,  flattened  in  the 
same  direction  as  the  crown.  Type  C. 
apicalis. 

cristatus,  Dawson,  1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
209,  Coal  Meas. 


Fio.  1120.  —  Cteno- 
pelalus  oc<udent- 
«lls.  Concave 
face. 


FIG.  1121. — Ctenoptyohiuserl-tatus.    Natural  size 
aud  magnified. 


digitatus,  Leidy,   1856,  Trans.  Am.   Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  11,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
pertenuis,    St.    John    &    Worthen,    1875, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,   vol.  6.  p.  382,  Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
semicircularis,    see    Peripristis    semicircu- 

laris. 


stevensoni,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  383,  Coal  Meas. 
CYMATODUS.  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  363.  [Ety. 
cymatos,  wavy;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth 
small,  oblong,  or  elliptical,  thin,  form- 
ing a  flat  or  arched  plate,  of  which  the 
crown  surface  is  transversely  undu- 
lated and  uniformly  punctate ;  under 
surface  flat,  smooth,  at  the  posterior 
end  bearing  a  narrow,  strap-shaped, 
oblique  root.  Type  C.  oblongus. 

oblongus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  364,  Up.  Coal 

•  Meas. 


CYRTACANTHUS,    Newberry, 

1873,   Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.    306.      [Ety.     kurlos, 

curved ;  akantlia,  spine.] 

Spine  curved,  tubercu- 

lated,  single  row  of  con- 
ical denticles  set  on  the 

posterior  side,  limited  to 

the  upper  portion,  and 

increasing  111  size  from 

below    upward-      Type 

C.  den  tat  us. 
dentatup,  Newberry,  1873, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  307, 

Up.  Held.  Gr. 
DACTYLODUS,     Newberry    & 

Worthen,     1866,     Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,   p.  33. 

[Ety.    daktylo*,     finger; 

odous,    tooth.]      Crown 

as   in    Petalodus;    root 

conspicuous,     and     di- 
vided into  a  number  of 

radicles.     Type  D.  priu- 

ceps. 
concavus,     St      John     &  Fjo.  ,122._Cyrta. 

Woitnrn,      lo/o,      Lreo.    canthus  denta- 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  390,    tus. 

St.  Louis  Gr. 
excavatus,  St.    John   &    Worthen,    1875, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  392,   Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
inflexus,  Newberry  & 

Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  III.,   vol.   2,  p. 

48,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
lobatus,    Newberry  & 

Wort  hen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.   111.,    vol.  2,  p. 

47,  St.  Louis  Gr.        Fm    1123. -Dactyl o- 
minimus,   St.  John  &     dtisconcavus.  Con- 
Wort  hen ,  1875,  Geo.     v«  face. 

Sur.  III.,  vol.  6,  p.  391,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
princeps,    Newberry    &    Worthen,    1866, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  45,  St.  Louis  Gr. 


DEI,.— DBS.] 


PISCES. 


595 


DELTODOPSIS,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p-  158.  [Ety.  from 
resemblance  to  Deltodus.]  Coronal  con- 
tour and  general  aspect  near  Deltodus, 
distinguished  by  the  differentiation  of 
the  median  ridge  of  the  anterior  coronal 
prominence,  which  approaches  Cochlio- 
dus  or  Chitonodup.  Type  D.  angusta. 

affinis,  St.  John  &  Wort,. en,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  160,  Warsaw  Gr. 

angusta,  Newberry  &  Worthen  1870, 
(Deltodus  augustui?,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
4,  p.  368,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

bialveata,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  7,  p.  169,  Burlington  Gr. 

convexa,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  169,  Up.  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

convoluta,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  165,  Up.  Bur- 
lington Gr. 

exornata,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  7,  p.  168,  Warsaw  Gr. 

inflexa,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  167,  Keokuk  Gr. 

keokuk,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  169,  Keokuk  Gr. 

stludovici,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  161,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
DELTODUS,  Agassiz,  1859,  MSS.,  and  New- 
berry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  95.  [Ely.  delta,  tri- 
angle; odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  large, 
thick,  strong,  triangular,  more  or  le^s 
arched,  sometimes  inrolled  from  the 
longer  and  more  acute  angle  to  the  op- 
posite margin  ;  crown  surface  arched 
or  marked  by  1-3  prominent  ridges 
from  the  basal  margin  toward  the 
longer  angle.  Type  D.  sublsevis. 

aZa'wt,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  syn.  for 
Chitonodus  latus. 

angularis,   Newberry  &  Worthen,  syn. 
for  Ortuopleurodus  carbonarius. 

angwtu*,  see  Deltodopsis  angusta. 

ciuc-tu  us,   St.  John   &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  146,  Warsaw  Gr 

cingulatus,  Newberry   &  Worthen,    1866, 

1     Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  99,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

complanatus,  see  Sandalodus  complanatus. 

fasciatus,  see  Tseniodus  fasciatus. 

giandis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  101,  Keokuk  Gr. 
Probably  syn.  for  Sandalodus  laevis- 
simus. 

intermedius,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  153,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

latior,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  145,  Keokuk  Gr. 

littoni,  Newberry  &  AVorthen,  1870,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  367,  Subcarbonif- 
erous. 

occidentalis,  Leidy,  1856,  (Uochliodus  oc- 
cidentalis,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol. 
11,  p.  87,  Warsaw  and  St.  Louis  Grs. 

parvus,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  151,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

powelli,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  154,  Carboniferous. 


propinquus,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  56,  Coal  Meas. 

rhomboid  etis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  syn. 
for  Sandalodus  spatulatus. 

spatulatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  100,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

stellatus,  Newberry  &  AVorthen,  1866. 
Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol.  2,  p.  97,  Keokuk  Gr. 

trilobus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  7,  p.  148,  Warsaw  Gr. 

undulatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Snr.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  98,  Keokuk  Gr. 
DELTOPTYCHIUS,  Agassiz,  1859,  iMSS.,  and  St. 
John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  7,  p.  89.  [Ety.  drlta,  triangle: 
ptyx,  a  wrinkle,]  Posterior  teeth  of 
lower  jaw  trigonal,  strongly  built,  and 
arched  in  the  direction  ot  inrollment; 
coronal  contour  in  three  divisions,  nar- 
rowing toward  the  outer  extremity; 
those  of  the  upper  jaw  subspatulate, 
inrolled  on  the  outer  u>aigin,  acute 
posteriorly.  Type  D.  acutus. 

expansus,  St.  Joh'n  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  98,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

nitidus,  Leidy,  li-5tf,  (Cochliodus  nitidus,) 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  11,  p.  87, 


primus,  St.  John  &  AVorthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.    111.,    vol.  7,    p.   93,    Up.  Burling- 

ton Gr. 
varsoviensis,  St.  John  &  AVorlhen,  1883, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  96,  AVarsaw  Gr. 
wachsmuthi,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  93,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  1124.— Deltoptychius  wachsmuthi. 

DESMIODUS,  St.  John&  AVorthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  337.  [Ety.  desmos, 
&  ligament ;  odous,  a.  tooth.]  This  name 
was  at'plied  to  a  genus  of  bats,  in  1826, 
by  Prinz,  Neu.  AVied.  in  Beitrage  zur 
Naturg.  Brasiliens.  Teeth  occurring  in 
rows,  small,  robust;  crown  laterally 
elpnga ted, arched  vertically,  median  cus-p 
wiin  lateral  crests ;  base  constricted 
and  produced.  Type  D.  tumidus. 

costelliferus,  St.  John  & 
AVorthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur. 
III.,  vol.  6,  p.  341,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

flabellum,  St.  John  &  AVor- 
then, 1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  Fl°-  H25.— Des- 
vol.  6,  p.  343,  Keokuk  Gr.     Sit?" r  us" 

ligoniformis,     St.    John     &     Convex      as- 
Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.     P«ct. 
III.,  vol.  6,  p.  342,  Keokuk  Gr. 

minusculus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1806, 
(Oiodus  minnscnlus,)  Geo.  Rep.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  67,  Keokuk  Gr. 


596 


PISCES. 


[DIN.— ECT. 


tumid ns,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Stir.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  339,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
DINICIITIIYS,  N^wbeiry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  313,  ami  vol.  2,  p.  3.  [E'y. 
deins>s  terrible  ;  ichthys,  a  fish.]  Cranium 
composed  of  thick  bony  phites,  strength- 
ened with  internal  arc-hes  anchylosed 
together,  occipital  bone  in  the  lype 
ppeci'S  three  inches  in  thickness;  rel- 
atively small  maxillaries  benring  a 
number  of  acufe,  conicil,  anchylosed 
teeth,  which  interlocked  with  as'milar 
series  on  the  mandibles;  premaxillari^s 
large,  strong,  triangular  plutesor  teeih; 
mandibles  of  great  length,  flattened  and 
spatulate  behind,  tnrnintr  up  anteriorly 
to  form  a  strong  triangular  tooth,  wiio 
its  fellow  of  the  opp  )cite  mandible, 
interlocked  with  the  great,  diverg*  nt, 
premaxillary  te<  th  ;  vital  parts  of  ihe 
body  covered  with  large,  thick  plates 
whnh  formed  a  carapace.  Type  D. 
terrelli. 

hertzeri,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  316,  Portage  Gr. 


FIG.  1128.— Diuichthys  hertzer 


terrelli,  Newberry,  1873-75,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  313,  and  vol.  2,  p.  3,  Por- 
tage Gr. 

DiPLASi'is,  Matthew,  1888,  Can.  Ree.  Sci., 
vol.  2,  p.  251.  [Ety.  diplos,  double;  as- 
pi*,  shield.]  Small,  having  plates  on 
the  head,  back,  and  sulep,  and  one  ven- 
tral plate;  plates  healing  very  fine 
ridges.  Type  D.  acadica." 

acadica,  Mali hew,  1888,  Can.  Rec.  Sci.,  vol. 
2,  p.  251,  Up.  Siluiian  or  Low.  Devo- 
nian. 

DIPI-ODUS,  Agassi/,  1843,  Recherches  sur  les 
Poi>sons  Fosi-ilep,  t.  3,  p.  204.  [Ety. 
diploof,  double;  O'/OMS,  a  tooth]  This 
name  was  u-ed  by  Kutinesque  f->r  a 
genus  of  Sparidse  in  1810,  Indice  d'Lit 
tologia  Siciliana.  T»eth  having  a  flnt- 
tened  or  rounded  base,  from  which 
spring  two  lateral  and  poim-finies  a 
small  central  denticle;  each  jaw  bore 
peveial  hundred  teeth  in  radiating  rows, 
the  points  projecting  inward.  They 
belong  to  sharks  possessed  of  f-pines, 
described  under  the  names  of  Oracan- 
thus  and  Xenacanthus.  Type  D.  gib- 
bo&us. 

acinac(8,  Dawson,  1860,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
211,  and  Can.  Nat.  Geol.,  vol.  5,  Coal 
Meas. 

compressus,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Aoad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  99,  and  Ohio 
Piil.,  vol.  1,  p.  335,  Ceal  Meas. 

duplicate,  see  Thrinacodus  duplicatus. 


graoilis,  Newherry,  1857,  Proc.  Arad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  v«.l.  8,  p.  9!),  and   Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  335,  Coal  Mea*. 

incnrviis,  see    Thrina- 
/\  codu-<  incurvus. 

L  \  latus,  Newl>erry,  1857, 

1\^__-^^ 

w 


S.-i.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p. 
99,   and  Ohio   Pal.. 


FlQ.     1127.— Diplodus 
hit  us. 


vol.    1,  p.  336,  Coai 
Meas. 

penetranp,  Dawson, 
18<>0,  Acad.  Geol,, 
p.  '21  Land  Can.  Nat. 
and  Geol.,  vol.  5, 
Coal  Meas. 

DIPTEIU-S,  Sedawick  &  Murchison,  1835, 
Geo.  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3.  [Ety. 
dtpleros,  two-winged.]  Diptera  is  an 
order  of  insects  establish!  d  by  Linnaeus. 
Small  fusiform  finhes ;  heads  com- 
prehsed,  tails  heten>cercal ;  two  dorsal 
tins  opposite  two  simi- 
lar anal  fins,  the 
second  of  each  the 
larger ;  a  strongly 
marked  lateral  line; 
scales  circular,  thickest 
in  the  middle,  vari- 
ously curved  with  con- 
centric lines  or  longi- 
tudinal ridges.  Type 
D.  brachypvgopterus. 

sherwoodi,  Newberry, 
1875,  Ohio  Pal.  vol.  2, 
p.  61,  Catskill  Gr. 
DRKPAXACANTIIUS,  Newberry  &  Won  hen, 
1866,  Geo.  Snr.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  120.  [Ety. 
drepane,  a  sickle;  akanllm,  spine.]  Fin 
spines  compressed  laterally,  gradually 
tapering  to  an  acute  point,  curved  for- 
ward ;  anterior  ma'gin  with  a  row  of 
flattened  or  conical  tubnclts;  lateral 
surfaces  with  tubercles  in  longitudinal 
rows;  posterior  margin  without  hi/oks, 
sometinvs  with  tubercles.  Type  D. 
gemmatus. 

ar>crp»,  see  Xy^tracanthus  anceps. 

geniuiatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
G«  o.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  123,  Keokuk  Gr. 

reveieus,  St.  John&  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  III.,  vol.  6,  p.  456,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

follatm,  nee  Batacanthus  stellatus. 
ECIOSTK  RACIIIS,  Cope,  1S80,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
32,  p.  19.  [Ely.  fktofi,  without;  ort<on, 
bone;  rorhif,  a  ridge,  backb<  ne.]  Base 
of  the  hknll  consists  of  oss  lied  para- 
chordjils,  which  embrace  the  chorda 
dorsalis  posteriorly,  and  are  continued 
for  a  short  distance  posteriorly  as  a 
tube;  anteriorly  the  chopial  groove  is 
open ;  trabecu'se  not  Ohpified ;  cranial 
stiucture  embryonic;  above  and  in 
front  of  the  opening  for  the  chorda  the 
neural  canal  enters  the  groove;  para- 
chordalsFubtriantMilar.  TypeE.  nitidns. 

ciceronius,  Cope,  1883,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  36, 
in  Pioc.  Am.  Phil.  See.,  p.  628,  Per- 
mian. 


EDE.— FIS.] 


PISCES. 


597 


nitidus,  Cope,  1880,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  32,  p. 

19,  Permian. 

EDESTUS,  Leidy,  1856,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  159.  [Ety.  edestes,  a 
devourer.]  Maxillary  bone  segmented  ; 
segments  beveled  anteriorly  and  exca- 
vated posteriorly  for  co-adaptation; 
teeth  resembling  tbose  of  Carcharodon, 
one  co-ossified  with  each  maxillary  seg- 
ment. Type  E.  vorax. 

giganteus,  Newberry,  1888,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  4,  p.  1,  Coal  Meas. 

heinrichsi,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  350,  Coal  Meas. 

minor,  Newberry.  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  84,  Coal  Meas. 

vorax,  Leidy,  1856,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  vol.  3,  2d  series,  p.  159,  Coal 
Meas. 


FIG.  1129.— Edestus  vorax. 


Elonichthys  peltigerus,  see  Palaeoniscus  pelti- 
gerus. 

ERISMACANTHUS,  McCoy,  1848,  Ann.  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  2d  series,  vol.  2,  p.  119. 
[Ety.  ereisma,  a  prop  or  stay ;  akantha, 
spine.]  Spine  of  three  parts  ;  one  com- 
pressed, finely  striated,  which  entered 
the  flesh  ;  the  second  short,  compressed, 
rapidly  tapering,  curved  backward, 
sides  with  longitudinal  ridges,  and  two 
rows  of  downward  curved  teeth  on  the 
posterior  concave  margin ;  the  third,  a 
prop-like  part  extending  forward  nearly 
at  right  angles  with:  the  base,  arched, 
compressed  at  the  basal  half,  depressed 
distally,  and  covered  with  tubercles 
and  some  spines  on  the  under  side. 
Type  E.  jonesi. 

maccoyanus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  461,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

EUNEMACANTHUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  120.  [Ety.  eu, 
beautiful ;  nema,  a  line ;  akantha,  spine.] 
Distinguished  from  Ctenacanthus  by 
the  plain  dorsal  ridge,  tuberculated  in- 
tercostal sulci,  and  upward  direction  of 
the  denticles  on  the  angles  of  the  pos- 
terior face.  Type  E.  costatus. 
costatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Ctenacanthus  costatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  120,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

ECRYLEPIS,  Newberry,  1856,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  [Ety.  eurys,  broad ;  lepis, 


scale.]  Small ;  body  fusiform ;  head 
obtuse;  tail  elongated,  lobes  unequal; 
fins  small,  with  delicate  fulcra;  dorsal 
and  anal  fins  opposite,  and  far  back  on 
the  body ;  yentrals  near  middle  of  abdo- 
men ;  cranial  surface  tubercular ;  max- 
illary, mandibular,  and  jugular  plates 
corrugated ;  scales  smooth,  ornamented, 
or  serrated;  teeth  numerous,  conical, 
short.  Type  E.  tuberculata. 
corrugata,  Newberry,  1856,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

350,  Coal  Meas. 

granulata,   Newberry,  1856,  Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

352,  Coal  Meas. 
insculpta,   Newberry,   1856,  Proc.   Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 

351,  Coal  Meas. 

lineata,    Newberry,    1856, 

Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,    and    Ohio    Pal., 

vol.     1,    p.    353,     Coal 

Meas. 
minima,  Newberry,  1873, 

Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  353, 

Coal  Meas. 
ornatissima,      Newberry, 

1856,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  and  Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  1,  p.  352,  Coal  Meas. 
ovoidea,  Newberry,  1856, 

Proc.    Acad.   Nat.    Sci. 

Phil.,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

1,  p.  351,  Coal  Meas. 
striolata,  Newberry,  1873, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  355,  Coal  Meas. 
tuberculata,  Newberry,  1856,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  350, 
Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1130.— Eurylepis  tuberculata. 

EUSTHENOPTERON,  Whiteaves,  1881,  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  21,  p. 
495.  [Ety.  eu,  very;  sthenes,  stout; 
pteron,  a  fin.]  Fin  rays  of  anal  and 
second  dorsal  fins  supported  by  three 
osselets  articulated  to  a  broad  inter- 
spinous  apophysis ;  vertebral  centers 
not  ossified ;  caudal  osselets  articulated 
to  modified  heemal  spines.  Type  E. 
foordi. 

foordi,  Whiteaves,  1881,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  21,  p.  495,  Upper 
Devonian. 

FISSODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  413.  [Ety.  ftssus, 
split ;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  small,  in 
the  form  of  root  and  general  contour 


598 


PISCES. 


[GIS. — HAR. 


like  Peltodus,  but  distinguished  by  the 
cleft  condition  of  the  crest.  Type  F. 
bifidus. 

bifidus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  414, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 
tricuspidatus,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol  6,  p.  415,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

fldus.  GAMPSACANTHUS,   St.  John  & 

Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p. 
471.  [Ety.  gampsos,  curved;  akantha, 
spine.]  Spines  long,  laterally  com- 
pressed, tapering,  costate,  with  larger 
and  smaller  tubercles ;  posterior  margin 
denticulate ;  base  expanded  ;  pulp  cav- 
ity large.  Type  G.  typus. 


FIG.  1131.— Fls- 
t  o  d  u  s    b  i- 


FIG.  1132.— Gampsacauthus  typus.    Side  view  of  a 
spine   magnified   2   diam.,   aud  transverse   sec- 


latus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,   1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  474,  Keokuk  Gr. 

squamosus,  St.   John  &  Worthen,   1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  473,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

typus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,   1875,   Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  472,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
GISACANTIIUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,   vol.   6,   p.   440.    [Ety. 
geison,    a    border;    akantha,    a    spine] 
Spine  curved  posteriorly,  anterior  angle 
a  simple  raised  keel ;  lateral  faces  bear- 
ing longitudinal  rows  of  tubercles;  pos- 
-     terior  face  longitudinally  keeled.    Type 
G.  stellatus. 

bullatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  441,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

stellatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  440,  St.  Louis  Gr. 


Fio.  1133.— Glymmatacan thus  Irish!.    Fragment 
of  npiue. 

GLYMMATACANTHUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen, 
1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  446.  [Ety. 
glymmatos,  engraved ;  akanlha,  spine.] 
Fin  ray  vertically  elongated,  posteriorly 
arched,  laterally  compressed;  lateral 
faces  covered  with  stellate  or  striated 
tubercles.  Type  G.  irishi. 


irishi,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  447,  Kinderhook  or 
Waverly  Gr. 

petrodoides,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  250,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 
rudis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  249,  Keokuk  Gr. 
GLYPTOLEPIS,  Agassiz,  1836,  Poiss.  Foss., 
vol.  2,  p.  179.  [Ety.  glyptos,  sculptured ; 
lepis,  scale.]  Fins  long,  sometimes  pen- 
dulous; anterior  dorsal  opposite  ven- 
tral, and  posterior  dorsal  opposite  anal ; 
tail  fin  long,  spreading  below  ;  shoulder 
bones  huge ;  teeth  minute ;  scales  of 
great  size  in  proportion  to  the  animal, 
and  deeply  sculptured.  Type  G.  el- 
egans. 
microlepidotus,  Agassiz,  1836,  Poles. 

Foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  179,  Devonian, 
quebecensis,  Whiteaves,   1889,  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  vol.  6,  p.  77,  Low. 
Devonian. 

GNATITORHIZA,  Cope,  1883,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  20,  p.  629.  [Ety. 
gnathos,  jaw  ;  rhiza,  root.]  Founded 
upon  some  ganoine  teeth.  The  def- 
inition is  too  meager  for  identifica- 
tion, and  the  genus  may  never  again 
be  recognized.  Type  G.  serrata. 
eerrata,  Cope,  1883,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  20,  p.  629,  Permian. 
GYRACANTHUS,  Agassiz,  1833,  Recherches 
sur  les  Poisspns  Fossiles,  t.  1,  p.  87. 
[Etj\  gyros,  a  circle ;  akan- 
tha, spine.]  Fin  spines 
very  large,  gradually  ta- 
pering to  the  apex,  and 
slightly  arched  back- 
ward; inserted  base 
small,  rapidly  tapering ; 
posterior  margin  feebly 
armed  with  two  rows  of 
small  denticles;  surface 
of  the  sides  covered  with 
very  oblique  ridges, which 
meet  at  an  angle  on  the 
anterior  face.  Type  G. 
formosus. 

all  en  i,   Newberry,    1873, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  331, 
Cuyahoga  shale, 
compressus,   Newberry, 
1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 
230,  Cuyahoga  shale, 
cordatus,  St.  John  &  Wor- 
then, 1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.7,  p.  251,  Keokuk  Gr. 
duplicatus,    Dawson,    1868, 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  210,  Coal 
Meas. 

magnificus,  Dawson,  1868, 
Acad.  Geol.,  p.  210,  Sub- 
carboniferous.  FIG.  1134.— Gy- 
HARPACODUS,  Agaesiz,  1869,  racautiuis  ai- 
Catal.  Foss.  Fish,  Collec-  ^e;  Anterior 
tion  of  Earl  of  Enniskil- 
len,  and  St.  John  &  Worthen,  in  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  354.  [Ety.  harpe,  a 


HEL. — HOL.] 


PISCES. 


599 


hook;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  laterally 
elongated,  vertically  arched,  gently 
curved  outward  in  the  concave  face ; 
margins  nearly  parallel;  crown  com- 
pressed along  the  crest;  serrated,  ex- 
panded below;  convex  face  low,  op- 
posite face  concave ;  coronal  borders 
produced  inbeveled ;  base  strong,  ob- 
liquely produced ;  lateral  angles  well 
defined.  Type  H.  dentatus,  or,  more 
properly,  H.  occidentalis. 

compactus,  St.  John  & 
Worthen.  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111., 'vol.  6,  p.  355, 
Kaskaskia  Gr. 
occidentalis,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  355, 
St.  Louis  Gr. 
HELIODUS,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  62.  [Ety.  helios,  sun  ;  odous,  tooth.] 
Distinguished  from  Dipterus  by  having 
the  upper  palate  teeth  united,  forming  a 
rounded,  semicircular,  triturating  plate, 
bearing  radiating  tuberculated  ridges. 
Type  H.  lesleyi.  Dr.  Traquair,  of  Eng- 
land, regards  Heliodus  as  a  synonym 
for  Palaedaphus,  Van  Beneden  &  De- 
Koninck,  1864,  Bull.  Acad.  Belg.,  vol. 
17,  p.  143. 


Flo.  1135.— Harpa- 
codus  occiden- 
talis. 


FIG.  1136.  -Heliodus  lesleyi. 

lesleyi,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  64,  Chemung  Gr. 

HELODUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Recherches  sur  les 
Poissons  Fpssiles,  t?  3,  p.  104.  [Ety. 
helos,  a  nail  or  rudder ;  odous,  tooth.] 
Transversely  elongate,  crown  convex, 
elevated  along  the  middle  into  an  ob- 
tuse, circular  ridge,  sometimes  divided 
into  a  line  of  several  compressed  cones 
diminishing  from  the  center;  surface 
porous  as  in  Psammodus ;  margin  of  the 
crown  raised  in  the  middle  on  both  the 
inner  and  outer  sides,  and  it  and  the 
root  vertically  plicated.  Type  H. 
simplex. 

angulatus,  Newberry  &  "Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  83,  Burlington  Gr. 

biformis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  77,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

carbonarius,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  75,  Coal  Meas.  • 


compressus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  360,  Burlington  Gr. 

compressus,  see  Hybocladodus  compressus. 

coniculus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,    1866, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2.  p.  75,  Burlington  Gr. 

consolidate.  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 

Geo.  Sur!  111.,  vol.  2,  syn.  for  Chitono- 

dus  latus. 

crenulatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  82,  Keokuk  Gr. 

denshumani,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  76,  Keokuk  Gr. 

denticulatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  81,  Keokuk  Gr. 

elytra,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  78,  Keokuk  Gr. 
gibbosus,  Newberry 
&  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
2,  p.  79,  Keokuk 
Gr. 

gibbus,  Leidy,  1856, 
Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  vol.  11,  p.  87,  FIG-  1137.— Helodus  gib- 
Keokuk  Gr.  bosus- 

limax,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  80,  Burlington  Gr. 
nobilis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  same    as    Chitonodus 
latus. 

placenta,  see  Psephodus  placenta, 
politus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  79,  Keokuk  Gr. 
rugosus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

§ur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  359,  Coal  Meas. 
sulcatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  82,  Keokuk  Gr. 
undulatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.,  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  82,  Keokuk  Gr. 
HOLOPTYCHIUS,  Agassiz,  1836,  Recherches 
sur  les  Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  2,  p.  179. 
[Ety.  holos,  entire  ;  ptyx,  wrinkle.]  Body 
thick,  short,  rounded,  bones  of  the 
head  granulated;  scales  large,  very 
thick,  subrhomboidal,  rounded,  imbri- 
cating, composed  of  numerous  bony 
layers,  exposed  surface  marked  with 
large,  longitudinal,  flexuous  wrinkles 
and  tubercles ;  teeth  small,  numerous, 
conical,  longitudinally  sulcated  at  base; 
tail  heterocercal,  caudal  fin  triangular, 
obliquely  truncated  ;  dorsal  fin  oppo- 
site a  similar  anal  one  close  to  the  base 
of  the  caudal;  ventral 
behind  the  middle  of 
the  body.  Type  H. 
giganteus. 

americanus,  Leidy,  1856, 
Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d 
series,  vol.  3,  p.  159, 
Catskill  Gr. 

nobilisshnus,  Agassiz,  as 
identified  by  Hall,  1843, . 
Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist. N.Y., 
is  described  as  H.  ameri- 
canus. 

taylori,  Hall,  1843,  (Sauripteris  taylori,) 
Geo.  Rep.  4th  Dist.  N.  Y.,  p.  282,  Cats- 
kill  Gr. 


FIG.  1138-Holop- 
tychlus  ameri- 
canus. Single 
tooth. 


600 


PISCES. 


[HOM. — LIO. 


Homicanihus,  Agassiz,  1845,  Pois.  Foss.  [Ety. 
homos,  similar ;  akantha,  spine.] 

gibbosus,  see  Amacanthus  gibbosus. 

gracilis,  Whiteavea,  1889,  Trans.  Roy  Soc., 
Can.,  vol.  6,  p.  77,  Low.  Devonian. 

rectus,  see  Marracanthus  rectus. 
HYBOCLADODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  284.  [Ety.  hybos, 
hump;  Cladodus,  a  genus.]  Teeth 
small,  strongly  cuspidate,  base  resem- 
bling that  of  a  Cladodus,  being  elliptical 
and  broadly  expanded,  with  a  more  or 
less  prominent  antero-posteriorly  com- 
pressed median  cone,  both  surfaces  of 
which  are  plicated  and  resemble  the 
crown  of  a  Hybodus;  anterior  face 
nearly  straight,  curved  laterally,  termi- 
nating below  in  a  well  defined  marginal 
border  or  ridge,  posterior  margin  broadly 
rounded,  inferior  surface  excavated  im- 
mediately behind  the  marginal  border, 
with  a  beveled  space  extending  along 
the  posterior  margin,  superior  face  more 
or  less  convex  and  beveled  to  the  pos- 
terior edge ;  both  coronal  surfaces  verti- 
cally marked  with  plicfe.  Type  H. 
plicatilis. 

compressus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Helodus  compressus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  78,  Burlington  Gr. 

intermedius,  St.   John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  287,  Keokuk  Gr. 
nitidus,  St.  John  &  Wor- 
then,   1875,    Geo.    Sur. 
111.,  vol.  6,  p.  288,  Kas- 
kaskia Gr. 

plicatilis,  St.  John  <fc  Wor- 
then,   1875,    Geo.    Sur. 
III.,  vol.  6,  p.   286,  Burlington  Gr. 

tenuicostatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875. 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  286,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 

JANASSA,  Munster,  1839,  Beitrage  Petrefak- 
tenkunde,  vol.  1,  and  Agassiz  in  Poiss. 
Foss.,  t.  3,  p.  375.  [Ety.  mythological 
name.]  Teeth  have  a  tabulated  struc- 
ture and  enameled,  wavy  crown  ;  small 
in  front  and  larger  toward  the  posterior 
part  of  the  jaw;  jaw-bone  rough  and 
tranular.  Type  J.  angulata. 

gmlfiana,  Cope,  1877,  (Strigillina  gurlei- 
ana,)  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  191, 
Permian. 

linimiformis,  Cope,  1877,  (Strigillina  lin- 
jjuiformis,)  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  53, 
Permian. 

LAMBDODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  280.  [Ety.  Lambda, 
a  Greek  letter;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth 
email,  base  posteriorly  produced  and 
laterally  expanded,  broadest  behind  the 
cornua ;  a  single  strong,  slightly  sig- 
moidally  curved,  recurved,  eccentric 
cornua  arises  from  the  anterior  angle 
of  the  base,  terminates  in  a  sharp  apex, 
compressed  in  front,  broadly  rounded 
behind,  with  more  or  less  distinct  cut- 
ting edges  and  vertical  costse.  It  is 
distinguished  from  Cladodus  by  the 


Fro.  1139.-Hybo- 
cladodas  plica- 
tilis. 


FIG.  1140.— Lamb- 


single  coronal  cornua,  and  the  absence 
of  lateral  denticles ;  the  basal  portion 
bears  some  resemblance  to  Thrinacodua. 
Type  L.  cost  at  us. 

calceolus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  281,  Burlington  Gr. 

calceolus  var.  robustus,  St.  John  &  Wor- 
then, 1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  282, 
Keokuk  Gr. 

costatus,  St.  John  &  Wor- 
then, 1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  280,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

hamulus,  St.  John  &  Wor-  ^doduVcostatus" 
then,    1875,    Geo.    Sur. 
111.,  vol.  6,  p.  283,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

reflexus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  284,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

transversus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  282.  St.  Louis  Gr. 
LECRACANTHCS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  475.  [Ety. 
lekroi,  the  antlers  of  a  stag;  akantha, 
spine.]  Spines  long,  tapering,  curved, 
laterally  compressed,  stellate  tubercles 
irregularly  disposed;  base  thin,  ex- 
panded ;  pulp  cavity  large  ;  apex  trans- 
versely expanded  and  armed  with  strong 
denticles.  Type  L.  unguiculus. 

unguiculus,  St.  John  &  Worthen.  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  476,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

Leptacanthus,  Agassiz.  1837,  Poiss.  Foss.,  vol. 
3.  [Ety.  leptos,  slender ;  akantha.,  spine.] 

occidentals,  see  Acondylacanthus  occiden- 

talis. 

LIODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  335.  [Ety.  leios, 
smooth  ;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  resem- 
bling Orodus;  crown  arched,  laterally 
and  vertically ;  basal  margins  con- 
structed and  sharply  defined  from  the 
base ;  apex  with  obscurely  defined 
lateral  crests;  convex  in  either  face; 
anterior  face  produced  beneath  the 
median  cone,  and  both  faces  occupied 
with  faint  vertical  eulci,  producing  ob- 
scure secondary  prominences ;  surface 
smooth,  punctate,  or  verrucose  ;  base  as 
in  Orodus,  rejatively  deep.  Type  L. 
calcaratus. 

calcaratus,  St.  John 
&  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
6,  p.  336,  Bur- 
lington Gr. 
calcaratus  var.  gros- 
sipunctatus,  St. 
John  &  Worthen, 
1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  337,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 

LIOGNATHUS,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  306.  [Ety.  lis,  smooth  ;  gnithos, 
the  jaw.]  Jaw  the  only  part  yet 
known  ;  spatulate,  dentate  only  at  and 
near  the  anterior  extremity  ;  resembles 
Coccosteus.  Type  L.  spatulatus. 

spatulatus,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  306,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


FIG.  1141.— Lloduscalca 
rat  us. 


US. — MAR.] 


PISCES. 


601 


LISGODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  363.  [Ety.  lisgos,  a 
spade ;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  laterally 


FIG.  1142. — Liognatlms  spatulatus. 

abbreviated  strong  ;  crown  thick,  sharp- 
crested,  and  sometimes  obscurely  ser- 
rated ;  ba^al  margins  well  defined ;  base 


p.  302.  [Ety.  mochaira,  a  saber;  akan- 
tha,  a  spine.]  Spines  large,  flattened, 
curved,  ancipital,  unsymmetrical;  edges 
and  point  acute;  base  narrowed,  with  a 
rough  and  irregular  extremity;  central 
cavity  reaching  nearly  to  the  apex  ;  ex- 
ternal surface  enameled,  smooth  or 
punctate,  and  striate  microscopic  struc- 
ture dense.  Type  M.  major. 

major  Newberry,  1857,  Bull.  Nat.  Inst., 
p.  6,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  304,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

peracutus,  Newberry,  1857,  Bull.  Nat. 
Inst.,  p.  6,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  305, 
Up.  Held  Gr. 


FIG.  1145.—  Machseracanthus  peracutus. 


vertical  to  the  crown,  rectangular, 
prolonged,  equal  to  the  elevation  of  the 
crown;  inferior  nirface  well  denned 
from  either  face  above ;  and  generally 
slightly  beveled  from  the  concave  to  the 
opposite  border ;  coronal  surface  en- 
ameled, worn  crest  striato-punctate. 
Type  L.  curtus. 

curtus,  St.  John  &  Wor- 
then, 1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  6,  p.  364,  Burlington 
Gr. 

selluliformis,    St.  John   & 
FIG.  1143.  -  Us-         Worthen,  1875,  Geo.  Sur. 
godus  curtus.  m^   vo}.  5,     p.    366,   St. 

Louis  Gr. 

serratus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  365,  Burlington  Gr. 
LISTRACANTHUS,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  371.  [Ety.  fts- 
tron,  shovel ;  akanlha,  spine.]  Spines 
small,  gently  arched,  flattened,  thin  ; 
sides  marked  by  numerous  sharp,  lon- 
gitudinal carinae,  edges  set  with  diver- 
gent, slender,  acute  teeth  ;  most  numer- 
ous on  the  convex  margin;  and  largest 
base  expanded  and  obliquely  truncated. 
Type  L.  hystrix. 
hildrethi,New- 
berry,  1875, 
Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  56, 
Coal  Meas. 
hvstrix  New  FlG-  l144-  ~~  Listracanthus 
berry  &Wor-  hystrix" 

then,  1870,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  372, 
Coal  Meas. 

Loplwdus,  Newberry  '&  Worthen,  1870,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  4.     This  name  was  preoc- 
cupied by  Romanowsky  in  1864. 
variabilis,  see  Agassizodus  variabilis. 
MACH*:RACANTHUS,    Newberry,  1857,    Bull. 
Nat.  Inst.,  p.  6,  and   Ohio  Pal.,  vol.   1, 


sulcatus,  Newberry,  1867,  Bull.  Nat.  Inst, 
p.  6,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  305,  Up. 
Held.  Gr. 

M  A  C  R  O  P  E  TALICHTHYS, 

Norwood    &   Owen, 
1846,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
2d  ser.,    vol.    1,    p.    / 
367.      [Ety.  makros, 
large ;     petalos,    ex- 
panded   or    spread 
out;    ichthys,    fish.] 
Cranium  composed 
of    large    polygonal 
plates,     united    by 
double  sutures ;  sur-  FIG-   H46.-Macropet- 
fflpp    pnnmplpH     tn       alichthys     sulli- 
tace    enameled ,   tu-    v  a  n  t  j      One^flf th 
bercled,    ornament-     natural  size, 
ed  ;   eye  orbits  con- 
spicuous ;    nasal    plate    wedge-shaped ; 
occipital   plate  oblong,  emarginate  be- 
hind, and  prolonged  anteriorly,  where 
it   meets   the    nasal    plate.     Type    M. 
rapheidolabis. 

manni,  Newberry,  (Agassichthys  manni,) 
1857,  Bull.  Nat.  Inst.,  p.  3,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

rapheidolabis,  Norwood  &  Owen,  1846, 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  1,  p.  367, 
Up.  Held.  Gr. 

sullivanti,  Newberry,  1857,  (Agassichthys 
sullivan ti,)  Bull.  Nat.  Inst.,  p.  3,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  294,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
MARRACANTIUIS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  465.  [Ety.  mar- 
ron,  a  spade;  akantha,  spine.]  Dorsal 
spine  nearly  straight,  or  with  a  forward 
curvature,  obtusely  terminated,  rounded 
in  front,  truncated  behind,  or  rounded 
into  the  posterior  face,  which  is  longi- 
tudinally ridged  in  apparent  continu- 
ity with  the  lateral  costae;  lateral  face 
and  anterior  margin  longitudinally 
ridged,  the  costse  being  tuberculated, 
those  in  front  more  or  less  strongly 


602 


PISCES. 


[MEC. — ONY. 


developed,  with  their  apices  directed  up- 
ward, and  especially  in  their  upper 
part,  where  they  gradually  increase  in 
size,  forming  strong,  more  or  less  de- 
flected hooks,  transversely  carinated ; 
intercostal  spaces  minutely  ridged  and 
striato-punctate ;  base  moderately  in- 
serted, forming  a  comparatively  thin 
plate,  more  or  less  laterally  expanded 
posteriorly  from  the  angular  ridge  in 
front,  with  more  or  less  prominent 
marginal  angles  behind ;  pulp-cavity 
moderately  large,  similar  in  section  to 
the  body,  and  occupying  the  posterior 
two-thirds  of  the  spine.  In  costation 
and  the  expanded  base  it  is  like  Ama- 
canthus,  but  distinguished  in  all  other 
respects.  Type  M.  rectus. 


FiQ.  1147. — Marracanthus  rectus.    Anterior  part 
of  spin  e. 

rectus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  (Ho- 
macanthus  (?)  rectus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
2,  p.  115,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
MECOLEPIS,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  96.  [Ety.  mekos,  large; 
lepis,  a  scale.]  Heterocercal  lepidoids 
of  small  size ;  body  fusiform ;  head  ob- 
tuse ;  tail  elongated ;  lobes  unequal ; 
fins  small,  provided  with  delicate  fulcra ; 
dorsal  opposite  anal,  both  far  back  on 
the  body ;  crania  corrugated  or  tu- 
berculated ;  opercular  maxillary  and 
hyoid  plates  ornamented ;  scales  smooth 
or  ornamented;  posterior  margin  ser- 
rated ;  scales  of  median  line  crenulated  ; 
two  rows  of  scales  extending  back  to 
near  anal  fin ;  teeth  conical,  short, 
brush-like.  Distinguished  from  Palseo- 
niscus  by  small  size,  posterior  position 
of  dorsal  fin,  and  the  high  lateral  scales. 
Type  M.  corrugata.  Probably  a  syn. 
for  Palseoniscus,  but  not  figured,  and 
species  poorly  defined. 

corrugata,  Newberry,    1856,   Proc.   Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  96,  Coal  Meas. 

granulata,  Newberry,   1856,  Proc.    Acad. 
Nat,  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  97,  Coal  Meas. 

insculpta,   Newberry,    1856,    Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  97,  Coal  Meas. 

lineata,    Newberry,     1856,     Proc.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  97,  Coal  Meas. 

ornatissima,  Newberry,  1856,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  97,  Coal  Meas. 

ovoidea,    Newberry,    1856,    Proc.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  97,  Coal  Meas. 

serrata,    Newberry,    1856,     Proc.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  97,  Coal  Meas. 

tuberculata,  Newberry,  1856,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  96,  Coal  Meas. 
MESODMODUS,   St.   John  &   Worthen,    1875, 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    6,   p.  290.     [Ety. 
mesodme,    something    between ;     odous, 
tooth.]    Teeth  laterally  elongated ;  base 


consisting  of  one  inferior  flattened; 
posterior  obliquely  produced,  massive 
plate,  of  which  the  posterior  face  slopes 
downward  and  slightly  backward,  at  an 
obtuse  angle,  to  the  posterior  crown 
face;  anterior  face  slightly  produced 
along  the  shoulder,  which  extends  par- 
allel with  the  base  of  the  crown,  ver- 
tical or  beveled,  and  occupied  by  a 
more  or  less  prominent  median  pro- 
tuberance, which  extends  to  the  edge 
of  the  inferior  surfaces ;  both  faces  are 
more  or  less  roughened  or  pitted,  lat- 
eral angles  truncated  or  rounded,  and 
more  or  less  constricted  above,  equal- 
ing the  lateral  diameter  of  the  crown ; 
crown  rising  along  the  anterior  border, 
sharply  constricted  in  front  and  later- 
ally, and  well  defined,  sometimes  con- 
stricted from  the  posterior  basal  face, 
nearly  equaling  the  base  in  antero- 
posterior  diameter;  but  more  or  less 
compressed  along  the  crest,  which  rises 
into  a  more  or  less  prominent  median 
or  submedian  cusp,  vertical  or  laterally 
deflected  and  recurved,  usually  com- 
pressed, with  distinct,  sometimes  sharp, 
cutting  edges;  the  lateral  portions  of 
the  crown  denticulated,  extremities 
bearing  slightly  more  prominent  cusps 
than  intermediate  spaces;  both  faces 
ridged  vertically ;  outer  face  of  median 
cone  often  strongly  buttressed  ;  coronal 
surface  enameled.  Type  M.  exculp- 
tus. 

explanatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  293,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

exculptus,  St.  John 
&  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  III.,  vol. 

verfy  o?kind£>e-  ll£»7P'Z£mod'li 
hook  Gr. 

ornatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  294,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

MYCTEROPS,  Cope,  1888,  Am.  Nat.,  p.  876. 
[Ety.  mukter,  nose ;  ops,  eye.]  Founded 
upon  the  cast  of  the  cranial  and  nuchal 
buckler  of  a  placoderm  fish ;  the  eye- 
holes resemble  those  of  Cephalaspis, 
and  they  are  separated  by  a  nose-hole, 
which  is  divided  by  a  narrow  bridge. 
Type  M.  ordinata. 

ordinata,  Cope,  1888,  Am.  Nat.,  p.  876, 
Coal  Meas. 

Onchus,   Agassiz,    1837,    Recherches  sur  lea 
Poissons  Fossiles.     [Ety.  onchos,  bent,  or 
hooked  like  a  talon  or  arrow-barb.] 
deweyi,  see  Ceratiocaris  deweyi. 

ONYCHODUS,  Newberry,  1857,  Bull.  Nat. 
Inst,  p.  5,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p. 
296.  [Ety.  onyx,  a  claw;  odous,  tooth.] 
Cranium  composed  of  a  great  number 
of  plates  covered  with  an  enameled 
and  tuberculated  surface ;  jaws  set  with 
numerous  conical,  acute,  recurved 
teeth;  maxillary  forming  a  low  trian- 


ORA. — ORO.] 


PISCES. 


603 


gle ;  dentary  bones  posteriorly  acute, 
where  they  are  overlapped  by  the  artic- 
ular portions  of  the  mandibles,  long 
and  narrow,  curving  upward  to  the 


FIG.  1149.— Mycterops  ordinata. 

symphysis,  where  they  support  an  in- 

ter-mandibular  arch  of  bone,  to  which 
is  attached  a  series 
of  large,  curved,  con- 
ical teeth ;  body  cov- 
ered with  imbricated 
circular  scales.  Type 
O.  sigmoides. 
hopkinsi,  Newberry, 
1857,  Bull.  Nat.  Inst., 
p.  5,  Chemung  Gr. 
sigmoides,  Newberry, 
1857,  Bull.  Nat.  Inst., 

p.  5,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  I,  p.  299,  Up. 

Held.  Gr. 


Fio.  1150.—  Onycho- 
dus  sigmoides. 
One-half  uat.  size 
of  inter-mandib- 
ular  crest  with  6 
teeth. 


FIG.  1151. — Onychodus  sigmoides.    Fragment  of 
the  right  mandible. 

ORACANTHUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Recherches  sur. 
les  Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  3.  p.  13.  [Ety. 
oraioi,  beautiful ;  akanlha,  spine.]  Dor- 
sal rays  large,  conical,  without  solid 
base,  hollow,  walls  thin,  surface  tuber- 
culated ;  no  posterior  rows  of  denticles. 
Type  0.  milleri. 

abbreviatus,  Newberry,  1857,  Bull.  Nat. 
Inst.,  p.  5,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

consimilis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  syn.  for  O.  vetustus. 

fragilis,  Newberry,  1857,  Bull.  Nat.  Inst., 
p.  5,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


granulatus,    Newberry,   1857,   Bull.   Nat. 

Inst.,  p.  5,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
multiseriatus,  Newberry,  1857,  Bull.  Nat. 
Inst.,  p.  5,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 
(?)  obhquus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.   Sur.    111.,    vol.   6,  p.  477,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 

pnigeus.  This  species  is  made  the  type 
of  the  genus  Pnigeacanthus.  See  P. 
deltoides. 

rectus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  257,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

vetustus,  Leidy,  1856,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.   Phil.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  162,  St. 

Louis  Gr. 

ORODUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Recherches  sur  les 
Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  3,  p.  97.  [Ety. 
oraios,  beautiful;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth 
laterally  elongated,  middle  more  ele- 
vated than  extremities,  forming  an 
obtuse  transverse  cone;  longitudinal 
diameter  greatest  and  marked  by  a 
medial  ridge  with  oblique  secondary 
ridges.  Type  O.  cinctus. 
alleni,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  310,  Coal  Meas. 
carinatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,   1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  307,  Keokuk  Gr. 
corrugatus,  see  Agassizodus  corrugatus. 
dsedaleus,   St.   John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  301,  Waverly 
or  Kinderhook  Gr. 

decussatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  300,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

elegantulus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  64,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

fastigiatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  306,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

major,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,   Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  302,  Burlington  Gr. 
mammillaris,  Newberry 
&  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  66, 
Keokuk  Gr. 
mvnusculus,  see  Desmio-  FlG    1152._orodus 

dus  mmusculus.  mammillaris. 

minutus,    Newberry     & 
Worthen,  1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p. 
68,  Keokuk  Gr. 

multicarinatus,    Newberry    &  Worthen, 
1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  62,  Wa- 
verly or  Kinderhook  Gr. 
neglectus,   St.   John    &    Worthen,    1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  308,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
ornatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  65,  Keokuk  Gr. 
parallel  us,    St.  John   &  AVorthen,    1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  295,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 
parvulus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  309,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
plicatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  63,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
tuberculatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.   2,  p.  66,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


604 


PISCES. 


[ORT.— I'AI.. 


FIG.  1153.— Orodus 
variabilis. 


turgidus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  310,  Kaskaskia  Gr: 
variabilis,  Newber- 
ry,      1875,     Ohio 
Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  50, 
Waverly  Gr. 
variocostatus,       St. 
John  &  Worthen, 
1875,    Geo.     Sur. 
111.,  vol.  6,  p.  304, 
Burlington  Gr. 
whitii,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.    6,    p.   297,    Waverly    or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

ORTHACANTHUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Poiss.  Foss., 
t.  3,  p.  330,  [Ety.  orthos,  straight ; 
akantha,  spine.]  Spines  straight  or 
ge"ntly  curved ;  two  or  more  rows  of 
denticles  on  the  posterior  face.  Type 
O.  cvlindricus. 


FIG.  1154.— Orthacanthus  gracilis. 

arcuatus,  Newberry,  1857,  (Pleuracanthus 
arcuatus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  — ,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  332,  Coal 
Meas. 

gracilis,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  56,  Coal  Meas. 

quadriseriatus,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
26,  in  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
192,  Permian. 

ORTHOPLEURODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  190.  [Ety. 
orthos,  straight ;  pleuron,  side  ;  odous, 
tooth ;  in  allusion  to  the  straight  pos- 
tero-lateral  border  of  the  maxillary 
posterior  tooth.]  Posterior  teeth  of 
upper  jaw  subspatulate  in  outline ; 
postero-lateral  border  straight,  or  nearly 
BO,  and  probably  gently  curved  down- 
ward and  inward  at  the  outer  ex- 
tremity, and  gently  arched  in  the  same 
direction,  terminating  posteriorly  in  an 
acute  angle  or  spur,  whence  the  inner 
margin,  which  is  greatly  thickened  or 
massive,  is  broadly  rounded  into  and 
merges  with  the  thin  antero-lateral 
border  toward  the  extremity ;  coronal 
surface  occupied  by  a  prominent  prin- 
cipal fold  or  ridge  rising  nearest  the 
straight  border,  and  flanked  on  the  an- 
terior slope  by  an  obscure  secondary 
ridge;  the  punctate  enamel  forms  a 
narrow  fold  along  the  thickened  straight 
border;  teeth  supposed  to  have  occu- 
pied a  similar  position  on  the  man- 
dibles, distinguished  by  their  trigonal 
outline,  somewhat  strong  and  spiral  in- 
rollment  of  the  extremity,  toward  which 
the  antero  and  postero-lateral  borders 
regularly  converge,  inner  margin  more 
or  less  obliquely  rounded,  and  sigmoid- 
ally  curved  from  front  toward  the 
posterior  angle ;  coronal  surface  pre- 


senting a  more  or  less  well-defined 
plane ;  anterior  fold,  abruptly  broken 
down  on  that  side,  where  the  coronal 
enamel  forms  a  wide  belt  sharply  de- 
fined from  the  deep  basal  rim,  and 
limited  behind  by  the  more  or  less 
deep  longitudinal  depression  from 
which  rises  the  alate  posterior  lobe, 
which  is  limited  exteriorly  by  a  narrow 
fold  of  enamel  separating  the  crown 
from  the  basal  portion  of  the  tooth ; 
mandibular  median  or  second  teeth 
characterized  by  their  triangular  out- 
line, rather  strong  inrollment  of  the 
outer  extremity  ;  straight  postero-lateral 
border,  which  is  similarly  enameled  to 
the  antero-lateral  border  of  last  above 
described  posterior  dental  plates;  antero- 
lateral  border  rapidly  and  irregularly 
converging  from  the  subacute  angle  of 
the  broad,  slightly  arched  inner  mar- 
gin ;  coronal  surface  forming  a  broad, 
low  arch,  or  nearly  plane  transversely. 
Type  0.  carbonarius. 

carbonarius,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Sandalodus  carbonarius,)  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  2,  p.  104,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

convexus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  193,  Coal  Meas. 

novomexicanus,  St.  John  &  Worthen, 
1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  195,  Sub- 
carboniferous. 

PAL^EASPIS,  Claypole,  1885,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.  [Ety.  palaios,  ancient ;  aspie, 
shield.]  Plates  or  scutes  ornamented. 
Only  single  dorsal  plates  discovered. 
Type  P.  americana. 

americana,  Claypole,  1885,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  Up.  Silurian  or  Low. 
Devonian. 

truncata,  Claypole,  1885,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.  Lond.,  Up,  Silurian  or  Low.  De- 
vonian. 

PAL.EOBATIS,  Leidy,  1856,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  vol.  11,  p.  87.  [Ety.  palaios,  an- 
cient ;  batis,  a  prickly  kind  of  roach  or 
ray.]  Type  P.  insignis. 

insignis,   Ltidy,    1856,   Trans.  Am.   Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  11,  p.  87,  Keokuk  Gr. 
PAL.EONJSCUS,  Agassiz,  1833,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  1,  p.  4.  [Ety. 
palaios,  ancient ;  oniscus,  a  wood-louse.] 
Small,  fusiform,  deep  between  ventral 
and  pectoral  fins;  tail  heterocercal, 
forked,  upper  lobe  longer  and  narrower 
than  lower;  fins  small;  jaws  large; 
teeth  minute ;  scales  rhomboidal, 
smooth  or  striated.  Type  P.  fultus. 

alberti,  see  Rhadinichthys  alberti. 

brainerdi,  Thomas,  1853,  Bost  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  vol.  4,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  346, 
Berea  grit. 

browni,  Jackson,  1851,  Rep.  on  Albert 
Coal  Mine,  Coal  Meas. 

cairnesi,  see  Rhadinichthys  cairnesi. 

gracilis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  347,  Coal  Meas. 

jacksoni,  Dawson,  1877,  Can.  Nat.  Quar. 
Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  Carboniferous. 


PEI;.— PET.] 


PISCES. 


605 


leidyanus,    Lea,   1853,  Jour.  Acad.    Nat. 

Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  2,  Coal  Meas. 
modulus,  see  Rhadinichthys  modulus, 
peltigerus,  Newberry,  1857,   (Elonichthys 

peltigerus,)  Proc.   Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol. 

8,  p.  98,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  345,  Coal 

Meas. 


FIG.  1155. — Palseoniscus  peltigerus 

scutigerus,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  Coal  Meas. 
PELTODUS,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870,  Geo.  { 
Sur.  111.,  vol.   4,   p.  362.      [Ety.  pelte,  a  ! 
half-moon  shield;  odous,  tooth.]    Teeth  | 
small  and  low,  round  oval  or  elliptical  | 
iu  outline,  arched  above  in  both  direc-  i 
tions,    concave     or    flattened    below ;  I 
crown    surface    most    strongly    arched  i 
from  front  to  rear,  highest  near  the  an- 
terior   margin ;     more    or  lees   evenly 
punctate    throughout;     under    surface 
bony  and  rough ;  margins  thin  and  ir- 
n'gular  where  the  teeth  are  separated, 
thickened  and  even  along  the  lines  of 
contact  when   closely    set.      They   are 
less   flat,    smooth     and    pavement-like 
than   Psammodus,  and  less  convoluted 
than  Cochliodus.  Type  P.  unguiformis. 

plicomplialus,  St.  John  &  Wortben,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  411,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

quadratus,  St.  John  <fe  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  410,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

transversus,  St.  John  &  Woithen.  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  412,  Coal  Meas. 

unguiformis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  363,  Coal  Meas. 
PEPLORHINA,  Cope,  1873,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  343.  [Ety.  peplos.  a  robe; 
Rhine,  a  kind  of  dog-fish.]  Type  P. 
anthracina. 

anthracina,  Cope,  1873,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  343,  Coal  Meas. 

arctata,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

p.  55,  Permian  Gr. 

PERIPLECTRODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  324.  [Ety.  peri, 
nearby;  Plectrodus,  a  genus.]  Base  ex- 
panded laterally  or  compressed  ;  sym- 
metrically inrolled  from  within  out- 
ward, inferior  surface  excavated  ;  crown 


consisting  of  transverse,  strong,  median 
cusps,  flanked  by  denticles;  one  on 
either  side,  and  then  regularly  increase 
in  size  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  ex- 
tremity or  with  age ;  coronal  cusps  en- 
ameled, smooth  or  vertically  striated. 
Type  P.  warreni. 

compressus,  St. 
John  &  Wor- 
then, 1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.  vol.  6, 
p.  326,  St.  Louis 
Gr. 

expansus,  St. 
John  &  Wor- 
then, 1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol. 
6,  p.  327,  Kas- 
kaskia  Gr. 
warreni,  St.  John 
&  Worthen, 
1875,  Geo.  Sur. 
III.,  vol.  6,  p. 
325,  Burlington 
Gr. 

PERIPRISTIS,     Agas- 
siz,  1870,  Proc. 

Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  11,  p.  434.  [Ely.  peri, 
around ;  pristis,  saw.]  Small,  crown  com- 
pressed, acuminate,  serrate,  curved  lat- 
erally ;  coronal  cavity ; 
root  as  in  Petalodus, 
crown  and  coronal  cav- 
ity covered  with  ga- 
noine.  Type  P.  semicir- 
cularis. 

semicircularis,    Newberry  FlG     no6—Peri- 
&  Worthen,  1866,  (Cten-     pristis  seinicir- 
optychius        semicircu-     cularls. 
laris,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol,  2,  p.  72,  Coal 
Meas. 

PETALODUS,   Owen  1840,  Odontography,  p. 
60.       [Ety.    petalos,   spread   out;  odous, 
tooth.]    Teeth    transversely  elongated, 
compressed,  thin,  petal-shaped,  cutting 
edge     serrated ;    base  of     crown    with 
imbricating  folds  of  enamel,  descending 
lower  on    the  posterior  than   anterior 
face ;  root  large,  oblong,  truncated  be- 
low; lower  edge  ob- 
tuse, tumid.     Type 
P.  hastingsi. 
alleghaniensis,  Leidy, 
1856,    Jour.    Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  2d  series, 
vol.  3,  p.  161,  and 
Geo.    Sur.  111.,  vol. 
2,  p.  35,  Coal  Meas. 
curtus,    Newberry   & 
-Worthen,  1866,Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6.  p. 
355,  Keokuk  Gr. 
destructor,     Newberry 
1157.-Petalodus          &    Worthen     1866, 
alleghaniensis.  syn.  for  P.  allegha- 

niensis. 

hybridus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  394,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 


606 


PISCES. 


[PET.— 


linguifer,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1856, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  37,  KaskaskiaGr. 

proximus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  395,  Coal  Meas. 
PBTALORHYNCHUS,  Agassiz,  1855,  in  British 
Pal.  Rocks.  [Ety.  petalos,  spread  out ; 
rhynchos,  a  beak.]  Teeth  small,  crown 
compressed,  thin,  concavo-convex, 
petal-shaped ;  higher  and  narrower 
than  Petalodus;  imbricating  folds  on 
posterior  face  forming  a  short  trans- 
verse band,  not  extending  to  the  lat- 
eral angles  of  the  crown ;  root  long,  un- 
divided. Type  P.  sagittatum. 

distortum,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  406,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

pseudosagittatum,  St.  John  &  Worthen, 
1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  405,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

spatulatum,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  408,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

striatum,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Snr.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  40,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

PETRODUS,  McCoy,  1848,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  2d  series,  vol  2,  p.  132.  [Ety. 
petros,  a  rock  ;  odous,  a  tooth.]  Conical ; 
base  round  or  subtrigonal ;  apex  rudely 
pointed ;  sides  radiatingly  ridged ;  os- 
seous base  wider  than  the  crown.  Type 
P.  patelliformis. 

acutus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  72,  Coal  Meas. 

occidentalis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  70,  Coal  Meas. 

pustulosus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  369,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

PHANEROPLECRON,  Huxley,  1871,  10th  Dec- 
ade Geo.  Sur.  of  Gt.  Britain.  [Ety. 
phaneros,  open  ;  pleuron,  side.] 

curtum,  Whiteaves,  1881,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  21,  p.  495,  Upper 
Devonian. 

PHCEBODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  251.    [Ety. 
mythological     name ;    odous,   a 
tooth.]    Teeth  small ;  base  irreg- 
ularly elliptical,   strongly  pro- 
duced in  iront  and  faintly  ex- 
cavated at  the  median  line ;  the 
antero-inferior  angles  approxi- 
mate, and  laterally  curve  to  the 
rounded   extremities;    broadly 
though  irregularly  rounded  be- 
hind ;   the  angles  in  front  are 
occupied   by  a   strong,  lateral, 
pad-like  prominence,  which  is 
more  or  less  distinctly  bilobed 
and     beveled    to    the    deeply 
excavated  inferior  surface ;  pos- 
terior margin   slightly   burled ; 
postero-superior     surface     moderately 
convex,   and  surmounted    by  a  later- 
ally   elongated,     well-defined     promi- 
nence, which  is  situated   nearly   mid- 
way between  the  base  of    the   crown 
and  the  posterior  border,  to  which  the 
surface  abruptly  slopes,  and  extending 


laterally  nearly  half  the  diameter  of  the 
base ;  the  coronal  region  consists  of 
three  strong  cusps,  of  which  the  ex- 
terior pair  are  largest,  strongly  diverg- 
ing and  moderately  recurved  or  nearly 
vertical,  antero-posteriorly  compressed 
or  suboval  in  section,  apparently  with- 
out distinct  cutting  edges ;  median  cone 
similar  in  shape,  erect,  more  or  less 
produced  in  front  and 
continued  to  the  shallow 
median  depression  in  the 
border;  a  rudimentary 
denticle  between  the  me- 
dian and  lateral  cusps.  FlQ- 1158.— Phce- 
Type  P.  sophite.  bodus  sophiee. 

Sophia,  St.  John  &  Worthen,   1875,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  251,  Devonian. 
PHYSONEMUS,  Agaasiz,  1843,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poissons  Fossiles,t.  3,  p.  176.  [Ety. 
physa,  bladder ;  nema,  thread.]  Dorsal 
spine  strong,  laterally  compressed, 
deeply  imbeded,  curved  ;  apex  directed 
toward  the  front ;  lateral  faces  bearing 
costse  and  tubercles;  pulp  cavity  large  ; 
base  notched.  Type  P.  subteres. 

altonensis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  454,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

carinatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  452,  Waverly  or  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 

chesterensis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  455,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

depressus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  452,  Waverly  or  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 

falcatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  252,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

gigas,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  373,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

parvulus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  453,  Keokuk  Gr. 


FIG.  1159.— Platyodns  liiieatns.    Crown  surface. 

proclivis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  451,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

PLATYODUS,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  58.  [Ety.  platys,  broad;  odout, 
tooth.]  Teeth  elliptical  in  outline; 
crown  arched  in  both  directions ;  sur- 


.— POI,.] 


PISCES. 


607 


face  punctate  in  undulate  lines,  but 
without  folds  or  ridges.  Type  P.  lin- 
eatus. 

lineatus,  Newberry,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  58,  Waverly  Gr. 

PLATYSOMUS,  Agassiz,  1833,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  1,  p.  6.  [Ety. 
platys,  broad  ;  soma.  body.]  Rhom- 
boidal,  compressed;  dorsal  and  anal 
fins  nearly  equal,  opposite ;  pectorals 
small ;  yentrals  small ;  teeth  clavate ; 
crown  dilated,  flattened ;  base  slender, 
constricted  at  the  base  of  the  ganoine; 
scales  large,  oblong,  articular  internal 
ridge  at  anterior  edge ;  beveled  spine 
at  the  upper  corner  received  in  a 
notch  of  the  adjoining  scale.  Type  P. 
striatus. 

circularis,   Newberry   &  Worthen,   1870, 
Geo.    Sur.    111.,    vol.    4,    p.    347,    Coal 


Pleuracanthus,  Agassiz,  1843,  Poiss.  Foss., 
vol.  3,  p.  66.  [Ety.  pleura,  side ;  akan- 
tha,  spine.]  The  genus  was  founded 
upon  a  spine  supposed  to  belong  to  the 
Order  Raiina.  It  is  serrated  on  one 
edge,  curved  at  the  base,  and  furrowed 
on  the  inferior  side.  The  species  named 
in  this  genus  from  America  are  too 
poorly  defined  to  warrant  recognition. 
Type  P.  Isevissimus. 

arcualus,  see  Orthacanthus  arcuatus. 

biserialis,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  100,  Coal  Meas. 

dilatatus,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  100,  Coal  Meas. 
PNIGEACANTHUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  480.  [Ety.  from 
the  specific  name  in  Oracanth  us  pnigeus; 
akantha,  spine.]  Spine  short,  conical, 
laterally  compressed ;  base  broadly  ex- 
panded before  and  behind,  without  in- 
sertion, rapidly  tapering  to  the  obtuse 
apex,  which  is  directed  posteriorly ; 
transverse  section  elliptical,  rounded 
into  the  slightly  sigmoidally  curved  an- 
terior border  and  concave  posterior 
margin ;  pulp  cavity  very  large,  ex- 
tending nearly  to  the  tip ;  lateral  walls 
very  thin,  slightly  thickened  in  the 
margins ;  external  surface  occupied  by 
irregularly  disposed,  radiatingly  sculp- 
tured tubercles,  sometimes  arranged  in 
obscure  or  interrupted  longitudinal  and 
diagonal  order.  The  type  is  Oracan- 
thus  pnigeus,  of  Newberry  &  Worthen, 
which  St.  John  named  Pnigeacanthus 
deltoides. 

deltoides,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  480,  Keokuk  Gr.  But 
why  should  this  species  not  be  Pnigea- 
canthus pnigeus? 

trigonal  is,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  259,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
POSCILODUS,  Agassiz,  1843,  Recherches  Poiss. 
Foss.,  vol.  3,  p.  174.  [Ety.  poikilos,  va- 
riegated ;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth  as  in 
Cpchliodus ;  terminal  tooth  obliquely 
trigonal,  convoluted ;  median  tooth  nar- 


row, convoluted;  all  teeth  wrinkled  at 
right  angles  to  the  articular  edges ;  sur- 
face porous.  Type  P.  jonesi. 

carbonarius,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  139,  Coal 
Meas. 

cestriensis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  135,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

ornatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  95,  syn.  for  Chitono- 
dus  rugosus. 

rugosus,  see  Chitonodus  rugosus. 

springeri,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  138,  Subcarbon- 
iferous. 

stludovici,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  132,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

varsoviensis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  131.  War- 
saw Gr. 

wortheni,  St.  John,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111., 

vol.  7,  p.  136,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 
POLYRHIZODUS,  McCoy,  1848,  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist,  2d  series,  vol.  2,  p.  125. 
[Ety.  polys,  many ;  rhiza,  root ;  odous, 
tooth.]  Crown  like  Petalodus,  but 
more  elongated,  transversely  lower  and 
thicker;  root  divided  into  numerous 
short,  robust  radicles.  Type  P. 
magnus. 

amplus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  387,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

carbonarius,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  389,  Coal 
Meas. 

dentatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  50, .  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

littoni,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol. 
4,  p.   357,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

modestus,  New- 
berry,  1875, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
9  r>  s;n  Plovo-  Fl°-  1160.— Poly  rhizodus  lit- 

land  shale  ton1'   <*»<»"*»»• 

nanus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p. 
386,  Keokuk  Gr. 
piasensis,  St.  John  & 
Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
6,  p.  386,  Warsaw 
Gr. 

ponticulus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  51,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 

porosus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  49,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

truncatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  357,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

williamsi,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  384,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 


?:> 


FIG.  1161.-Polyrhlzo- 
dus  modestus. 


PISCES. 


[PRI. — PSA. 


FIG.  1162.— Pristicladodus 
springer!. 


PRISTICLADODUS,  McCoy,  1855,  British  Pal. 
"  Rocks,  p.  642.     [Ety.  from  the  two  gen- 
era Pristis   and  Cladodus.]    Teeth  re- 
semble Clado- 
d  u  s ;     median 
and  lateral 
cusps  strong ; 
lateral  edges 
sharp  and  more 
or    less    undu- 
lated.   Type  P. 
dentatus. 
springeri,  St.  John 

&  Worthen,  I 

1875,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  255,  Wa-  I 
verly  or  Kinderhook  Gr. 
PKISTODUS,   Agassiz.     [Ety.  pristis,    a   saw ; 
odous,  a  tooth.]    This  genus   has  been 
only  doubtfully  identified  in  America. 
(?)acuminatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  402,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

PSAMMODUS,  Agassiz,  1§43,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poissons  Fossiles,  t.  3,  p.  112.  [Ety. 
psammos,  sand;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth 
quadrilateral  or  trapezoidal  in  general 
outline,  variable,  usually  thick  and 
massive ;  the  coronal  region  presents  a 
more  or  less  plane  surface,  according 
to  the  position  the  form  occupied  upon 
the  jaws,  always  arched,  generally 
moderately  in  the  longitudinal  direc- 
tion or  from  behind  forward,  trans- 
versely concave  (maxillary  teeth),  or 
more  or  less  convex  (mandibular  teeth), 
sometimes  raised  into  a  low  ridge  along 
the  exterior  lateral  border,  also  along 
the  articular  inner  border,  or  showing 
a  more  or  less  wide  convexity  in  the 
latter  region,  and  sometimes  presenting 
a  more  or  less  well-dtfined  transverse 
prominence  in  mature  maxillary  form ; 
the  marginal  limits  of  the  crown  are 
well  denned,  rounded  along  the  ex- 
terior of  lateral  border,,  and  usually  in- 
beveled,  and  almost  always  making  an 
angulation  at  the  articular  inner 
border  and  along  the  anterior  and  pos- 
terior margins,  the  enamel  extending 
well  down,  and  more  or  less  distinctly 
denned  from  the  coarse,  vernacularly 
pitted  base  which  constitutes  the 
greater  part  of  the  height  of  the  tooth  ; 
in  front  and  behind,  the  basal  wall  is 
nearly  exactly  vertical  to  the  plane  of 
the  coronal  surface,  and  moderately 
channeled  or  concave ;  the  inner  artic- 
ular face  is  also  vertical  and  slightly 
excavated,  presenting  generally  at  one 
or  the  other  extremity  an  obliquely 
truncated  articular  facet  for  co-adapta- 
tion with  the  contiguous  tooth  of  the 
opposite  series,  the  extent  and  obliquity 
of  the  truncation  varying  greatly  ac- 
cording to  the  species ;  the  exterior 
lateral  border,  in  typical  forms,  shows 
an  expansion  of  the  basal  portion  be- 
yond the  coronal  limits,  increasing  in 
breadth  and  terminating  in  a  more  or 


less  produced  spur  at  the  postero-outer 
angle  of  the  tooth ;  the  coronal  surface 
exhibits  under  an  ordinary  lens  a  dis- 
tinct, vertical,  prismatic  structure,  each 
of  the  vertical  columns  inclosing  a 
medullary  tube,  the  appearance  of 
which  at  the  surface  produces  the  ex- 
ceedingly minute  punctation  usually 
observed  in  these  teeth ;  the  exceed- 
ingly elegant  vermiculose  rugosity  ex- 
hibited in  the  less  worn  surfaces  of 
certain  species  is  produced  by  the 
wrinkling  of  the  enamel  or  external 
layer,  and  which  apparently  has  no 
other  relation  to  the  medullary  tubes 
than  to  rudely  define  them  in  irregular 
and  transverse  or  longitudinal  rows, 


FIG.  1163.— Psammodus  crassidens.  a,  Median 
dental  plates;  6,  transverse  profile;  c,  longitu- 
dinal profile. 

the  punctse  rarely  confluent,  and  the 
rugose  appearance  becoming  obsolete 
or  more  or  less  obscured  over  the  more 
exposed  parts  of  the  triturating  surface ; 
the  impression  also  prevails  that  the 
tendency  to  rugosity  of  the  coronal 
surface  increases  with  age,  since  this 
appearance,  so  far  as  observed,  seems  to 
be  most  prevalent  and  conspicuous  in 
large  individuals  belonging  to  the  series 
which  have  received  several  accessions, 
the  innermost  individuals  of  which 
have  suffered  little  from  the  abrading 
effects  of  trituration  while  in  use  ;  but 
it  is  not  an  essential  character,  as  some 
species  evidently  always  remained  quite 
smooth  in  their  coronal  areas ;  the 


PSA.] 


PISCES. 


609 


inferior  surface  is  plane,  in  a  general 
way  conforming  to  that  of  the  crown, 
and  even  possessing  distinctive  charac- 
teristics as  applied  to  species ;  it  shows 
in  the  perfect  state  a  rather  dense, 
thin  layer,  perhaps  in  degree  rather 
than  structurally  differing  from  the  more 
cellulose  middle  layer  composing  the 
bulk  of  the  base,  and  usually  marked  by 
more  or  less  distinct  longitudinal 
grooves,  or  smooth  and  faintly  keeled 
nearest  the  inner  articular  border. 
Type  P.  porosus. 

angularis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  107,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

antiquus,  Newberry,  1857,  Bull.  Nat. 
Inst.,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

bretonensis,  Whiteaves,  1881,  Can.  Nat., 
vol.  10,  Carboniferous. 


FIG.  1164  — Psammodus  porosus. 

cselatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  217,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

crassidens,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  218,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

glyptus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p,  209,  Up.  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


FIQ.  1165.— Diagram  of  Psammodus  springeri. 
a,  Mandibular  series;  6,  transverse  profile;  c, 
longitudinal  profile. 

grandis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  211,  Keokuk  Gr. 
lovianus,  St.  John  &*Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  207,  Burlington  Gr. 


plenus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,   1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  213,  St.  Louis  Gr. 


FIG 


1166.—  Diagram  of  Psammodus  springeri. 
a.  Maxillary  series;  b,  transverse  profile;  c, 
longitudinal  profile. 

porosus,  Agassiz,  1843,   Recherch.    Poiss. 
Foss.,  t.  3,  p.  112,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


FIG.  1167.— Hypothetical  diagram,  showing  me- 
dian dental  plates  of  Psammodus  springeri. 

reticulatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  109,  Kaskas- 
kia Gr. 


IG.  1168.— Hypothetical  diagram  of  Psammodus 
turgidus. 

rhomboideus,  Newberry  &  AVorthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  110.  syn.  for 
Sandalodus  Isevissimus. 


610 


PISCES. 


[PSE. — PTY. 


semicylindricus,  Newberry  &  Worthen, 
1866,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  109,  syn. 
for  Sandalodus  Isevissimus. 

springeri,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  202,  Upper  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

tumidus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  "205,  Up.  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

turgidus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  206,  Keokuk  Gr. 
PSEPHODUS,  Agassiz,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  ;18,  p.  102.  [Ety.  psephos,  a  peb- 
ble ;  odous,  a  tooth.]  Heavy,  more  or  less 
spirally  inrolled  triturating  or  crushing 
plates  invest  the  median  range  of  the 
rami  of  the  jaws;  they  are  trapezoidal 
in  outline,  with  undulated  articular 
surfaces.  Type  P.  magnus. 

convolutus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Aspidodus  convolutus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  94,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

crenulatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Aspidodus  crenulatus,)  Geo. .Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  93,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

cunulalus,  see  P.  lunulatus. 

latus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  72,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

lunulatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  74,  (misprinted 
cunulatus,)  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

obliquus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  66.  Waverly  or  Kin- 
derkook  Gr. 

placenta,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Helodus  placenta,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  80,  Waverly  or  Kinder- 
kook  Gr. 

reticulatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  417,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

symmetricus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  71,  Waverly  or 
Kinderhook  Gr. 

PTERICIITHYS,  Agassiz,  1835,  Recherches  sur 
les  Poissons  Fosgiles,  t.  1,  p.  302.  [Ety. 
pteron,  fin  ;  ichthys,  fish.]  The  outline 
of  this  genus  reminded  Hugh  Miller  of 
the  figure  of  a  man  rudely  drawn  in 
black  on  a  gray  ground,  the  head  cut 
off  at  the  shoulder?,  the  arms  spread 
at  full  as  in  the  attitude  of  swimming, 
the  body  rather  long  than  otherwise,  and 
narrowing  from  the  chest  downward, 
one  of  the  legs  cut  away  at  the  hip-joint, 
and  the  other  as  if  to  preserve  the  bal- 
ance, placed  directly  under  the  center 
of  the  figure,  which  it  seems  to  support. 
The  under  part  of  the  body  was  flat, 
the  upper  rose  toward  the  center 
into  a  roof-like,  ridge,  and  both  under 
and  upper  were  covered  with  a  strong 
armor  of  plates ;  the  plates.on  the  under 
side  are  divided  by  a  longitudinal 
suture  and  a  transverse  suture,  and 
they  would  cut  at  right  angles  were  it 
not  for  a  lozenge-shaped  plate  in  the 
center;  there  are  therefore  five  plates 
on  the  under  side,  all  of  which  are 


thickly  tuberculated ;  the  upper  side'is 
covered  with  a  large,  long,  hexagonal 
plate  in  the  central  part,  that  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  row  of  unequal  and  vari- 
ously formed  plates,  all  of  which  are 
strongly  tuberculated;  the  cephalic 
shield  is  rounded  in  front,  andtruncated 
behind  where  it  joins  the  body  cara- 
pace, having  a  transverse  median  open- 
ing; nuchal  region  occupied  by  a  plate 
somewhat  like  the  lateral  view  of  a 


FIG.  1169.— Ptericbthys  millerl. 

coronet  or  crown;  one  post-median 
plate,  another  in  front,  one  lateral 
occipital  on  each  side,  two  lateral 
and  one  postero- lateral  on  each  side, 
and  an  angular  plate  on  each  postero- 
lateral  side  articulating  with  the 
limb;  the  oblong  carapace  is  cov- 
ered by  the  large,  hexagonal  antero- 
median  plate,  and  a  smaller  posterior 
median  dorsal,  and  two  dorso-lateral 
plates  on  each  side ;  tail  thick,  conical, 
covered  with  rhomboidal  scales;  surface 
covered  with  granules.  Type  P.  mil- 
leri. 

canadensis,  see  Bothriolepis  canadensis. 

norwoodensis,  Owen,  syn.  for  Macropetal- 
ichthys  rapheidolabis. 

rugosus,  Claypole,  1883,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  p.  664,  Upper  Chemung  Gr. 
PTYCTODUS,  Pander  Uber  die  Ctenodipteri- 
nen  des  Devonischens  Systems,  p.  48. 
[Ety.  ptyktos,  folded;  odous,  tooth.] 
Elongated  ;  base  expanded,  subconical ; 
crown  flattened  or  furrowed ;  enameled ; 
tubes  in  transverse  furrows,  with 
low  intervening  ridges.  Type  P. 
obliquus. 

calceolus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Rinodus  calceolus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
2,  p.  106,  Ham.  Gr. 

PTYONODUS,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  'Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  p.  192.  [Ety.  ptyon,  a  fan  ;  odous, 
a  tooth.] 

paucicristatus,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  54,  Permian. 

vinslovi,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  410,  Permian. 


PYG.— RHY.] 


PISCES. 


611 


Pygopterus,  Agassi z,  1833,  Poiss.  Foss.,  t.,1. 
p.  10.  [Ety.  pyge,  rump ;  pteron,  fin.] 
Body  large,  elongate,  ovate ;  fins  large, 


FIG.  1170.— Ptyctodus  calceolus.    Side  view. 

with  fulcral  scales ;  anal  fin  long,  nearly 
opposite  dorsal ;  ventrals  small ;  pecto- 
rals small,  falcate  ;  caudal  large,  notched; 
upper  jaw  longer  than  the  lower;  endo- 
skeleton  strong;  scales  small,  rhom- 
bpidal.  Type  P.  humboldti.  Not  defi- 
nitely known  from  America. 
scutellatus,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  98,  Coal  Meas.  Too 
poorly  defined  to  warrant  recognition. 


FIG.  1171.— Pygopteris  mandibularis.  Outside  and 
under  surface  of  scale  maguined. 

RHADINICHTHYS,  Traquair,  1877,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  33,  p.  548.  [Ety. 
rhadinos,  slender;  ichthys,  fish.]  Body 
slender ;  jaws  with  a  row  of  incurved 
laniaries,  outside  of  which  there  are 
smaller  teeth  ;  principal  rays  of  pectoral 
fin  as  in  Pygopterus;  dorsal  far  back, 
nearly  opposite  the  anal.  Type  R. 
ornatissiinus. 


FIG.  1172.— Rhadinichthys  alberti. 

alberti,  Jackson,  1851,  (Palseoniscus  al- 
berti,) Rep.  on  the  Albert  Coal-mine, 
New  Brunswick,  Coal  Meas. 

cairnsi,  Jackson,  1851,  (Palseoniscus 
cairnsi,)  Rep.  on  Albert  Coal-mine, 
New  Brunswick,  Coal  Meas. 

modulus,  Dawson,  1877,  (Palseoniscus 
modulus,)  Can.  Nat.  and  Quar.  Jour. 
Sci.,  vol.  8,  Carboniferous. 
RHIZODUS,  Owen,  1840,  Odontography. 
[Ety.  rhiza,  a  root;  odous,  tooth.]  Jaws 
massive,  bearing  large,  compressed, 
double-edged  teeth,  with  sulcated  bases 


in  each  dental  bone,  and  numerous 
smaller  ones ;  scales  large,  rotundato- 
quadrate,  thin,  inner  surface  concentric- 
ally lined;  outer 
surface  tubercu- 
late.  Type  R.  hib- 
berti. 

angustus,  Newberry, 
1857,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  vol. 
8,  p.  99,  Coal  Meas. 
Poorly  defined, 
hardingi,  Dawson, 
1868,  Acad.  Geol., 
p.  254,  Subcarbon- 
iferous. 

incurvus,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  8,  p.  99,  Coal  Meas. 
Poorly  defined. 


FIG.  1173.— Rhizodus  occidentals.    Scale. 

lancifer,  Newberry,  1857,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  vol.  8,  p.  99,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  342,  Coal  Meas. 
occidentalis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  19,  Coal  Meas. 
quadratus,   Newberry,    1873,    Ohio   Pal., 
vol.  1,  p.  343.  Coal  Meas. 

reticulatus,  Newberry  & 
Worthen,  1870,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  4,  p.  349,  Coal 
Meas. 

RHYNCHODUS,  Newberry,  1873, 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1,  p.  307. 
[Ety.  rhynchos,  beak ;  odous, 
tooth.]    Teeth   somewhat 
half-circular,  compressed, 
exterior  margins  curved ; 
one  cornua  produced,  the 
other  obtuse ;  straight  side  the  triturat- 
ing or  cutting  edge.    Type  R.  secans. 


FIG.  1174. — Rhynchodus  frangens. 

crassus,  Newberry,  1873,   Ohio   Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  312,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 


612 


PISCES. 


[RIN. — TAN. 


excavatus,  Newberry,  1877,  Geo.  of  Wis., 
vol.  2,  p.  397,  Ham.  Gr. 

frangens,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
1,  p.  311,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

secans,  Newberry,  1873,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  1, 

p.  310,  Up.  Held.  Gr. 

Rinodus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,   1866,  syn. 
for  Ptyctodus. 

calceolus,  see  Ptyctodus  calceolus. 
SANDALODUS,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  102.  [Ety. 
sandalon,  a  sandal ;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth 
thick,  strong,  s'ubtriangular  or  club- 
shaped,  with  one  or  two  pointed  ex- 
tremities; twisted  and  arched;  base 
concave,  surface  punctate.  Type  S. 
parvulus. 

angustus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  voL  2,  p.  103,  Keokuk  Gr. 

carbonarius,  see  Orthopleurodus  carbon- 
arius. 

complanatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Deltodus  complanatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  98,  Upper  Burlington  Gr. 

crassus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  4,  p.  369,  syn.  for  S. 
spatulatus. 

grandis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  105,  syn  for  S.  lams- 
si  m  us. 

Isevissimus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  104,  Keokuk  Gr. 

minor,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  (Tri- 
gonodus  minor,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p. 
112,  Keokuk  Gr. 

parvulus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  102,  St.  Louis 
Gr.  In  part  Stenopterodus  parvulus. 

spatulatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  103,  St.  Louis  Gr. 


FlQ.  1175.— Sandalodus  spatulatus. 
Sauripteris,  Hall,  1843,  Geo.  Rep.  4th  Disk 
N.  Y.    [Ety.  sauros,  lizard  ;  pteran,  wing.] 
taylori,  see  Holoptychius  taylori. 
Sicarius  extinctus,  Leidy,   1855,  Proc.   Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  7.    Not  satisfactorily  de- 


STEMMATODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  328.  [Ety. 
stemmatos,  a  wreath  ;  odous,  tooth.] 
Teeth  variable,  anomalous,  some  trian- 
gular with  three  or  more  rows  of  den- 
ticles, others  simple  with  narrower  base 
and  a  single  row  of  coronal  cusps.  Type 
S.  chiriformis. 

bicristatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  331,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

bifurcatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  330,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 


chiriformis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  330,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

compactus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  334,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

keokuk,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  334,  Keottuk  Gr. 

simplex,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  332,  Burlington  Gr. 

symmetricus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  333,  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

STENACANTHUS,  Leidy,  1856,  Jour.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  3,  p.  162.  [Ety. 
stenos,  narrow ;  akantha,  a  spine.]  Nar- 
row denticulated  spine.  Type  S.  ni- 
tidus. 

nitidus,  Leidy,  1856,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  3.  p.  162,  Carboniferous. 
STENOPTERODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  100.  [Ety. 
stenos,  narrow ;  pteron,  wing ;  odous, 
tooth.]  Teeth  distinguished  by  their 
long  elliptical  outline,  strongly  arched 
and  spiral  inrollment  of  the  outer  ex- 
tremity. Crown  with  a  lobe  in  the  di- 
rection of  inrollment.  Type  S.  planus. 

elongatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  106,  Warsaw  Gr. 

parvulus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Sandalodus  parvulus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  102,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

planus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  102,  Upper  Burling- 
ton Gr. 
Strigillina,  Cope,  syn.  for  Janassa. 

gurleiana,  see  Janassa  gurleiana. 

linguiformis,  see  Janassa  linguiformis. 
T-ENIODUS,  De  Koninck,  MSS.,  and  St.  John 
&  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7, 
p.  75.  [Ety.  tsenia,  ribbon ;  odous, 
tooth.]  Trapezoidal,  arched  from  within 
outward,  inrolled  obliquely  outward 
and  forward ;  distinguished  from  Pse- 
phodus  by  the  differentiation  of  the 
coronal  contour  of  the  maxillary  me- 
dian forms.  Type  T.  contortus. 

fasciatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1870, 
(Deltodus  fasciatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
4,  p.  366,  Keokuk  Gr. 

obliquus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  78,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 

regularis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol  7,  p.  77,  Warsaw  Gr. 
TANAODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  367.  [Ety.  tanaos, 
long;  odous,  a  tooth.]  In  the  laterally 
extended  linear  outline  of  the  crown 
it  resembles  Chomatodus;  in  the  dip- 
proportionate  depth  of  the  coronal  sur- 
faces and  marginal  position  of  the  root 
it  resembles  Antliodus  from  which  it 
is  distinguished  by  the  linear  outline 
of  the  crown  and  the  inferior  surface 
of  the  root.  Type  T.  graoillimus. 

angularis,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Chomatodus  angularis,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  55,  Coal  Meas. 


THO. — VEN.] 


PISCES. 


613 


bellicinctus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  376,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

depressus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6.  p.  378,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

gracillimus, 
Newberry  & 
Worthen  , 
1866,  (Choma- 
todus  gracilli- 
mus,) Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol. 


1176. — Tanaodus    gra- 
cillimus. 


2,  p.  51,  Burlington  Gr. 
grossiplicatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 

Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  375,   Kaskas- 

kia  Gr. 
multiplicatus,     Newberry     &     Worthen, 

1866,  (Choinatodus  multiplicatus,)  Geo. 

Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  57,  Burlington  Gr. 
obscurus,   Leidy,  1856,  (Chomatodus  ob- 

scurus,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  11, 


p.  87,  Keokuk  Gr. 

olv: 


polymorphus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  380,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

prsenuntius,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  371,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

pumilus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  369,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

sculptus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  373,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

sublunatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  368,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

THORACODUS,  Cope,  1883,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  108.  [Ety.  thoracos,  protected; 
odous,  tooth.]  Jaws  plate-like,  divided 
on  middle  line,  each  half  with  trans- 
verse grooves  and  ridges,  and  a  smooth 
border  all  round.  Type  T.  eurydinus. 

eurydinus,  Cope,  1883,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat. 

Sci.  Phil.,  p.  108,  Permian  Gr. 
THRINACODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  289.  [Ety. 
thrinakos,  three-pronged;  odous,  tooth.] 
Teeth  small ;  base  produced  posteriorly 
in  a  long  sometimes  twisted  vertically 
flattened,  or  laterally  compressed,  cla- 
vate  plate,  longer  than  wide,  anterior 
face  narrow,  and  abruptly  beveled  from 
the  basal  line  of  the  crown ;  posterior 
extremity  more  or  less  obtusely  rounded; 
inferior  surface  narrow,  plain  or  faintly 
excavated ;  superior  surface  gently 
convex,  concave  antero-posteriorly,  or 
corresponding  to  the  curvature  of  the 
inferior  surface ;  from  the  antero-supe- 
rior  extremity  of  the  base  spring  three 
more  or  less  relatively  stout,  nearly 
equal,  trenchant,  acutely  pointed,  re- 
curved cusps  the  exterior  pair  diver- 
gent, the  central  one  more  or  less  verti- 
cal, slightly  sigmoidally  curved,  trans- 
verse section  sublenticular,  compressed 
in  front,  rounded  behind,  with  simple 
cutting  edges,  and  more  or  less  strongly 
costate  in  either  face.  Allied  to  Diplo- 
dus.  Type  T.  nanus. 


40 


duplicatus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Diplodus  duplicatus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  61,  Keokuk  Gr. 

incurvus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
(Diplodus  incurvus,)  Geo.  Sur.  111., 
vol.  2,  p.  62,  Keokuk  Gr. 

nanus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  289,  Waverly  or  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 

TOMODUS,  Agassiz,  1859,  MSS.  and  St.  John 
&  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7, 
p.  171.  [Ety.  tomos,  sharp ;  odous, 
tooth.]  Distinguished  from  Xystrodus 
by  the  great  convexity  of  the  coronal 
ridge,  abrupt  articular  border,  and  ab- 
sence of  transverse  punctse  on  the  trit- 
urating surface.  Type  T.  convexus. 

limitaris,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,. vol.  7,  p.  173,  Upper  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

Trigonodus,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  111.  [Ety.  trig- 
onos,  three-cornered ;  odou*,  tooth.]  Syn. 
for  sandalodus. 

major,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  112,  syn.  for  Sanda- 
lodus complanatus. 

minor,  see  SancJalodus  minor. 
VATICINODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  80.  [Ety.  vati- 
cinus,  prophetical ;  odous,  tooth.]  Pos- 
terior teeth  distinguished  from  Deltop- 
tychiusby  the  absence  of  the  secondary 
lobe,  the  anterior  part  of  the  tooth  for- 
ward of  the  posterior  prominence  being 
plain,  as  in  Stenopterodus.  Type  V. 
vetustus. 

carbonarius,  St.  John  &  Worthen, 
1883,  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  88,  Coal 
Meas. 

discrepans,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  83,  Upper  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

lepis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo.  Sur. 
111.,  vol.  7,  p.  88,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 

similis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  86,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr. 

simplex,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  84,  St.  Louis  Gr. 

vetustus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  82,  Waverly  or  Kin- 
derhook  Gr. 

VKNUSTODUS,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  344.  [Ety.  ve- 
nustus,  beautiful ;  odous,  tooth.]  Teeth 
laterally  elongated,  vertically  arched; 
crown  constricted  at  the  base,  defined 
by  imbricating  folds;  crest  elevated, 
uniform,  or  with  median  prominence ; 
denticulations  lateral ;  base  forming  a 
shallow  plate.  Type  V.  robustus. 

argutus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  352,  Kaskas- 
kia  Gr.  • 

kidyi,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  350,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
This  name  is  a  syn.  for  V.  venustus. 


614 


BATRACHIA. 


[XYS- 


Fio.  1177.— Venusto- 
dus  robustus. 


robustus,  St.  John  &  Worthen.  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  345,  Burlington  Gr. 
tenuicristatus,  St.  John 
&  Worthen ,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  348, 
Keokuk  Gr. 
variabilis,  St.   John   & 
Worthen,  1875,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  346,  Burlington  Gr. 
venustus,  Leidy,  1856,  (Chomatodus  ve- 
nustus,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.    Phil., 
vol.  11,  p.  87,  St.  Louis  Gr. 
XYSTRACANTHUS,  Leidy,  1859,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.   Phil.,  p.  3.     [Ety.  xystra,  a 
tool  for  scraping ;  akantha,  spine.]    Dis- 
tinguished from   Pbysonemus   by  the 
slender,  straight  outline,  and  less  pre- 
ponderance of  the  antero-inferior  shoul- 
der.   Type  X.  arcuatus. 
acinaciformis,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  459,  Coal  Meas. 
anceps,  Newberry  &  Worthen,  1866,  (Dre- 
panacanthus  anceps,)  Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol. 
2,  p.  122,  Coal  Meas. 
arcuatus,   Leidy,   1859,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 

Sci.  Phil,,  p.  3,  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
mirabilis,    St.    John    &    Worthen,    1875, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  6,  p.  458,  Coal  Meas. 


XYSTRODCS,  Agassiz,  MSS.,  1859,  and  St. 
John  1870,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol. 
11,  p.  436.  [Ety.  xystra,  an  instrument 
for  scraping;  odous,  tooth.]  Mandibu- 
lar  posterior  teeth  triangular;  great 
transverse  breadth  of  the  inner  margin 
as  compared  with  the  longitudinal  di- 
ameter ;  coronal  surface  plain,  de- 
pressed, and  alated  posteriorly ;  max- 
illary posterior  teeth  cuneiform,  and 
narrow  transverse  diameter  at  the  inner 
margin.  Type  X.  striatus. 

bellulus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  183,  Coal  Meas. 

imitatus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  180,  St. 
Louis  Gr. 

inconditus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883, 
Geo.  Sur.  Ill,  vol.  7,  p.  179,  Keo- 
kuk Gr. 

occidentalis,  St.  John,  1870,  Palaeontology 
of  Eastern  Nebraska,  p.  244,  syn.  for 
Orthopleurodus  carbonarius. 

simplex,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  178,  Upper  Burling- 
ton Gr. 

verus,  St.  John  &  Worthen,  1883,  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  181,  Kaskaskia  Gr. 


CLASS    BATRACHIA. 

[Ety.  batrachoS)  frog.] 


THE  Batrachia  live  a  double  life — that  is,  both  on  land  and  in  water — and  are 
called  Amphibia.  [Amphi,  on  both  sides,  around ;  bios,  life.]  They  approach  the 
fishes  in  their  early  stages  of  growth,  and  resemble  the  true  Reptilia  in  their  more 
mature  development.  All  possess  lungs,  but  during  their  young  or  larval  condi- 
tion they  are  always  furnished  with  branchiae,  and  in  some  orders  these  remain 
throughout  the  life  of  the  animal.  They  form  a  distinct  transition  from  aquatic 
fishes  to  exclusively  air-breathing  reptiles.  They  are  all  strictly  oviparous,  although 
in  some  species  the  eggs  are  retained  in  or  upon  the  body  of  the  parent  until  the 
young  have  attained  some  degree  of  growth.  After  leaving  the  egg,  the  animals 
undergo  a  series  of  transformations  before  arriving  at  their  complete  or  perfect  state. 
In  their  early  stage  they  are  known  as  tadpoles,  little,  fish-like  animals,  with  broad 
heads,  sack-like  body,  and  long,  compressed  tail.  The  mouth  is  at  the  lower  part 
of  the  front  of  the  head,  and  is  furnished  with  a  pair  of  horny  jaws,  with  which 
they  feed  upon  the  animalculse  that  furnishes  the  food.  They  are  vertebrated  ani- 
mals, with  cold  blood  and  naked  skin,  and  undergo  a  metamorphosis  or  change  of 
condition  from  an  aquatic  respiration  by  gills  to  an  atmospheric  respiration  by  lungs, 
and  a  consequent  alteration  in  general  structure  and  mode  of  life. 


BATRACHIA*  615 

In  the  tadpole  and  the  genera  which  retain  their  gills  through  life,  the  sub- 
stance between  the  vertebrae  is  soft,  and  contained  in  cup-like  hollows  formed  by  the 
concave  articular  surfaces  of  contiguous  bones,  precisely  as  in  fishes.  The  lower 
orders  are  fish-like  in  possessing  permanent  branchiae,  the  limbs  are  reduced  to  a 
rudimentary  condition,  and  the  tail  is  flattened  and  surrounded  by  a  fin.  In  the 
higher  orders  the  limbs  are  more  and  more  developed  and  fitted  for  terrestrial  pro- 
gression, until  they  are  capable  of  active  motion  and  the  animals  can  take  their 
habitual  residence  in  trees.  The  spinal  column  in  some  is  composed  of  a  continuous 
chorda  dorsalis,  inclosed  in  a  fibrous  sheath,  but  furnished  with  bony  superior  and 
inferior  arches  for  the  protection  of  the  spinal  cord  and  principal  blood-vessels.  In 
others  the  vertebrae  are  articulated  by  a  sort  of  ball-and-socket  joint.  The  verte- 
bras are  usually  furnished  with  long,  transverse  processes  which  appear  to  take  the 
place  of  ribs ;  ribs  are  generally  deficient.  In  those  having  a  chorda  dorsalis  the 
skull  is  formed  of  a  simple  cartilaginous  capsule,  with  which  the  chorda  is  com- 
pletely continuous,  and  the  only  indications  of  ossification  are  in  the  lateral  por- 
tions of  the  occipital  bone.  In  the  higher  forms  the  skull  is  completely  ossified ;  it 
is  always  of  a  broad  and  flattened  form,  with  enormous,  large  orbits,  and  possesses 
one  constant  character  which  distinguishes  the  skull  of  a  Batrachia  from  that  of  a 
Keptile ;  namely,  the  occipital  bone  is  always  furnished  with  two  lateral  condyles  that 
fit  into  corresponding  sockets  in  the  first  vertebra  of  the  neck.  The  bones  of  the 
upper  jaw  and  palate  form  a  broad  arch,  which  is  always  firmly  attached  to  the 
skull ;  the  maxillary  and  intermaxillary  bones  assist  in  the  formation  of  the  edge  of 
the  mouth,  and  are  much  developed,  transversely  expanding  the  general  form  of  the 
skull  without  involving  any  enlargement  of  the  brain  cavity,  which  is  very  small. 

All  Batrachia  have  teeth  on  the  palate ;  the  salamanders  have  them  also  in 
both  the  upper  and  lower  jaws,  the  frogs  in  the  upper  only,  and  the  toads  in  neither. 
The  jaw  teeth  are  always  slender,  sharp-pointed,  and  closely  set.  The  frog  has 
about  forty  on  each  side  of  the  upper  jaw ;  the  salamander  has  about  sixty  above 
and  below ;  the  palatine  teeth  are  generally  arranged  transversely  parallel  to  the 
jaw  teeth.  The  hind  legs  of  the  frog  are  developed  for  leaping,  and  it  has  no  use- 
less tail ;  the  body  is  contracted  into  a  short  space,  and  the  few  vertebrae  are  united 
into  a  single  immovable  piece,  unprovided  with  ribs.  The  water  salamanders,  or 
newts,  have  a  long  tail,  a  slender  flexible  body,  and  all  their  organs  are  fitted  for 
aquatic  life.  The  structure  of  the  bones  is  more  compact  and  calcareous,  and  less 
transparent  and  flexible,  than  in  fishes.  The  bones  of  the  skull  have  their  margins 
in  contact,  and  occasionally  united,  but  never  overlapping.  The  hyoid  bone  changes 
largely  in  those  genera  undergoing  metamorphosis  in  accordance  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  respiratory  organ. 

The  Batrachia  are  generally  distinguished  from  the  Reptilia  by  the  absence  of 
a  scaly  covering.  The  skin  of  aquatic  genera  is  soft  and  smooth,  and  constantly 
moistened  by  the  cutaneous  secretions ;  in  land  genera,  as  frogs  and  toads,  the  glands 
of  the  skin  secrete  a  thick,  whitish  fluid.  The  cuticle  is  shed  frequently.  A  few 
species  are  covered  with  horny  scales. 

They  begin  life  with  the  single  heart  and  gills  of  fishes;  but  as  their  metamor- 
phosis goes  on,  the  heart  assumes  the  compound  character  necessary  for  the  pul- 
monary respiration  of  the  reptiles.  In  the  development  of  the  nervous  system  and 
the  organs  of  the  senses,  they  exhibit  a  slight  advance  upon  the  fishes.  In  the  first 


616  BATRACHIA. 

stages  the  circulation  through  the  branchial  apparatus  is  exactly  the  same  as  in  the 
fishes;  but  later  pulmonary  arteries  make  their  appearance,  lungs  are  developed, 
and  aerial  respiration  commences. 

The  class  has  been  divided  into  five  orders,  namely :  Amphipneusta,  Anura,  Uro- 
della,  Abranchia,  and  Apoda.  None  of  the  Palaeozoic  fossil  families  are  referred  to 
any  of  these  orders  except  the  Cocytinidse,  and  the  correctness  of  that  reference  is 
exceedingly  doubtful.  All  other  Palaeozoic  fossils  are  referred  to  orders  which 
have  become  extinct.  The  change,  either  by  progression  into  higher  classes  of  the 
vertebrate  kingdom,  or  by  retrogression  to  an  inferior  state,  is  strongly  marked. 
The  Urodella,  to  which  the  Cocytinidse  are  referred,  have  long,  slender  bodies,  four 
limbs,  which  are  sometimes  very  small,  and  occasionlly  the  toes  are  furnished  with 
claws,  and  a  long,  persistent  tail ;  no  external  branchiae,  but  in  some  species  there  is 
a  branchial  aperture  on  each  side  of  the  neck,  within  which  are  the  branchial 
arches,  with  their  laminae ;  lungs  well  developed,  skin  smooth,  or  covered  with 
warty  prominences,  and  furnished  with  numerous  glands,  which  secrete  an  acrid, 
viscid  fluid.  In  general  form  they  resemble  the  lizards,  which  belong  to  the  Rep- 
tilia.  The  aquatic  and  land  salamanders  belong  to  this  order. 

The  first  Batrachia  are  found  in  the  Coal  Measures.  They  increase  rapidly  in 
numbers,  and  spread  out  in  progressive  evolution  through  the  Permian  Group,  and 
reach  their  highest  development  and  largest  size  in  the  Triassic,  and  since  that  time 
they  have  declined  or  retrograded,  and  now  constitute  a  very  inferior  grade  of  the 
Vertebrata.  The  Animal  Kingdom  has  been  divided  into  classes  and  orders  upon 
a  basis  which  constitutes,  as  it  is  supposed,  a  natural  system,  and  the  more  recent 
study  of  embryology  has  demonstrated  that  this  natural  system  corresponds  with 
the  phases  of  embryonic  history  in  all,  or  nearly  all,  its  'parts,  and  the  study  of 
Palaeontology  has  proven  beyond  all  peradventure  that  there  has  been  a  succession 
of  organic  types  from  the  earliest  geological  time  to  the  present,  which  is  stamped 
upon  the  embryonic  growth  of  living  animals,  and  coincides  with  the  grades  estab- 
lished by  the  natural  system  of  classification. 

It  follows  that  when  the  Palaeozoic  orders  are  distinct  from  the  living,  the  class 
has  been  more  comprehensive  than  the  definition  given  by  zoologists.  Indeed, .  all 
the  fossils  can  not  be  strictly  embraced  within  the  prescribed  limits  of  the  Batrachia. 
Many  of  them  might  be  included  within  the  Reptilia,  because  they  combine  Batra- 
chian  and  Reptilian  characters,  and  where  the  latter  prevail  probably  they  should 
be  classed  with  the  Reptilia.  Some  of  them,  however,  rise  a  step  higher  in  the 
animal  system,  and  include  Batrachian  and  Mammalian  characteristics,  and  for  this 
reason  it  is  urged  by  the  evolutionists  that  the  Mammalia  descended  from  the  Ba- 
trachia, without  having  passed  through  the  Reptilian  stage.  In  other  words,  what 
is  here  included  is  a  comprehensive  type  of  animal  existence  not  limited  by  the 
bounds  which  define  the  living  Batrachia. 

The  arrangement  of  the  fossils  into  orders  and  families  must  be  regarded  as 
provisional,  and  only  approximating  the  present  learning,  for  the  following  reasons,  in 
addition  to  those  which  will  be  apparent  to  the  specialist:  1.  There  are  several 
synonyms  of  orders  and  families.  2.  No  one  has  published  a  complete  classification 
from  which  the  author  could  compile  the  learning.  3.  The  author  has  never  had 
an  opportunity  to  study  the  fossils  of  this  class  and  have  an  opinion  of  his  own  to 
assert  or  defend. 


ACH.] 


BATRACHIA. 


617 


ORDER  ARCHEGOSAURIA. 
FAMILY  ARCH^EGOSAURID^E. — Brachydectes,  Hylerpeton. 

ORDER  GANOCEPHALA. 
FAMILY  COLOSTEID.E. — Amphibamus,  Colosteus,  Sauropleura, 

ORDER  L/ABYRINTHODONTIA. 

FAMILY  BAPHETID^E. — Baphetes. 
FAMILY  TREMATOSAURID^B. — Cricotus. 


ORDER  MICROSAURIA. 

FAMILY  DIPLOCAULID^E.  — Diplocaulus. 

FAMILY  EOSAURIDJE. — Eosaurus. 

FAMILY  MOLGOPHID^E. — Molgophis,  Pleuroptyx. 

FAMILY  PELIONID^E. — Hylonomus,  Pelion. 

FAMILY  PHLEGETHONTIID^. — Phlegethontia. 

FAMILY    PTYONIID.E. — Ceraterpeton,    Hyphasraa,    Oestocephalus,     Ptyonius, 

Thyrsidium. 
FAMILY  TUDITANID.E. — Dendrerpeton,  Leptophractus,  Tuditanus. 

ORDER  PELYCOSAURIA. 

FAMILY  BOLOSAURID^E. — Bolosaurus,  Chilonyx,  Lysorophus. 

FAMILY  DIADECTID^E. — Diadectes,  Helodectes. 

FAMILY   CLEPSYDROPSID^E. — Archseobolus,  Clepsydrops,  Dimetrodon,  Ectocy- 

nodon,    Embolophorus,    Empedias,   Metarmosaurus,    Pariotichus,    Thero- 

pleura. 
FAMILY   EDAPHOSAURID^E. — Edaphosaurus,  Pantylus. 

ORDER  RHACHITOMA. 

FAMILY  ERYOPSID^E. — Acheloraa,  Anisodexis,  Eryops,  Ichthyacanthus,  Trimer- 
orachis,  Zatrachys. 

ORDER  URODELLA. 

FAMILY  COCYTINID^. — Cocytinus. 

ORDER  AND  FAMILY  UNCERTAIN. — Chirotherium,  Collettosaurus,   Nothodon, 
Ophiacodon,  Sauropus,  Sphseropezium,  Sphenacodon,  Thenaropus. 


ACHKLOMA,  Cope,  1882,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  35, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  455.  [Ety. 
a,  without;  cheloma,  a  notch.]  Man- 
dible without  angular  process;  teeth 
subequal,  rather  larger  anteriorly ; 
pterygoid  bone  ending  in  a  free,  re- 
curved edge  anterior  to  the  quadrate 
bone;  palatines  and  pterygoids  nar- 


row ;  palatal  foramen  wide ,  posterior 
border  of  cranium  entire ;  without  notch 
on  the  external  side  of  the  epiotic  bone ; 
vertebrae  rhachitomous.  Type  A.  cum- 
minsi. 

cumminsi,  Cope,  1882,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  35, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.   Soc.,  p,  456,  Per- 


618 


BATRACHIA. 


[AMP.— BOI,. 


AMPHIBAMUS,  Cope,  1865,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  134.  [Ety.  amphi,  both ; 
bama,  a  step ;  from  its  two  modes  of 


FIQ.  1178.— Amphibatnus  grandiceps.    Two  diam. 


inous;  neural  spines  of  caudal  verte- 
brae well  developed  ;  (?)  centra.  Type 
A.  grandiceps. 

grandiceps,  Cope,  1865, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  134,  and  Geo. 
Sur.  111.,  vol.  2,  p.  135, 
Coal  Meas. 

ANISODEXIS,  Cope,  1882,  Pal. 
Bull.  No.  35,  and  Proc. 
Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  459. 
[Ety.  anisos,  unequal ; 
dexis,  a  bite.]  Teeth  on 
premaxillary ;  maxil- 
lary, and  dentary  bones 
of  unequal  lengths, 
some  very  large,  others 
very  small ;  dentinal 
inflections  straight, 
nearly  reaching  the 
pulp-cavity ;  cranial 
bones  sculptured ;  ver- 
t  e  b  r  se  rhachitomous. 
Type  A.  imbricarius. 
imbricarius,  Cope,  1882, 
Pal.  Bull.  No.  35,  and 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
p.  459,  Permian. 
ARCH^EOBELUS,  Cope,  1877, 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  17,  p.  192.  [Ety. 
archaios,  ancient;  belos, 
a  weapon.]  Maxillary 
bone  with  a  large,  hol- 
low tooth,  with  two 
opposite  shallowgrooves 
at  the  base;  crown 
hollow ;  skeleton  un- 
known. Type  A.  velli- 
catus. 

vellicatus,  Cope,  1877, 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  17,  p.  192,  Per- 
mian. 

BAPHETES,  Owen,  1853,  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.  London,  vol. 
10,  p.  207.  [Ety.  bapto, 
I  dip  or  dive,  a  diving 
animal.]  Teeth  conical, 
curved ;  outer  series 
one  or  two  lines  in 
diameter,  inner  series 
three  lines  or  more; 
implanted  and  anchy- 
losed  in  shallow  sockets; 
lower  third  of  teeth 
longitudinally  striated ; 
cranial  bones  corru- 
gated ;  head  broad. 
Type  B.  planiceps. 
minor,  Dawson,  1870,  Can. 
Nat.  and  Geol.,  Coal 


progressing,  swimming,  and  walking.] 
Teeth  small,  simple,  equal  on  margins 
of  jaws ;  sclerotic  plates  on  eye ;  table 
of  vertex  produced  ;  no  horns ;  pro- 
podial  bones  distinct ;  tarsus  cartilag- 


planiceps,  Owen,  1853, 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc.  London,  vol.  10,  p.  207, 
and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  359,  Coal  Meas. 
BOLOSAURUS,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
506.  [Ety.  bolos,  a  lump  ;  sauros,  a  liz- 


BRA. — COC.] 


BATRACHIA. 


619 


ard.]  Teeth  fixed  in  shallow  alveoli, 
with  crowns  expanded  transversely  to 
the  jaw,  swollen  at  the  base,  apex  low 
and  divided  vertically;  the  postero- 
internal  half  in  the  maxillary  series  is 
low  and  horizontal,  the  antero-external 
portion  forms  a  curved  cusp ;  in  the 
lower  jaw  the  relative  position  of  the 
ledge  and  cusp  is  reversed.  Type  B. 
striatus. 


FIG.  1179.— Baphetes  planiceps. 

rapidens,  see  Chilonyx  rapidens. 
striatus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29,  and 

Proc.    Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.    17,  p.  507, 

Permian. 


vertebrae  undivided  ;  carpus  and  tarsus 


FIG.  1180.— Brachydectes  newberryi. 

BRACHYDECTES,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  ' 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  214.  [Ety.  brachys,  short; 
dekies,  a  biter.]  Kami  short,  stout; 
teeth  subequal,  elongate,  cylindric  cones 
with  acute  tips  turned  posteriorly, 
pulp-cavity  large;  skeleton  unknown. 
Type  B.  Newberryi. 

newberryi,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  j 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  214,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  j 
p.  388,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  1181.— Ceraterpeton  teuuicorne. 

CERATERPETON,  Huxley.  [Ety.  keras,  horn ; 
erpeton,  reptile.]  Teeth  simple,  equal 
on  outside  of  jaws ;  angles  of  interca- 
lary bones  produced  into  horn-like 
processes;  cranial  bones  sculptured, 


lineopunctatum,   Cope,   1875,   Ohio  Pal., 

vol.  2,  p.  372,  Coal  Meas. 
tenuicorne,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  372,  Coal  Meas. 

CHIROTHERIUM,  Kaup,  1835,  in  Leonhard 
und  Bronn  Neues  Jahrbuch  fur  Min- 
eralogie.  [Ety.  cheir,  the  hand ;  therion, 
beast.]  Represented  by  foot  impres- 
sions only.  Toes  robust,  the  internal 
shorter  and  divergent  from  the  others. 
Sole  (or  palum)  short,  wide.  Type  C. 
barthi. 

reiteri,  Moore,  1873,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  5,  p.  292,  Coal 
Meas. 

CHILONYX,  Cope,  1883,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  20,  p.  631.  [Ety.  cheilos,  lip ;  onyx, 
claw.]  Long  diameter  of  the  crowns  of 
the  teeth  transverse  to  the  jaw,  and 
each  crown  contracting  to  a  slightly  in- 
curved apex;  maxillary  teeth  short; 
temporal  fossae  roofed;  superior  sur- 
face of  cranium  divided  in  areas  by 
grooves.  Type  C.  rapidens. 
rapidens,  Cope,  1878,  (Bolosaurus  rapi- 
dens,) Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
506,  and  vol.  20,  p.  631,  Permian. 
CLEPSYDROPS,  Cope,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  407.  [Ety.  klepsydra,  an 
hour-glass ;  ops,  appearance.]  Intercen- 
tra  present ;  neural  spines  only  elongate 
posteriorly ;  premaxillary  teeth  not  es- 
pecially elongate;  one  or  two  long 
maxillary  teeth ;  no  grinding  teeth. 
Type  C.  colletti. 
colletti,  Cope,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,  p.  407,  Permian. 
gigas,  see  Dimetrodon  gigas. 
leptocephalus,  Cope,  1884,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 

39,  p.  30,  Permian, 
limbatus,   Cope,    1877,    Proc.   Am.    Phil. 

Soc.,  p.  196,  Permian  or  Triassic. 
macrospondylus,   Cope,    1884,    Pal.   Bull. 

No.  39,  p.  35,  Permian, 
natalis,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.,  No.  29,  and 
Proc.   Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  509, 
Permian, 
pedunculatus,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  p.  63,  Permian, 
vinslovi,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 

p.  62,  Permian. 

COCYTINUS,    Cope,     1871,    Proc.    Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  177,  and  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  360.     [Ety.   mytholog- 
ical name.]      Vertebrae  and  ribs 
osseous;   teeth  on   the   premax- 
illary bone;  none  on  the  maxil- 
lary; axial  hyal  with  basihyal  on 
each  side  united  with  correspond- 
ing   ceratohyal    at    the    end    of 
which  is  an  element  in  position 
•  of    stylohyal ;     haemal    or    basal 
branchihyals    three,    the   anterior  two 
each   supporting  one  pleural   branchi- 
hyal   and   the    third    supporting   one ; 
haemal  branchihyal  on  the  inner  side 
of  the  ceratohyal,  approaching  the  me- 


620 


BATRACHIA. 


[COI,. — DIM. 


dian  line,   and   with  elongate   pleural 
element.    Type  C.  gyrinoides. 


FIG.  1182.— Cocytinus  gyrinoides. 

gyrinoides,  Cope,  1874,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  364,  Coal 
Meas. 

COLLETTOSAURUS,  Cox,  1874,  Geo.  Sur.  Ind., 
5th  Ann.  Rep.,  p.  247.  [Ety. 
proper  name ;  sauros,  a  lizard.] 
Founded  upon  tracks  having 
five  digits,  and  supposed  to 
be  related  to  Batrachians  and 
Salamanders.  Type  C.  indian- 
ensis. 

indianensis,  Cox,  1873,  Geo.  Sur. 
Ind.,  5th   Ann.  Rep.,   p.  247, 
Coal  Meas. 
COLOSTEUS,  Cope,  1869,  Trans.  Am. 

Phil.  Soc.,  p.  22.  [Ety.  kolos,  imperfect ; 
osteon,  a  hone.]  No  vertebral  centra, 
spines,  or  sclerotic  bones;  short  ribs; 
two  pairs  of  short  limbs;  three  sculp- 
tured pectoral  bones ;  abdominal  region 
protected  by  scales  in  chevron ;  ?  an- 
terior teeth  longer  than  posterior,  basal 
half  incised  sulcate,  except  two  behind 
the  dentary.  Type  C.  foveatus. 

crassisculatus,  Cope,  syn.  for  C.  scutellatus. 

foveatus,  Cope,  1869,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  p.  24,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  406, 

*  Coal  Meas. 

marshi,  see  Ptyonius  marshi. 

pauciradiatus,  Cope,  1874,  Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  10,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  408,  Coal  Meas. 

ecutellatus,  Newberry,  1856,  (Pygopterus 
scutellatus,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 
p.  98,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  407,  Coal 
Meas. 

CRICOTUS,  Cope,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  405.  [Ety.  krikotos,  ringed.] 
Centra  undivided,  equal  to  the  disci- 
form  intercentra  in  the  caudal  region, 
intercentra  a  little  smaller  in  the  dorsal 
region ;  neural  spines  and  zygapophy- 
ses ;  developed  foramen ;  chordae  dor- 
salis  persistent;  teeth  equal,  except 
probably  the  palatines;  limbs  short,  a 
facial  lyra.  Type  C.  heteroclitus. 

craesidiscus,  Cope,  1884,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  39, 
p.  28,  Permian. 

discophorus,  Cope,  syn.  for  C.  heteroclitus. 

gibsoni,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  26,  and 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  185, 
Perncian. 

heteroclitus,  Cope,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  405,  Permian. 

hypantricus,  Cope.  1884,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  39. 
p.  30,  Permian. 


DENDRERPETON,  Owen,  1853,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  9,  p.  58.  [Ety.  dendron, 
a  tree ;  erpeton,  a  lizard,  from  the  cir- 
cumstance under  which  the  reptile  was 
found.]  Teeth  in  double  series;  outer 
simple,  flattened,  conic :  inner  series 
conical,  with  inflected  folds  of  cement ; 
teeth  on  the  vomer ;  skull-bones  corru- 
gated ;  body  protected  below  with  ovate 
or  rhomboidal  bony  scales,  imbricated, 
horny  scales  above;  fore-limbs  the 
larger;  tail  natatory;  vertebrae  bicon- 
cave ;  neural  arches  and  bones  ossified. 
Type  D.  acadianum. 

acadianum,  Owen,  1853,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  9,  p.  58,  and  Acadian  Geology, 
p.  362,  Coal  Meas. 


Fig.    1183— Dendrerpeton    acadianum. 
tooth  magnified. 


(a)   Cross  section   of 


obtusum,  see  Tuditanus  obtusus. 

oweni,  Dawson,  1863,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  19,  p.  469,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
368,  Coal  Meas. 

DIADECTES  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc,  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
505.  [Ety.  dia,  crosswise ;  decktos,  a 
biter.]  Teeth  with  much  compressed 
crowns,  with  bracket-shaped  edge,  longer 
axis  transverse  to  the  jaws,  edges  of 
crowns  obtuse,  no  sculpture  on  the 
face.  Alveoli  not  separated.  External 
alveolar  border  more  elevated  than  the 
internal,  inner  alveolar  border  pierced 
by  a  fossa  behind  the  inner  extrem- 
ity of  each  tooth.  Type  D.  sideropel- 
icus. 

latibuccatus,  see  Empedias  latibuccatus. 

molaris,  see  Empedias  molaris. 

phaseolimis,  see  Empedias  phaseolinus. 

sideropelicus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
29,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
505,  Permian. 

DIMETRODON,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
512.  [Ety.  dimetros,  two  measures; 
odous,  tooth.]  Dentition  with  enor- 
mously long  incisors  and  two  or  three 
long  maxillaries;  the  pubic  bone  not 
distinct  from  ischium;  humerus  with 
trochlear  condyles  and  a  defined  proxi- 
mal articular  "surface  ;  neural  spines 
of  dorsal  and  lumbar  vertebrae  enor- 
mously elongate ;  intercentra  present. 
Type  D.  incisivus. 

cruciger,  Cope,  1878,  Am.  Naturalist,  vol. 
12,  p.  830,  Permian. 

gigas,  Cope,  1878,  Am.  Nat.,  p.  327,  (Clep- 
sydrops  gigas,)  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  515,  Permian. 


DIP. — EPI.] 


BATRACHIA. 


621 


incisivus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
512,  Permian. 

rectiformis,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
514,  Permian. 

semiradicatus,  Cope,  1881,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo. 
Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  6,  No.  1,  p.  80,  Permian. 
DIPLOCAULUS,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  26, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
187.  [Ety.  diploos,  double ;  kauloa,  stem.] 
Vertebral  centra  contracted  medially, 
perforated  by  the  foramen  chordae  dor- 
salis,  co-ossified  with  the  neural  arch 
and  supporting  transverse  processes ; 
zygosphen  articulation  ;  two  rib  articu- 
lations, one  below  the  other;  axis  and 
atlas  united  by  a  long  zygosphen  which 
is  not  roofed  by  the  zygantrum;  no 
neural  spine,  atlas  insegmented ;  arch 
extended  into  the  foramen  magnum; 
squamosal  region  developed  into  a 
horn.  Skull  sculptured.  Type  D.  sala- 
mandroides. 

magnicornis,  Cope,  1882,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
35,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  453, 
Permian. 

salamandroides,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull. 
No.  26,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol. 
17,  p.  187,  Permian. 

ECTOCYNODON,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
29,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  508. 
[Ety.  ektos,  eternal;  kuon,  dog;  odous, 
tooth.]  Cranium  short,  wide,  large 
post  frontal  bones,  large  orbit ;  bones 
sculptured  but  no  lyra ;  teeth  rhizo- 
dont,  crowns  elongated,  compressed, 
anterior  and  posterior  cutting  edges ; 
one  between  the  orbit  and  nostril 
larger  and  longer  than  the  others,  and 
lying  outside  of  the  closed  dentary 
bone;  mandibular  symphysis  not  su- 
tural  but  ligamentous.  Type  E.  or- 
dinatus. 

aguti,  Cope,  1882,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  35,  and 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  451,  Permian. 

ordinatus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  508,  Per- 
mian. 

EDAPHOSAURUS,  Cope,  1882,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
35,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  448. 
[Ety.  edaphos,  pavement;  sauros,  a  liz- 
ard.] Temporal  fossae  not  overroofed; 
cranial  bones  not  sculptured ;  mandib- 
ular and  maxillary  teeth  subequal; 
mandibular  ramus  expanded  inward  and 
supporting  numerous  teeth;  pterygoid 
or  malar  bones  supporting  a  dense  body 
of  teeth  corresponding  to  those  in  the 
lower  jaw;  teeth  subconical.  Neural 
spines  greatly  elongate,  hollow.  Type 
E.  pogonias. 

microdus,  Cope,  1884,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  39,  p. 
37,  Permian. 

pogonias,  Cope,  1882,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  35,  and 

Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  449,  Permian. 

EMBOLOPHORUS,  Cope,   1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 

29,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 

618.     [Ety.  'ballo,   I  throw  ;    em,    into  ; 


phoros,  bearing.]  Neural  arch  co-ossi- 
fied, zygapophyses  and  diapophyses 
well  developed;  centra  not  ochordal; 
intercentra  narrowed  and  transversely 
extended  ;  ribs  two-headed,  the  capitu- 
lum  is  received  into  a  fossa  of  the  pos- 
terior border  of  the  intercentrum,  in 
advance  of  the  vertebra  which  supports 
the  diapophysis,  to  which  the  tubercu- 
lum  is  attached.  Type  E.  fritillus. 

fritillus.  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  518, 
Permian. 

EMPEDIAS,  Cope,  1883,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  20,  p.  63.  Proposed  instead  of 
Empedocles  of  Cope  in  1878,  which  was 
preoccupied.  Teeth  with  elongate 
crowns,  with  flat  grinding  surface  but 
bracket-shaped  in  transverse  vertical 
section,  arranged  transversely  to  the 
long  axis  of  the  jaws;  no  canines ;  incisors 
wearing  chisel-shaped ;  temporal  fossa 
covered;  vertebrae  with  hyposphen 
i  on  the  posterior  and  hypantrum  on  the 
anterior  face  and  short  quadrate  neural 
spines.  Type  E.  alatus. 

alatus,  Cope,  1878,  (Empedocles  alatus,) 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  516, 
Permian. 

fissus,  Cope,  1883,  (Empedocles  fissus,) 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  634,  Permian. 

latibuccatus,  Cope,  1878,  (Diadectes  lati- 
buccatus,)  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17, 
p.  505,  Permian. 

molaris,  Cope,  1878,  (Diadectes  tnolaris,) 
Am.  Nat.,  vol.  12,  p.  565,  and  Pal.  Bull. 
No.  32,  p.  10,  Permian. 

phaseolinus,  Cope,  1880,  (Diadectes  pha- 
seplinus,)  Pal.  Bull.  No.  32,  p.  9,  Per- 
mian. 

Empedocles,  Cope,  1878,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  17,  p.  516.  The  name  was  preoc- 
cupied, see  Empedias. 

alatus,  see  Empedias  alatus. 

fissus,  see  Empedias  fissus. 
EOSAURUS,  Marsh,  1862,  Can.  Nat.  and  Geo., 
vol.  7,  and 
Acadian  Geol., 
p.  382.  [Ety. 
eos,  the  dawn ; 
sauros,  a  sea- 
fish.]  Founded 
upon  vertebrae, 
with  biconcave 
centra  and  free 
neural  arch, 
and  closed  not 
ochordal  fora- 
men. Type  E. 
acadianus. 

acadian  us,  Marsh , 

186f  Can-  Na*-  FIG.  1184.-Eosaurus  acadi- 
and  Geol.,  vol.     anus.  %  Diam.  a,  Trans- 
7,     and     Acad.     verse  section. 
Geol.,  p.  382,  Coal  Meas. 
Epicordylus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  515. 
[Ety.  epi,  upon;  kordylos,  a  water-lizard.] 
Syn.  for  Eryops. 


622 


BATRACHIA. 


[ERY. — ICH. 


erythrolilicus,  see  Eryops  erythroliticus. 
ERYOPS,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  17,  p.  188.  [Ety.  eruo,  I  protect; 
ope,  view.]  Vertebrae  rhachitomous 
throughout ;  teeth  of  external  series 
equal ;  some  larger  ones  on  the  palatine 
bones;  table  of  cranium  produced, 
bounded  by  a  notch  on  each  side;  no 
horns  nor  mucous  grooves ;  pelvic  ele- 
ments co-ossified;  no  foramen.  Type 
E.  megacephalus. 

erytholeticus,  Cope,  1878,  (Epicordylus 
erytholeticus,)  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p. 
515,  Permian. 

ferricolus,  Cope,  1878.  (Parioxys  ferrico- 
lus,)  Proc.  Am.  Phil,  Soc.,  p.  521,  Per- 
mian. 

megacephalus,  Cope,  1877,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  188,  Permian  or  Triassic. 

platypus,  Cope,  1877,  (Ichthycanthus 
platypus,)  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17, 
p.  574,  Coal  Meas. 

reticulatus,  Cope,  1881,  Am.  Nat.,  p.  1020, 

Permian. 

EURYTHORAX,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  401.  [Ety.  eurys,  broad ;  thorax,  the 
breast.]  Established  on  a  thoracic  shield, 
having  broad,  smooth  surfaces  on  the 
outer  borders  for  the  contact  of  the  over- 
lapping margins  of  the  lateral  plates. 
Subround,  with  a  large  excavation  from 
the  posterior  margin  on  each  side  ;  nar- 
rowed portion  left  in  the  middle  be- 
hind has  a  convex  outline ;  no  sculpture. 


Type  E.  sublsevis. 
iblsevis,   i 


sublsevis,  Cope,  1871,  Proc.  Am.  Phil. 
Soc.,  p.  177,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
402,  Coal  Meas. 


PIG.  1185.— Hylerpeton   dawsoni.    Mandible  and 
portion  of  cranial  bone. 

HELODECTKS,  Cope,  1880,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  32, 
p.  11.     [Ety.  helos,  a  nail ;  dektes,  a  biter.] 
Two  rows  of  subround   molari- 
form  teeth  in  each  jaw.    Type 
H.  paridens. 
isaaci,  Cope,  1880,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  32, 

p.  12,  Permian, 
paridens,    Cope,    1880,   Pal.    Bull. 

"""^No.  32,  p.  11,  Permian. 

HYLERPETON,  Owen,  1862,  Quar.  Jour. 
Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  5.  [Ety.  hyle, 
wood;  erpeton,  reptile.]  Teeth  simple, 
bluntly  conical,  with  large  pulp-cavity ; 
about  13  on  one  side  of  a  jaw ;  two  of  the 
anterior  ones  of  the  upper  jaw  twice  as 
large  as  the  others  and  deeply  sunk  in 


the  jaw.  Length  of  lower  jaw  J  inch  ; 
bones  of  skull  puncto-striate.  Type  H. 
dawsoni. 

curtidentatum,  Dawson,  1876,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  12,  Coal  Meas. 

dawsoni,  Owen,  1862,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  18,  p.  5,  and  Acadian  Geology, 
p.  380,  Coal  Meas. 

longidentatum,  Dawson,  1876,  Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  12,  Coal  Meas. 
HYJ.ONOMUS,  Dawson,  1860,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  16,  p.  268.  [Ety.  hyle,  wood ; 
nomos,  an  abode;  forest  dweller.]  Cra- 
nial bones  thin,  smooth  ;  parietal  bones 
arched ;  about  26  teeth  in  each  maxil- 
lary, elongated,  conical,  set  in  a  single 
series,  in  a  furrow,  protected  externally 
by  an  alveolar  ridge;  teeth  longer  in 
intermaxillaries  and  extremities  of  man- 
dibles than  elsewhere ;  vertebrae  ossi- 
fied, biconcave,  with  spinous  processes ; 
ribs  long  and  curved ;  pelvis  large ; 
ilium  long,  expanded  below,  ischium 
expanded;  pubis  expanded,  triangular 
where  it  joins  the  ischium,  round  and 
arched  toward  the  symphysis ;  femur 
thick,  nearly  straight ;  tibia  short,  stout ; 
fibula  slender;  phalanges  broad.  Der- 
mal covering  of  ovate  bony  scales. 
Type  H.  lyelli. 

aciedentatus,  Daw- 
son,  1860,  Quar. 
Jour.  Geo.  Soc., 
vol.  16,  p.  268, 
and  Acad  GPO!  FlG-  1186-  —  Hylonomus 
Q?«  Tn  I  aciedentatus.  Maxil- 
p.  d/o,  Ooal  lary  bone  magnified;  a, 
Meas.  natural  size. 

lyelli,         Dawson, 

1860,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo.  Soc.,  vol.  16,  p. 
268,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p.  370,  Coal 
Meas. 

wymani,  Dawson,  1860,  Quar.  Jour.  Geo. 
Soc.,  vol.  16,  p.  268,  and  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 
378,  Coal  Meas. 

HYPHASMA,  Cope,  1875,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  16,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  387. 
[Ety.  hyphasma,  a  web.]  Vertebrae  os- 
seous ;  posterior  dorsals  with  fan-like 
neural  spines,  ventral  armature  con- 
sisting of  rhomboidal  scuta,  forming 
packed  rows  arranged  in  chevrons,  di- 
rected backward,  on  top  of  which  are 
the  usual  rod-like  scales  arranged  in 
packed  chevrons  with  the  angle  directed 
forward.  Type  H.  Isevis. 


FIG.  1187.— Hyphasma  l»v 


Isevis,  Cope,  1875,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.. 
p.  16,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol  2,  p.  387,  Coal 
Meas. 

ICHTIIYACANTHUS,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
24,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.   Soc.,  p.   573. 


LEP.— OES.] 


BATRACHIA. 


623 


[Ety.  ichthys,  a  fish  ;  akantha,  a  spine.] 
Founded  on  the  posterior  dorsal  and 
caudal  vertebrae  and  adjacent  parts. 
Posterior  limbs  well-developed,  with 
tibia,  fibula,  osseous  tarsus  and  five 
digits ;  ribs  elongate,  simple,  curved ; 
abdominal  armature  in  bristle-like  rods, 
in  anteriorly  directed  chevrons  ;  dorsal 
vertebrae  short,  with  simple  neural 
spines  ;  tail  large,  vertebrae  ossified  and 
furnished  with  slender  chevron  bones, 
which  terminate  in  a  haemal  spine ; 
neural  spines  slender,  directed  back- 
ward, caudal  series  somewhat  resem- 
bling that  of  a  fish  ;  centra  amphicoelian. 
Type  I.  ohioensis. 

ohioensis,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  24, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  573,  Coal 


platypus,  see  Eryops  platypus. 
LEPTOPHRACTUS,  Cope,  1873,  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  p.  340,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
399.  [Ety.  leptos,  delicate ;  phmktos,  ar- 
mored.] "Founded  on  various  portions 
of  the  cranium  ;  jaws  bear  large  teeth, 
round  in  section  at  the  base,  but  with 
compressed,  acute  apex,  and  with  cut- 
ting edge  on  anterior  face ;  enamel  deli- 
cately grooved ;  there  is  a  large  elon- 
gate tooth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  the 
position  of  a  canine;  sculpture  of  the 
cranium  little  marked ;  lower  jaw 
marked  with  inosculating  grooves. 
Type  L.  obsoletus. 

lineolatus,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  24, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  576,  Coal 


obsoletus,  Cope,  1873,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  341,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
400.  Coal  Meas. 

LYSOROPHUS,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  26, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
187.  [Ety.  lysos,  free ;  orophos,  roof.] 
Founded  upon  the  centra.  Vertebrae 
amphicoelian,  perforated  by  the  foramen 
chordae  dorsalis ;  neural  arch  freely  ar- 
ticulated to  the  centrum  ;  floor  of  neu- 
ral canal  deeply  excavated;  no  pro- 
cesses or  costal  articulations  on  the 
centrum,  which  is  excavated  by  longi- 
tudinal fossae ;  centrum  not  shortened. 
Type  L.  tricarinatus. 

tricarinatus,  Cope,  1877,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
26,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
187,  Permian. 

METARMOSAURDS,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.,  No. 
29,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
516.  [Ety.  meta,  down  ;  harmos,  a  joint ; 
sauros,  lizard.]  Founded  upon  verte- 
brae. Centrum  shorter  tban  wide, 
deeply  biconcave;  diapophyses  project 
below  the  base  of  the  neural  arch,  are 
short,  with  small  tubercular  facet;  ca- 
pitular facet ;  facet  for  intercentrum 
small,  and  is  excavated  at  the  anterior 
extremity  of  the  base  of  the  centrum ; 
neural  canal  large ;  articular  faces  of 
anterior  zygopophyses  directed  down- 
ward and  outward.  Type  M.  fossatus. 


fossatus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.,  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  516, 
Permian. 


FIG.  1188.— Molgophis  brevicostatus. 

MOLGOPHIS,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  220.  [Ety.  molges,  a  salamander ; 
ophis,  serpent.]  Body  long,  serpentine, 
without  dermal  armature;  vertebrae 
long,  broad,  with  prominent  zygopophy- 
ses and  moderate  neural  spines ;  ribs 
large,  curved,  with  tubercle  and  head 
on  the  dilated  extremity.  Type  M.  ma- 
crurus. 

brevicostatus,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 
2,  p.  369,  Coal  Meas. 

macrurus,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  p.  220,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  368, 

wheatleyi,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 

p.  369,  Coal  Meas. 
NOTHODON,  Marsh,  1878,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  410.     [Ety.  no- 

thos,  spurious;  odous,  tooth.]    Type  N. 

lentus. 
lentus,  Marsh,  1878,  Am.  Jour.   Sci.  and 

Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  410,  Permian. 


FIG.  1189.— Oestoeephalus  rectidens. 

OKSTOCEPHALUS,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  217,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  380.  [Ety.  oistos,  an  arrow ;  kephale, 
the  head.]  Form  slender,  snake-like; 
caudal  vertebrae  with  dilated  and  sculp- 
tured neural  and  haemal  spines;  cra- 
nium lanceolate ;  teeth  numerous,  sub- 
equal  ;  no  pectoral  shields ;  abdomen 
protected  by  bristle-like  rods,  which 
converge  forward;  no  scales;  a  pair  of 
weak  posterior  limbs ;  branchihyal 
bones  present.  Type  O.  remex. 
amphiuminm,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  syn.  for  O.  remex. 


624 


BATRACHIA. 


[OPH.— PHI,. 


pectinatus.  Cope,  see  Ptyonius  pectinatus. 

rectidens,  Cope,  1874,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.Soc., 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  386,  Coal  Meas. 

remex,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
p.  217,  (Sauropleura  remex,)  Ohio  Pal., 
vol.  2,  p.  381,  Coal  Meas. 

serrula,  see  Ptyonius  serrula. 

vinchellanus,  see  Ptyonius  vinchellanus. 
OPHIACODON,   Marsh,   1878,  Am.  Jour.   Sci. 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  411.     [Ety. 
ophiakos,  belonging  to  serpents;  odous, 
tooth.]    Type  O.  grandis. 

grandis,  Marsh,  1878,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  411,  Permian. 

mirus,  Marsh,  1878,   Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  411,  Permian. 
Ornithichnites,  Hitchcock,  1836,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  29.  [Ety.  ornithos,  a 
bird ;  ichnos,  a  footstep.]  This  is  not 
properly  a  generic  name.  No  bird-tracks 
are  known  in  Palaeozoic  rocks.  The 
Batrachian  tracks  referred  to  it  belong 
to  another  genus. 

culbertsoni,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  345,  Coal  Meas. 

gallinuloides,   King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 

and  Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  344,  Coal  Meas. 
PANTYLUS,  Cope,  1881,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geo.  Sur. 
Terr.,  vol.  6,  No.  1,  p.  79.  [Ety.  pan, 
all ;  tylos,  a  knob.]  Founded  upon  the 
crania;  ossification  complete,  leaving 
only  orbits,  nostrils,  and  parietal  fonta- 
nel ;  surface  sculptured ;  mandible 
with  an  angular  process ;  teeth  conic, 
obtuse,  larger  anteriorly  ;  mandible  sup- 
porting several  rows  of  teeth,  which 
oppose  a  pavement  of  obtuse  teeth  on 
the  palate;  these  are  situated  on  the 
palatine  or  anterior  part  of  pterygoid 
bones ;  quadratojugal  and  malar  bones 
well  developed ;  no  lyra  or  mucous 
grooves.  Type  P.  cordatus. 

cordatus,   Cope,  1881,   Bull.  U.   S.   Geo. 

Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  6,  p.  79,  Permian. 
PARIOTICHUS,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.,  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  508. 
[Ety.  pareia,  the  cheek ;  teichos,  a  wall.] 
Founded  on  the  cranium.  Temporal 
fossae  were  covered  by  a  roof  continu- 
ous with  the  postorbital  region ;  zygo- 
matic  arch  extends  16w  down ;  orbits 
lateral ;  mu/zle  short,  with  terminal 
nares;  teeth  rooted,  crowns  obtuse,  with 
cutting  edge.  Type  P.  brachyops. 

brachyops,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.,  No.  29. 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  508, 
Permian. 

megalops,  Cope,  1883,  Pal.  Bull.,  No.  36, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  20,  p.  630, 
Permian. 

Parioxys,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.,  No.  29,  and 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  521. 
[Ety.  pareia,  cheek ;  oxys,  sharp.]  Syn. 
for  Eryops. 

ferricolus,  see  Eryops  ferricolus. 

PELION,  Wyman,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

Phil.,    p.    211.     [Ety.     proper    name.] 

Founded  upon  an  inferior  view  of  part 

of  the  skeleton ;  head  as  broad  as  long, 


semielliptical ;  angles  of  mandibles  pro- 
ject backward;  mandibular  rami  slen- 
der, curved;  vertebrae  have  centra  as 
broad  as  long,  and  medially  contracted ; 
fore  limbs  stout;  humeri  long,  thick- 
ened proximally,  flattened  and  dilated 
distally  ;  ulna  and  radius  united  proxi- 
mally, narrowing  the  arm  proximally 
while  expanded  distally  ;  left  hand  ex- 
hibits four  digits,  of  which  the  third 
from  the  inner  is  the  longer;  number 
of  phalanges  is  2,  3,  4?;  carpus  not  os- 
seous. Type  P.  lyelli. 


FIG.  1190.— Pelion  ly< 

lyelli,  Wyman,  1858,  (Raniceps  lyelli,)  Am. 
Jour.  Sci.  and  Arts,  2d  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  158, 
and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  389,  Coal  Meas. 


FIG.  U91.-Phlegethontia  linearis. 

PHLEGETHONTIA,  Cope,  1871,  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc.,  p.  177.  [Ety.  Phkgethon,  a 
burning  river  of  hell.]  Head  elongate, 


.— SAU.] 


BATRACHIA. 


625 


triangular;  body  and  tail  extremely 
elongate  ;  dorsal  vertebra  without  ribs, 
caudals  without  dilated  spines;  no 
vertebra;  armature ;  no  limbs.  Type 
P.  linearis. 

linearis,  Cope,  1871,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
p.  177,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  367, 
Coal  Meas. 

serpens,  Cope,  1871,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
p.  177,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  367, 
Coal  Meas. 

PLEUROPTYX,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  370.  [Ety.  pltura,  a  rib ;  ptyx,  a  fold, 
wing.]  Founded  upon  the  vertebral 
column  and  ribs  ;  vertebrae  of  moderate 
length,  zygapophyses  well  developed, 
short  neural  spine  in  the  dorsal  region, 
not  sculptured ;  ribs  short,  stout,  and 
support  a  wing  on  the  posterior  or  con- 
vex border,  which  expands  downward, 
and  then  abruptly  contracts  to  the 
shaft ;  it  is  broad  and  truncate,  and  in- 
cludes a  medullary  cavity  partially  filled 
with  cancellated  tissue.  TypeP.clavatus. 
clavatus,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 

370,  Coal  Meas. 

PTYONIUS,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
373.  [Ety.  ptyon,  a  fan.]  Form  elon- 
gate, with 
long  tail  and 
lane  e  o  1  a  t  e 
cranium  ; 
limbs  weak, 
only  poste- 
rior known ; 
three  pec- 
toral shields ; 
abdomen 
protected  by 
packed  os- 
seous rods 
arranged  in 
chevron  with 
angle  direct- 
ed forward  ; 
•neural  and 
h  se  m  a  1 
spines  of 
caudal  ver- 
tebrae ex- 
panded and 
fan-like ;  ribs 
well  devel- 
oped ;  teeth 
small,  nu- 
merous, sim- 
ple or  groov- 
ed. Type  P. 
nummifer. 
marsh  i,  Cope, 
1875,  (Colos- 
teusmarshi,) 
Trans.  Am. 
Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  14,  p.  24, 
and  Ohio 


FIG.  1192.— Ptyonius  serru 


Pal.,  vol  2,  p.  375,  Coal   Meas. 
nummifer,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,   vol.  2, 
p.  374,  Coal  Meas. 


pectinatus,  Cope,  1868,  (Sauropleura  pec- 
tinata,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  p.  216,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  377,  Coal  Meas. 

serrula,  Cope,  1871,  (Oestocephalus  ser- 
rula,)  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  177,  and 
Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  379,  Coal  Meas. 

vinchellanus,  Cope,  1871,  (Oestocephalus 
vinchellanus,)  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p. 
177,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  376,  Coal 


j,  Agassiz,  1833,  Recherch.   Poiss. 


scutellatus,  see  Colosteus  scutellatus. 
Raniceps,  Wyman,  1858,   Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts.     The  name  was  preoccupied  by 
Cuvier,and  Pelion  has  been  substituted. 

lyelli,  see  Pelion  lyelli. 
Rhachitomus,    Cope,  1878,    Pal.    Bull.    No. 
29,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
526.    [Ety.  rachis,  the  backbone ;  lomos, 
cut.]     Syn.  for  Eryops. 

valens,  syn.  for  Eryops  megacephalus. 
SAUROPLEURA,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phil.,  p.  215,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  402.  [Ety.  sauros,  a  lizard ;  pleuron, 
a  rib.]  Vertebrae  and  ribs  well  devel- 
oped ;  limbs  four,  large ;  five  digits  in 
the  fore  foot;  carpus  cartilaginous ;  ven- 
tral armature  of  closely  arranged  rhom- 
boidal  scuta,  arranged  in  lines  closely 
placed  in  chevrons,  with  the  angle  an- 
terior; teeth  of  Labyrinthodont  type, 
with  deeply  inflected  enamel  and  acute 
apex.  Type  S.  digitata. 

digitata,  Cope,  1868,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phil.,  p.  216,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p. 
403,  Coal  Meas. 

longipes,  see  Tuditanus  longipes. 

newberryi,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  404,  Coal  Meas. 

pectinata,  see  Ptyonius  pectinatus.    « 

remex,  see  Oestocephalus  remex. 
SAUROPUS,  Lea,  1849,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
vol.  10.  [Ety.  sauros,  a  lizard ;  potts, 
foot.]  Founded  upon  tracks ;  five  robust 
toes,  the  inner  having  the  same  direc- 
tion as  the  others,  and  not  divergent  as 
in  Chirotherium ;  palm  or  sole  short, 
wide.  Type  S.  prima;vus. 


FIG.  1193.— Sauropus  primsevus. 

primaevus,    Lea,  1849,  Trans.   Am.   Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  10,  Coal  Meas. 
sydnensis,  Dawson,   1868,  Acad.  Geol.,  p. 

358,  Coal  Meas. 
unguifer,  Dawson,  1872,  Geo.  Mag.  Lond., 

vol.  9,  Coal  Meas. 


626 


BATRACH1A. 


[SPH. — TUD. 


SPHENACODON,  Marsh,  1878,  Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
and  Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  410.  [Ety. 
sphen,  a  wedge;  akis,  a  barb;  odous, 
tooth.]  Type  S.  ferox. 

ferox,  Marsh,   1878,   Am.    Jour.  Sci.  and 

Arts,  3d  ser.,  vol.  15,  p.  410,  Permian. 
SPH^ROPBZIUM,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  345.  [Ety.  sphaira, 
sphere ;  pezia,  sole  of  the  foot.]  Founded 
upon  tracks  representing  a  round  de- 
pression for  the  ball  of  the  foot,  and 
five  depressions  for  digits.  Type  S.  lep- 
todactylum. 

leptodactylum,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  345,  Coal  Meas. 

ovidactylum,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  347,  Coal  Meaa. 

pachydactylum,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  346,  Coal 
Meas. 

tbaerodactylum,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  346,  Coal 


THENAROPUS,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  vol.  48,  p.  343.  [Ety.  tlienaros, 
palm  of  the  hand ;  pous,  foot.]  Founded 
upon  tracks.  Type  T.  heterodactylus. 

heterodactylus,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  48,  Coal  Meas. 

leptodactylus,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  48,  Coal  Meas. 

ovidactylus,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  48,  Coal  Meas. 

pachydactylus,  King,  1845,  Am.  Jour.  Sci. 
and  Arts,  vol.  48,  Coal  Meas. 

sphserodactylus,    King,    1845,    Am.  Jour. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  vol.  48,  Coal  Meas. 
THEROPLEURA,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
519.  [Ety.  thero,  to  burn  ;  pleura,  side.] 
Pelycosaurian  reptiles  with  free  neural 
arch,  and  a  capitular  costal  articulation 
on  the  centrum,  and  no  known  inter- 
centrum  ;  neural  spines  not  elongate ; 
teeth  equal.  Type  T.  retroversa. 

obtusidens,  Cope,  1880,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
32,  p.  4,  Permian. 

retroversa,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 

519,  Permian. 

triangulata,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 

520,  Permian. 

uniformis,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
519,  Permian. 

THYHSIDIUM,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  365.  [Ety.  thyrsos,  a  rod  with  leaves.] 
Founded  upon  a  latero-inferior  view  of 
the  spinal  column;  diapophyses  en- 
larged, fan-like;  centra  contracted; 
abdomen  protected  by  hair-like  rods  in 
chevron,  with  angle  directed  forward. 
Type  T.  fasciculare. 

fasciculare,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2, 
p.  365,  Coal  Meas. 

TRIMERORACHIS,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No. 
29,  and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 
524.  [Ety.  trimeros,  tripartite ;  rachis, 


the  backbone.]  Centrum  rhachito- 
mous,  represented  by  three  cortical  os- 
sifications of  the  chorda-sheath,  a  me- 
dian inferior  and  two  lateral ;  the  lateral 
are  distinct,  and  in  contact  with  the 
neurapophyses  above,  and  the  posterior 
border  of  the  median  segment  in  front ; 
neural  arch  joins  the  lateral  elements, 
and  is  in  slight  contact  with  the  lateral 
summits  of  the  inferior  element ;  the 
halves  of  the  neural  arch  are  co-ossi- 
fied, and  support  zygapophyses,  but  no 
neural  spine;  cranial  bones  sculptured; 
parasphenoid  flat;  external  nostrils 
large,  superior ;  angle  of  mandible  little 
produced;  glenoid  cavity  transverse; 
deep  internal  pterygoid  fossa ;  no  coro- 
noid  process;  symphysis  short;  teeth 
conic,  two  series  in  the  upper  jaw,  the 
large  ones  anterior;  ribs  short,  heads 
expanded.  Type  T.  insignis. 

bilobatus,  Cope,  1883,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  36, 
and  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  20,  p.  629, 
Permian. 

insignis,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29,  and 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  524, 
Permian. 

TUDITANCS,  Cope,  1871,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 
p.  177,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  391. 
[Ety.  proper  name.]  Cranium  broad, 
flat,  bones  sculptured ;  teeth  on  pre- 
maxillary  and  maxillary  bones  of  nearly 
equal  sizes;  three  pectoral  shields, 
sculptured  externally;  form  lizard-like; 
two  pairs  of  medium  limbs ;  no  chevron 
abdominal  rods.  Type  T.  punctulatus. 


FiQ.  1194.— Tuditanus  radiatus. 


brevirostris,  Cope,  1874,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  14,  p.  10,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  393,  Coal  Meas. 
huxleyi,  Cope,  1874,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc., 

&10,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  397,  Coal 
eas. 

longipes,  Cope,  1874,  (Sauropleura  longi- 
pes,)  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  14,  p. 
10,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  398,  Coal 
Meas. 


ZAT.] 


BATRACHIA. 


627 


mordax,  Cope,  1875,  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  395, 

syn.  for  Ceraterpeton  punctolinatum. 
obtusus,  Cope,   1868,  (Dendererpeton  ob- 

tusum,)  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p. 

213,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol.  2,  p.  396,  Coal 

Meas. 
punctulatus,  Cope,  1874,  Trans.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  14,  p.  10,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  392,  Coal  Meas. 
radiatus,  Cope,   1874,  Trans.    Am.   Phil. 

Soc.,  vol.  14,  p.  10,  and  Ohio  Pal.,  vol. 

2,  p.  394,  Coal  Meas. 
tabulatus,   Cope,   1877,   Proc.   Am.  Phil. 

Soc.,  p.  577,  Coal  Meas. 
ZATRACHYS,   Cope,   1878,  Pal.  Bui.   No.  29, 

and  Proc.   Am.    Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  17,  p. 


523.  [Ety.  za,  an  intensive;  trachys, 
rough.]  Teeth  in  single  series,  and 
anchylosed  to  the  bottom  of  a  shallow 
groove,  the  external  boundary  of  which 
is  most  prominent,  so  the  attachment 
of  the  teeth  is  shortly  pleurodont; 
teeth  have  conic  crowns  and  basal 
grooves;  cranium  sculptured,  its  table 
with  a  notch  on  each  side ;  two  occip- 
ital condyles;  no  intercalary  horns. 


Type  Z._serratus. 
ipicalis, 


Cope,  1881,  Am.  Naturalist,  vol. 
15,  p.  1020,  Permian, 
serratus,  Cope,  1878,  Pal.  Bull.  No.  29,  and 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.   Soc.,  vol.  17,  p.  523,. 
Permian. 


QLOSSARY 


SPECIFIC  NAMES  IN  USE  IN  NORTH  AMERICAN  PALEONTOLOGY. 


Every  adjective  specific  name  must  agree  in  gender  with  the  genus  to  which  it  belongs  ; 
hence,  the  masculine,  feminine,  and  neuter  endings  are  indicated.  Nouns  do 
not  change  the  termination,  but  remain  the  same,  no  matter  what  the  gender  of 
the  genus  may  be.  The  names  of  persons  and  places  are  not  included  in  this 
Glossary,  because  they  should  be  known  by  the  terminations  they  take  when 
reduced  to  specific  names. 


Abacus — A  table  divided  into  squares. 

Abbreviates,  a,  um— Abbreviated,  short- 
ened. 

Abnormis,  e — Abnormal. 

Abruptus,  a,  um — Abrupt,  broken. 

Abscissus,  a,  um — Steep,  abrupt. 

Acanthophorus,  a,  um — Thorn  bearing. 

Acanthoptera — Spine-wing. 

Accinctus,  a,  um— Girded. 

Acervulosus,  a,  um— Many  clustered  to- 
gether. 

Acervus— A  heap  considered  as  a  body. 

Acicula— A  small  pin  or  needle. 

Acicularis,  e-^Full  of  small  pins  or  needles, 
acicular. 

Aciculatus,  a,  um — Like  a  small  needle. 

Aciedentatus,  a, um— Needle-toothed,  fcharp- 
toothed. 

Acies — The  edge  or  sharp  point. 

Acinaciformis,  e — Scimitar-shaped. 

Acinus— Any  berry,  or  the  kernel  in  the 
berry. 

Aclis— A  small  javelin. 

Acmea— Edge,  point. 

Acrocarpus,  a,  um — Pointed  fruit. 

Actuarius,  a,  um — Swift,  agile. 

Aculeatus,  a,  um — Thorny,  pointed,  sharp. 

Aculeolatus,  a,  um — Thorny. 

Acuminatus,  a,  um — Sharp-pointed. 

Acus — A  pin  or  needle. 

Acutangulus — Acute  angle. 

Acuticosta — Sharp  rib. 

Acutidactylus — Sharp-fingered. 

Acutifolius,  a,  um— Having  acute  leaves. 

Acutiliratus,  a,  um— Sharp-ridged. 

Acutiplicatus,  a,  um— Sharp-plicated. 

Acutiradiatus,  a,  um— Sharp-rayed. 

Acutirostris— Sharp  beak. 

Acutulus,  a,  um— Somewhat  pointed. 

Acutus,  a,  um — Acute,  sharpened. 

Adiantites — From  resemblance  to  Adiantum. 

Adiantoides — Like  Adiantum. 


!  Adductus,  a,  um — Stretched,  contracted. 

Adjunctivus,  a,  um— Joined,  united. 

Adjunctus,  a  um— Joined,  connected. 

Aduascens — Growing  upon. 

Adnatus,  a,  um — Adnate. 

Adorabilis,  e — Worthy  of  adoration. 

Adultus,  a,  um — Adult. 
j  Aduncus,  a,  um — Bent  inward,  hooked. 

^Egilops — An  acorn. 

i  JEmulus,  a,  um— Emulous,  vying  with. 
!  ^Enigma— Obscure,  a  riddle. 

.Equalis,  e— Equal,  like. 

JSquibrachiatus,  a,  um — Eqnal-arrhed. 

jEquicostatus,  a.  um — Equal-ribbed. 
|  jEquidistans — Equidistant. 

^Equilateralis,  e — Equilateral. 
|  TEquiradiatus,  a,  um — Equal-rayed. 
:  JSquivalvis,  e— Equal- valved. 

/Equus,  a,  um— Plain,  even,  level,  equal. 

Affinis,  e— Related,  or  near  to. 

Agellus — A  small  field. 
;  Agglomeratus,  a,  urn — Gathered  into  a  mass. 

Aggregatus,  a,  um — Aggregated. 

Agilis,  e — Agile,  nimble. 
;  Agrarius,  a,  um — Pertaining    to    fields    or 
country. 

Agrestis,  e — Pertaining  to  the  country. 

Alatus,  a,  um — Winged. 

Albus,  a,  um— White. 

Alcicornis,  e — Elk-horned. 

Alectiformis,  e — In  form  like  Alecto. 

Aliger,  gera,  gerum — Bearing  wings. 

Alsus,  a,  um — Cold. 

Alternans— Alternating. 

Alternates,  a,  um— Alternate. 

Alterniradiatus,  a,  um— Alternately  rayed. 

Alternistriatus,  a,  um— Alternately  striated. 

Alternus,  a,  um— Alternate. 

Altilis,  e—  Flattens!. 

Altidorsatus,  a,  um — High-backed. 

Altiplicatus,  a,  um — Having  high  plications. 

Altirostris — High  beak. 


41 


629 


630 


GLOSSARY. 


[AI/T.— BAC. 


Altus,  a,  um — High,  great,  deep. 

A 1  veat  us,  a,  um  — Hollowed  out  likeatrough. 

Alveolaris,  e — Small-channeled. 

Alveolatus,  a,  urn — Hollowed  out. 

Alveolus — A  small  cavity. 

Amarus,  a,  urn — Bitter,  brackish. 

Ambiguus,  a,  urn — Doubtful,  changeable. 

Amoenus,  a,  um — Pl«  asant,  charming. 

Amphibolus,  a,  um— Ambiguous. 

Amplexicaulis,  e— Embracing  the  stalk  or 
ttem. 

Amplexus — An  encircling,  surrounding. 

Ampliatus,  ?,  um — Enlarged. 

Ampltrs,  a,  um — Ample,  spacious,  roomy. 

Ampullaceus,  a,  um — In  the  form  of  a  flask. 

Amygdaliformis,  e — In  form  like  the  almond. 

Amibathra — A  ladder. 

Analogus,  a,  um— -Analogous 

Anatiformis,  e — Like  Anatifa. 

Anatinus,  a,  um— Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
duck. 

Anctps — Double,  two-headed,  doubtful. 

Anchoralis,  e — Of  or  pertaing  to  an  anchor. 

At.  cilia — A  hand-maid. 

Anellus — A  little  ring. 

Anguineus,  a,  um— Serpent-like. 

Angularis,  e— Angular,  cornered. 

Angulatus,  o,  um — Having  corner?. 

Angulosup,  a,  um — Full  of  corners. 

Angustatus,  a,  um — Narrowed. 

Angustifolius,  a,  um — Narrow-leaved. 

Angus-tipinna — A  narrow  feather. 

Augustus,  a,  utn— Narrow,  straight,  not 
spacious. 

Annectap— Connected  together. 

Annulariifolius,  a,  um — Having  ring-shaped 
leaves. 

Annulatu?,  a,  um — Annulated,  ringed. 

Annuliferus,  a,  um— Ring-bearing. 

Anomalus,  a,  um— Anomalous,  not  coming 
under  the  rule. 

Anonymus,  a,  um — Nameless. 

Ant«  ceptus,  a,  um — Anticipated. 

Antennarius,  a,  um — Pertaining  to  the  an- 
tennas. 

Antheloideu3,  a,  um — Like  Anthelia. 

Anthracinus,  a,  um— Coal-black. 

Antiquariup,  a,  um— Pertaining  to  antiquity. 

Antiquatus,  a,  um— Antiquated,  ancient. 

Antiquus,  a,  um — Ancient,  old. 

Annulajip,  e — Relating  to  the  signet  ring. 

Annulariu1*,  a,  um — Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
pignet  ring. 

Annnlatus,  a,  um — Annulated,  ringed. 

Annnlus— A  ring. 

Apertup,  a,  um— Opened,  uncovered. 

Apical  is,  e— Sharp-pointed. 

Apioulatus,  a,  um— Having  a  pointed  ter- 
mination. 

Aplatup,  a,  um— Flattened. 

Appendiculatus,  a,  um — Having  lateral  ap- 
pendages. 

Approximatus,  a,  um — Approximated,  ap- 
proaching near  to. 

Aprinus,  a,  um — Pertaining  to  a  wild  boar. 

Aquilinus,  a,  um — Pertaining  to  the  eagle, 
aquiline. 

Arachniformis,  e— In  form  like  a  spider. 

Am  hnoideup,  a,  um— Like  a  cobweb. 


Araneolus — A  small  spider. 

Aratus,  a,  um — Plowed. 

A rborescens— Tree-like,  arborescent. 

Arboreus,  a,  um— Pertaining  to  a  tree. 

Arbuscula— A  shrub. 

Arcanus,  a,  um— Closed,  shut  up. 

Archimediformis,  e— Archimediform. 

Arcticus,  a,  um-— Arctic. 

Arctifossa — Close-wrinkle. 

Arctiporus,  a,  um — Having  narrow  pores. 

Arctpstiiatus,  a,  um — Closely  striated. 

Arctirostratus,  a,  um — Narrow-beaked. 

Arctisegmentus,  a,  um — Having  narrow  seg- 
ments. 

Arctus,  a,  um— Closed,  pressed  together, 
short. 

Arcuatus,  a,  um— Bent,  curved  like  a  bow. 

Arcuosus,  a,  um— Full  of  arches,  bent  over. 

Arenaceus,  a,  um — Sandy. 

Arenariup,  a,  um — Pertaining  to  sand. 

Arenosus,  a,  um — Sandy. 

Areolatus,  a,  um — Divid<  d  into  irregular 
squares,  or  angular  spaces. 

Argentarius,  a,  um — Of  or  pertaining  to 
silver. 

Argenteus,  a,  um— Of  or  made  of  silver. 

Argenturbicus,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to 
Silver  City. 

Argutus,  a,  um — Sharply  defined,  distinct. 

Arietinus,  a,  um — Of  or  from  a  ram. 

Armatus,  a,  um — Armed,  equipped. 

Armiger,  era,  erum — Armed,  war-like. 

Armosus,  a,  um— Many  armed. 

Arrectarius,  a,  um— Erect. 

Arrectus,  a,  um — Erect,  steep. 

Arrosus,  a,  um — Gnawed. 

Articulatus,  a,  um — Furnished  with  joints, 
articulated. 

Artieulosus,  a,  um — Full  of  knots,  or  di- 
visions. 

Artemisiifolius,  a,  um  —  Like  the  plant 
Artemisia. 

Arundinaceus,  a,  um — Like  a  reed. 

Aspectans — Expected,  looked  for. 

Asper,  era,  erum — Rough,  uneven. 

Asperatus,  a,  um — Roughened,  irregular. 

Aspersus,  a,  um — Scattered,  dispersed. 

Aspratilis,  e — Rough. 

Assimili«,  e-Similar. 

Atavus— Ancestor. 

Attenuatus,  a,  um— Made  thin,  attenuated. 

Attritus,  a,  um — Worn. 

Aucella — A  little  bird. 

Audaculus,  a,  um — Bold. 

Augustatus,  a,  um — Majestic. 

Augustus,  a,  um — August. 

Auleticus,  a,  um — That  is  suitable  fora  pipe 

Aureatus,  a,  um— Adorned. 

Auricula— The  ear. 

Auritus,  a,  um — Eared. 

Australia,  e — Southern. 

Auxiliariu«,  a,  um — Helping. 

Avicula — A  small  bird. 

Avitus,  a,  um — Ancestral. 

A  vus — Grand  father. 

Eacca — A  berry,  a  email,  round  fruit. 
Bacillum— A  small  staff. 
Baculiformis,  e— Staff-shaped. 


BAC.— BUL.] 


GLOSSARY. 


631 


T'acnlum — A  staff  or  cudgel. 

B.il  tnoides  —  Like  Balaaus. 

Bulanus— An  acorn. 

Balteatus,  a,  una — Belted. 

Barbatus,  a,  urn — Bearded. 

Barydactylus,  a,  um — Heavy- fingered. 

Basalts,  e — Pertaining  to  the  base. 

Basalticus,  a,  um — Basaltic. 

Basilaris,  c— Relating  to  the  base. 

Basilicus,  a,  nm— Splendid. 

Belemnura— Having  a  tail  like  a  dart. 

Bellarugosus,  a,  una— Beautifully  wrinkled. 

Bellatrema — Beautiful  opening. 

Bellatulus,  a,  um — Pretty,  neat. 

Bellicinctus,  a,  um — Beautifully  banded. 

Bellicosus,  a,  um — Warlike. 

Bellifer,  era,  erum — Warlike. 

Bellilineatus,  a,  um — Bfautifully  lined. 

Bellipunctus,  a,  um— Beautifully  dotted. 

Bellistriatus,  a,  um— Beautifully  striated. 

Bellulus,  a,  um— Very  beautiful,  pretty. 

Bellas,  a,  um — Beautiful. 

Bertholletiformis,  e — Like  Bertholletia. 

Biacutus,  a,  um — Two-pointed. 

Bialveatus,  a,  um — Two-channeled. 

Biangulatus,  a,  um — Two-angled. 

Bicarinatus,  a,  um— Two-keeled. 

Bicarpus,  a,  um — Two-fruited. 

Biceps — Two-headei. 

Bici rictus,  a,  um — Two-banded. 

Biclavatus,  a,  um — Two-clubbed. 

Bicorniger,  era,  erum — Two-horned. 

Bicornis,  e — Two-horned. 

Bicornutus,  a,  um— Two-horned. 

Bicostatus,  a,  um— Two-ribbed. 

Bk-ristatus,  a,  um— Double-peaked  or  two- 
crested. 

Bk-uspidatus,  a,  um — Two-pointed. 

Bidens — Having  two  teeth,  two-pronged. 

Bidentatus,  a,  um — Double-toothed. 

Bidorsalis,  e — Double-backed. 

Bidorsatus,  a,  um — Having  a  double  back. 

Bifarius,  a,  um— In  two  ways  or  parts, 
double. 

Bifiilatus,  a,  um — Cleft  into  two  parts. 

Bifidus,  a,  um — Bifid,  cloven  in  two  parts. 

Bifissus,  a,  um — Cleft  into  two  parts. 

Bifoliatus,  a,  um — Two-leaved. 

Biforatus,  a,  um — Two-holed  or  double- 
doored. 

Biformatus,  a,  um— Two-shaped. 

Biformis,  e— Two-formed. 

Bifrons— With  two  foreheads. 

Bifurca — A  two-pronged  fork. 

Bifurcatus,  a,  um — Bifurcated,  forked. 

Bifurcus,  a,  um — Two-pronged. 

Biimbricatus,  a,  um — Double-imbricated. 

Bijugus,  a,  um — Yoked  two  together. 

Bilabiatus,  a,  um — Two-lipped. 

Bilamellatus,  a,  um — Having  double  la- 
mellae. 

Bilateralis,  e— Two-sided. 

Bilineatus,  a,  um— Two-lined. 

Biliratus,  a,  um— Two-furrowed. 

Bilix— Woven  with  a  double  thread,  two- 
threaded. 

Bilobatus,  a,  um — Two-lobed. 

Bilobus,  a,  um — Two-lobed. 

Bimesialis,  e — Having  two  middle  parts. 


Bimncronatu",  a,  um— Two-poin'ed. 

Binervis,  e — Two-nerved. 

Biuodus — Double  knot. 

Binumbonatus,    a,    um  —  Having    double 

umbones. 

Bipartitus,  a,  um — Two-parted. 
Bipennis,  e — Two-winged. 
Biplicatus,  a,  um — Two-plicated,  or  in  two- 
folds. 

Bipunctatu«,  a,  um— Bipunctate. 
Bipyramidalis.  e— Double-pyramidal. 
Bisectus,  a,  um— Divided. 
Biserialis,  e — Tn  two  series. 
Biseriatus,   a,    um — Having    two    rows    or 

series. 

Biserrulatus,  a,  urn — Double-serrulated. 
Bisinuatus,  a,  urn — Having  two  depressions 

or  furrows. 

Bispinulatus,  a,  um — Two-spinel. 
Bispiralis,  e— Two-whorled. 
Bistriatus,  a,  um— Two-striated. 
Bisulcatus,  a,  um — Two  furrowed. 
Bisulcus,  a,  um — Cloven. 
Bituberculatus,    a,    um  —  Double-tubercu- 

late-d. 

Biturbinatus,  a,  um — Double-turbinated. 
Bivertex— Double  head. 
Bivius,  a,  um — Having  two  ways   or   pas- 


Bivittatus,  a,  um— Two-banded. 

Bivolvis,  e — Two-rolled. 

Blatta — A  cockroach  or  moth. 

Blattinoldes— Like  Blattina. 

Bombifrons— Having  a  hollow  front. 

Borassifolius,  a,  um— Leaved  like  Borassus. 

Boreal  is,  e — Northern. 

Bovidens — Ox  tooth. 

Bovipedalis,  e^ — Ox-footed. 

Brachialis,  e — Having  arms. 

Brachiatus,  a,  urn— Having  arms. 

Brachium— An  arm. 

Brachynotus,  a,  um — Short-ridged. 

Brachyops — Short  sight. 

Bracteatus,  a,    um — Covered   with    plates, 

b°autiful. 

Breviceps — Short  head. 
Brevicornis,  e — Short-horned. 
Brevicostatus,  a,  um — Short-ribbed. 
Breviculus,  a,  um — Somewhat  shortened. 
Brevicurvatus,  a,  um— Short-curved. 
Brevifplius,  a,  um— Short-leaved. 
Brevilineatus,  a,  um — Short-lined. 
Brevilobatus,  a,  um — Short-lobed. 
Brevilobus — Short  lobe. 
Brevimarginatus,   a,    um — Short-margined. 
Brevinodus — Short  node  or  short  knot. 
Breviplicatus,  a,  um — Short-plicated. 
Breviposticup,  a,  um — Made  short  behind. 
Breviradiatus,  a,  um — Short-rayed. 
Brevirostris,  e — Short  beak. 
Brevis,  e — Short. 

Brevisulcatus,  a,  um — Short-furrowed. 
Breviusculus,  a,  um— Very  short. 
Brisa— Grape-skins. 
Bryonoides — Like  moss. 
Buccinum — A  trumpet  or  horn. 
Bucculentus,  a,  um — Wide-mouthed. 
Bufo— A  toad. 
Bulbaceus,  a,  um — Bulbous. 


632 


GLOSSARY. 


Bulbosus,  a,  um— Bulbous. 
Bulbus— A  bulb. 
Bulimiformis,  e— Like  Bulimus. 
Bulla— A  round  object,  bubble. 
Bullatus,  a,  um— Studded  with  knob?. 
Bulloides— Like  a  bubble. 
Bullulatus,  a,  utn— Little  vesicled. 
Bursa — A  purse. 
Bursiformis,  e — Purse-sbaped. 

Cadens — Falling,  terminating. 

Caduceus— The  herald's  staff. 

Ceecigenus,  a,  um — Born  blind. 

Cselamen — A  bass  relief. 

Cselator— A  carver. 

Cselatus,  a,  um— Engraved,  carved. 

Csespitosus,  a,  um— Turf-like. 

Calamitoideus,  a,  um— Like  a  Calamite. 

Calamus — A  reed. 

Calantica — A  covering  for  the  head. 

Calathus — A  wicker  basket. 

Calcaratus,   a,   um — Spurred,    spur-shaped. 

Calcariformis,  e — Like  a  spur. 

Calceolus — A  small  shoe.  % 

Calciferus,  a,  um— Calciferous. 

Calculus— A  small  stone. 

Caliculus— A  small  cup. 

Calix — A  cup. 

Callicephalus,  a,  um— Having  a  beautiful 
head. 

Calliteles— A  beautiful  tail. 

Callosus,  a,  um — Thick-skinned,  callous. 

Calycinus — A  little  calyx. 

Calycularis,  e — Like  a  little  cup  or  flower- 
bud. 

Calyculoides— Like  a  little  cup. 

Caly.culus— A  flower-cup. 

Calymenoides— Like  Calymene. 

Calyx— The  cup  of  a  flower. 

Cameratus,  a,  um — Arched. 

Camerifeius,  a,  um— Chambered. 

Cauimarus — A  lobster. 

Campaniformis,  e — Bell-formed. 

Campanulatus,  a,  um — Bell-shaped. 

Camurus,  a,  um — An  arch,  turned  inward. 

Canaliculatus,  a,  urn— Channeled,  canal ic- 
ulated. 

Canalis— A  channel  or  groove. 

Cancellatus,  a.  um— Cross-barred,  cancel- 
lated. 

Cancellosus,  a,  um — Finely  cancellated  or 
latticed. 

Canna— A  reed. 

Canneus,  a,  um — Made  of  reeds. 

Canniformis — Like  Canna. 

Cannaliratus,  a,  um— Reed-furrowed. 

Cannula— A  small  reed. 

Capax— Large,  spacious. 

Capillaceus,  a,  um— Similar  to  hair,  stringy. 

Capillarfe,  e— Of  or  pertaining  to  the  hair. 

Capillatus,  a,  um — Having  hair. 

Capillosus,  a,  um — Very  hairy. 

Capitalis,  e — Relating  to  the  bend. 

Capitatus,  a,  um — Having  a  head. 

Capitellum — A  small  bead. 

Capitolinus,  8,  um— Pertaining  to  th°  cip- 
itol,  a  tower. 

Caponiformis,  e — Capon-fornud. 

Capreolus — Prop?,  stays. 


Capularis,  e — Pertaining  to  a  coffin. 
Capuloides — Like  a  capulus. 
Capulus — A  coffin  or  a  handle. 
Caput-serpentis — Serpent-head . 
Caput-testitudinis— Turtle-head. 
Carabus— A  small  wicker  boat. 
Carbonari  us,  a,  um— Of  or  relating  to  coal. 
Carcharidens— Dog-fish  tooth. 
Cardiiformis,  e — Like  a  cardium. 
Cardinalis,  e — Of  or  pertaining  to  a   door- 
hinge,  or  principal. 
Cardinatus,    a,    urn  —  Jointed,    fitted    to, 

hinged. 
Cardineus,  a,  um — Of   or    pertaining  to   a 

door-hinge. 
Carica — A  kind  of  fig. 
Carinatus,  a,  um — Keeled. 
Cariniferus,  a,  um— Keel-bearing. 
Carnosus,  a,  um— Fleshy. 
Carus,  a,  um— Precious,  valued. 
Castanea— A  chestnut. 
Catactus,  a,  um — Frail,  easily  broken. 
Catastomus,  a,  um — Gaping  at  the    lower 

end. 

Catenoides— Chain-like. 
Catenulatus,  a,  um — A  little  chain. 
Catilliformis,  e — Dish-shaped. 
Catilloides -Dish-like. 
Catillus— A  small  dish. 
Catinus— A  bowl. 
Caudagalli— Tail  of  a  cock. 
Caudatus,  a,  um — Having  a  tail. 
Cauliculus — Small  stalk  or  stem  of  a  plant. 
Cavernosus,  a,  um — Full  of  hollows. 
Cavifolius,  a,  um — Hollow-leaved. 
Cavurnbilicatus,  a,  um — Having    a   hollow 

umbilicus. 

Cavumbona— Hollow  umbo. 
Cavus,  a,  um— Hollow,  concave. 
Celator — A  concealer,  hider. 
Celebrus,  a,  um — Abundant. 
Celer— Swift,  fleet. 
Celliilosus,  a,  um — Full  of  cells. 
Celsipora — High  pore. 
Celsus,  a,  um — High. 
Centenuialis,  e — The  100th  year. 
j  Ct-ritralis,  e — In  the  middle,  central. 
Centratus,  a,  urn— Central. 
Centriliueatup,  a,  um— Central-lined. 
Centrpnatu««,     a,     um — Having    knots     or 

points. 

Centrpsup,  a,  um — In  the  central  point. 
Cerasiformis,  e— Like  a  dried  cherry. 
Cerithioides — Like  Cerithium. 
Cervicornis,  e — Deer-horned. 
Cervinus,  a,  um — Pertaining  to  a  deer. 
Cessator — An  idler,  loiterer. 
Cetratus,  a,  um— Shield-bearing. 
Chflerophylloides— Like  Chsero|diyllum. 
Chjiiforniw,  e- Hand-shaped. 
|  Chiromorphus,  a,  um — Hand-formed. 
Chromaticus,  a,  um — Chromatic,  colored. 
Chrysalis — Chrysalis. 
Cieatvicosus,  a,  um — Full  of  scars. 
Cireronius — Having  warts. 
Ciliatus,   a,    um — Haired    on   the    margin, 

fringed. 

CiiH'tosus,  a,  um— Full  of  bands,  girded. 
Cinctulu-? — A  small  girt. 


CIN.-COR.] 


GLOSSARY. 


633 


Cinctura — A  girdle. 

Cinctus,  a,  urn — Banded,  girdtd. 

Cinetutus,  a,  uni — Giideii. 

Cingulatus,    a,    um — Encircled    with  linep, 

girded. 
Cinguiosus,  a,  um — Covered   with  linea  or 

zone?. 

Cingulum — A  zone. 

Circinatus,  a,  um — Compassed,  rounded. 
Ciruinctus,  a,  um — Encompassed. 
Circularis,  e — Circular,  round. 
Circulus — A  circle. 

Circumliratus,  a,  um — Circular-lined. 
Cistella — A  small  box. 
Cistula— A  little  chest  or  coffer. 
Citus,  a,  urn — Swift,  speedy. 
Clarus,  a,  um— Clear,  brilliant,  distinct. 
Clathratus,  a,  um— Cross-barred,  latticed. 
Clausus,  a,  um — Closed  up. 
Clava— A  stick. 

Clavacoideus,  a,  um — Club-shaped. 
Clavatulus— A  little  club. 
Clavatus,  a,  um — Knotted,  club-shaped. 
Clavicula — A  small  twig. 
Clavifrons — Having  a  club-like  front. 
Claviger — A  club-bearer. 
Clavigerus,  a,  um— Club-bearing. 
Clavis— A  bar. 

Clavulus — A  little  club,  a  small  swelling. 
Clavus — A  nail,  spike. 
Clinatu?,  a,  urn — Inclined,  bent. 
Clinocameratus,  a,  um — Curve-chambered. 
Clipeatum — Furnished  with  a  shield. 
Clipeiformis,  e— Shield-like. 
Clivosus,  a,  um— Full  of  hills. 
Clivulatus,  a,  um— Having  little  hills. 
Clivulus— A  little  hill. 
Clymenioides — Like  Clymenia. 
Clypeatus,  a,  um — Armed  wfth  a  shield. 
Clytis— Celebrated. 
Coalescens — Growing  together. 
Coalitus,  a,  um — Grown  together. 
Coaptus,  a,  um— Closely  joined. 
Coarctatus,  a,  um— CuinpreFsed,  joined. 
Cochlearis,  e— In  the  form  of  a  snail  shell. 
Cochleatus,  a,  um— Spiral. 
Cochleola — A  small  snail. 
Cognatus,  a,  um — Near  to,  cognate. 
Coluerens — Adhering  together. 
Collatus,  a,  um — Joined  together,  collected. 
Collectus,  a,  um — Collected. 
Colliculus— A  little  hill. 
Colligatus,  a,  um— Bound  together,  fastened. 
Collinus,  a,  um— Hilly. 
Colon— The  great  intestine. 
Colubrellus— A  little  snake. 
Colubrinus,  a,  um— Like  a  snake. 
Colubrosus,  a,  um — Winding. 
Columella — A  small  column. 
Columellatu=i,  a,  um — Pillared. 
Columnarie,  e — Columnar. 
Comes — A  companion. 
Comis,  e — Friendly,  nice,  delicate. 
Communis,  e — Common. 
Commutatus,  a,  um — Changed,  altered. 
Comosus,  a,  um — Hairy. 
Compactilis,  e — Pressed  together. 
Compactus,  a,  um — Compact. 
Compertus,  a,  um— Discovered,  ascertained. 


Complanatus,  a,  um — Leveh  d,  smoothed. 
Complexatus,  a,  um — Encircled. 
Complexus,  a,  um — Surrounded,  em-ircled. 
Compressus,  a,  um — Compressed. 
Comptus,  a,  um — Ornamented,  elegant. 
Conatus— An  effort. 
Concavus,  a,  um— Concave. 
Concentricus,  a,  um— Concentric. 
Concinnulus,  a,  um— Small  and  beautiful. 
Concinnus,  a,  um— Beautiful,  neat. 
Conditus,  a,  um — Joined. 
Confectus,  a,  um — Completed. 
Confertus,  a,  um — Pressed  close  together. 
Confervoides — Like  Conferva. 
Confirmatus,  a,  um — Made  firm,  established. 
Conflexus — a,  um — Bent. 
Confluens— Running  together,  blended. 
Conformalis,  e— Similar. 
Confragosus,  a,  um — Rough,  uneven. 
Confragus,  a,  um — Rough. 
Confusus,  a,  um — Mixed  together,  confused. 
Congener,  eris — Congeneiic. 
Congestus,  a,  um — Accumulated,  heaped. 
Conglobatus,  a,  um — Gathered  in  a  round 


Conglomerate,  a,  um— Gathered  together. 

Congregatus,  a,  um— Assembled  together. 

Congregalis,  e— Uniting  together. 

Congruens — Corresponding,  coinciding,  run- 
ing  together. 

Coniculus — A  little  cone. 

Conicus,  a,  um — Conical,  cone-shaped. 

Oonifollis — An  inflated  cone. 

Conifer,  era,  erum— Bearing  conical  fruit. 

Coniformis,  e— Cone-shaped. 

Conifrons — Having  a  conical  front. 

Coniger,  era,  erum — Bearing  fruit  of  a  con- 
ical form. 

Conjugans — Joined,  united. 

Conjunctivus,  a,  um — Connecting. 

Connatus,  a,  um — Connate,  united, 

Connivens — Dissembling,  closing. 

Conoideus,  a,  um— Somewhat  conical. 

Consimilis,  e— Wholly  similar. 

Consobrinus— A  cousin,  relative,  remotely 
allied. 

Consolidates,  a,  um — Consolidated. 

Consolidus,  a,  um — Very  firm. 

Censors — Living  in  common. 

Conspicuus,  a,  um — Visible,  conspicuous. 

Constans — Standing  firm. 

Constellatus,  a,  um — Very  starry. 

Constrictostriatus,  a,  um — Constricted  and 
striated. 

Constrictus,  a,  um— Constricted. 

Consuetus,  a,  um— Customary,  related  to. 

Contextus,  a.  um— Entwined. 

Continens— Holding  together. 

Contractus,  a,  um — Contracted. 

Contritus,  a,  um — Worn  out. 

Conulatus,  a,  um — Having  little  cone?. 

Conulus — A  little  cone. 

Conus — A  cone. 

Convergens — Converging. 

Convexus,  a,  um — Convex. 

Convolutus,  a,  um — Rolled  up,  spiral- 
whorled. 

Convolvans — Rolled  together. 

Coralliferus,  a,  um— Coral-bearing. 


634 


GLOSSARY. 


[COR.— CYM. 


Corallinum— Like  red  coral. 

Coralloides — Like  coral. 

Corbis— A  basket. 

Corbula— A  little  basket. 

Corbuliformis,  e — Like  a  basket. 

Cordatoovatus,  a,  um — Cordate-ovate. 

Cordatus,  a,  um — Cordate,  heart-shaped. 

Cordiformis,  e — Heart-shaped. 

Coriaceus,    a,  um— Conaceous,  having  the 

texture  of  rough  skin. 
Coriformis,  e — Like  Coris. 
Corinthius,  a,  um— Corinthian. 
Corium— A  leather  strap,  bark. 
Corniculum— A  little  horn. 
Corniger,  era,  erum— Horned. 
Cornuformis,  e — In  the  form  of  a  horn. 
Cornu — A  horn. 
Cornulum — A  little  horn. 
Cornutiformis,  e — Horn-shaped. 
Cornutus,  a,  um — Horned. 
Coronarius,  a,    um— Of  or  belonging  to  a 

wreath. 

Coronatus,  a,  um— Crowned. 
Corpulentus,  a,  um— Corpulent. 
Corrugatus,  a,  um — Corrugated,  wrinkled. 
Corticatus,  a,  um — Covered  with  bark. 
Corticosus,  a,  um — Having  thick  bark. 
Corylus — A  hazel. 
Cosciniformis,  e — Like  Cosiinium. 
Costa — A  rib. 
Costalis,  e— Ribbed. 
Costatiformis,  e— Rib  shaped. 
Costatulus,  a,  um— Small  ribbed. 
Costatus,  a,  um — Having  ribs,  ribbed. 
Costelliferus,.a,  um — Bearing  faint  ribs. 
Crassatus,  a,  um— Thickened. 
Crassibrachiatus,  a,  um — Thick-armed. 
Crassicardinalis,  e — Having  a  thick  hinge. 
Craesicauda— Thick  -t*il. 
Crassicaulis,  e— Having  a  thick  stem. 
Crassicostatus,  a,  um— Thick-ribbed. 
Crassidens— Having  a  thick  tooth. 
Crassidiscus— A  thick  duk. 
Crassifrons— Having  a  thick  front. 
Craseimarginatus,  a.  um — Thick-margined. 
Crassinervis,    e — Ha\ing    thick    or    dense 

nerves. 

Crassiradiatup,  a,  um — Having  thick  rays. 
Crassitestus,  a,  um— Like  a  thick  vessel  or 

pot-lid. 

Crassolaris,  e— Thickened. 
Crassus,  a,  um— Thuk. 
Ciatera— A  bowl. 
Crateriformis,  e — Cup  shaped. 
Cratiulup,  a,  um — Composed  of  lattice-work. 
Gratis — Wicker  woik. 
Crebescens— Frequent,  iricrepsing. 
Crebratus,  a,  um — -Made  thick,  clo^e. 
Crebripora — Having  the   pores  very   close. 
Crebrirama — Having  dense  branches. 
Crebriseptus,  a,  um— Having  many   septa. 
Crebristriatus,  a,  um— Closely  striated. 
Crenatocinctus,  a.    um— Notched    around. 
Crenatus,  a,  um — Crenated,  notched. 
Crenistriatus, a,  um— Having wrh.kkd  lines. 
Crenulatus,  a,  um— Crenulated. 
Crepidula— A  small  sandal. 
Crepiformis,  e— Boot-snap*  <\ 
Cretaceoup,  a,  um— Cl  alk-1  ke. 


Crebriformip,    e — Full    of    openings   like  a 

f-ieve. 

Cribrarius,  a,  um — Pertaining  to  a  sieve. 
Cribrosus,   a,    um— Full    of    holes    like    a 

sieve. 

Crineus,  a,  um — Hairy. 
Crispatus,  a,  um— Curled,  crisped. 
Crispus,  a,  um— Curled,  wavy. 
Cristatus,  a,  um— Tufted,  crested. 
Cristula— A  small  crest. 
Cristulatus,  a,  um— Small- tufted. 
Crossotus,  a,  um— Fringed. 
Crotaliformis,  e— Shaped  like  a  bell. 
Crotalum — A  bell,  a  raltle. 
Cruciatus,  a,  um — Cross-shaped,  twisted. 
Cruciferous,  a,  um — Cross-btarer. 
Cruciformis,  e — Cruciform. 
Cruciger,  era,  erum — Cross  bearer. 
Crustosus,  a,  um — Crusted. 
Crustula— A  little  shell,  crust. 
Cryptatus,  a,  um— Concealed. 
Cryptodens— Hidden  tooth. 
Cucullus — A  cap,  covering. 
Culeus — A  leather  bag. 
Culmula — A  little  stalk  or  stem. 
Culmus — A  stem. 

Cultellatus,  a,  um— Like  a  little  knife. 
Cultellus — A  small  knife. 
Cultidactylus,  a,  um— Elegantly  fingered. 
Cultratus,,  a,  um — Knife-formed. 
Cultriformis,    e— Shaped    like   a    pruning- 

knife. 

Cumulatus,  a,  um — Heaped. 
Cumulus — A  heap. 
Cuneatus,  a,  um — Wedge- formed. 
Cuneiformis,  e — Wedge-shaped. 
Cuneolus— A  little  wedge. 
Cuneus — A  wedge. 
Cuniculosus,  a,  um — Full  of  cave?. 
Cuniculus— A  cradle,  cavity. 
Cunulfe— A  little  cradle. 
Cuiiogus,  a,  um— Curious. 
Curticardinalis,  e — Short-hinged. 
Curtidentatus,  a,  um — Short-toothed. 
Curtilobus,  a,  um — Short-lobed. 
Curtirostratus,  a,  um — Short-beaked. 
Curtus,  a,  um — Shortened. 
Curvatus,  a,  um — Curved. 
Curvidens — Having  curved  teeth. 
Curvijuncturus,  a,  um — Joining  in  a  curve. 
Curvilineatus,  a,  um— Having  curved  lines. 
Curvirostrum— A  bent  beak. 
Cuspidatus,  a,  um— Pointed. 
Cyathus— A  cup. 
Cyathiformis,  e — Cup-shaped. 
Cyclas — Of  a  round  form. 
Cyclonemioides — Like  a  Cyclonema. 
Cyclopora — Round  pore. 
Cycloptera — Circle-wing. 
Cyclopteroides — Like  Cyclopteris. 
Cyclostegium — Circular  covering. 
Cyclostigma — Having  round   scars,  round- 
dotted. 
Cyclostomus,    a,    um— Having    a     round 

mouth. 

Cylindraceus,  a,  um— Like  a  cylinder. 
Cylindricus,  a,  m— Cylindrical. 
Cymatoides— Wave-like. 
Cymbalum— A  cymbal. 


CYM.— DUP.] 


GLOSSARY, 


635 


Cymbiformis,  e — Boat-shaped. 
Cymbium — A  small  drinking  cup. 
Cymbula — A  small  boat. 
Cymosus,  a,  um—  Full  of  shoots. 
Cy  nodpn — Dog-tooth . 
Cyrtiniformis,  e — Like  Cyrtina. 
Cyrtodontoides — Like  Cyrtodonta. 
Cyrtolites — A  curved  stone. 
Cysticus— A  little  bladder. 

Dactyliformis,  e— Finger-shaped. 

Dactylodus,  a,  um — Finger-toothed. 

Dactyloides — Like  thimble  punctures. 

Dactvlus — Growing  like  a  finger. 

Debilis,  e— Weak,  feeble. 

Decabrachiatus,  a,  um — Ten-armed. 

Decadactylus,  a,  um — Ten-fingered. 

Decemplicatus,  a,  um — Ten-plicated. 

Decipiens— Deceiving,  doubtful. 

Declivis,  e— Sloping. 

Decoratus,  a,  um — Decorated, 

Decornis — Without  horns. 

Decorosus,  a,  um — elegant. 

Decorticatus,  a,  um— Birked,   decorticated. 

Decorus,  a,  um — Seemly,  suitable,  beauti- 
ful. 

Decrescens — Decreasing,  growing  less. 

Decurrens— Decurring,  hanging  down. 

Decursus,  a,  um  —  Downward,  running 
down. 

Decurtatus,  a,  um — Curtailed. 

Decussatus,  a,  um — Arranged  in  pairs  that 
cross  each  other. 

Defiguratus,  a,  um — Disfigured. 

Deflectus,  a,  um — Deflected. 

Deflexus,  a,  um — Bent,  turned  aside. 

Deformatus,  a,  um— Deformed. 

Deformis,  e— Deformed,  ugly-shaped. 

Degener,  eris— Degenerate,  unlike  the  an- 
cestors. 

Delicatulus,  a,  um — Quite  delicate. 

Delicatus,  a,  um — Delicate,  thin. 

Delphinocephalus — Dolphin-headed. 

Deltoideus,  a.  um — Like  the  Greek  letter 
Delta. 

Deminutivus,  a,  um — Diminutive. 

Demissus,  a,  um — Hanging  down. 

Demum— At  last,  solely. 

Denarius,  a,  um— Containing  ten. 

Densifolius,  a,  um— Dense-leaved. 

Densmammillatus,  a,  um — Having  mammil- 
lated  teeth. 

Densus,  a,  um — Dense,  thick. 

Dentalium — A  plow-share. 

Dentatus,  a,  um — Toothed. 

Denticulatus,  a,  um — Denticulated,  having 
small  teeth. 

Dentilineatus,  a,  um — Tooth-lined. 

Denudatus,  a,  um — Denuded. 

Deparcus,  a,  um — Very  scarce. 

Depauperatus,  a,  um— Impoverished. 

Deperditus,  a,  um— Impoverished. 

Depressus,  a,  um— Depressed. 

Desertus,  a,  um  -Deserted,  forsaken. 

Desideratus,  a,  um— Desired,  rare. 

Desmopleura— A  side  band. 

Desquamatus,  a,  um— Scaled  off. 

Devexus,  a,  um — Sloping. 

Diadematus,  a,  um — Wearing  a  diadem. 


Dialophus— Through  the  neck. 

Dianthus,  a,  um— Double-flowered. 

Diatretus,  a,  um— Pierced  with  holes. 

Dichotomus,  a,  um — Divided. 

Dictyopteroides — Like  Dictyopteris. 

Dictyota — Net- worked. 

Dictyum — A  net. 

DifF.cilis,  e— Difficult,  rough. 

Diffidens— Diffident,  distrusting. 

Diffluens — Flowing  every  way,  loose. 

Difl'usus,  a,  um— Diffused,  extended. 

Digitalis,  e— Belonging  to  the  finger, 

Digitatus,  a,  um— That  has  fingers,  toes,  or 
claws. 

Dignatus,  a,  um — Excellent. 

Digonus,  a,  um — Two-angled. 

Dikrocheilus,  a,  um — Two-edged. 

Dilatatus,  a,  um — Dilated,  widened. 

Dilatus,  a,  um — Spread  out. 

Diluculum — Day-break,  dawning  of  day. 

Diminutivus,  a," um— Diminutive. 

Dimorphus,  a,  um— Two- formed. 

Diplostegioides — Like  Diplostegium. 

Diplotesta — Having  two  tests. 

Disciformis,  e — Shaped  like  a  quoit. 

Discoidalis,  e — Discoidal. 

Discoideus,  a,  um — Discoid,  disk-like. 

Discophorus— Disk-bearer. 

Discrepans— Different. 

Disculus— A  little  disk. 

Discus — A  quoit. 

Disjunctus,  a,  am — Separated,  disjoined. 

Dispalans — Straggling,  stray. 

Dispandus,  a,  um — Spread  out,  stretched. 

Dispansus,  a,  urn—  Stretched  out. 

Dispar— Different. 

Disparilis,  e— Different,  unequal. 

Dispassus,  a,  um— Extended,  spread  out. 

Dispersuf,  a,  um — Dispersed. 

Dissectus,  a,  um — Cut  up,  dissected. 

Dissimilaris,  e — Dissimilar,  unlike. 

Dissolutus,  a,  um— Weak,  broken. 

Distans — Distant,  standing  apart. 

Distensus,  a,  um — Distended. 

Dtstinctus,  a,  um— Distinct. 

Distortus,  a,  um— Distorted,  crooked,  irreg- 
ular. 

Divaricans— Severed,  straddling. 

Divaricatus,a,  um— Divaricated,  wide  apart. 

Divergens — Diverging. 

Diversifolius,  a,  um — Diverse-leaved. 

Diversus,  a,  um — Diverse,  different,  unlike. 

Divisus,  a,  um — Dividing. 

Docens — A  teacher. 

Dodecadactylus,  a,  um — Twelve-fingered. 

Dolabriformis,  e — Like  a  mattock  or  pick-axe. 

Dolatus,  a,  um — Hewed. 

Dolorosus,  a,  um— Wretched. 

Donaciformis,  e— Like  a  Donax. 

Dorsalis,  e— Dorsal. 

Dorsatus,  a,  um— High-backed. 

Dotis — An  ornament. 

Drepanaspis — Having  a  sickle-shield. 

Dubius,  a,  um — Doubtful. 

Dumalis,  e — Bushy. 

Dumosus,  a,  um— Bushy. 

Duodenarius,  a,  um — Containing  twelve. 

Duplicatus,  a,  um — Duplicated,  doubled. 

Daplicostatus,  a,  um — Double-ribbed. 


636 


GLOSSARY. 


[EBO.—  FIM. 


Eboreus,  a,  um — Made  of  ivory. 

Ebracteatus,  a,  um— Without  scales  or 
bracts. 

Eburneolus,  a,  um— Of  ivory. 

Eccentricus,  a,  um— From  the  center. 

Echinatus,  a,  um — Set  with  spines. 

Ectypus,  a,  um — Engraved  in  relief,  em- 
bossed. 

Edax — Voracious. 

Edentulus,  a,  um — Toothless. 

Egenu?,  a,  um — Destitute  of,  very  poor. 

Elegans — Elegant,  handsome. 

Elegantissimus,  a,  um — Very  handsome. 

Elegantulus,  a,  um— Quite  elegant. 

Elevatus,  a,  um— Elevated. 

Ellipticus,  a,  um— Elliptical. 

Elongatus,  a,  um — Elongated. 

Elytra — The  wing  covering. 

Elytroides — Like  the  elytra  of  beetles. 

Emaceratus,  a,  um— Thin. 

Emaciatus,  a,  um — Emaciated,  thin. 

Emarginatus,  a,  um — Notched. 

Eminens — Prominent,  standing  out  in  relief. 

Eminulus,  a,  um— Projecting  a  little. 

Enormis,  e— Very  large. 

Ensiformis,  e — Sword-formed. 

Eos — The  dawn. 

Epidermatus,  a,  um — Covered  with  a  crust 
"  or  skin. 

Equilaterus,  a,  um — Equal-sided. 

Equisetiformis,  e — Like  Equisetum. 

-Krectifolius,  a,  um — Having  leaves  erect. 

Erectipora— Having  erect  pores. 

Erectus,  a,  um— Erect,  straight. 

Erodus,  a,  um — Eroded,  jagged,  gnawed. 

Erosus,  a,  um — Eroded,  bitten  away. 

Erraticus,  a,  um — Wandering,  erratic. 

Erythroliticus — Red  stone. 

Escharoides — Like  Eschara. 

Eucharis,  e— Graceful,  beautiful. 

Euconus— Perfect  cone. 

Euginum — Fertile. 

Euglypheus,  a,  um— Well-carved,  distinctly 
marked. 

Euomphaloides — Like  Euomphalus. 

Euphemia — Of  good  omen. 

Euruteines — Extending  widely. 

Euzona — Beautifully  girdled. 

Evax— An  exclamation  of  delight. 

Exacutus,  a,  um— Pointed. 

Exanthematus,  a,  um— Covered  with  erup- 
tions. 

Excavatus,  a  um — Made  hollow,  excavated. 

Excel  lens — Excellent,  high-rising. 

Excelsior — Elevated,  lofty. 

Excelsus,  a,  um — Elevated,  high. 

Excerptus,  a,  um — Selected,  picked  out. 

Excrescens — Growing  out,  increasing. 

Exculptus,  a,  um — Adorned,  chiseled  out. 

Exfoliatus,  a,  um— Exfoliated. 

Exiguus,  a,  um— Small,  petty. 

Exilis,  e— Thin,  lean,  slender,  creeping. 

Eximius,  a,  um— Choice,  select,  excellent. 

Exornatus,  a,  um — Adorned. 

Exortivus,  a,  um — Eastern. 

Expansus,  a,  um — Expanded,  widely  spread. 

Expatiatus,  a,  um — Spread  out. 

Explanatus,  a,um — Made  plain,  spread  out. 

Explicate,  a,  um— Unfolded,  spread  out. 


Explorator — A  scout,  an  examiner. 

Exporrectus,  a,  um — Smooth,  stretched  out. 

Exsculptus,  a,  um— Carved. 

Exsertus,  a,  um— Projecting,  thrust  forth. 

Exsul— A  wanderer. 

Extans — Standing  out. 

Extensus,  a,  um— Stretched  out,  extended. 

Extenuatus,    a,   um — Made    thin,    slender, 

drawn  out. 

Extumidus,  a,  um — Swelled  up. 
Exutus,  a,  um — Divested,  stripped  off. 

Faba — A  bean.  t 

Fabalis,  e — Bean-stalks. 

Fabula — A  little  bearn. 

Fabulites— A  little  stone -bean. 

Facetus,  a,  um— Elegant. 

Fakatus,  a,  um— Hooked. 

Falciformis,  e — Like  a  sickle,  pruning-knife, 

or  hook. 

Fallax— Deceptive. 

Falx — A  hook,  pruning-knife,  or  sickle. 
Famelicus,  a,  um — Famished. 
Fasciatus,  a,  um — Banded. 
Fascicularis,  e — Small-bundled. 
Fasciculatus,  a,  um— Bundled. 
Fasciculus— A  bundle. 
Fascigerus,  a,  um— Bearing  fasces. 
Fastigatus,  a,  um — Sloping  up  to  a  point. 
Faustus,  a,  um — Fortunate,  lucky. 
Favositoideus,  a,  um — Like  Favositcs. 
Favosus,  a,  um — Honeycomb-like. 
Fax — A  torch,  taper. 
Fecundus,  a,  um — Fruitful. 
Felix,  ids— Fertile. 
Fenestella— A  little  window. 
Fenestelliformis,  e— Like  Fenestella. 
Fenestratus,    a,    um— Reticulated,    having 

open  window?. 
Fenestrula —  V  little  window. 
Ferox — Fierce,  hardy,  stout. 
Ferratus,  a,  um — Hard  as  iron,  covered  with 

iron. 

Ferricolus— Iron  distaff. 
Ferruginous,  a,  um — Of  the  color  of  iron, 

rusty. 

Fertilis,  e— Fertile,  fruitful. 
Ferus,  a,  um— Wild,  cruel,  fierce. 
Festinatus,    a,   um— Hastened,    before    the 

time. 
Fibratus,    a,    um  —  Having    small    threads 

hanging  to  it. 

Fibristriatus,  a,  um — Fiber-lined. 
Fibrpsus,  a,  um — Full  of  fibers  or  threads. 
Ficoides— Like  a  fig. 
Ficus — A  fig. 
Fidelis,  e— Sure,  faithful. 
Filiciformis.  e— Fern-like. 
Filicosta— Having  thread-like  costa. 
Filicula— Fern  of  trees,  wall-fern. 
Filiculme — Thread-straw. 
Filiformip,  e — Filiform. 
Filistriatus,    a,    um  —  Having    thread-like 

etrise. 

Filitextili*,  e— Woven  like  thread. 
Filitextus,  a,  um — Woven  like  thread. 
Filosus,  a,  um — Thready. 
Fimbriatus,  a,  um — Fringed,    jagged,   scal- 
loped. 


FIS. — GLY. 


GLOSSARY. 


637 


Fiscellostriatus,    a,    um  — Having    divided 

striae. 
Fiscellus— A  small  basket  woven  of  slender 

twigs. 

Fissicosta— Having  divided  costse. 
Fissilis,  e — Split. 

Fissiplica — Having  divided  plications. 
Fissuratus,  a,  um — Fissured. 
Fissurellus,  a,  um — Having  a  little  cleft. 
Fisus,  a,  um — Divided,  cleft,  split. 
Fistulosus,  a,  um — Full  of  holes,  spongy. 
Flabellatus,  a,  um— Fan  like. 
Flabellifer,  era,  erum — That  bears  a  fan. 
Flabelliformis,  e— Shaped  like  a  fan. 
Flabellites— A  stone  fan. 
Flabellum — A  fan. 

Flaccidus,  a,  um — Withered,  hanging,  flag- 
ging, flaccid. 

Flagellaris,  e — Like  a  whip. 
Flajellum — A  whip. 
Flagricaudus,  a,  um — Whip-tailed. 
Flavus,  a,  um — Golden,  yellow. 
Flexicaulis,  e— Having  a  flexible  stem. 
Flexifolius,  a,  um — Having  recurved  leaves. 
Flexilis,  e— Pliant,  flexible. 
Flexuosus,  a,  um — Flexuous,  full  of  turns. 
Florealis,  e — Flower-like. 
Floridus,   a,    um — Flowery,  adorned   with 

flowers,  gay. 

Florifer,  era,  erum— Flower-bearing. 
Floriformis,  e— Flower- shaped. 
Flos— A  flower. 
Fluctus— A  wave,  a  billow. 
Fluctuosus,  a,  um — Full  of   waves,  wavy, 

veiny. 

Fluitans — Flowing,  floating. 
Foecundus,  a,  um — Fruitful,  abundant. 
Foetoideus,  a,  urn — Like  a  tumor. 
Foliaceus,  a,  um— Foliaceous,   like   leaves, 

leafy. 

Foliatus,  a,  um— Leaved,  having  leaves. 
Foliosus,  a,  um— Leafy,  full  of  leaves. 
Folium— A  leaf. 
Folliculus — A  small  sack. 
Follis— A  leather  sack. 
Fonlicola — Fountain-dwelling. 
Fontinalis — A  fountain  or  spring. 
Formosus,  a,  um — Beautiful,  handsome. 
Fornacula — A  little  oven. 
Fornax — A  furnace. 

Fornicatus,  a,  um— Arched,  vaulted  over. 
Forulatus,  a,  um— Having  narrow  furrows. 
Fossatus,  a,  um— Dug  out. 
Fosnlis,  e— That  may  be  dug  out  of  the 

earth,  fossil. 

Fossula — A  little  trench  or  ditch. 
Foveatus,  a,  um — Pitted. 
Fractus,  a,  um — Broken,  effeminate. 
Fragarioides — Like  a  strawberry. 
Fragilis,  e — Brittle,  frail. 
Fragosus,  a,  um — Fragile. 
Frangens — A  breaker. 
Fraternus,  a,  um — Brotherly,  fraternal. 
Fraxiniformis,  e — Like  fraxinus. 
Frequjntatus,  a,  um — Frequent. 
Frin^illa — A  small  bird. 
Fritillus — A  dice-box. 
Frondosus,  a,  um— Full  of  leaves. 
Frutex— A  shrub. 


Fruticosus,  a,  um— Shrubby,  full  of  shoots. 

Fucoides — Like  Fucus. 

Fulcratus,  a,  um— Stayed  with  props. 

Fulgidus,  a,  um — Shining. 

Fulgur — A  thunder-bolt. 

Funatus,  a,  um — Corded. 

Fungosus,  a,  um — Spongy. 

Fungulus — A  small  mushroom. 

Funiculus — A  small  cord  or  line. 

Furcatus,  a,  um— Forked. 

Furcicarinatus,  a,  um— Forked  and  keeled. 

Furtivus,  a,  um— Secret,  hard  to  find. 

Fusibrachiatus,    a,    um— Having    fusiform 

arms. 
Fusiformis,  e — Fusiform,  tapering  at  both 

ends. 

Fustiformis,  e — Club-formed. 
Fustis— A  club,  staff. 
Futilis,  e— Trivial. 

Galeatus,  a,  um — That  wears  a  helmet. 

Galericulatus,  a,  um— Having  a  small  cov- 
ering. 

Galerum— A  cap,'hat,  or  tuft  of  feathers. 

Gallinuloides — Like  a  pullet, 

Gemellipara — Twin-bearing. 

Geminispinosus,  a,  um — Twin-spined. 

Gemma — A  young  bud,  a  gem. 

Gemmatus,  a,  um — Budded,  set  with  gems. 

Gemmicula — A  little  bud. 

Gemmifer,  era,  erum— That  bears  buds  or 
gemmules. 

Gemmiformis,  e — Shaped  like  a  bud. 

Gemmula — A  little  bud. 

Geniculatus,  a,  um — Knotted,  jointed. 

Geniculosus,  a,  um— Knotty. 

Genitivus,  a,  um — Natural,  belonging  to  the 
same  stock. 

Geometricus,  a,  um— Geometrical. 

Germanus,  a,  um— Near  of  kin. 

Gibber,  era,  erum— Bossed,  hunchbacked. 

Gibberosus,  a,  um— Badly  hunchbacked. 

Gibberulus,  a,  um — Somewhat  hunch- 
backed. 

Gibberus,  a,  um — Humpbacked. 

Gibbosus,  a,  um — Gibbous,  full  of  hunches, 
or  humped. 

Gibbus,  a,  um— Hunched,  gibbous. 

Giganteus,  a,  um— Giant-like,  very  large. 

Gigas — A  giant. 

Glabellus,  a,  um— Smooth. 

Glaber,  bra,  brum— Smooth,  bare. 

Glacialis,  e — Frozen,  icy. 

Gladiolus — A  small  sword. 

Glandulosus,  a,  um — Full  of  kernels,  gland- 
ular. 

Glandulus,  a,  urn — Having  kernels,  gland- 
ular. 

Glans — An  acorn,  chestnut,  or  pellet. 

Glanscerasi — Fruit  of  the  cherry-tree. 

Glansfagea — Fruit  of  the  beech-tree. 

Globatus,  a,  um— Made  round. 

Globosus,  a,  um— Round  as  a  ball,  globose. 

Globularis,  e— Globular. 

Globuliformis,  e— Globe-shaped. 

Globulus— A  little  ball. 

Glomeratus,  a,  um— Confused,  out  of  order. 

Gloriosus,  a,  um — Glorious. 

Glyptus,  a,  um — Sculptured. 


638 


GLOSSARY. 


[COM  — IMM. 


Gomphoides— Like  a  stake  or  club. 
Gomphus— A  pile,  stake,  or  club. 
,  Goniocercus,  a,  um — Angular,  tailed. 
Goniolobus,  a,  um — Having  angular  lobes. 
Goniopteroides — Like  Goniopteiis. 
Goniurus,  a,  um — Angular-tailed. 
Gonopleura — Angular  rib. 
Gothicus,  a,  um — Gothic. 
Gracilens,  entis — Slender,  thin. 
Gracilentus,  a,  um — Slender,  thin. 
Gracilis,  e — Small,  slender,  thin,  w<  ak. 
Gracilius,  a,  um — More  slender. 
Graeillimus,  a,  um— Very  slender,  thin,  or 

weak. 

Gracillistriatus,  a,  um— slender,  striated. 
Gradatus,  a,  um — Made  with  steps. 
Gradicosta — Having  steps  and  ribs. 
Gradocostatus,  a,   urn — Having   steps   and 

ribs. 
Gramineus,  a,  um — Grassy  or  belonging  to 


Grandaevus,  a,  um — Very  old. 

Grandiceps — Big-headed. 

Grandiculus,  a,  um— Rather  large. 

Gjandifolius,  a,  um— Large-leaved. 

Grandis,  e- Grand,  large. 

Graniferus,  era,  erum — That  bears  grains  of 
corn. 

Granilineatus,  a,  um — Lined  with  granules. 

Granilineus,  a,  um — Granule-lined. 

Granosus,  a,  um — Full  of  grains  or  kernels. 

Granulatus,  a,  um— Granulated,  granular. 

Granuliferus,  era,  erum— Granule-bearing. 

Granulostriatus,  a,  um — Having  granular 
striae. 

Granulosus,  a,  um — Covered  with  small 
granules. 

Graphicus,  a,  um — Perfect,  excellent,  done 
to  the  life,  written  on. 

Gratiosus,  a,  um— Agreeable. 

Gratus,  a,  um— Acceptable. 

Gravis,  e— Weighty,  full,  old. 

Graviusculus,  a,  um— Rather  deep. 

Gregalis,  e — Of  the  common  sort. 

Gregarius,  a,  um — Of  the  common  sort,  com- 
mon, gregarious. 

Grossiplicatus,  a,  um — Thick-plaited. 

Grumus — A  little  heap. 

Gypseus,  a,  um— Covered  or  plastered  with 
gypsum. 

Gyracanth  us— Round  spine. 

Gyrinoides— Like, a  tadpole. 

Gyroceras— Circular  horn. 

Hsesitans— Doubting. 

Haliotoides — Like  Haliotus. 

Hamatilis,  e — Furnished  with  hooks. 

Hamatus,  a,  um — Crooked,  hooked. 

Hamulosus,  a,  um — Full  of  hooks. 

Hamulus— A  small  hook. 

Harpago— A  hook. 

Hastatus,  a,  um— Bearing  spears,  halbert- 

sbaped. 

Hastifolius,  a,  um— Spear  or  lance-leaved. 
Hastula— A  little  spear. 
Helicoides-Like  a  helix. 
Helicteres— A  round,  smooth  spire. 
Heliolitiformis,  e— Like  Heliolitts. 
Helios— The  sun. 


Hemicyclus — A  half-circle. 

Hemicylindrus — A  half-cylinder. 

Hemiplicatus,  a,  um — Hnlf- plaited. 

Hemisphericus,  a,  um— Hemispherical. 

Hemiteloides— Like  Hemiteles. 

Hemitrypa-  Having  half-openings. 

Herbacf  us,  a,  um — Grassy. 

Herculaneus,  a,  um — Belonging  to  Hercules, 
large  of  its  kind. 

Heterocinctus,  a,  um — Irregularly  girded  or 
banded. 

Heteroclitus,  a,  um — Extraordinary. 

Heterodactylus,  a,  um — Irregular-toed  or  ir- 
regularly fingered. 

Heterophyllus,  a,  um— Irregularly  or  difft  r- 
ently  leaved. 

Heteropora— Having  irregular  pores. 

Heteropteris — Irregular  fern. 

Hexadactylus,  a,  um — Six-fingered. 

Hexagonus,  a,  um — Having  six  angles. 

Hexagonalis,  e — Hexagonal. 

Hians — Gaping,  disjointed. 

Hipparionyx — A  colt's  hoof. 

Hirsutus,  a,  um— Rough,  hairy,  shaggy. 

Hirtus,  a,  um— Rough,  hairy,  shaguy. 

Hispidus,  a,  um— Rough,  bristly,  rugged. 

Hiulcus,  a,  um — Gaping,  cleft. 

Holopyga — Entire  rump,  whole  back. 

Homalonotoides — Like  Homalonotus. 

Horizontals,  e — Horizontal. 

Horrid  us,  a,  um — Rough,  bristly. 

Hospitalis,  e — Of  a  guest,  hospitable. 

Humerosus,  a,  um — Humped,  full  of  humps. 

Humerulus— A  little  shoulder. 

Humilis,  e— Small,  poor. 

Hyalina— Of  glass. 

Hybrida— Intermediate  between  two  spe- 
cies, a  hybrid. 

Hydraulicus,  a,  um — Hydraulic. 

Hymenophylloides — L  ike  Hymenophyl- 
lites. 

Hyperbolseus,  a  um— Extreme. 

Hyperboreus,  a,  um— Very  far  north. 

Hypniformis,  e— Like  Hypnum. 

Hystricosus,  a,  um — Thorny. 

Hystriculus,  a,  um — Somewhat  covered  with 
spines. 

Hystrix — Covered  or  beset  with  spines. 


Idoneus,  a,  um— Suitable. 

Ignobilis,  e— Ignoble,  strange,  unknown. 

Ignorabilis,  e— Overlooked,  unknown. 

Ignotus,  a,  um — Unknown,  strange. 

Ilicifolius,  a,  um — Oak-leaved. 

Illsenoides — Like  an  Illsenus. 

Illibatus,  a,  um — Unimpaired. 

Imago — An  image,  picture,  also  a  sheath. 

Imbecillus,  a,  um — Feeble,  frail. 

Imbricarius,  a,  um — Having  imbrications. 

Imbricato-articulatus,  a,  um — Having  im- 
bricated articulations. 

Imbricatus,  a,  um — Laid  one  on  another 
like  tiles,  imbricated. 

Imitator— A  resembler. 

Immaturus,  a,  um— Immature,  abortive. 

Itnrnersus,  a,  um— Immersed. 


IMP. — ISO.] 


GLOSSARY. 


639 


Impar— Odd,  unequal,  disproportioned. 

Imparilis,  e— Different. 

Imperator— A  commander. 

Iraplexus,  a,  um — Interlaced,  interwoven. 

Implicatue,  a,  um — Wrapped  together,  en- 
tangled. 

Impolitus,  a,  um — Rough,  unpolished. 

Impositus,  a,  um — Laying  over. 

Impressus,  a,  um — Impressed. 

Improcerus,  a,  um — Undersized,  not  tall. 

Impudicus,  a,  um — Shameless,  immodest. 

Insequabilis,  e — Uneven,  unequal. 

Inaequalis,  e — Unequal. 

Insequatus,  a,  um— Unequal. 

Inaequicostatus,  a,  um— Unequally  ribbed. 

Insequidactylus,  a,  um — Unequal-fingered. 

Insequilateralis,  e — Inequilateral. 

Insequiplicatus,  a,  um — Unequally  rayed. 

Ineequistriatus,  a,  um  —  Unequally  stri- 
ated. 

Inceptus,  a,  um — An  undertaking,  in- 
cipient. 

Incertus,  a,  urn— Uncertain,  inconstant. 

Incilis,  e— Belonging  to,  or  like  a  trench, 
furrow,  or  gutter. 

Incipiens— The  beginning. 

Incisivus,  a,  um— Having  the  quality  of 
cutting  or  biting. 

Inciso-lobatus,  a,  um — Cut  into  lobes. 

Incisus,  a,  um — Incised. 

Inclinatus,  a,  um— Inclined,  bent. 

luclinis,  e — Bending. 

Incluspora— Having  inclosed  perforations. 

Inclusus,  a,  um— Closed  up. 

Incompletus,  a,  um — Incomplete. 

Incomptus,  a,  um — Untrimmed,  rough. 

Inconditus,  a,  um— Irregular,  disordered. 

Inconspicuus,  a,  um — Not  conspicuous. 

Inconstans — Not  constant. 

Inconsuetus,  a,  um — Unusual. 

Incrassatus,  a,  um — Thickened. 

Increbescens — Abundant. 

Incrustans— Incrusting. 

Incultus,  a,  um — Neglected. 

Incurvus,  a,  um— Incurved. 

Indagator — A  diligent  hunter. 

Indagatus — Encircling. 

Indentatus,  a,  um — Indented,  notched. 

Indentus,  a,  um — Indented,  notched. 

Indeterminatus,  a,  um — Not  determined. 

Indolatus,  a,  um — Unhewn. 

Inelegans — Unadorned. 

Inermis,  e — Unarmed. 

Inexpectans — Not  expected. 

ID  Mix— Useless,  unhappy,  miserable. 

Infernus— Underground,  the  lower. 

Infertus,  a,  um — Filled  up. 

Inferus— Below,  underground. 

Juflatus  a,  um— Spread,  swollen,  inflated. 

Inflexus,  a,  um — Bowed,  made  crooked. 

Informis,  e — Shapeless,  rude. 

Infrequens — Rare,  infrequent. 

Infula — A  band,  an  ornament. 

Infundibularius,  a,  um — Pertaining  to  a 
funnel. 

Infundibuliformis,  P — Funnel-shaped. 

Infundibulum,  e — A  funnel,  hopper. 

Ingens — Very  large,  huge,  prodigious. 

Ingentior — Larger,  enormous. 


Inopinatus,  a,  um —  Unexpected,  un- 
thoughtof. 

Inops— Poor,  friendless,  unburied. 

Inoptatua,  a,  um — Undesired,  not  wanted. 

Inordinatus,  a,  um — Disordered. 

Inornatu*,  a,  um — Unadorned. 

Insculptus,  a,  um — Engraven,  carved. 

Insectus,  a,  um — Uncut. 

Insertivus,  a,  um — Inserted. 

Insignis,  e — Marked,  naturally  remark- 
able. 

Insignitus,  a,  um — Marked,  clear. 

Insitus,  a,  um  -Inserted,  introduced. 

Insculptus,  a,  um — Engraved. 

Insolens — Unusual,  rare. 

Insolitus.  a,  um — Hare,  hard  to  find. 

Insons — Hnrmless. 

Inspeciosus,  a,  um— Not  handsome. 

Insperatus,  a,  um — Unexp  cted. 

Instabilis,  e — Not  firm,  changing. 

Insuetus,  a,  um — Unusual. 

Insularis,  e — Upon  an  island. 

Intectus,  a,  um— Uncovered. 

Integrifolius,  a,  um— Whole-leaved. 

Intercalaris,  e — Intercalated. 

Intercedens — Intervening. 

Intercellatus,  a,  um — Being  intercellular. 

Intercostalis,  e — Lined  between  costse. 

Intercostatus,  a,  um  —  Ridged  between 
ribs. 

Interlineatus,  a,  um — Interlined. 

Intermfdius,  a,  um— Intermediate,  the 
middle. 

Intermittens— Intermitting,  ceasing  for  a 
time. 

Internascens — Growing  between. 

luternodius,  a,  um— Space  between  two 
knots  or  joints. 

Interplicatus,  a,  um — Plicated  between. 

Interruptus,  a,  um — Broken  asunder,  inter- 
rupted. 

Intersculptus,  a,  um — Engraved  in  the 
middle. 

Interscapularis,  e— Spaced  between  the 
shoulder  pieces. 

Inti-rstinctus,  a,  um — Divided. 

Interstrialis,  e — Having  striae  between. 

Interstrictus,  a,  urn — Drawn  together. 

Intertextus,  a,  um — Interwoven,  interlaced. 

Intervesicula — Having  little  vesicles  be- 
tween. 

Intextus,  a,  um — Plaited,  woven. 

Intortus,  a,  um — Twirled,  entangled,  curled. 

Intralineatus,  a,  um^Lined,  between  lines. 

Inutilis,  e— Not  useful,  very  poor,  insig- 
nificant. 

Invaginatus,  a,  um— Invaginated,  sheathed, 
enwrapped. 

Invalidity  a,  um— Weak,  feeble. 

Invenustus,  a,  um — Unhandsome. 

In  versus,  a,  um — Inverted. 

Investis,  e — Unclothed. 

Involutus,  a,  um — Involute. 

Irrasus,  a,  um — Unpolished,  not  smooth. 

Irregularis,  e — Irregular. 

Islandicus,  a,  um — From  an  island. 

Ischypus,  a,  urn — Strong-footed. 

Isosceles — Having  equal  legs. 

Isigramma — Equal  weight. 


640 


GLOSSARY. 


[JAC.— UN. 


Jaculum — A  dart,  javelin. 

Jejunus,  a,  urn — That  has  not  eaten,  hungry. 

Jubatus,  a,  urn — Crested. 

Jucundus,  a,  um — Pleasant,  agreeable,  de- 
lightful. 

Juaalis,  e — Yoked  together. 

Juglans — A  walnut. 

Jugosus,  a,  um— Full  of  ridges,  mount- 
ainous. 

Junceus,  a,  um— Made  of  bulrushes,  like 
a  bulrush. 

Junciformis,  e — Shaped  like  a  bulrush. 

Junctus,  a,  utn — Joined,  coupled. 

Juvenis,  e — Young. 

Labecula— A  little  spot. 

Labiatus,  a,  um — Lipped. 

Labiosus,  a,  um — Full  lipped. 

Labrosus,  a,  um— Having  large  lips,  bor- 
dered. 

Labyrinthicus,  a,  um— Labyrinthine. 

Laceratus,  a,  um— Torn,  mangled,  ragged. 

Lachrymosus,  a,  um— Full  of  tears. 

Laciniatus,  a,  um — Fringed. 

Laciniosus,  a,  urn — Full  of  plaits,  jagged, 
crumpled. 

Lictuca — Lett  uce. 

Lacunosus,  a,  um — Full  of  holes,  pitted, 
uneven. 

Lacus — A  vat,  a  basin. 

Lacustris,  e — Pertaining  to  alake  or  swamp. 

Lsetus,  a,  um— Fertile,  pleasant,  agreeable. 

Ljevicosta — Having  a  smooth  rib. 

Laevicostatus,  a,  um — Smooth-ribbed. 

Laeviculus,  a,  um — Nearly  smooth. 

Laevigatus,  a,  um — Plane'd,  made  smooth. 

Laevis,  e — Smooth. 

Lsevissjmus,  a,  um — Very  smooth. 

Laevistriatus,  a,  um— Haying  smooth  striae. 

Lseviusculus  a,  um— Quite  smooth. 

Lagena— A  flask. 

Laguncula— A  little  flask. 

Lamellatus,  a,  um — Having  thin  plates. 

Lamellosus,  a,  um — In  very  thin  plates. 

Laminatus,  a,  um — Laminated. 

Lamnoides — Like  Lamna. 

Lanatus,  a,  um — Woolly. 

Lanceolatus,  a,  um— Spear-shaped. 

Lancifer,  era,  erum*— Lance-bearer. 

Lancifolius,  a,  um — Lance-leaved. 

Lanpsus,  a,  um— Woolly. 

Lapicida — A  stonercutter. 

Lapideus,  a,  um — Consisting  of  stone. 

Lapillus— A  little  stone,  a  pebble. 

Laqueatus,  a,  um— Arched,  vaulted,  fluted, 
paneled. 

Largissimus,  a,  um— Very  large,  the  largest. 

Largus,  a,  um— Plentiful,  large. 

Laricinus,  a,  um— Resembling  the  larch- 
tree. 

Larvatus,  a,  um— Frightened,  masked. . 

Latealatus,  a,  um— Broad-winged. 

Lateralis,  e— Belonging  to  the  side. 

Laterarius,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  the 


Latericrescens — Side-growing. 
Laterniformis,  e— Shaped  like  a  lantern. 
Latiannulatus,  a,  um — Having  wide  annu- 
lations. 


LatibrachiatU:',  a,  um — Wide-armed. 

Latibuccatu*,  a,  um — Wide-cheeked. 

Laticeps — Broad  head. 

Laticosta — Having  wide  rihs. 

Laticostatus,  a,  um — Wide-ribbed. 

Latidactylus—  Wide-fingered. 

Latidorsatus,  a,  um — Wide-backed. 

Latifasciatus,  a,  um — Wide-bundled,  or  wide- 
banded. 

Latifolius,  a,  um— Broad-leaved. 

Latifrons— Having  a  wide  front. 

Latijuncturus,  a,  um— Wide-jointed. 

Latimarginatus,  a,  um — Broad-margined. 

Latior- Wider. 

Latipes — Broad-footed. 

Latiradius,  a,  um — Wide-rayed. 

Latispinosus,  a,  um — Wide-spined. 

Latissimus,  a,  um — Very  wide,  the  widest. 

Latitruncatus,  a,  um — Broadly  truncated. 

Lativentrus,  a,  um— Having  a  wide  cavity. 

Latus,  a,  um— Broad,  wide,  large. 

Latusculum— A  little  side. 

Lautus,  a,  um — Neat,  elegant,  splendid. 

Laxatus,  a,  um — Made  wider,  extended,  di- 
lated. 

Laxus,  a,  urn — Loose,  slack,  spacious. 

Ledoides — Like  Leda. 

Lens — A  lentil. 

Lenticularis,  e — Lens-shaped,  lenticular. 

Lentiformis,  e— Lens-shaped. 

Lentus,  a,  um— Flexible,   pliant,    sluggish. 

Leperditioides — Like  Leperditia. 

Lepidodendrifolius,  a,  um — Having  leaves 
like  Lepidodendron. 

Lepidorachus,  e — Having  a  scaly  ridge. 

Lepidus,  a,  um — Pretty. 

Lepis— A  scale. 

Leptaenoides— Like  Leptaena. 

Leptocephalus,  a,  um — Slender-headed. 

Leptodactylus,  a,  um — Slender-toed. 

Leptoderma — A  thin  skin. 

Leptogaster — A  smooth  belly. 

Leptonotus,  a,  um — Slender-backed. 

Levatus,  a.  um — Lifted  up. 

Leviculus,  a,  um— Very  small. 

Levigatus,  a,  um — Smooth. 

Levinodatus,  a,  um— Having  smooth  knots. 

Levis,  e — smooth. 

Lichenoides — Like  lichen. 

Licbenoideus,  a,  urn — Like  a  lichen. 

Ligoniformis,  e — Like  a  mattock. 

Liliiformis,  e— Shaped  like  a  lily. 

Lima— A  file. 

Limabrachiatus,  a,  urn— File-armed. 

Limatulus,  a,  um— Neat,  fine,  polished,  like 
a  little  file. 

Limatus,  a,  um — Polished,  neat,  elegant. 

Limax — A  snail,  slug. 

Limbatus,  a,  um — Bordered. 

Limiformis,  e — Lima-shaped. 

Limitaris,  e — Bounded,  limited. 

Limulurus — Limulus,  tail. 

Lineauodus,  a,  um — Having  lined  knots. 

Linearifolius,  a,  um — Having  linear  leaves. 

Linearis,  e — Pertaining  to  a  line,  linear. 

Linearius,  a,  um — Belonging  to  lines. 

Lineatoides — Like  linealus,  a  specific  name. 

Lineatus,  a,  um— Drawn  put,  lined. 

Lineolatus,  a,  um— Fine  lined. 


UN. — MEL.] 


GLOSSARY. 


641 


Lineopora — Having  line-pores,  lined  with 
perforations. 

Lineopunctatus,  a,  um — Line-punctured  or 
line-dotted. 

Lingualis,  e— Tongue-shaped. 

Linguifer,  era,  erum— Tongue-bearing. 

Linguiformis,  e— Tongue  shaped. 

Lingulatus,  a,  um— Tongue-shaped,  Un- 
gulate. 

Linteum— A  napkin,  girdle. 

Lioderma — A  smooth  skin. 

Liosoma — A  smooth  body. 

Liratus,  a,  um — Furrowed. 

Lithofactor — Stone-maker. 

Litoreus,  a,  um — On  the  shore  or  sea-side. 

Lobatus,  a,  um — Lobed. 

Locellus — A  'little  purse  or  bag. 

Loculosus,  a,  um— Full  of  holes  or  distinct 
places,  partitioned. 

Lonchitis— Spleenwort,  the  fern  "Adders- 
tongue." 

Longsevus,  a,  um — Ancient,  aged. 

Longicameratus,    a,   um — Long  chambered. 

Longicaudatus,  a,  urn — Long-tailed. 

Longicollis. — Long-ringed. 

Longicostalis,  e — Lon<r-ribbed. 

Longidactylus,  a,  um — Long-fingered. 

Longidentatus,  a,  um— Long-toothed. 

Longifolius,  a,  um — Long-leaved. 

Longipes — Long-footed. 

Longirostris — Having  a  long  proboscis. 

Longispinus,  a,  um — L->ng-spined. 

Longispira — Having  a  long  spire. 

Longissimus,  a,  um — Very  long,  the  longest. 

Longiusculus,  a,  um — Rather  long. 

Longulus,  a,  um — Rather  long. 

Longus,  a,  um — Long. 

Loriformis,  e — Like  a  thong  or  whip. 

Lotoblastus — Lotus  bud. 

Lucifugus,  a,  um — Light-shunning. 

Lunatus,  a,  um — Made  like  a  half-moon, 
horned. 

Lunulatus,  a,  um — Crescentiform. 

Luxus,  a,  um — Dislocated. 

Lycoperdon — Puff-baU  shaped. 

Lynx — An  animal  called  a  lynx. 

Lyra— A  harp. 

Lyratifolius,  a,  um— Having  lyre  shaped 
leaves. 

Macer,  era,  crum— Lean,  meager. 

Machaeriformis,  e — Sword-shaped. 

Macilentus,  a,  um — Meager,  thin,  lean. 

M.'crocephalus,  a,  um — Long-headed. 

Macrochirus,  a,  um — Lr>ng  handed. 

Macrodactylus,  a  um— Long-fingered. 

Macrodentus,  a,  um — Long-toothed. 

Macrolepidotus,  a,  um — Having  long  scales. 

Macrolineatus,  a  um — Long-lined. 

Macromphalus,  a,  um— Having  a  large  um- 
bilicus. 

Macronotus,  a,  um— Long  known. 

Macropetalus,  a,  um— Having  long  flower 
leaves. 

Macrophoru",  a,  um — Long-bearing. 

Macrophyllus,  a,  um — Long-leaved. 

Macropleura— Having  long  sides. 

Macropora — Having  long  pores. 

Macrops — Having  large  eyes. 


Maoropterus,  a,  um — Long-winged,  or  large- 
finned. 

Macropthalmus,  a,  um — Long-eyed. 

Macrospira — Having  a  long  spire. 

Macrospondylus,  a,  um— Having  long  ver- 
tebrae. 

Macrostomus,  a,  um— Having  a  long  mouth. 

Macrostriatus,  a,  um — Having  long  strife. 

Macrostylus,  a,  um — Having  long  spines  or 
columns. 

Macrothyris— Having  a  long  foramen. 

Macrurus,  a,  um — Long-tailed. 

Mactrifornais,  e — Shaped  like  Mactra. 

Mactroides — Like  Mactra. 

Maculatus,  a  um — Spotted,  speckled. 

Maculosus,  a,  um— Full  of  spots,  spotted. 

Magister— A  chief,  master. 

Magnicornis,  e— Large-horned. 

Magnicostatus,  a,  um— Large- ribbed. 

Magnificus,  a,  um — Magnificent,  stately. 

Magnifolius,  a,  um — Large-leaved. 

Magnisulcatus,  a,  um-  Deep- furrowed. 

Magniventrus,  a,  um — Large-bellied. 

Magnoliiformis,  e — Shaped  like  magnolia. 

Magnus,  a,  um — Great,  large. 

Major— Greater,  larger. 

Majus,  a,  um— Grealer,  larger. 

Malvaceus,  a,  um— Like  or  pertaining  to 
mallows. 

Mamillanui,  a,  um — Swelling,  protuberant. 

Mammatus,  a,  um — Covered  with  protuber- 
ances. 

Mammiferus,  a,  um — Teat  or  nipple  bearing. 

Mammillaris,  e — Mammillated. 

Mammillatus,  a,  um— Covered  with  nipples. 

Maniformis,  e — Hand-like. 

Manticula— A  little  wallet. 

Manus— A  hand. 

Marcidus,  a,  um — Hanging,  flagging,  with- 
ered.1 

Marginalis,  e — Marginal. 

Marginatus,  a,  um — That  has  a  border,  broad 
rim,  or  margin. 

Marginicinctus,  a,  um — Having  a  banded 
margin. 

Marinus,  a,  um— Inhabiting  the  sea. 

Maritimus,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  the 
sea 

Masculus,  a,  um— Stout,  hardy,  masculine. 

Materiarius,  a,  um— Of  or 'belonging  to 
timber. 

Maturus,  a,  um — Ripe,  mature. 

Matutimn,  a,  um — In  the  morning. 

Maximus,  a,  um — Greatest,  largest. 

Medialis,  e— Middle. 

Medianus,  a,  um — Middle. 

Mediocris,  e — Middling,  ordinary. 

Mediu?,  a,  um — Middle,  ordinary. 

Medullaris,  e — In  the  marrow  or  middle 
part,  like  a  pith. 

Megacephalus,  a,  um— Large-headed. 

Megalops — Having  large  eyes. 

Megainbonatus,  a,  um— Having  a  great 
umbo. 

Megambonus,  a,  um— Having  a  large  umbo. 

Megastomus,  a  um — Having  a  large  mouth. 

Megastylus,  a,  um — Having  large  spines. 

Megistus,  a,  um — Very  large. 

Melaniiformis,  e — Shaped  like  Melania. 


642 


GLOSSARY. 


[MEL.— 


Melanioidts — Like  Melania. 
Meliniformis,  e — Purse-;- In  ped. 
Melo — An  apple-shaped  mt-lon. 
Melonicus,  a,  um — -Like  a  small  melon. 
Melon  if  or  mis,  e— Melon-shaped. 
Melonoides — Like  a  melon. 
Membranaceus,  a,  um — Like  a  parchment, 

skinny. 

Meniscus,  a,  um— A  crescent-shaped  body. 
Merianopteroides— Like  Merianopteris. 
Meristoides— Like  Merista. 
Mesacosta— Having  middle  ribs. 
Mesacostalis,  e — Middle-ribbed. 
Mesambonatus,   a,  um — Having  a   middle 

umbp. 

Mesastrialis,  e — Middle  striated. 
Mesialis,  e — Middle  parted. 
Mesolobtis — Having  a  middle  lobe. 
Meta — Any  thing  in  a  conical  form. 
Metallicus,  a,  um — Metallic. 
Metula— A  little  butt  or  small  pyramid. 
Mica— A  crumb  or  little  thing. 
Micans— Stretching  out,  glittering. 
Microbasalis,  e — Having  a  small  base. 
Microcarpus,  a,  um — Small- fruited. 
Microdentus,  a,  um — Small-tooth*  d. 
Microdus,  a,  um — Having  small  teeth. 
Microlobus,  a,  um — Small-lobed. 
Micronema — A  small  thread. 
Microphorus,  a,  um— Small-bearing. 
Microphyllus  a,  um — Small-leaved. 
Micropleura— Having  a  small  rib. 
Micropterus,  a,  um— Small-winged. 
Micropthalmus,  a,  um— Small-eyed. 
Micropus — Small  foot. 
Microscppicus,  a,  um — Microscopic. 
Microstigma — Small  dot. 
Microstylus — Small  spile  or  pale. 
Micrurus,  a,  um — Small-tailed. 
Micula— A  little  crumb  or  grain.    • 
Millebrachiatus,  a,  um— Many-armed. 
Milleporaceus,  a,  um— Having  innumerable 

pores. 

Millepunctatus,  a,  um— Many-dotted. 
Mimicus,  a,  um — Mimic. 
Minimus,  a,  um — The  least  or  smallest. 
Minor — Less,  smaller. 
Minuens — Diminishing,  making  Its?. 
Minus,  a,  um— Le ss. 
Minusculus,    a,    um— Rather    less,    rather 


Minutisectus,  a,  um— Finely  marked  or  di- 
vided. 

Minutissimus,  a,  um— Very  minute. 

Minmulus,  a,  um — Very  small. 

Minutus,  a,  um — Diminished,  small,  min- 
ute. 

Mirabilis,  e — Extraordinary,  wonderful, 
strange. 

Mirus,  a,  um — Wonderful,  astonishing,  ex- 
traordinary. 

Miser,  era,  erum — Wretched,  unfortunate. 

Mitella — A  head-band,  a  kind  of  turban. 

Mithrax — A  precious  stone. 

Mitigatus,  a,  um— Tamed,  civilized,  softened. 

Mitis,  e— Ripe,  flexible,  placid. 

Mitra— A  head-band,  turban. 

Mixtus,  a,  um— Mixed. 

Modestus,  a,  um— Moderate,  modest. 


Modiolaris,  e — Like   Modiola,    or   a   small 

measure. 

Modioliformis,  e — Like  a  small  measure. 
Modulatus,  a,  um — Symmetrical,  well-pro- 
portioned. 

Modulus — A  small  measure. 
Molaris,  e — Pertaining  to  grinding. 
Molestus,  a,  um — Troublesome,  difficult. 
Mollis,  e — flexible,  delicate,  effeminate. 
Moniliferus,  a,  um — Bead-bearing. 
Monilifprmis,  e — Like  a  necklace. 
Moncstigma— Single  dot. 
Monstruosus,  a,  um— Strange,  monstrous. 
Monticola— A  dweller  in  the  mountains. 
Monticuliferus,    a,    um — Little    mountain- 
bearing. 

Monticulus — A  small  mountain. 
Morbillianus,  a,  um — Measly,  spotted. 
Mordax — Biting,  given  to  biting. 
Morsum — That  which  is  bitten  off. 
Mortifer,  era,  erum — Deadly. 
Mucro — A  sharp  point  or  edge. 
Murronatus,  a,  um — Pointed. 
Mucrospinus,  a,  um— Sharp-spined. 
Multattenuatus,  a,  um — Much  attenuated. 
Multibrachiatus,  a,  um — Many-armed. 
Multicalicatus,  a,  um — Much  plastered. 
Multicameratus,  a,  um — Many-chambered. 
Multicarinatus,  a,  um — Many-keeled. 
Multicaulis,  e — Many-stalked. 
Multicinctus,     a,      um  —  Many-girded     or 

banded. 

Multicornis,  e — Many-horned. 
Multicostatus,  a,  um— Many-ribbed. 
Multicosta — Having  many  ribs. 
Multifasciatus,  a,  um — Many-bundled. 
Multigranosus,  a,  um — Many-grained. 
Multigrumus,  a,  um — Much  heaped  up. 
Multilamella — Having  many  thin  plates. 
Multilamellosus,  a,  um — Having  many  la- 

mellaB. 

Multilineatus,  a,  um— Many-lined. 
Multiliratus,  a,  um— Many-furrowed. 
Multinodosus,  a,  um — Many-noded. 
Multinotatus,  a,  um — Having  many  marks 

qr  tracks. 

Multiplicatus,  a,  um — Many-folded. 
Multipora — Having  many  pores. 
Multiporatus,  a,  um — Having  many  pores 

or  openings. 
Multipunctatus,  a,   um — Many    dotted    or 

punctured. 

Multiradiatus,  a,  um— Many-rayed. 
Multiramosus,     a,     um  —  Having     many 

branches. 
Multisectus,  a,  um  ^Having  many  divisions 

or  divided  folds. 
Multisegmentatus,    a,    um — Having   many 

segments. 

Multiseptus,  a,  um — Having  many  divisions. 
Multiseriatus,  a,  um— Having  many  rows  or 

series. 

Multisinuatus,  a,  um— Many-furrowed. 
Multispinosus,  a,  um— Many-spined. 
Multistriatus,  a,  um— Many-striated. 
Multituberculatus,  a,    um— Having    many 

tubercles. 

Mu'titubulatus,  a,  um— Having  many  pipes. 
Multivolvis,  e— Many  whorled  or  rolled. 


MUM. — OCU.] 


GLOSSARY. 


643 


Mummiformis,  e— Resembling  a  mummy. 
Mundus,  a,  urn— Neat,  trim,  delicate. 
Mnndulus,  a,  urn— Neat,  trim,  delicate. 
Muralis,  e— Of  or  belonging  to  a  wall. 
Muricatus,  a,   um — Full   of   sharp   points, 

pointed. 

Musculosus,  a,  um — Full  of  muscles. 
Mutabilis,  e — Inconstant,  variable. 
Mutatus,  a,  um — Altered,  changed. 
Mutus,  a,  um — Dumb,  si  ent. 
Myriophyllus,  a,  um — Many-leaved. 
Myrmecophorus,  a,  um,  wart-bearing. 
Mytiliformis,  e— Like  Mytilus. 
Mytilimeris,  e— Pertaining  to  Mytilus. 
Mytiloides— Like  Mytilus. 

Nacrea— Iridescent,  like  mother-of-pearl. 

Nactus,  a,   um — Obtained,  stumbled  upon. 

Naiadiformis,  e — Like  a  water-nymph. 

Nanus — A  dwarf. 

Nassa — A  net,  weel,  wicker-basket. 

Nassula— A  little  bag-net. 

Nasutus,  a,  um— Large-nosed. 

Natalis,  e— Native,  produced,  natural. 

Natator — A  swimmer. 

Naticoides — Like  Natica. 

Nautiloides — Like  Nautilus. 

Navalis,  e — Of  or  belonging  to  ships,  naval. 

Navicella — A  small  vessel. 

Naviformis,  e — Ship-formed. 

Navigiolum— A  little  boat. 

Nebulosus,  a,  um— Full  of  mist,  hazy. 

Xecis— Death. 

Neglectus,  a,  um — Neglected,  overlooked. 

Xervatus,  a,  m — Full  of  nerves  or  fibers. 

Nervosus,  a,  um — Full  of  fibers,  sinewy. 

Neuropteroideus,  a,  um.  —  Like  N<  urop- 
teris. 

Nexilis,  e — Knit,  tied  or  wreathed  together, 
twining. 

Nexus,  a,  um— Linked  together,  interlaced. 

Nitela — Brightness,  splendor. 

Nitens — Shining,  neat,  beautiful. 

Nitidulus,  a,  um — Somewhat  spruce,  rather 
trim. 

Nitidu?,  a,  um — Neat,  shining,  polished. 

Nobilis,  e— Famous,  celebrated,  noble. 

Xobilissimus,  a,  um— Most  celebrated. 

Nodobrachiatus,  a,  um— Knotty-armed. 

Nodocarinatus,  a,  um— Knotty-keeled. 

Xodocnstatus,  a,  um — Knotty-ribbed. 

Nodooosta — Having  knotty-ribs. 

Xododorsatus,  a,  um — Knotty-backed. 

Nodomarginatus,  a,  um — Knotty-margined. 

Nodes  iritis,  a,  um — Knotty. 

Nodostriatus,  a,  um — Having  knotty  strife. 

Nodosus,  a,  um — Knotty,  full  of  knots. 

Xodulatus,  a.  um — Knotted. 

Noduliferus,  a,  um — Knot  or  node  bearing. 

Nodulostriatus,  a,  um — Having  small  knotty 
strife. 

Nodulosus,  a,  um— Full  of  little  nodes  or 
knots. 

Normalis,  e — Made  by  the  square  or  rule. 

Notabilis,  e— noteworthy,  remarkable,  ex- 
traordinary. 

Notans— Noting,  marking. 

Notatus,  a,  um — Marked,  branded,  noted, 
dotted. 


Nothus,  a,  um— Spurious,  not  genuine,  of 

mixed  breed. 

Notus,  a,  um— Well  known,  notorious.- 
Nuciformis,  e — Nut-shaped. 
Nucleatus,  a,  um — Deprived  of  the  kernel, 

stoned. 

Nucleiformis,  e — Kernel-shaped. 
Nucleolatus,  a,  um — Like  a  little  nut. 
Nucleus — A  kernel,  nut. 
Nuculiformis,  e — Shaped  like  Nucula. 
Nuculoides — Like  Nucula. 
Nudus,  a,  um— Naked,  uncovered,  empty, 

alone. 

Numerpsus,  a,  um— Numerous,  manifold. 
Nummifer,  era,   erum — Coin  or  disk  bear- 
ing. 

Nummiformis,  e — Coin-shaped. 
Nummularius,  a,  um — Of  or  pertaining  to 

money. 

Nummularis,  e — Like  a  little  coin. 
Nuntius — A  messenger. 
Nuperu3,    a,   um— Late,    newly     come    or 

taken,  recent. 
Nuptialis,  e— Nuptial* 
Nutans — Nodding,  bending    backward  and 

forward. 

Xutrix — A  nurse,  the  breast  or  pap. 
Nux — A  nut. 
Nymphalis,  e — Of  or  belonging  to  a  fountain. 

Obcordatus,  a,  um — Inversely  heart- shap  d. 

Obesus,  a,  um— Fat,  plump,  "swollen. 

Oblatus,  a,  urn — Showing,  exhibiting. 

Obliquatus,  a,  um — Bent,  oblique. 

Obliqutnodus — Oblique-knot. 

Obliquus,  a,  um — Oblique,  sidewise. 

Oblongifolius,  a,  um — Oblong-leaved. 

Oblongus,  a,  um — Rather  long,  oblong. 

Obniaximus,  a,  uni — Large  in  front. 

Obovatus,  a,  um— Inversely  ovate. 

Obpyramidalis,  e— Inversely  pyramidal. 

Obscurus,  a,  um— Hidden,  nut  understood, 
obscure. 

Obsolescens — Grown  old. 

Obsoletus,  a,  um — Antiquated,  obsolete. 

Obtectus,  a,  um — Covered,  disguised. 

Obtusidens — Blunt-toothed. 

Obtusifolius,  a,  um — Obtuse-leaved. 

Obtusilobus,  a,  um — Obtuse-lobed. 

Obtusiplicatus,  a,  um— Obtuse-plaited. 

Obtusispira— Having  a  blunt  spire. 

Obtusus,  a,  um— Blunted,  obtuse. 

Obuncus,  a,  um— Bent  in,  hooked. 

Obvius,  a,  um — Meeting,  laying  open,  ex- 
posed. 

Occasus,  a,  um — Crushed,  stricken  to  the 
ground. 

Occidaneus,  a,  um — Western. 

Occidens — The  west,  western. 

Occidentalis,  e — Western. 

Oceanus,  a,  um— Of  or   belonging  to   the 
ocean. 

Ocellatus,  a,  um— Having  little  eyes. 

Octobrachiatus,  a,  um— Eight-armed. 

Octocostatus,  a,  um— Eight-ribbed. 

Octonar'us,  a,  um— Of  the  number  eight. 

Octonotat us,  a,   um — Having   eight    marks 
or  tracks. 

tia,  af  um — Having  eyes. 


644 


GLOSSARY. 


[OCU.— PEC. 


Oculiferus,  a,  urn— Eye-bearing. 

Oculinus,  a,  am— Like  an  eye. 

Odontopteroides— Like  OdontopU  ris. 

Offula— A  small  piece. 

Qliviformis,  e— Shaped  like  an  olive. 

Oligospiratus,  a,  um — Having  few   whorls. 

Oila— A  pot. 

Ollicula— A  little  pot, 

Omphaloides — Like  a  navel  or  boss. 

On  ust  us,  a,  um — Filled,  loaded,  burdened. 

Ophioglossoides — Like  Ophioglossus. 

Opimns,  a,  um — Fertile,  fruitful,  fat,  large, 

plump. 

Oppletus,  a,  um — Filled. 
Oppositus,  a,  um— Opposite,  placed  before. 
Optatus,  a,  um— Wished,  desired,  longed  for. 
Opusculum— A  little  fabric. 
Orbicaudatus,    a,     um — Having  a  circular 

tail. 

Orbicella— A  little  circle. 
Orbicularis,  e — Circular,  orbicular. 
Orbiculatus,  a,  um — Of  a  round  or  circular 

form,  orbiculate. 

Orbiculostoma — Having  a  circular  mouth. 
Orbipora — Having  round  pores. 
Ordinatus,    a,    um— Set  in   order,  regular, 

ranged  in  rows. 

Oreopteroides— Like  Oreopteris. 
Organum — An    instrument,  implement,    or 

pipe. 

Oriens — Rising,  beginning. 
Orientalis,  e — Eastern. 
Originarius,  a,  um — Original. 
Ornatissimus,  a,  um — Very  ornate,  highly 

adorned. 

Ornatus,  a,  um— Adorned,  embellished. 
Ornigranulus,  a,  urn— Having  granules. 
Ornithicnoides— Like  bird-tracks. 
Orthambonites — Having  a  straight  umbo. 
Orthidoideus,  a,  um — Like  Orthis. 
Orthonotus,  a,  um — Straight-backed. 
Osculum — A  pretty  little  mouth. 
Ostiolatus,  a,  um — Having  small  openings. 
Ovalis,  e— Oval,  egg-shaped. 
Ovatifolius,  a,  um— Ovate-leaved. 
Ovatipora— Having  oval  pores. 
Ovatus,  a,  um— Shaped  like  an  egg,  ovate. 
Ovibos— The  musk  ox. 
Ovidactylus— Having  ovate  toes. 
Oviformis,  e — Egg-shaped. 
Ovoidactylus — Having  ovoid  toes. 
Ovoides — Having  an  egg  shape,  ovoid. 
Ovoideus,  a,  um — Having  a   form  like   an 

egg,  ovoid. 

Pabulocrinus  —  Crinoid-food.  A  word 
founded  on  the  erroneous  opinion  that 
crinoids  lived  on  Gasteropoda. 

Pacator— A  peace-maker. 

Pachycl  irus— Having  a  thick  hand. 

Pachydactylus,  a,  um — Having  thick  flngeis 
or  thick  toes. 

Pachyderma — A  thick  skin. 

Pachynervis,  e — Having  thick  vein's  or 
thick  nerves. 

Pachypteroides — Like  Pachypteris. 

Pachytesta — Having  a  thick  shell. 

Palseotrochus — Ancient  Trochus. 

Paliformis,  e — Shovel-like  or  stake-like. 


P.ilmatifi  lu«,  a,  um— Divided  like  a  hand. 

Pcdmatus,  H,  um— Marked  with  the  palm  of 
a  hand,  palmate. 

Prtlmipes — Broad -footed. 

Pal pe bra — The  eyelid. 

Paludiuiformis,  e— Shaped  like  Paludina. 

Pal u in— A  pale,  stake. 

PandatiH,  a,  um — Bent,  bowed  down  in  the 
middle. 

Pandoriformis,  e — Sliaped  like  Pandora. 

Pandus,  a,  um — Bent,  crooked,  curved. 

Panicum — A  grain,  panic-grass. 

Panneus,  a,  um — Ragged,  tattered. 

Pannpsus,  a,  um — Full  of  rags,  ragged. 

Papilioniformis,  e— Shaped  like  a  butterfly. 

Papillatus,  a,  um— Bud-shaped,  covered 
with  papilli. 

Papillosus,  a,  um— Full  of  buds,  verrucose. 

Papulatus,  a,  um— Covered  with  nipples, 
warty. 

Papulosus  a,  um— Full  of  pimples. 

Paradoxicus,  a,  um — Paradoxical. 

Paradoxus,  a,  um — Strange,  contrary  to  re- 
ceived opinions. 

Paralius,  a,  um — That  grows  by  the  sea- 
side. 

Parallelus,  a,  um — Parallel. 

Parallelodontus,  a,  um— Having  parallel 
teeth. 

Parasiticus,  a,  um— Parasitic. 

Paridens— Having  equal  teeth. 

Parilis,  e — Equal,  like,  proportionate. 

Partitus,  a,  um — Pi  oportionably  divided. 

Parvibrachiatus,  a,  um — Small-armed. 

Parvinodus — Having  a  small  knot. 

Parvirostris— Haying  a  little  beak. 

Parvispira— Having  a  small  spire. 

Parvituba— Having  a  small  tube. 

Parviusculus,  a,  um— Quite  small. 

Parvulipora— Having  small  pores. 

Parvulu?,  a,  um — Very  small. 

Parvus,  a,  um — Small,  narrow,  short,  little. 

Patellarius,  a,  um— Belonging  to  a  plate, 
plated. 

Patellifer,  a,  um — Dish-bearer. 

Patelliformis,  e—  Dish-shaped. 

Patens— Open,  wide,  extending,  spreading. 

Paternus,  a,  um— Paternal. 

Patulus,  a,  um — Standing  open  or  opened, 
wide,  large. 

Paucicristatus,  a,  um — Few-crested. 

Paucidactylus,  a,  um — Few-fingered. 

Paucinodus,  a,  um — Having  few  nodes. 

Pauciradiatus,  a,  um — Few-raved, 

Pauciramus,  a,  um— Having  few  branches. 

Pauciseptus,  a,  um — Having  few  septa. 

Pauper — Poor,  small,  impoverished. 

Pauperatus,  a,  um— Poor,  impoverished. 

Paupereulus,  a,  um — Poor. 

PfCteniioimis,  e— Shaped  like  a  Pecten. 

Pectenoideus,  a,  um — Like  a  Pecten. 

Pectinaceus,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  a 
comb,  or  to  the  Pecten. 

Pectinatus,  a,  um — Sloping  two  ways  like 
a  comb. 

Pectinellus,  a,  um — Like  a  little  comb. 

Pectiniferu",  a,  urn — Comb-bearing. 

Pectunculoides — Like  Pectunculus. 

Peculiarly,  e — Peculiar,  remarkable, singu'ar. 


FED. — PIS.] 


GLOSSARY. 


645 


Peduncularis,  e — Of  or  belonging  to  a  little 
foot. 

Pedunculatus,  a,  um — Little-footed. 

Pelagicus,  a,  um — Belonging  to  the  sea. 

Pellicula— A  small  skin  or  hide. 

Pellucidus,  a,  um— Clear,  transparent. 

Peloris— A  shell  fish. 

Peltatus,  a,  um— Armed  with  shields. 

Peltigerus,  a,  um — Shield-bearing. 

Pendens — Hanging,  depending. 

Pendulus,  a,  um — Hanging  down,  pendent, 
pendulous. 

Penetrans — Piercing,  penetrating. 

Penicilliformis,  e — Brush  or  pencil-shaped. 

Penicillus— A  painter's  brush  or  pencil. 

Pennatus,  a,  um— Winged,  feathered. 

Pennatulus,  a,  um— Provided  with  wings. 

Penniformis,  e — Feather-shaped. 

Pentadactylus,  a,  um — Five-fingered. 

Pentagonus,  a,  um — Pentagonal. 

Pentalobus,  a,  um— Fiye-lobed. 

Pentaspinus,  a,  um — Five-spined. 

Peracutus,  a,  um — Very  sharp,  very  acute. 

Peramplus.  a,  um — Very  large. 

Perangulatus,  a,  um— Very  angular. 

Perannulatus,  a,  um — Many-ringed,  very 
annular. 

Perantiquus,  a,  um — Very  ancient. 

Perarctus,  a,  um — Very  close,  small,  or 
slender. 

Perasper,  a,  um — Very  rough. 

Perattenuatus,  a,  um— Very  attenuated, 
drawn  out. 

Percarinatus,  a,  um — Very  strongly  keeled. 

Percingulatus,  a,  um — Encircled  with  many 
lines,  many-girded. 

Perdentatus,  a,  urn — Many-toothed. 

Peregrinus,  a,  um — Strange,  foreign. 

Perelegans— Very  neat,  very  elegant. 

Perextensus,  a,  um— Very  much  extended. 

Perforator— A  borer  through. 

Perforatus,  a,  um— Bored  through. 

Perfossulatus,  a,  um — Having  many  little 
ditches. 

Pergibbosus,  a,  um — Very  gibbous. 

Pergracilis,  e — Very  slender. 

Perhumerosus,  a,  um  —  Having  angular 
shoulders. 

Perinflatus,  a,  um— Much  inflated,  swol- 
len. 

Periprion— A  round  saw. 

Perizomatus,  a,  um— Girdled,  banded. 

Perlamellosus,  a,  um — Very  lamellose,  hav- 
ing very  thin  plates. 

Perlatus,  a,  um — Very  wide. 

Permarginatus,  a,  um — Large-bordered. 

Permultus,  a,  um — Very  many. 

Pernasutus,  a,  um — Very  nasute. 

Perniformis,  e — Shaped  like  a  Perna. 

Pernodosus,  a,  um— Very  nodose,  knotty. 

Perobliquus,  a,  um — Very  oblique. 

Peroblongus,  a,  um — Somewhat  oblong. 

Peroccidens— From  the  far  West. 

Perornatus,  a,  um— Very  ornate. 

Perovalis,  e— Rather  oval. 

Perovatus,  a,  um — Very  ovate,  or  nearly 
round. 

Perparvus,  a,  um — Very  small. 

Perplanus,  a,  um — Very  plain. 


Perplexus,  a,  um — Confused,  entangled, 
intricate. 

Perplicatus,  a,  um — Interlaced,  entangled, 
many-folded. 

Perpusillus,  a,  um — Very  small. 

Perrostellatus,  a,  um — Having  a  very  little 
beak. 

Persicaria— A  genus  of  plants. 

Persimilis,  e— Very  similar. 

Persinuatus,  a,  um — Very  sinuate  or  chan- 
*  neled. 

Personatus,  a,  um— Masked,  assumed,  dis- 
guised. 

Persiphonatus,  a,  um — Having  a  large  si- 
phuncle. 

Perspectivus,  a,  um — Thoroughly  viewed. 

Perspicator — Sharp-sighted. 

Perspinulatus,  a,  um— Having  many  little 
thorns  or  spines. 

Perstrialis,  e — Having  many  strise. 

Perstriatus,  a,  um — Very  much  striated. 

Persulcatus,  a,  um — Very  much  furrowed. 

Pertenuis,  e — Very  thin,  small,  or  fine. 

Pertextus,  a,  um — Interwoven. 

Pertinax— That  holds  fast,  clings  to. 

Perumbonatus,  a,  um— Having  a  very  con- 
vex umbo. 

Perumbrosus,  a,  um — Very  shady. 

Perundatus,  a,  um — Very  wavy. 

Perundulatus,  a,  um — Very  wavy. 

Perversus,  a,  um— Turned  around. 

Pervetus,  a,  um — Very  old. 

Pervetustus,  a,  um— Very  old. 

Pervicax— Immovable,  stern. 

Pervolutus,  a,  um — Very  much  rolled. 

Pescapreoli — Having  a  stock  supported  by 
a  small  tendril. 

Pescervse— Having  deer-feet. 

Pesovis — Having  sheep-feet. 

Petasiformis,  e— Cap-shaped. 

Petechialis,  e— Spotted. 

Petilus,  a,  um— Thin,  slender. 

Petrifactor — Stone-maker. 

Petrodoides — Like  Petrodus. 

Pexatus,  a,  um — Clothed  in  a  garment  with 
a  nap  on  it. 

Pharovicinus,  a,  um— Near  the  light-house. 

Phaseolus — A  kidney-bean.- 

Phaseolinus— Like  a  bean. 

Phlyctainodes— Pimply,  pustulous. 

Phoca— .A  seal,  sea-dog. 

Pholadiformis,  e — Like  Pholas. 

Pholadis— Like  a  Pholas. 

Phragmoceras — Partitioned  horn. 

Phycoides — Like  sea-weed. 

Piger,  gra,  grum — Sluggish. 

Pileatus,  a,  um— Covered  with  a  cap. 

Pileiformis,  e— Cap-shaped. 

Pileolus— A  skull-cap,  a  little  cap. 

Pileolum — A  little  cap. 

Pileus — A  cap  or  hat. 

Pilosus,  a,  um — Hairy,  shaggy. 

Pinaster — A  wild  pine. 


winged. 
Pinniformis,  e — Like  Pinna. 
Piscator — A  fisher. 


plumed, 


€46 


GLOSSARY. 


[PIS. —  PRI. 


Pisiformis,  e — Pea-shaped. 

Pistilliformis,  e — In  the  form  of  a  pestle. 

.Pistillus — A  pounder,  pestle. 

Pisum— A  pea. 

Placenta— A  cake. 

Placidus,  a,  urn— Placid,  smooth. 

Plagosus,  a,  um— Full  of  wounds  or  stripes. 

Plan  iceps— Flat-h  eaded . 

Planicosta — Having  flat  ribs. 

Planidorsalis,  e — Flat  or  smooth-backed. 

Planidorsatus,  a,  um — Flat  or  smooth- 
backed. 

Planifrons — Having  a  plane  front. 

Planimarginatus,  -a,  um — Flat-margined. 

Planiramosus,  a,  um — Havifag  flat  branches. 

Plan  irostris— Having  a  smooth  beak. 

Planispira— Having  a  flat  spire. 

Planistria— Having  flat  striae. 

Planistriatus,  a  um— Having  flat  strise. 

Planobasalis,  e — Having  a  flat  base. 

Planobrachiatus,  a,  um — Smooth-armed. 

Planoconvexus,  a,  um — Flat,,  convex. 

Planocostatus,  a,  um — Flat- ribbed. 

Planodiscus— Flat  disk. 

Planodorsalis,  e— Smooth  or  flat-backed. 

Planodorsatus,  a,  um—  Having  a  smooth  or 
flat  back. 

Planogyratus,  a,  um — Flat-whorled. 

Planorbiformis,  e — Like  Planorbis. 

Planosulcatus,  a,  um — PJane-furrowed. 

Planovolvis,  e — Flat-whorled. 

Planulatus,  a,  um— Rather  flat. 

Planumbonus,  a,  um— Having  a  smooth 
umbo. 

Planus,  a,  um— even,  level,  flat,  plane. 

Platymarginatus,  a,  um — Flat-margined. 

Platybasis — Having  a  flat  base. 

Platycephalus — Having  a  flat  head. 

Platynervis,  e— Flat-nerved. 

Platynotus— Having  a  flat  ridge  or  back. 

Platypleurus— Having  flat  sides. 

Platypus— Broad-footed. 

Platyrachis— Having  a  flat  rachis. 

Platys— Broad. 

Platystigma — Having  flat  scars,  dots,  or 
pits. 

Platystomus,  a,  um— Having  a  broad  mouth. 

Plebeiformis,  e — Like  a  plebeian. 

Plebeius,  a,  um— Common. 

Pleiopleura— Having  wide  ribs. 

Plenissimus,  a,  um — The  largest. 

Plenus,  a,  um — Full,  plump. 

Pleurexan them  us— Having  the  pleura  ex- 
tending out. 

Pleurites— The  side,  lateral. 

Pleurodictyoides— Like  Pleurodictyum. 

Pleuropistha— Haying  the  side  behind. 

Pleuroptera— Having  side  \\ings. 

Pleuropteryx— Having  side  wings. 

Pleurovimineus,  a,  um— Having  side  wicker- 
work. 

Plicatellus,  a,  um — Having  small  folds. 

Plicatilis,  e— That  may  be  folded,  flexible. 

Plicatulus,  a,  um— Having  little  plications 
or  folds. 

Plicatus,  a,  um— Plaited,  folded. 

Pliciferus,  a,  um — Fold-bearing  or  plaited. 

Plicomphalus — Folded  in  the  middle. 

Pluma — A  small  feather. 


Plumarius,  a,  um — Embroidered  with 
feathers. 

Plumosus,  a,  um — Full  of  feathers,  feathery. 

Plumula— A  little  feather. 

Plumulosus,  a,  um — Full  of  feathers. 

Pluriradialis,  e— Many-rayed. 

Pocillatus,  a,  um— Little-cupped. 

Pocilliformis,  e— Cup-shaped. 

Pocillum— A  little  cup. 

Poculum — A  cup,  bowl,  or  goblet. 

Pogonias — A  kind  of  comet. 

Politus,  a,  um — Polished,  smoothed. 

Polydactylus,  a,  um — Many-fingered. 

Polygonius,  a,  um — Having  many  angles, 
polygonal. 

Polygyratus,  a,  um — Many  coiled  or  whorled. 

Polymorphic,  a,  um — Many-formed. 

Polyphyllus,  a,  um — Many-leaved. 

Polypleurus,  a,  um— Having  many  ribs. 

Polysporus — Having  many  spores. 

Polystomellus,  a,  um — Having  many  little 
mouths. 

Ponderosus,  a,  um — Heavy,  ponderous. 

Ponticulus — A  little  bridge. 

Porcatus,  a,  um — Ridged,  furrowed. 

Porosus,  a,  um — Full  of  pores. 

Porrectus,  a,  um— Extended,  stretched,  or 
spread  out. 

Posticus,  a,  um— Posterior. 

Postremus,  a,  um — The  last,  hindmost, 
worst. 

Poststriatus,  a,  um — Having  a  striated  pos- 
terior. 

Potens — Powerful. 

Poterium — A  drinking  vessel,  a  cup. 

Prsecedens— Going  before,  surpassing. 

Pra-ciptus,  a,  um— Anticipated,  going  be- 
fore. 

Precursor — A  forerunner. 

Prselongus,  a,  um — Very  long. 

Prsematurus,  a,  um — Very  early,  untimely, 
premature. 

Prsemorsus,  a,  um — Bitten  off,  jagged. 

Praenuntius.  a,  um — That  foretells,  or  fore- 
bodes. 

Prseumbonus,  a,  um— Very  protuberant. 

Prateriformis,  e — Prateriform. 

Pravus,  a,  um — Crooked,  deformed,  dis- 
torted. 

Preciosus,  a,  um — Precious,  splendid. 

Precius,  a,  um— That  brings  forth  ripe 
grapes  before  other  vines. 

Pressulus,  a,  um— Somewhat  pressed  in, 
compressed. 

Pressus,  a,  um — Pressed. 

Pretiosus,  a,  um — Precious,  valuable. 

Primaevus,  a,  um — Primeval. 

Primarius,  a,  um — One  of  the  first,  remark- 
able, principal. 

Primigenius,  a,  um— First  of  its  kind, 
original,  primitive. 

Primitivus,  a,  um— First  of  its  kind,  primi- 
tive. 

Primordialis,  e— Primordial,  original,  first 
of  all. 

Primus,  a,  um — The  first. 

Princeps — The  first,  chief,  original,  principal. 

Principals,  e — First,  original,  principal. 

Priscus,  a,  um — Ancient,  old. 


PRI. — RAD.] 


GLOSSARY. 


647 


Pristiniformis,  e — An  ancient  form. 

Pristinus,  a,  urn— Primitive,  early. 

Pristis — Any  sea  monster  or  saw-fish. 

Problematicus,  a,  um — Problematical,  un- 
settled, uncertain. 

Proboscidialis,  e— Having  a  proboscis. 

Proboscidiatus,  a,  um— Having  a  proboscis. 

Procerus,  a,  um — High,  tall. 

Proclivis,  e — Sloping,  steep. 

Productus,  a,  um — Drawn  out,  produced. 

Profundus,  a,  um — Deep,  profound. 

Projectus,  a,  um — Thrown  out,  projected. 

Prolatus,  a,  um — Brought  forth,  extended, 
enlarged. 

Prolificus,  a,  um— Prolific,  fruitful. 

Prolifer,  era,  erum— Prolific,  productive, 
fruitful. 

Prolixus,  a,  um— Stretched  far  out,  long, 
broad. 

Prolongatus,  a,  um — Prolonged. 

Prolongus,  a,  um  —  Prolonged,  stretched 
out. 

Prominulus,  a,  um — Projecting  a  little, 
rather  prominent. 

Promissus,  a,  um— Hanging  down,  putting 
forth. 

Pronis,  e— Bent  forward,  inclined  down- 
ward. 

Pronus,  a,  um — Turned  forward,  bent  or 
inclined. 

Propinquus,  a,  um — Near,  hard  by,  re- 
lated to. 

Proporoides— Like  Propora. 

Proprius,  a,  um— Peculiar,  proper. 

Prora — The  prow  of  a  ship. 

Proteiformis,  e — Having  many  shapes. 

Protensus,  a,  um — Stretched  out. 

Protextus,  a,  um — Closely  woven. 

Protuberans — Projecting,  protuberant. 

Proximus,  a,  um — Nearest. 

Pseudogaleatus — False  Galeatus. 

Pseudolineatus,  a,  um— False-lined. 

Pseudo-rnarginalis,  e— False-margined. 

Pseudomurrayanus,  a,  um— False  Murray- 
anus. 

Pseudosagittatus — False  Sagittatus. 

Psilophlreus — Having  rough  bark. 

Pterineiformis,  e — Shaped  like  Pterinea. 

Pterocephalus — Having  a  winged  head. 

Pteroides— Wing-like. 

Pterptus,  a,  um — Winged,  feathered. 

Pudicus,  a,  um — Shamefaced,  modest. 

Pugiunculus— A  small  dagger. 

Pugnax— War-like,  combative. 

Pugnus— A  fist,  a  handful. 

Pulcellus,  a,  um— Beautiful  little. 

Pulchellus,  a,  um— Beautiful  little,  or  some- 
what beautiful. 

Pulcher,  a,  um — Beautiful. 

Pulex— A  flea. 

Pulicaris — Like  a  flea. 

Pulmoneus,  a,  um — Spongy  like  the  lungs. 

Pumilus,  a,  um — Dwarfish,  diminutive, 
little. 

Punctatus,  a,  um — Punctured,  dotted. 

Punctiferus,  a,  um — Puncture-bearing. 

Punctifrons — Dotted  in  front. 

Punctillatus,  a,  um — Finely  dotted. 

Punctipora— Having  dotted  pores. 


Punctolineatus,  a,  um — Having  dotted  or 
pitted  lines  or  furrows. 

Punctostriatus,  a,  um — Having  pricked  or 
dotted  striae. 

Punctulatus,  a,  um— Marked  with  small 
spots. 

Punctuliferus,  a,  um— Bearing  punctures 
or  dots. 

Pusillus,  a,  um — Very  small,  petty,  insig- 
nificant. 

Pustulatus,  a,  um — Blistered,  covered  with 
pustules. 

Pustuliferus,  a,  um — Bearing  blisters  or  pus- 
tules. 

Pustulosus,  a,  um— Full  of  blisters,  pimples, 
or  pustules. 

Puteatus,  a,  um— Haying  little  pits  or  wells. 

Piiteolatus,  a,  um — Pitted. 

Putillus — A  child  or  dwarf. 

Pygmaeus,  a,  um — Dwarfish. 

Pyramidalis,  e — Pyramidal,  pointed  like  a 
pyramid. 

Pyramidatus,  a,  um — Pyramidal,  made  like 
a  pyramid. 

Pyriformis,  e— Pyriform,  pear-shaped. 

Pyxidatus,  a,  um— Box-like. 

Pyxidicula— -A  small  box. 

Pyxidiformis,  e — Box-shaped. 

Quadrangularis,  e — Quadrangular. 

Quadrangulatus,  a,  um — Quadrangular. 

Quadrans — A  quarter  or  a  fourth  part. 

Quadraticaudatus,  a,  um— Square-tailed. 

Quadratifolius,  a,  um— Quadrate-leaved. 

Quadratus,  a,  um— Four-cornered,  squared, 
quadrate. 

Quadribrachiatus,  a,  um — Having  four  arms. 

Quadriceps — Square-headed. 

Quadricinctus,  a,  um — Four  banded  or 
girdled. 

Quadricostatus,  a,  urn — Four-ribbed. 

Quadrilateralis,  e  —  Quadrilateral,  four- 
sided. 

Quadrimucrpnatus,  a,  um— Having  four 
sharp  points  or  spines. 

Quadripartitus,  a,  um — Four-parted. 

Quadriseriatus,  a,  um — Having  four  series. 

Quadrispinus,  a,  um — Four-spined. 

Quadrisulcatus,  a,  um — Four-furrowed. 

Quadrivolvis,  e — Four-whorled. 

Quadrula — A  little  square. 

Quasillus— A  little  basket. 

Quaternarius,  a,  um— Containing  four,  qua- 
ternary. 

Quatuordecembrachialis,  e— Having  four- 
teen arms. 

Quercifolius,  a,  um— Oak-leaved. 

Quincuncialis,  e — Made  in  the  form  of  a 
quincunx. 

Quinquelobus,  a,  um,  tive-lobed. 

Quinquenodus,  a,  um — Having  five  nodes 
or  knots. 

Quinquepartitus,  a,  um — Five-parted. 

Quinquesulcatus,  a,  um — Five-furrowed. 

Racematus,  a,  um — Having  clusters. 
Racemosus,  a,  um — Full  of  clusters,  clus- 
tering. 
Radians— Radiating,  glittering.' 


648 


GLOSSARY. 


[RAD. — RUB. 


Radiatoplicatus,  a,  urn — Rayed  and  plaited. 

Radiatus,  a,  um— Rayed. 

Radicans— Rooting. 

Radiciformis^  e— Root-like. 

Radicosus,  a,  um — Full  of  roots. 

Radicula — A  small  root. 

Ramifer,  era,  erum — Branch-bearing. 

Ramoeissirnus,  a,  um — Very  branchy. 

Ramosus,  a,  um — Full  of  branches,  ramose. 

Ramulosus,  a,  um — Full  of  little  branches. 

Ramulus — A  little  branch. 

Ran  a— A  frog. 

Ranunculus— A  tadpole. 

Rapax— Grasping,  rapacious. 

•Raphanus — A  radish-root. 

Rapheidolabis — Needle-like  forceps. 

Rapidens — Having  grasping  teeth. 

Raptor — A  robber. 

Raricosta — Having  few  ribs. 

Raricostatus,  a,  um — Having  few  ribs. 

Rarinervis,  e — Few-nerved  or  few-veined. 

Raripora— Having  few  pores. 

Harispinus — Having  few  spines. 

Harus,  a,  um— Having  wide  interstices,  thin, 
scattered,  rare. 

Recedens — Falling  back,  receding. 

Heceptaculum — A  receptacle. 

fiectangularis,  e— Rectangular. 

Rectangulus,  a,  um— Rectangular. 

Rectiannulatus,  a,  um— Having  straight  an- 
nulations. 

Recticameratus,  a,  um— Straight-chambered. 

Recticardinalis,  e— Having  a  straight  cardi- 
nal line. 

Rectidorsatus,  a,  um— Straight-backed. 

Rectidens— Having  straight  teeth. 

Rectiformis,  e— Straight-formed. 

Rectilatera— Having  straight  sides. 

Rectilateralis,  e— Straight-sided. 

Rectilaterarius,  a,  um— Straight-sided. 

Rectilinea— Having  straight  lines. 

Rectinodus,  a,  um— Having  a  straight  knot 
or  node. 

Rectiplicatus,  a,  um— Having  straight  plaits 
or  folds. 

Rectirostris— Straight  beaked. 

Rectirostrus,  a,  um— Straight-beaked. 

Rectiseptatus,  a,  um  —  Having  straight 
septse. 

Rectistriatus,  a,  um— Having  straight  fur- 
rows. 

Rectistylus,  a,  um— Having  straight  stems 
or  styles. 

Rectus,  a,  um— Straight. 

Recurvatus,  a,  um— Curved  backward. 

Recurvirostris— Having  a  recurved  beak. 

Recurvus,  a,  um— Turned  back,  bent  or 
curved  back. 

Reflexus,  a,  um— Bending  backward,  re- 
flexed. 

Regalis,  e— Regal,  splendid. 

Regius,  a,  um— Regal,  majestic. 

Regularis,  e— Regular,  according  to  a  rule, 
of  or  belonging  to  a  bar. 

Regulatus,  a,  um— Regulated. 

Reliquus,  a,  um — Remaining. 

Remex — A  rower,  oarsman. 

Remibrachiatus,  a,  um — Paddle-armed. 

Remipes— Oar-footed . 


Remotiseptum — Having  distant  barriers  or 
walls. 

Remotus,  a,  um— Removed,  distant,  remote. 

Renuis — An  oar. 

Reniformis,  e— Kidney-shaped. 

Repandus,  a,  um— Bent  backward. 

Repens — Creeping,  crawling. 

Repertus,  a,  um — Discovered,  hit  upon. 

Repositus,  a,  um — Restored,  kept,  remote, 
distant. 

Reservatus,  a,  um — Reserved. 

Restrictus,  a,  um — Drawn  back,  bound  up. 

Resupinatus,  a,  um — Lying  on  one's  back, 
bent  backward. 

Resupinoidts— Like  a  resupinate  form. 

Reticularis,  e— Reticulated. 

Reticulatus,  a,  um — Made  like  a  net,  net- 
like,  reticulated. 

Retiferus,  a,  um — Net-bearing. 

Retiformis,  e — Net-formed. 

Retorquatus,  a,  um— Turned  back. 

Retractilis,  e — Drawn  back. 

Retrorsus,  a,  um — Turned  backward,  in  re- 
versed order. 

Retroversus,  a,  um— Turned  backward,  in 
reversed  order. 

Retusus,  a,  um — Beaten  back,  blunt,  dull. 

Reversus,  a,  um — Turned  about,  reversed. 

Revolutus,  a,  um — Rolled  back,  revolved. 

Rhabdocarpus,  a,  um — Rod-fruited  or  long- 
fruited. 

Rhombeus,  a,  um — Rhomboidal. 

Rhombicus,  a,  um — Rhombic. 

Rhombiferus,  a,  urn — Rhomb-bearing. 

Rhomboidalis,  e— Rhomboidal. 

Rhomboides— Rhomb-like. 

Rhomboideus,  a,  urn— Lozenge-shaped, 
rhomboid. 

Rhombolinfaris,  e — Rhomb-lined. 

Rhynchonelliformis.  e — Like  Rhynchonella. 

Riciniformis,  e — Like  a  tike  or  tick. 

Ricinula— A  little  tick. 

Rictum — The  mouth  wide  open. 

Rigens — Stiffened,  standing  upright. 

Rujidus,  a,  um — Hard,  inflexible,  rigid. 

Rimosus,  a,  um— Full  of  cracks,  or  fissures. 

Ringens — Gaping. 

Robusteus,  a,  um — Strong,  of  hard  wood. 

Robustus,  a,  um — Strong,  robust. 

Rostellatus,  a,  um — Little-beaked. 

Rostellum— A  little  beak. 

Rostratus,  a,  um — Beaked,  curved  at  the 
end. 

Rota— A  wheel. 

Rotadentatus,  a,  um — Wheel-toothed. 

Rotalinea— Having  a  round  line. 

Rotatorius,  a,  um— Whorled. 

Rotatus,  a,  um— Wheel-shaped. 

Rotulatus,  a,  um — Rounded. 

Rotuliformis,  e — Little  wheel-shaped. 

Rotuloides— Like  a  little  wheel. 

Rotulus— A  little  wheel. 

Rotundatus,  a,  um — Rounded. 

Rotundifolius,  a,  um — Round-leaved. 

Rotundilobus,  a,  um — Round-lobed. 

Rotundispira — Having  a  round  spire. 

Rotundus,  a,  um — Wheel-shaped,  circular, 
rotund. 

Rubellus,  a,  um— Reddish. 


RUB.— SER.] 


GLOSSARY. 


649 


Ruber,  bra,  brum— Red,  ruddy. 
Rudicula— A  wooden  spoon,  a  spatula. 
Rudis,  e — Rough,  unwrought,  unpolished. 
Rugatinus,   a,   um— Having   little  folds   or 

plaits. 

Rugatulus,  a,  um — Haying  little  wrinkles. 
Rugicosta — Having  wrinkled  ribs. 
Rugilineatus,  a,  urn — Having  wrinkled  lines. 
Rugiplicatus,  a,  um — Having  wrinkled 

plates. 

Rugistriatus,  a,  um— Having  wrinkled  striae. 
Rugosiusculus,  a,  um— Covered  with  small 

wrinkles. 

Rugosus,  a,  um— Wrinkled,  shriveled. 
Rugulatus,  a,  um — Having  wide  furrows. 
Ruguliferus,  a,  um — Wrinkle-bearing. 
Ruidus,  a,  um — Rough. 
Rusticellus,  a,  um — Somewhat  rustic. 
Rusticus,  a,  um — Rural,  rustic,  rough. 

Saccatus,  a,  um— That  is  put  in  a  bag,  like 
a  little  bag. 

Sacculus— A  little  bag. 

Sagittarius,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  an 
arrow. 

Sagittatus,  a,  um  —  Discharging  arrows, 
barbed  like  an  arrow. 

Salamandroides — Like  a  salamander. 

Salebrosus,  a,  um — Rough,  rugged,  uneven. 

Saliginoides— Like  willow  wood. 

Salisburioides — Like  Salisburia. 

Samariformis,  e — Like  elm-seed. 

Sanguinolariodeus,  a,  um — Like  Sanguino- 
laria. 

Sarcinula — A  little  bundle. 

Sarcululus— A  little  hoe. 

Sarmenticius,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to 
twigs. 

Sarmentosus,  a,  um— Full  of  twigs  or  little 
branches. 

Saxifragifolius,  a,  um— Leaved  like  Saxi- 
fraga. 

Saxivadus,  a,  um — Creeping  over  stone. 

Scaber,  era,  erum — Rough,  scurfy. 

Scaberrimus,  a,  um — Very  rough,  scurfy. 

Scabiosus,  a,  um — Scabby,  rough,  scurfy. 

Scabriculus,  a,  um — Rough. 

Scabrosus,  a,  um — Rough. 

Scalariformis,  e— Ladder-like. 

Scalaris,  e— Of  or  belonging  to  a  flight  of 
steps,  or  a  ladder. 

Scalatus,  a,  um— Having  stairs. 

Scalenus,  a,  um— Unequal-sided,  scalene. 

Scalpriformis,  e— Lancet-shaped. 

Scapha— A  skiff  or  boat. 

Scintilla— A  spark. 

Scissilis,  e— Split,  cleft,  or  rent. 

Scitulus,  a,  um — Handsome,  pretty,  elegant. 

Scobiniformis,  e — Rasp-like. 

Scobina — A  rasp. 

Scolopendrites — Stone-scolopendrium. 

Scoparius — A  sweeper. 

Scorpionis,  e — Of  or  belonging  to  a  scor- 
pion. 

Scrinium — A  case,  chest,  or  box. 

Scriptiferus,  a,  um — Writing-bearing. 

Scrutator — A  searcher,  investigator. 

Sculptilis,  e— Formed  or  produced  by  carv- 
ing or  graving. 


Sculptus,  a,  um  —  Engraved,  sculptured, 
carved. 

Scutatus,  a,  um— Armed  with  a  shield. 

Scutellatus,  a,  um— Armed  with  a  little 
shield. 

Scutelliformis,  e— Waiter-shaped. 

Scutigerus,  a,  um — Shield-bearing. 

Scutulatus,  a,  um — Lozenge-shaped,  check- 
ered. 

Scyphulus — A  small  cup. 

Scyphus — A  cup,  a  goblet. 

Secalinus,  a,  um — Like  small  grain. 

Secans— A  cutter. 

Secretus  ,  a,  um— Severed,  separated,  se- 
creted. 

Sectifrons— Having  a  divided  front. 

Sectoralis,  e — Like  a  sector,  or  cutter. 

Secundus,  a,  um — Following. 

Securiformis,  e — Ax  or  hatchet  shaped. 

Securis — An  ax  or  hatchet. 

Segmentatus,  a,  um  —  Ornamented  with 
strips,  trimmed,  made  of  pieces. 

Selaginoides— Like  Selago. 

Selago— A  plant. 

Selectus,  a,  um— Culled,  selected,  chosen. 

Selenurus — Having  a  crescent  tail. 

Selluliformis,  e — Like  a  little  seat  or  stool. 

Semicarinatus,  a,  um — Half-keeled. 

Semicircularis,  e — Half-circular. 

Semicostatus,  a,  um — Half-ribbed. 

Semicylindricus,  a,  um— Half-cylindrical. 

Semiellipticus,  a,  um— Half-elliptical. 

Semifasciatus,  a,  um  —  Half-bundled  or 
banded. 

Semina — Seed. 

Seminosus,  a,  um — Full  of  seeds. 

Semiorbiculatus,  a,  um — Half-orbicular. 

Semiplicatus,  a,  um — Half-plaited. 

Semipunctatus,  a,  um— Half-dotted. 

Semiradiatus,  a,  um— Half-rayed. 

Semiradicatus,  a,  um— Half-rooted. 

Semireductus,  a,  um — Half  bent  back. 

Semireticulatus,  a,  um — Half-reticulated. 

Semirotundus,  a,  um — Half-round,  semicir- 
cular. 

Semistriatus,  a,  um — Half-striated. 

Senarius,  a,  um—  Consisting  of  six. 

Senectus,  a,  um— Aged,  very  old. 

Senex— Old,  aged. 

Sentosus,  a,  um-  Full  of  thorns,  thorny.  "3 

Separatus,  a,  um— Separated. 

Septatus,  a,  um— Divided  with  partitions  or 
septa. 

Septemnotatus,  a,  um — Seven-marked. 

Septentrionalis,  e — Northern. 

Septoris,  e — Having  seven  mouths. 

Septus,  a,  um  —  Inclosed,  enveloped,  sur- 
rounded. 

Sepultus,  a,  um — Buried  in  deep  sleep, 
slumbering. 

Seriatus,  a,  um — In  series. 

Sericeus,  a,  um — Silken. 

Serotinus,  a,  um— Backward,  late. 

Serpens— Creeping,  crawling. 

Serpillifolius,  a,  um— Thyme-leaved. 

Serpuloides— Like  Serpula. 

Serpuloideus,  a,  um — Snake-like  or  Serpula- 
like. 

Serratulus — A  small  saw. 


650 


GLOSSARY. 


[SER.— STE. 


Serratus,  a,  urn— Saw-shaped,  serrated. 

Serrula— A  small  saw. 

Serrulatus,  a,  um— Like  a  little  saw. 

Servilis,  e — Of  or  belonging  to  a  slave,  paltry. 

Sesquiplicatus,  a,  um — Once  and  a  half 
plaited. 

Setaceus,  a,  urn — Hairy. 

Setiferus,  a,  um — Bristle-bearing,  having 
coarse  hair. 

Setigerus,  a,  um — Bristle-bearing,  having 
coarse  hair. 

Sexarmatus,  a,  um — Six-armed. 

Sexlobatus,  a,  um— Six-lobed. 

Sexplicatus,  a,  um— Six-plaited. 

Sexradiatus,  a,  um— Six-rayed. 

Sextans — A  sixth  part. 

Sicula — A  dagger,  sickle,  or  scythe. 

Sidereus,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  the 
stars,  starry. 

Sigaretoides — Like  Sigaretus. 

Sigillarioides— Like  Sigillaria. 

Sigillatus,  a,  um— Adorned  with  little  im- 
ages or  figures. 

Sigillum— A  sign,  mark. 

Sigmoides— Like  the  Greek  letter  Sigma. 

Sigmoideus,  a,  um — Like  the  Greek  letter 
Sigma. 

Signatus,  a,  um — Marked,  designated. 

Silicula— A  little  pod. 

Siliqua — A  pod. 

Siliquoideus,  a,  um — Like  a  pod. 

Similipr— Similar. 

Simillimus,  a,  um— Very  similar. 

Similis,  e— Like,  resembling,  similar. 

Simplex — Simple,  plain. 

Simplicitas — Simpleness,  simplicity. 

Simulans — Imitating,  copying. 

Simulator — A  copier,  imitator. 

Simulatrix — A  transformer. 

Singularis,  e— Alone,  solitary,  singular. 

Singularitas  —  Singleness,  being  alone  or 
single. 

Sinistrorsus,  a,  um— Toward  the  left  side. 

Sinuatus,  a,  um — Hollowed  out,  excavated, 
having  depressions. 

Sinuosus,  a,  um — Full  of  bendings,  curves, 
or  folds,  sinuous. 

Sirpus — A  rush,  bulrush. 

Smilacifolius,  a,  um— Smilax-leaved. 

Sobrina — A  cousin. 

Socialis,  e — Of  or  belonging  to  companion- 
ship, social. 

Solarioides— Like  Solarium. 

Soleniformis,  e— Solen-shaped. 

Solenoides — Like  Solen. 

Solidirostris — A  solid  beak. 

Solidissimus,  a,  um — Very  firm  or  solid. 

Solidulus,  a,  um — Solid. 

Solidus,  a,  um— Firm,  compact,  solid. 

Solitarius,  a,  um— Lonely,  solitary. 

Solus,  a,  um— Alone,  single,  sole. 

Solutus,  a,  um— Separated,  loosened. 

Sordidus,  a,  um— Small,  sordid,  paltry. 

Sororcula— A  little  sister. 

Sparsipora— Having  few  pores. 

Sparsus,  a,  um— Scattered,  separated,  dis- 
persed. 

Spartarius,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  a 
broom. 


Spathatus,  a,  um — Spatula-shaped. 

Spatiosus,  a,  um — Ample,  of  great  extent, 
spacious. 

Spatulatus,  a,  um— Blade-shaped,  spatulate. 

Speciosus,  a,  um— Handsome,  beautiful, 
splendid. 

Spectabilis,  e  —  Visible,  admirable,  re- 
markable. 

Sphsericus,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  a  ball, 
spherical. 

Sphserion — A  little  ball  or  pill. 

Sphserodactylus — Spherical  toed  or  fingered. 

Sphseroidalis,  e — Spheroidal. 

Sphaerulatus,  a,  urn — A  widened  sphere. 

Sphenophyllpides— Like  Sphenophyllum. 

Sphenopteroides— Like  Sphenopteris. 

Spicatus,  a,  um— Pointed,  spiked. 

Spiculatus,  a,  um— Having  little  points. 

Spiculus,  a,  um — Pointed. 

Spinalatus,  a,  um — Spine-winged. 

Spiniferus,  a,  um — Thorn-bearing,  thorny, 
spiny. 

Spinigerus,  a,  um — Thorn-bearing,  thorny, 
spiny. 

Spinobrachiatus,  a,  um— Having  spines  on 
the  arms. 

Spinoclavatus,  a,  um— Club-spined. 

Spinoporus — Having  spines  and  pores. 

Spinosulus,  a,  urn — Somewhat  thorny. 

Spinosus,  a,  um — Full  of  thorns,  thorny, 
prickly. 

Spinotentaculatus,  a,  um — Having  spine- 
feelers. 

Spinulicosta— Having  spines  and  ribs. 

Spinuliferus,  a,  um— Spine-bearing. 

Spinulosus,  a,  urn— Full  of  little  thorns. 

Spinula— A  little  thorn. 

Spiralis,  e — Spiral. 

Spiratus,  a,  um — Spiral. 

Spiriferoides — Like  Spirifera. 

Spirouema— Having  spiral  threads  or  lines. 

Spirorbis — Spire-whorl. 

Spissiseptus,  a,  um— Having  crowded  or 
numerous  septa. 

Spissus,  a,  um — Thick,  crowded,  compact, 
dense. 

Splendens — Splendid,  bright. 

Splendidus,  a,  um — Bright,  shining. 

Spondyliformis,  e — Shaped  like  Spondylus. 

Spondylus — A  vertebra,  spondyle. 

Spongiaxis— Sponge-axis. 

Spongilla— A  little  sponge. 

Sponsus,  a,  um — Promised,  betrothed. 

Spurius  a,  um — Illegitimate. 

Squalodens — A  kind  of  fish-tooth. 

Squamifer,  era,  erum — Scale  bearing. 

Squamiformis,  e — Scale-like. 

Squamosus,  a,  um — Covered  with  scales, 
scaly. 

Squamula— A  little  scale. 

Stabilis,  e— Firm,  stable,  durable. 

Stachyoides— Like  Stachys. 

Stamineus,  a,  um— Full  of  threads,  thready. 

Stella— A  star. 

Stellaris,  e — Of  or  belonging  to  a  star,  starry. 

Stellatimsulcatus,  a,  um — Star-furrowed. 

Stellatus,  a,  um — Covered  with  stars,  starred. 

Stellifer,  era,  erum — Star-bearing,  starry. 

Stellifolius,  a,  um — Star-leaved. 


STE.— SUB.] 


GLOSSARY. 


651 


Stelliformis,  e— Star-shaped. 

Stenocephalus— Having  a  narrow  head. 

Stenopus— Having  a  narrow  foot. 

Stigmatus,  a,  urn — Branded. 

Stigmosus,  a,  um — Full  of  brand-marks, 
branded. 

Stillativus,  a,  um— Dropping. 

Stipatus,  a,  um— Crowded  together,  sur- 
rounded, compressed. 

Stoloniferus,  a,  um— Bearing  a  useless  sucker 
or  water-shoot. 

Stragulus,  a,  um — Covered. 

Stramineus,  a,  um — Made  of  straw. 

Strenuus,  a,  um — Vigorous,  strenuous. 

Striatellus,  a,  um — Finely  channeled. 

Striatiformii,  e — Shaped  \\keStriatus,  another 
species. 

Striatocostatus,  a,  um— Striae-ribbed. 

Striatolineatus,  a,  um— Strise-lined. 

Strlatomarginatus,  a,  xim — Having  a  striated 
margin. 

Striatopora — Having  strise  and  pores. 

Striatulus,  a,  um — Somewhat  striated,  or 
having  small  strise. 

Striatura— Being  channeled  or  fluted,  a 
fluting. 

Striatopora — Having  striated  pores. 

Striatus,  a,  um — Furrowed,  striated. 

Strictus,  a,  um — Drawn  tight,  bound,  pressed 
together. 

Strigatus,  a,  um— Furrowed,  -channeled, 
grooved,  fluted. 

Strigillatus,  a,  um— Furrowed,  fluted. 

Strigosus,  a,  um — Lean,  thin,  meager. 

Stripbrachiatus,  a,  um — Having  grooved 
arms. 

Striolatus,  a,  um — Very  minutely  striated. 

Strix— A  furrow,  channel,  groove. 

Strophium—  A  twisted  girdle,  a  band. 

Strop homenoides — Like  Strophomena. 

Styliola — A  truncated  column. 

Stylus — A  pointed  instrument,  stake,  or  pale. 

Subabbreviatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  abbre- 
viated. 

Subaculeatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  prickly. 

Subsequalis,  e — Subequal. 

Subsequatus,  a,  um— Somewhat  equal. 

Subsequilaterus,  a,  um — Somewhat  equal- 
sided. 

Subalatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  winged. 

Subangularis,  e — Somewhat  angular. 

Subangulatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  angulated. 

Subarcuatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  curved  or 
arcuate. 

Subattenuatus.  a,  um — Somewhat  drawn 
out  or  attenuated. 

Subcsespitosus,  a,  um-  Somewhat  ctespitose. 

Subcancellatus,  a,  um— Subcancellated. 

Subcarbpnarius— Below  the  coal. 

Subcardiiforrnis,e— Some  what  heart-shaped. 

Subcarinatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  keeled. 

Subcavus,  a,  um — Somewhat  excavated, 
hollowed  out. 

Subcentralis,  e — Subcentral. 

Subcircularis,  e — Subcircular. 

Subclavatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  club-shaped. 

Subcompressus,  a,  um — Subcompressed. 

Subconcavus,  a,  um — Subconcave. 

Subconicus,  a,  um — Subconical. 


Subconoideus,  a,  um— Somewhat  conoidal. 

Subconstrictus,  a,  um — Subconstricted. 

Subcordiiformis,e — Somewhat  heart-shaped. 

Subcoronatus,  a,   um — Somewhat  adorned. 

Subcorpulentus,  a,  um — Somewhat  corpu- 
lent. 

Subcrassus,  a,  um— Somewhat  thick. 

Subcrenulatus,  a,  um— Somewhat  crenu- 
lated. 

Subcuneatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  wedge- 
shaped. 

Subcuspidatus,  a,  um— Somewhat  pointed. 

Subcylindricus,  a,  um — Somewhat  cylin- 
drical. 

Subcymbiformis,  e — Somewhat  boat-shaped. 

Subdecussatus,  a,  um— Somewhat  arranged 
in  pairs  that  cross  each  other. 

Subdemissus,  a,  um — Somewhat  hanging 
down. 

Subdepressus,  a,  um — Somewhat  depressed. 

Subelegans — Somewhat  elegant. 

Subellipticus,  a,  um — Subelliptical. 

Subemarginatus,  a,  urn — Slightly  emargin- 
ated. 

Subfalcatus,  a,  um  —  Somewhat  scythe- 
shaped,  subfalcate. 

Subfurcatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  forked. 

Subfusiformis,  e  —  Somewhat  spindle- 
shaped. 

Subglobpsus,  a,  um — Somewhat  globose. 

Subgracilis,  e— Somewhat  slender. 

Subhorridus,  a,  um— Somewhat  rough. 

Subimbricatus,  a,  um— Somewhat  imbri- 
cated. 

Subimpressus,  a,  um — Somewhat  engraved. 

Sublsevis,  e — Nearly  smooth. 

Sublamellosus,  a,  um — Somewhat  in  thin 
plates. 

Sublineatus,  a,  um— Somewhat  striated. 

Subliratus,  a,  um— Somewhat  lined. 

Sublunatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  lunate. 

Subinarginatus,  a,  urn — Somewhat  mar- 
gined. 

Submucronatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  sharp- 
pointed. 

Submutans — Somewhat  changing. 

Subnasutus,  a,  um — Somewhat  nasute. 

Subnervosus,  a,  m— Somewhat  veiny. 

Subnodosus,  a,  um— Somewhat  knotty  or 
nodose. 

Suborbicularis,  e — Somewhat  orbicular  or 
orb'-shaped. 

Suborbiculatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  orbicular. 

Subovalis,  e — Suboval. 

Subovatus,  a,  um — Subovate. 

Subovifprmis,  e — Somewhat  egg-shaped. 

Subpapillosus,  a,  um — Somewhat  papillose. 

Subpapyraceus,  a,  um — Somewhat  like 
Papyrus,  the  paper-reed. 

Suhplanus,  a,  um — Somewhat  flat. 

Subplicatus,  a,  urn— Somewhat  plaited. 

Subpulchellus,  a,  um — Somewhat  handsome. 

Subquadrans — Somewhat  squared. 

Subquadratus,  a,  um — Somewhat  squared. 

Subramosus,  a,  um — Somewhat  ramose. 

Subramulosus,  a,  um — Somewhat  branchy. 

Subrectus,  a,  um — Somewhat  straight. 

Subretiformis,  e— Somewhat  net-shaped,  or 
net-like. 


652 


GLOSSARY. 


[SUB.— TES. 


Subrhomboideus,  a,  urn— Somewhat  rhomb- 
like.   - 

Subrigidus,  a,  um— Somewhat  rigid. 
Subrotundatus,  a,  um— Somewhat  rounded. 
Subrugosus,  a,  um — Somewhat  wrinkled. 
Subscalaris,  e — Somewhat  ladder-shaped. 
Subscitulus,    a,     um  —  Somewhat     hand- 


Subsiduus,  a,  um — Sinking  down,  settling. 

Subsinuatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  sinuated. 

Subsinuosus,  a,  um — Somewhat  sinuous. 

Subspatulatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  spatula- 
shaped. 

Subsphericus,  a,  um— Subspherical. 

Subspinosus,  a,  um— Somewhat  spiny. 

Subspinulosus,  a,  um— Somewhat  covered 
with  small  spines. 

Substellatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  starred. 

Substriatellus,  a,  um — Somewhat  finely 
striated. 

Subsulcatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  furrowed. 

Subteeniatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  banded. 

Subtentus,  a,  um — Extended  underneath, 
bent. 

Subtextilis,  e— Somewhat  like  net-work. 

Subtextus,  a,  um— Woven  under,  affixed. 

Subtilis,  e— Fine,  thin,  slender,  delicate. 

Subtilitus,  a,  um — Fine,  thin. 

Subtilstriatus,  a,  um — Finely  striated. 

Subtortilis,  e — Somewhat  twisted. 

Subtortuosus,  a,  um — Somewhat  tortuous. 

Subtrigona — Somewhat  three-angled. 

Subtrigonalis,  e -Somewhat  three-angled, 
subtrigonal. 

Subtruncatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  shortened. 

Subtubulatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  pipe  or 
or  tube  formed. 

Subtumidus,  a,  um — Somewhat  tumid. 

Subturbiuatus,  a,  um  —  Somewhat  top- 
shaped. 

Subulatus,  a,  um— Awl-shaped. 

Subumbonatus,  a,  um— Somewhat  protu- 
berant^ 

Subumbrosu?,  a,  um — Somewhat  umbrella- 
like. 

Subundatus,  a,  um — Somewhat  waved. 

Subundiferus,  a,  um — Somewhat  wave- 
bearing. 

Subvadu«,  a,  um — Somewhat  creeping. 

Subvaricosus,  a,  um— Subvaricose. 

Subventricosus,  a,  um— Subventricose. 

Subvesicularis,  e— Subvesicular. 

Succinctus,  a,  um — Girded,  contracted,  suc- 
cinct. 

Succulens — Succulent,  sappy. 

Sulcatinus,  a,  um — Small-furrowed. 

Sulcatus,  a,  um — Furrowed. 

Sulciferus,  a,  um — Furrow-bearing. 

Sulcomarginatus,  a,  um — Having  the  mar- 
gin furrowed. 

Sulcoplicatus,  a,  um— Grooved  along  the 
middle  of  the  plications. 

Superbus,  a,  um — Superior,  excellent,  su- 
perb. 

Superlatus,  a,  um — Extravagent,  excessive, 
exaggerated. 

Suprac-ingulatus,  a,  um — Encircled  or  gir- 
dled in  the  upper  part. 

Supraplanus,  a,  um— Flat  above. 


Surgens — Rising. 

Symmetricus,  a,  um — Symmetrical. 

Tabulatus,  a,  um — Floored,  tabulated. 

Taeniopteroides— Like  Tainiopteris. 

Taeniopteroideus,  a,  um— Like  Tseniop- 
teris. 

Tantillus,  a,  um— So  little,  such  a  little 
thing. 

Tapetiformis,  e — Formed  like  tapestry. 

Tardus,  a,  um — Slow,  sluggish. 

Taxinus,  a,  um — Like  the  yew-tree. 

Tectorius,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  a 
cover,  rough  cast. 

Tegulatus,  a,  um— Tiled,  thatched. 

Tegulum — A  covering,  thatch. 

Telliniformis,  e— Like  Tellina. 

Telum— A  dart,  spear,  or  javelin. 

Temerarius,  a,  um — Accidental,  casual. 

Tenax — Holding  fast,  griping,  tenacious. 

Tenellus,  a,  um — Somewhat  delicate,  young, 

Tener,  era,  erum — Delicate,  tender,  young. 

Teneris,  e — Delicate. 

Tenerrimus,  a,  um — Very  tender,  very  del- 
icate. 

Tenerus,  a,  um— Tender,  delicate. 

Tentaculatus,  a,  um— Having  feelers. 

Tenuiannulatus,  a,  um — Having  slight  an- 
nulations. 

Tenuibrachiatus,  a,  um — Slender-armed. 

Tenuicarinatus,  a,  um — Finely  keeled. 

Tenuiceps — Having  a  slender  head. 

Tenuicinctus,  a,  urn — Finely  girded. 

Tenuicornis,  e — Slender-horned. 

Tenuicostatus,  a,  um— Fine-ribbed. 

Tenuicosta— Having  fine  ribs  or  cosiae. 

Tenuicristatus,  a,  um — Slender-peaked. 

Tenuidactylus,  a,  um — Slenger-fi tigered. 

Tenuidens — Having  slender  teeth. 

Tenuidisciis— Having  a  thin-disk. 

Tenuifilum — Fine  thread. 

Tenuifolius,  a,  um — slender-leaved,  nar- 
row-leaved. 

Tenuilamellatus,  a,  um— Having  thin  plates. 

Tenuilineatus,  a,  mn— Fine-lined. 

Tenuiliratus,  a,  um — Fine  lined. 

Tenuimargipatus,  a,  um — Thin-margined. 

Tenuimuralis,  e — Thin-walled. 

Teuuinervis,  e  —  Thin-veined,  slender- 
nerved. 

Tenuiradiatus,  a,  um — Slender-rayed. 

Tenuiradius — Having  slender  rays. 

Tenuiramosus,  a,  um  —  Having  slender 
branches. 

Tenuis,  e — Thin,  fine,  slender,  narrow. 

Tenuisculptus,  a,  nna — Finely  engraved. 

Tenuiseptus,  a,  urn — Having  thin  septa. 

Tenuissimus,  a,  um — Very  thin  or  slender. 

Tenuistriatus,  a,  um — Fine-lined. 

Terebra — A  borer,  an  auger. 

Terebralis,  e — Like  an  auger. 

Terebriformis,  e — Shaped  like  Terebra,  or 
like  an' auger. 

Teres  -Rounded,  well  turned,  smooth,  pol- 
ished. 

Teretiformis,  e— Of  a  long,  round  shape. 

Terminalis,  e — Terminal. 

Tersus,  a,  um— Neat,  wiped  off,  nice. 

Tessellatus,  a,  um— Checkered,   tessellated. 


.— UMB.] 


GLOSSARY. 


653 


Testudinarius,  a,  um — Arched  like  a  tor- 
toise shell. 

Tetragonocepbalus — Having  a  quadrangular 
head. 

Tetragonopthalmus — Having  square  eyes. 

Tetragonum — A  quadrangle. 

Tetraptyx — Having  four  folds. 

Tetricus,  a,  um — Forbidding,  stern. 

Textiligerus,  a,  um— Web-bearing. 

Textilis,  e— Woven,  plaited,  textile. 

Textus,  a,  um— Woven,  fabricated. 

Thaerodactylus,  a,  um— Hinge-toed. 

Thallyformis,  e— Shaped  likeThallus,  frond- 
like. 

Tholus — A  rotunda  or  cupola. 

Tiariformis,  e — Shaped  like  a  tiara  or  tur- 
ban. 

Torquis— A  necklace,  wreath,  or  ring. 

Tortalinea— Twisted  line. 

Tortuosus,  a,  m— Full  of  turns  or  crooks, 
tortuous. 

Tortus,  a,  um — Twisted,  distorted. 

Transiens — Transient. 

Transitionis,  e — A  passing  over. 

Translatus,  a,  um  —  Carried  over,  trans- 
ported. 

Transsectus,  a,  um — Cut  across. 

Transversalis,  e— Transverse,  crosswise. 

Transversus,  a,  um— Transverse,  crosswise, 
wider  than  long. 

Triangularis,  e — Of  or  belonging  to  a  triangle, 
triangular. 

Triangulatus,  a,  um— Triangulated. 

Triarthrus — Having  three  joints. 

Tribulis — One  of  the  Kame  tribe. 

Tribulosus,  a,  um— Full  of  thorns  or  thistles. 

Tricarinatus,  a,  um— Three-keeled. 

Tricenarius,  a,  um— Of  or  containing  thirty. 

Trichoideus,  a,  um — Hair-like. 

Trichomanoides — Like  Trichomanes,  the 
maiden-hair  fern. 

Tricingulatus,  a,  um — Three-banded. 

Tricornis,  e — Three-horned. 

Tricostatus,  a,  um — Three-ribbed. 

Tricuspidatus,  a,  um — Three-pointed. 

Tridactylites — Having  three  fingers. 

Tridactylus,  a,  um— Three  fingered. 

Tridens  —  Having  three  teeth,  tines,  or 
prongs. 

Tridentiterus,  a,  um— Bearing  three  teeth 
prongs. 

Tridigitatus,  a,  um— Three-fingered. 

Trifoliatus,  a,  um— Three-leaved. 

Trifolius,  a,  um — Three-leaved. 

Trigonalis,  e — Trigonal. 

Trigonolepis — Having  triangular  scales. 

Trigonostomus,  a,  um — Having  a  triangular 
mouth. 

Trigonus,  a,  um — Trigonal. 

Tiilineatus,  a,  um — Three-lined. 

Triliratus,  a,  um — Three-lined. 

Trilix— Triple-twilled. 

Trilobatus,  a,  um — Three-lobed. 

Trilobus,  a,  um — Three-lobed. 

Trilocularis,  e— Three-chambered. 

Tiinervis,  e— Three-veined. 

Trinodus,  a,  um— Having  three  knots. 

Trinucleus- — Having  three  kernels. 

Tripinnatus,  a,  um — Three-winged. 


Triplicatellus,  a,  um— Having  three  plica- 
tions in  one  fold. 

Triplicatus,  a,  um— Three-plaited. 

Triplistriatus,  a,  um — Three-lined. 

Tripunctatus,  a,  um — Three-dotted. 

Triquetrus,  a,  um  —  Three-cornered,  tri- 
angular. 

Triradiatus,  a,  um — Three-rayed. 

Triserialis,  e — In  three  series. 

Triserratus,  a,  um — Three-notched. 

Trisinuatus,  a,  um — Three-furrowed. 

Trisulcatus,  a,  um— Three-furrowed. 

Trisutura — Having  three  sutures. 

Trituberculatus,  a,  um— Having  three  tu- 
bercles. 

Trivolvis,  e — Three-whorled. 

Trochiformis,  e — Shaped  like  Trochus. 

Trochiscus — A  small,  round  ball,  a  pill. 

Tropidophorus,  a,  um — Keel-bearing. 

Trudiferus,  a,  um— Pike-bearing. 

Truncatulus,  a,  um— Somewhat  truncated. 

Truncatue,  a,  um— Truncated,  cut  short. 

Tuber — A  hump,  bump,  or  protuberance. 

Tuberculatus,  a,  um— Tuberculated',  cov- 
ered with  tubercles. 

Tuberculosus,  a,  um — Full  of  tubercles. 

Tuberosus,  a,  um — Full  of  humps  or  pro- 
tuberances. 

Tubiformis,  e— Pipe,  tube,  or  trumpet- 
formed. 

Tubiporoides— Like  Tubipora. 

Tubularis,  e— Hollow  like  a  pipe. 

Tubulatus,  a,  um— Formed  like  a  pipe  or 
tube. 

Tubulostriatus,  a,  um — Having  tube-like 
striae. 

Tubulosus,  a,  um— Abounding  in  tubes. 

Tubulus— A  small  pipe  or  tube. 

Tumidifrons— Swelling  front. 

Tumidosus,  a,  um — High-swelling. 

Tumidulus,  a,  urn — Swollen,  tumid. 

Tumidus,  a,  um — Swollen,  tumid. 

Tumulosus,  a,  um — Full  of  hills,  hilly. 

Tumulus — A  mound. 

Tunicatus,  a,  um — Coated,  covered  with 
skin  or  peel. 

Turbidus,  a,  um  — Confused,  disordered 
turbid. 

Turbinatus,  a,  um— Turbinate,  cone-shaped. 

Turbiniformis,  e — Top-shaped. 

Turgidus,  a,  um — Swollen,  inflated,  turgid. 

Turricula — A  little  tower,  a  turret. 

Turritella— A  little  tower. 

Turritiformis,  e — Tower-like. 

Turritus,  a,  um — Fortified  with  towers. 

Tutus,  a,  um — Safe,  secure,  examined. 

Typicalis,  e^Typical. 

Typus— The  type. 

Tyrans— A  tyrant. 

TJber— A  teat,  pap,  or  udder. 

Umbella — A  parasol,  umbrella. 

Umbelliferus,  a,  um — Umbrella-bearing. 

Umbilicatus,  a,  um — Made  like  an  umbil- 
icus. 

Umbonatus,  a,  urn — Having  a  shield,  em- 
bossed . 

Umbraculum — A  shade,  umbrella. 

Umbrosus,  a,  um — Shady,  umbrageous. 


654 


GLOSSARY. 


[UNC.— ZVG. 


Uncinatus,  a,  urn — Barbed,  furnished  with 

hooks  or  tenters. 

Uncus,  a,  um — Hook-curved,  barbed. 
U  ndan  s — Waving. 
Undatus,  a,  uui— Wavy. 
Undosus,  a,  um— Full  of  waves,  billowy. 
Undulatus,    a,    um— Diversified    as    with 

waves,  undulated. 

Undulostriatus,  a,  um— Having  wavy  striae. 
Undulosus,a,um— Fullof  undulations,  wavy. 
Unguiculus,  a,  um — Having  claw-like  pro- 


Unguifer,  era,  erum — Claw-bearing. 
Unguiformis,  e — Claw-shaped. 
Ungula — A  claw,  talon,  hoof. 
Ungulatus,  a,  um — Having  claws  or  hoofs. 
Unguloideus,  a,  um — Hoof-like  or  claw-like. 
Uniangulatus,  a,  um— One-angled. 
Unicarinatus,  a,  um— One-keeled. 
Unicornis,  e — One-horned. 
Unicostatus,  a,  um — One-ribbed. 
Unicus,  a,  um — One  and  no  more,  single,  sole. 
Uniformis,  e — Having  only  one  shape,  uni- 
form. , 
Unilargus,  a,  um — One  large,  of  one  size. 
Unilobatus,  a,  um— One-lobed. 
Unioniformis,  e— Like  Unio. 
Unionoides — Like  Unio. 
Uniserialis,  e— Having  a  single  row  or  series. 
Unispinus — Having  one  spine. 
Unisulcatus,  a,  um — Having  one  furrow. 
TJnitus,  a,  um — United. 
Uraeus,  a,  um— Of  or  belonging  to  the  tail. 
Urniformis,  e— Urn-shaped. 
Urophyllus,  a,  um— Sharp-leaved. 
Utriculus— A  little  matrix,  a  bud  or  hull. 

Vadosus,  a,  um — Full  of  shadows. 

Vagans — Wandering,  vagrant. 

Valen  s — Vigorous. 

Validus,  a,  um— Strong,  powerful. 

Vallorus,  a,  um— Intrenched. 

Valyatiformis,  e— Like  folding  doors,  or 
like  Valvata. 

Valyulus— A  pod,  like  the  shell  of  a  bean. 

Varians — Varying,  varied. 

Variabilis,  e — Changeable,  variable. 

Various,  a,  um — Straddling. 

Varicosus,  a,  um— Having  threads  or  lines 

-..enlarged,  varicose. 

Varicostatus,  a,  um— Variably  ribbed. 

Variolatus,  a,  um — Variable  width  or  dis- 
tances apart. 

Variolosus,  a.  um — Full  of  changes. 

Variopora — Having  different  pores. 

Varistriatus,  a,  um — Having  variable  striae. 

Varius,  a,  um — Diverse,  manifold,  different, 
various. 

Varus,a,um— Bent,  stretched  or  grown  apart. 

Vascularius,  a,  um— Vascular,  consisting  of 
small  vessels. 

Vasiformis,  e— Vase -shaped. 

Vastator — A  desolator,  ravager. 

Vaticinus,  a,  um — Prophetical. 

Vellicatus,  a,  um — Vellicated,  pinched. 

Velox— Swift,  fleet,  fitted  for  motion. 

Velutinus,  a,  um — Velvety. 

Velum — A  sail,  awning,  curtain,  veil. 

Venatus,  a,  um— Veined. 


Venosus,  a,  um — Full  of  veins,  veiny. 

Ventralis,  e — Ventral. 

Ventricosus,  a,  um — Bulging  out,  ventricose. 

Venulosus,  a,  um — Full  of  small  veins. 

Venustulus,  a,  um — Lovely,  charming. 

Venustus,  a,  um — Lovely,  beautiiul,  graceful. 

Verbenifolius,  a,  um — Leaved  like  Verbena. 

Vermicularis,  e— Worm-shaped. 

Vermiculus— A  little  worm,  grub. 

Verrucosus,  a,  um — Full  of  warts,  rough, 
rugged. 

Versiformis,  e — Changing  its  form,  change- 
able. 

Vertebralis,  e — Somewhat  like  vertebrae. 

Vertebratus,  a,  um — Articulated,  jointed, 
vertebrated,  like  a  backbone. 

Verticalis,  e — Vertical. 

Verticillatus,  a,  um— Whorled. 

Verticillus— The  whorl  of  a  spindle. 

Verus,  a,  um— True,  real,  genuine. 

Vesicularis,  e — Vesicular. 

Vesiculatus,  a,  um — Vesicled. 

Vesiculosus,  a,  um — Full  of  blisters  or  vesi- 
cles, yesiculous. 

Vesperalis,  e — Belonging  to  the  evening. 

Vestitus,  a,  um — Covered,  clothed,  adorned. 

Veterator— One  who  has  grown  old. 

Vetuhis,  a,  um— Old. 

Vetustus,  a,  um— Old,  ancient. 

Vexabilis,  e— Disturbed,  vexed,troublesome. 

Viaticus,  a,  um — Of  or  belonging  to  a 
journey. 

Viator— A  wayfarer,  traveler. 

Vicinus,  a,  um— Near,  neighboring,  kindred. 

Victus,  a,  um— Conquered,  vanquished. 

Vigilans — Watchful,  vigilant. 

Villosus,  a,  um — Hairy,  shaggy,  rough. 

Viminalis,  e — Bearing  twigs  for  plaiting. 

Vinctus,  a,  um — Bounded,  fettered,  girded. 

Vinculatus,  a,  um — Bound. 

Vindex— A  defender. 

Vinosus,  a,  um— Full  of  wine. 

Viola— The  violet. 

Virgatus,  a,  um— Made  of  twigs,  twig-like. 

Virgo — A  maid. 

Virgosus,  a,  um — Full  of  twigs. 

Virgulatus,  a,  um — Striped,  like  a  small  rod. 

Virguncula — A  little  maid. 

Vittatus,  a,  um — Bound  with  a  fillet,  banded. 

Volans — Flying. 

Volutus,  a,  um— Rolled,  turned  around, 
whorled. 

Vomer — A  plowshare. 

Vomerium — A  plowshare. 

Vorax — Ravenous,  voracious. 

Vorticellatus,  a,  um — Whorled. 

Vulgatus,  a,  um — General,  usual,  common. 

Xiphias— A  sword-fish. 
Xylobioides — Like  Xylobius. 

Yoldiiformis,  e— Like  Yoldia. 

Zaphrentiformis,  e — Shaped  like  Zaphrentis. 
Ziczac — Slanting  in  straight  lines  from  side 

to  side,  having  sharp  turns. 
Zonatus,  a,  um— Zoned,  belted. 
Zonulatus,  a,  um — Small-girdled. 
Zygopus— With  joined  feet. 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


placing    in    italics    the 
America,  the  gender  c 
/,  for  feminine  ;  n,  for 

PAGE. 
ACAMBONA   /                                  339 

>se   which    have    been 
f  each  genus  is  desig 
neuter. 

Ambocoelia,  /    .    .    . 
Ambonychia,  /  .   .    . 
Ammonites   .    .    .    .    . 
Amnigenia,  /.  .    .    . 
Ampheristocrinus,  TO 
Amnylespes,  TO  ... 
Amphibamus,  TO  .    . 
Amphicoelia,  /  .    .    . 
Amphidesma    .... 
Amphigenia,  /  .    .    . 
Amphion,  TO  .... 
Amphipeltis,  /  .    .    . 
Amphoracrinus,  TO  . 
Amplexopora,  /   .    . 
Amplexus,  m.  .    .    . 
Ampullaria  ..... 
Ampyx,  wi  
Amygdalocystites,  m 
Anaclitacanthus,  TO  . 
Anarthrocanna,  /  .  . 
Anastrophia,  /  .    .    . 
Anatina,  /  
Anazyga,  f  
Ancyrocrinus,  TO  .    . 
Aneimites,  TO  .... 
Angelina  
Angellum,  n  .    .    .    . 
Anisodexis,  m    .    .    . 
Anisophyllum,  n  .    . 
Anisotrypa,  /.   .    .    . 
Annularia,  /  .    .    .    . 
Anodontopsis,  /   .    . 
Anomocare  
Anomalocrinus,  TO    . 
Anomalocystites,  m  . 
Anomalodonta,  /  .    . 
Anomaloides    .... 
Anomia    

used   1 
nated  a 

PAGE. 

.    .  332 

.    .  460 
.    .432 
.    .  461 
.    .  223 
.    .  572 
.    .618 
.    .461 
.    .461 
.    .  333 
.    .  527 
.    .  528 
.    .  223 
.    .  291 
.    .  171 
.    .  396 
.    .528 
.    .223 
.    .587 
.    .  105 
.    .  333 
.    .  461 
.    .  334 
.    .  223 
-    .  105 
.    .528 
.    .462 
.    .  618 
.    .  172 
.    .  292 
.    .  105 
.    .  462 
.    .  528 
.    .  223 
.    .  224 
.    .  462 
.    .224 
.    .  334 
.    .  334 
.    .  396 
.    .  528 
.    -153 
.    .  106 
.    .  172 
.    .  572 
.    -  570 
.  462 
.    .  528 
.   .529 
.  463 
.396 

>ut    do  not    belong   to   North 
s  follows  :    TO,  for  masculine  ; 

PAGE. 

Anthracosia,  /  463 
Antliodus,  m  587 
Aparchites,  m    529 
Apedodus,  m  587 
Aphlebia,  f  106 
Apiocystites  TO     ....  224 

586 

Acantherpestes,  m   . 
Acanthocladia,  /  .    . 
Acanthoclema,  n  .    . 
Acanthodes,  m  .    .    . 
Acanthograptus,  m  . 
Acantholepis,  /.    .    . 
Acanthotoma    .... 
Acanthophyton,  n   . 
Acanthotelson,  n  .    . 
Acer  vul  aria,  /   .    .    . 
Acheloma,  n  .   .   .    . 
Acidaspis,  /   .    .    .   . 
Adis  
Aclisina,  /  
Acondylacanthus,  »i 
Acrocrinus,  m    .    .    . 

.    .572 
.    .  291 
.    .  291 
.    .  586 
.    .  170 
.    .586 
.    .525 
.    .  104 
.    .525 
.    .  170 
.    .617 
.    .  526 
.    .  395 
.    .395 
.    .   586 
.    .216 
395 

Arabellites,  TO    ... 
Arachnocrinus,  m    . 
Arachnopbyllum,  n. 
Araucarites,  TO    .... 
Area  
Arcbseobelus,  TO    .    . 
Archseocaris,/  .    .    . 
Archseocidaris,  /  .    . 
Arcbseocrinus,  TO  .    . 
Archseopteris,  /    .    . 
Archegogryllus,  m   . 
Archseocyathellus,  m    . 
Arcbseocyathus,  TO  . 
Archseoscolex,  TO  ... 
Archimedes,  TO  ... 

.517 
.  224 
.  172 
.  106 
.463 
.  618 
.  529 
.  224 
.  225 
.  106 
.575 
.  154 
.  154 
.  572 
.  292 

Acrogenia,  /  .    .    .    . 
Acrolepis,  /    .    .    .    . 
Acrophyllum,  n    .    . 
Acrothele,  /   .... 
Acrotreta,  /   .    .    .    . 
Actinoceras,  n   .    .    . 
Actinocrinus,  m    .    . 
Actinodfsma,  n  .    .    . 
Actinopteria,  /  .    .    . 
Actinotrypa,  /  .    .    . 
Adiphlebia,/.    .    .    . 
jEgilops    
Aethophlebia,  /.  .    . 

.    .  291 
.    .  587 
.    .  170 
.    .332 
.    .332 
.    .431 
.    .  216 
.    .  459 
-    .  459 
.    .291 
.    .  575 
.    .  332 
.    .  575 

Archimedipora    .... 
Archimylacris,  /  .    .    . 
Arcbitarbus,  n  .    .    .    . 
Archiulus,  TO  
Arctinurui   
Arenicolites,  m  .... 
Arethusina   
Arges,  m  
Arionellus,  m  
Aristophycus    
Aristozoe,/.  
Arthracantha,  /.  .    .    . 
Arthraria,/    
Arthroclema,  n  .    .    .    . 
Arthrolycosa,/  .... 
ArlJironema,  n  
Artbrophycus,  n  .    .    • 
Arthropora,  /  
ArthroBtigma,  n    .    .    . 
Arthrostylus,  m  .  .    .    . 
Artisia,  f  
Asaphiscus,  TO  .... 
Asaphoidichnus,  TO  .    . 
Asapbus,  TO  
Aecoceras,  n   
Ascodictyon,  n  .    .    .    . 
Asolanw  
Aspidella,/  
Aspidichthys,  m   .    .    . 
Aspidocrinus,  TO    ... 
655 

.  292 
.  575 
.  570 
.  573 
.530 
.  517 
.530 
.  530 
.530 
.  106 
.  530 
.  225 
.  107 
.  293 
.  570 
-  293 
.  107 
.293 
.  107 
.293 
.  107 
.530 
.  530 
.  530 
.  432 
.  293 
.  107 
.  389 
.  587 
.225 

Agaricia  
Agaricocrinus,  m  .    . 
Agassii'hthys    .... 
Agassizocrinus,  m  .   . 
Agassizodus,  m  .    .    . 
Agelacrinus,  m  .    .    . 
Aglaspis,  /  
Agnostus,  m  .    .    .    . 
Agraulus,  m  .    .    .    . 
Alecto    
Alethopteris,  /  .    .    . 
Allagecrinus,  m  .   .    . 
Allocrinus,  m.  .    .    . 
Allocystites,  TO  ... 
Alloprosallocrinus,  TO 
Allorisma,  n  .    . 
Alveolites,  TO  .... 
Amacanthus,  m  .  .    . 
Amblypterus,  TO    .    . 

.    .  170 
.    .  220 
.    .587 
.    .  221 
.    .  587 
.    .  221 
-    .526 
-    -  526 
.    .  527  ! 
.    .  291 
.    .  104  ' 
.    .  222  ! 
.    .  222 
.    .  222  : 
.    .  222 
.    .  459 
.    .  170 
.    .  587 
.    .  587 

Anomphalus,  TO    .    . 
Anopolenus,  TO  ... 
Anthaspidella,  /       . 
Antholithes,  TO  ... 
Anthophyllum,n  .    . 
Anthracerpes,  TO  .    . 
Anthracomartus,  m  . 
Anthracomya,  /   -    . 
Anthraconectes,  TO  . 
Antbracopalsemon,  m 
Anthracoptera,/  .    . 
Anthracopupa,  /  .    - 

656 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


[ASP.- 


Aspidodus,  m  .    .    .    . 

PACK. 

.    .588 

Beinertia,  /  .    .    .    . 

PACK. 

.    .  109 

Callotrypa,  /...,. 

PAGE. 

.    .296 

Aspidopora,  /.  .    .    . 

.    .  293 

Belemnocrinus,  m    . 

.    .  229 

Calophylium,  n   .    .    . 

.    .  175 

Asptenites,  m  .    .    .    . 

.    .  107 

Belernnospongia,/  . 

.    .  155 

Calopodus,  TO     ... 

.    .  589 

Astarte,/  

.    .463 

Belinurus,  m  .    .    .    • 

.    .  534 

Calymene,/   .    .    .    . 

.    .  536 

Astartella,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .463 

Bellerophon,TO  .    .    . 

.    .396 

Calyptograptns,  TO    . 

.    .  175 

Asteracanthus,  m.   .    . 

.    .588 

Berenicea,/    .... 

.    .  294     Camarella,'/  .    .    .    . 

.    .  338 

Asterias    

.    .226 

Bergeria    

.    .  109     Camarium,  n  .    .    .    . 

.    .  338 

Asterocarpus,  m    .    . 

.    .  107 

Beyrichia,  /    .    .    .    . 

.    .  534     Camaroceras,  n  .    .    . 

.    .  432 

AstTocrinus  

.    .  226 

Bevrichona,  /    .    .    . 

.    .  535  !  Camarocladia,  f    .    . 

.    .  156 

Asterophycus,  n    .    . 

.    .  107 

Biilingtia     ..... 

.    .  338  ;  Camarocrinup,  m  .    . 

.    .  230 

Asterophyllites,  m   . 

.    .  107 

Billingsii     

.    .  398  :  Camarophoria,/   .    . 

.    .  338 

Asteropteris,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  108  i  Blastoidocrinus,  m  . 

.    .  229 

Cameratheca,  f  .    .    . 

.    .389 

Asteroptychius,  m    . 

.    .  588  :  Blastophycus,  n    .    . 

.    .  109 

Campanulites  .... 

.    .  230 

Asterosteus,  m  .    .    . 

.    .  588     Blattina,  /  

.    .  575 

Campophyllum,  n    . 

.    .176 

Astrsea  

.    .  172 

Blothrophylluin,  n  . 

.    .  174 

Candona  f  

.    .  537 

Astrseopbyllum,  n    . 

.    .  172 

Blumenbachium  .   .    . 

.    .  155 

Caninia    

.    .176 

Astreeospongia,  /  .    . 

.    .  154 

Bolboporites,  m    .    . 

.    .  174 

Canistocrinus  .... 

.    .230 

Astrios  

.    .226 

Bolosaurus,  TO    ... 

.    .618 

Cannapora,/  .... 

.    .  176 

Astrocerium,  n    .    .    . 

.    .  172 

Bornia,  /  

.    .  109 

fapulus,  m  .    . 

.    .  399 

Astroconia,  n  .   .    .    . 

.    .  154 

Bothrioiepis,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  588 

Carabocrinus,  TO    .    . 

.  230 

Astrocrinites 

226 

Bothrodttndron   TO 

109     Carbonarca  /    .    .    . 

468 

Astropolithon,  m  .    . 
Aslylocr  inus  

.    .  108 
.    .  226 

Botryllopora,  /  .    .    . 
Brachiocrinus,  m  .    . 

.    .  294  i  Carcharopsis,  f  .    .    . 
.    .  229     Cardinia  /  

.    .  589 
.  469 

Astylospongia,  /  .    . 

.  154 

Brachiospongia,  /    . 

.    .  155     Cardiocarpon,  n    .    . 

.    .  Ill 

Atactopora,  f  .   .    .    . 

.    .  293 

Brachydectes,  m   .    . 

.   .  619  !  Cardiola,  /  

.    .  469 

Atactoporella,  /    .    . 

.    .  293 

B  roc  hy  merits  .... 

.    .  338  |  Cardiomorpha,  f  .    . 

.    .  469 

Ataxocrinus  
Ateleocystites,  m  .    .    . 

.    .  226 
.    .226 

Br  achy  phy  Hum,  n  .    . 
Brachyprion    .... 

.    .  109     Cardiopsis,  /  .    .    .    . 
.    .  338     Cardiopteris,  f  .    .    . 

.    .470 
.    .  112 

Atelestocrinus,  m     . 

.    .  226 

Brongniartia    .... 

.    .535 

Cardium,  n  

.    .  470 

Atl.yris,/  

.    .334 

Bronteus,  TO   .... 

.    .535 

Carinaropsis,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  399 

Atops,/  

.    .532 

Bruckmannia  .... 

.    .  109 

Carinopora,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  296 

Atrypa,/    

.    .  335 

Bnoanella,  /  .   .   .    . 

.    .  398 

Carpolithes,  m  .    •    • 

.    .  112 

Aulacodus    

.    -  517 

Bucania,  /  

.    .  398 

Caryocrinus,  »i  .    .    . 

.    .  231 

Aulacophyllum,  n    . 

.    .  172 

Bucanophyllum,  n  . 

.    .  174 

Caryocystites    .    .    .    . 

.    .  231 

Aulocopina,  /    .    .    . 

.    .  154 

Bulimella  

.    .  399 

Caryophyllia    .    .    .    . 

.    .  176 

Aulophyllnin,  n    .    . 

-    .  173 

Bnlimorpha,/  .    .    . 

.    .399 

Casuarinites     .    .    .    . 

.    .  113 

Aulopora,  /    .    .    .    . 

.    .  173 

Bumaslus  

.    .  536 

Catenipora    

.    .  176 

Aulosteges,  m    .    .    . 

.    .337 

Bunodella,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .536 

Catillocrinus,  m    .    . 

.    .  231 

Avicula,  /   

.    .463 

Bursacrinus,  m  .    .    . 

.    .229 

Caulerpites,  m     ... 

.    .  113 

Aviculopecten,  m    . 

.    .  465 

Buscopora.  f  .    .    .    . 

.    -295     Caulopteris,/    .   .    . 

.    .  113 

Aviculopinna,/     .    . 

.    .  468  |  Bys-sopteria,  f   .    .    . 

.    .  468     Caunopora,/  .... 

.    .  156 

Axinura  

.    .  173 

Bythograptus,  m 

.    .  174  1  Celluloxylon,  n    .    . 

.    .  113 

Axinus  

.    .  468 

Bythotrephis,/  .    .    . 

.    .  109 

Centrocrinus    .    .    .    . 

.    .231 

Axopbyllum,  n     .    . 

-    .  173 

Bythiacanthus,  m     . 

.    .  589 

Centronella,  /    .    .    . 

.    .339 

Bythopora,/.    .    .    . 

.    .  295 

Cephalaspis,  /   .    .    . 

.    .  589 

BACTRITES,  m     .    .    . 

.    .432 

Ceramella,/   .    .    .    . 

.    .  296 

Bactropora  f     .    .    . 

294 

Cacabocrinus  .... 

.    .  229 

f^prflmnnorji.     f    . 

.    .  296 

Baiera,  /  

.    .  108 

Calamites,  TO  .... 

.    .110     Cera  mo  porella,  /  .    . 

.    .  297 

Bailiella,/  
Bakevellia,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    -532 
.    .  468 

Calumodadus,  m    .    . 
Calainodrendron,  n  . 

.    .  110 
.    .  110 

Ceraterpton,  n    . 
Ceratiocaris,  /   .    .    . 

.    .  619 
.    .537 

Balanocrinw  .    .    .    . 

.    .  226 

Calamophycus,  n  .    • 

.    .  110 

Ceratocephala  .    .    .    . 

.    .  537 

Baphetes,  m  .    .    .    . 

.    .618 

t'alamopora     .    .    .    . 

.    .  174 

Ceratodus,  m  .    .    .   . 

.    .  589 

Barrandia,  /  .    . 

.    .532 

Calamostachys,  m    . 

.    .  110 

Ceraurus,  m   .    .    .    . 

.    .537 

Barrandia    

.    .  532 

Calapcecia,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  174 

Ceriocrinus,  >n  •    •    • 

.    .231 

Barycrinus,  m    .    .    . 

.    .  226 

Calatbium,  n  .   .   .   . 

.    .  155 

Ceriobites,  TO  .   .    .    . 

.    .  156 

Barypbyllum,  n    .    . 

.    .  174 

Calathocrinus  .... 

.    .  230 

Ceriopora,/     .    .    .    . 

.    .  297 

Batai-anthus,  m  .   .    . 

.    .  588 

Calaurops,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  400 

Chsenocardia,/  .    .    . 

.    .470 

Bathychilodus,  m     . 

.    .  588 

Calcarina,  /    .    .    .    . 

.    .  155 

Chsenomya,  /    .    .    . 

.    .  470 

Bathynotus,  TO  .    .    . 

.    .532 

Calceocrinus,  TO    .    . 

.    .230 

Chainodictyon,  71  .    . 

.    .  297 

Batbyurellus,  m    .    . 

.    .533 

Calceola,  /  

.    .  175 

Chariocephalus,  m    . 

.    .  538 

Bathyuriscus,  m    .    . 

.    .533 

Calcisphsera,  /•;'./. 

.    .  155 

Charionella  

.    .339 

Batbyurns,  m    .    .    . 
Batocrinus,  m    .    .    . 

-    .533 
.    .  227 

Callipteridium,  n  .    . 
Callipteris,/  .    .    .    . 

.    .  Ill 
.    .  Ill 

Cheliphlebia,/.    .    . 
Chemnitzia,  /    .    .    . 

.    .  575 
.    .400 

Batospongia,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  154 

Callocystites,  m     .    . 

.    .230 

Chetetes,  m    .   .   .    . 

.    .  176 

Batostoina,  n  .    .    .    . 

.    .  294 

Callograptus,  m     .    . 

.    .  175 

Chilonyx,  »i   .    .    .    • 

.    .  619 

Batostomella,  /.-.•'. 

.    -294 

Callonema,  n  .    .    .    . 

.    .  399 

Chiloporella,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  297 

Bratricta,/    .    .    .    . 
Bechera,/  

.    .  155 
.    -108 

Callopora,  /".... 
Calloporella,  /  .    .    . 

.    .295 
.    .  296 

Cbilotrypa,  /  •    •    •    • 
Chiroyrinus  

.    .297 
.    .231 

CHI. — DEL.] 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


657 


Chirodus,  in  
Chirolepis,/  .... 
Chirurus  
Chirospongia,  /  .  . 
Ciiirotherium,  n  .  . 
Chiton,  HI  
Chitonodus,  in  .  •  • 
Chloephycus  
Cholaster,/  .... 
Cholodus,  in  .... 

PAGE. 

.    .589 
.    .  589 
.    .538 
.    .  156 
.    .619 
.    .400 
.    .590 
.    .  113 
.    .  231 
.    .  590 
.    .  590 

Conchiopsis  
Conchodus,  in  .  .  . 
Conchopeltis,/.  .  . 
<'oni,lites  
Conocardium,  n  .  . 
Conocephalites,  .  .  . 
Conocephalus  .... 
Conoceras,  n  .  .  .  . 
Conocoryphe,/.  .  . 
Conocrinus  
Conophyllum  .... 

PAOK. 

.    .  592 
.    .  592 
.    .  400 
.    .432 
.    .  472 
.    .  539 
.    .  539 
.    .  432 
.    .  539 
.    .  234 
.    .  180 

Cyathophycus,  n  . 
Cyathophyllum,  n 
Cyathopora  .... 
Cyathospongia,  f  . 
Cybele  ....'.. 
Cyclaster  
Cycloconcha,  /  .  . 
Cyclocystoides,  m  . 
Cyclograptus,  m  • 
Cyclolites,  m  .  .  .  . 

PAGE. 

.    .    .  158 
.    .    .181 
.    .    .  182 
.    .    .158 
.    .    .540 
.    .    .267 
.    .    .  474 
.    .    .  237 
.  ..    .  182 
.    .    .183 
400 

C  bond  rites,  m  .  .  . 
Choiietes,  m  .  .  .  • 
Chonophyllum,  w  .  . 
Chonostegites,  in  .  . 
Chrestotes,  /  .  .  .  . 
Cimitaria,  /  .  .  .  . 

.    .  114 
.    .  339 
.    .  177 
.    -  177 
.    .  575 
.    .472 
590 

Conopterium,  n  .  .  . 
Conostichus,  m  .  .  . 
Conotubularia  .... 
Constellaria  
Conularia,  /  .  .  .  . 
Conulites  

.    .  157 
.    .  114 
.    .432 
.    .  180 
.    .390 
.    .  432 
592 

Cyclopora,  /  .  .  . 
Cycloporella,  /  .  . 
Cyclopteris,  f  .  .  . 
Cyclora,  /  .'  .  .  . 
Cyclostigma,  n  .  . 
Cyclostoina  .... 

.    .    .299 
.    .    .299 
.    .    .  115 
.    .    .401 
.    .    .  116 
.    .    .  401 
158 

Cladograptus,  m  •  . 
Cladopora,  /  .  .  .  . 
Clathrocoelia,  /  -  .  . 
Clathropora,/  .  .  . 
Cleodictya,  /  .  .  .  . 
Clepsydrops,/  •  .  . 
Clidophorus,  m  .  .  . 

.    .  178 
.    .  178 
.    .  389 
.    .297 
.    .  157 
.    .  619 
.    .470 
231 

Cordaianthus,  m  .  . 
Cordaicarpus,  m  .  . 
Cordaistrobus,  in  .  . 
Cordaites,  m  .  .  .  . 
Cordylocrinus,  m  .  . 
Cornulites,  m  .  .  .  . 
Coronocrinus,  m  .  . 

.    .  114 
.    .  114 
.    .  114 
.    .  114 
.    .  234 
.    .517 
.    .  234 
540 

Cyclus  ....'.. 
Cymatodus,  m  .  . 
Cymoglossa,/  .  . 
Cyphaspis,  /  .  .  . 
Cypricardella,  /  .  . 
Cypricardia,  /  .  . 
Cypricardinia,  /  . 

.    .    .541 
.    .    .594 
.    .    .  116 
.    .    .541 
.    .    .474 
.    .    .  475 
.    .    .475 
476 

Climachtichnites,  m 
Climacograptus,  m  . 

.    .  538 

.    .  178 

Corycephalus  .... 
Coscinella,/  .... 

.    .  540 
.    .  298' 

Cyrtacanthus,  m  . 
Cyrtia,  /  

...  594 
.    .    .342 

.    .  591 

Coscinium  n  •  •  •  • 

.    .  298 

Cyrtina  / 

342 

Clinopistha  /  .  .  . 

.    .  472 

.    .  157 

432 

.  389 

.    .  298 

436 

Clisiophyllum,  n  .  . 

.    .  179 

Cotyledonocrinus,  m 

.    .  234 

Cyrtodonta,  .... 

.    .    .477 

Clisospira,/  .... 

.    .  400 

Crania,/  

.    .  341 

Cyrtolites,  m  .  .  . 

.    .    .401 

Clonograptus,  m  .  . 
Clonopora,/  .... 
Closterocrinus,  in  .  . 
Clymenia  

.    .  179 
.    .  298 
.    .  232 
.    .  432 

Craspedophyllum,  n 
Crateripora  
Cremacrinus  .... 
Crematopteris,  /'  .  • 

.    .  180 
.    .298 
.    .234 

.     :  115 

Cyrtonella,  /  .  .  . 
Cystiphorolites,  m 
Cystiphyllum,  n  . 
Cystocrinus  m 

.    .    .  402 
.    .    .  183 
.    .    .  183 
237 

Cnemidium,  n  .  .  .  . 
Coccocrinus,  m  .  .  . 
Coccosteus,  m  .  .  . 
Cochliodus,  m  .  .  . 
Cocytinus  in  .  .  .  . 

.    .  157 
.    .  232 
.    .591 
•   .591 
.  619 

Crenipecten,  m  .  .  . 
Crepicephalus,  m  .  . 
Crepidophyllum,  n  . 
Crepipora,/  .... 

.    .  473 
.    .  540 
.    .  180 
.    .299 
620 

Cystodictya,  /  .  . 
Cystopora,  /  .  .  . 
Cystostylus,  m  .  . 
Cythere,/  .... 
Cytherella  / 

.    .    .299 
.    .    .  300 
.    .    .  184 
.    .    .541 
541 

Codaster,  m  .  .  .  . 

.    .232 
233 

Crinocystites,  m  .  . 

.    .234 
234 

Cytberellina,  /  .  . 

.    .    .  541 
541 

400 

299 

477 

CCB!  acanthus,  m  .  . 
Coeltocrinus,  m  .  .  . 
Ccelocaulis,  _/.... 

.    .  592 
.    .  233 
.    .  298 

Crisine'lla,/  .... 
Cromyocrinus,  m.  .  . 
Crumen&crinites  .  .  . 

.    .  299 
.    .234 
.    .  234 

Cytheropsis,/  .  . 

Cytocrimts,  m  .  .  . 

.    .    .541 

.    .    ,237 

Cceloconus,  in  .  .  . 

.    .  298 

Cruziana  f  

.    .  115 

k 

Ccelocrinus,  m  .  .  .  . 

.    .  233 

Cryphxus  

.    .  540 

DACTYLODUS  in  .  . 

594 

Coelospira,  /  .  .  .  . 

.    .340 
179 

Crpytoblaslus  .... 

.    .  234 
432 

Dactylopbycus.n  . 

.    .    .  116 
116 

Coenostroma,  n  .  .  . 
Coleolus,  HI  
Coleophyllum,  n  .  . 
Coleoprion,  m  .  .  . 
Collettosaurus,  m  .  . 

.    .  157 
.    .  389 
.  •  .  179 
.    .390 
.    .  620 

Cryptolithus  
Cryptonella,  /  .  .  . 
Oryptopora,  f  .  .  .  . 
Cryptozoon,  n.  .  .  . 
Ctenacanthus,  m  .  . 

.    .540 
.    .  342 
.    .299 
.    .157 
.    .  593 

Dsemonocrinites  .  . 
Dalmania  .... 
Caiman  ites,  m  .  . 
Danaeites,  m  .  .  , 
Dania,/  

.    .    .237 
.    .    .542 
.    .    .  542 
.    .    .116 
.    .    .  184 

Colosteus,  m  .  .  .  . 
Colpocaris,/  .... 
Colpoceras  n  ... 

.    .  620 
.    .  539 
432 

Ctenocrinus,  m  .  .  .  . 
Ctenodonta  

.    .  234 
.    .473 
593 

Dawsonella,  /  .  . 
Dawsonia,/  .  .  . 

.    .    .  402 
.    .    .  184 
237 

Columnaria,  /  .  .  . 
Columnopora,  f  .  .  . 
Comarocystites,  m  . 
Combophyllum,  n  . 
Compsacanthus,  n  . 
Compsaster,  m  .  .  . 
Compsocrinus,  m  .  . 
Conchicolites,  m  .  . 

.    .  179 
.    .  180 
.    .  233 
.    .  180 
.    .  592 
.    .  234 
.    .234 
.    .  517 

Ctenopetalus,  m  .  • 
Ctenoptychius,  m  .  • 
Cucullsea  
Cuneamya,  /  .  .  .  . 
Cupellsecrinus  .... 
Cupulocrinus,  m  •  • 
Cyathaxonia,  /  .  .  . 
Cyathocrinus,  m  .  . 

.    .  594 
.    .594 
.    .473 
.    .473 
.    .235 
.    .235 
.    .  180 
.    .  235 

Decadocrinw  •  .  . 
Dechenia,/  .  .  . 
Dekayella,/  .  .  . 
Dekayia,/  .... 
Deltacrinus,  m  .  . 
Deltodopsis,  /  .  . 
Deltodus,  in  .  .  . 
Delthyris  

.    .    .237 
.    .    .  116 
.    .    .  184 
.    .    .  184 
.    .    .  237 
.    .    .  595 
.    .    .595 
.    .    .  343 

658 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


[DEL.— FUS. 


Deltoptychius,  m      . 
Dendrerpeton,  n 
Dendrocrinus,  m 
Dendrograptus,  m    . 
Dendrophycus,  n 
Dendropora,  /    . 
Dentalina,  f    •    • 
Dentalinm,  n  .    .   .    . 
Desmiodus,  m    •    •    . 
Desmiophyllum,  n  . 
Dexiobia  / 

PAGE. 

.  595 
.  620 
.  238 
.  184 
117 
.  185 
.  158 
.  402 
.595 
.  117 
478 

Dolichocephala    .    . 
Dolichometopus,  m 
Dolichopterus,  m  . 
Donacicrinites     .    . 
Dorycrinus,  m,  .    . 
Drepanacanthus,  m 
Drepanodus,  m  .    . 
Duncanella,/     .    .    . 
Dyscritus,  m  .    .    .    . 
Dystactella,  f  .    .    .    . 
Dystactophycus,  n   . 
D}  stactospongia,  /  . 

EATONIA  f  

PAGE. 

.    .545 
.    .545 
.    .545 
.    .  240 
.    .240 
.      596 
.    .518 
.    .  187 
.    .576 
.    .478 
.    .  117 
.    .  158 

.    .  345 

Eozoon  n    .    .    .   . 

PAGE. 

.    .    .  159 

Ephemerites,  m    . 

.   .   .576 
.   .      621 

118 

.    .      118 

Eremopteris,  /  .    . 
Eretmocrinus,  m  . 
Eridophyllum,  n  . 

...  118 
.    .    .242 
...  187 
301 

Erismacanthus,  m 

.    .    .597 
243 

Diadectes,  m  .   .   .   . 
Diamesopora,/  .    .    . 
Dicellocephalus,  m  • 
Dicellomut   
Dichocrinus,  m  .    .    . 
Dichograptus  .... 
Dichotrypa,/     .    .    . 

.  620 
.  300 
.543 
.343 
.239 
.  185 
.300 
.343 
.  185 
.    .  117 
.    .  300 
544 

692 

"rV^i    ^    '*% 

301 

Escharopora,  /  .    . 
Estheria,/.    .    .    . 
Ethmophyllum,  n 
Etoblattina,  /   .   . 
Eucalyptocrinus,  m 

.    .      301 

.    .      547 
.    .      159 
.    .      576 
.    .      243 
.    .      480 

Eccyliomphalus,  m  . 
Echinocaris,  /  .    .    . 
Echinocystites,  m    .    . 
Echinodiscus,  m  •  .    • 
Echinoencrinites,  m   . 
Echinognathus,  m    . 
'Echiniis    
Ectenocrinus,  m    .    . 
Ectenodesma,  n    .    . 
Ectenodictyon,  /  .    . 
Ectocynodon,  m   .   . 
Ectosteorachis,  m  .   . 
Edaphosaurus,  m  .   . 

.    .  402 
.    .545 
.    .241 
.    .241 
.    .241 
.    .  546 
.    .241 
.    .242 
.   M78 
.    .  159 
.    .  621 
.    .596 
.    .621 
.    .  597 

Dicranograptus,  m    . 
Dicranophyllum,  n  . 
Dicranopora,  /  •   •    • 

480 

Eucladocrinus,  m  . 
Eugaster,  m    .   .  . 
Eulima     
Eumetria   f 

.    .    .244 
...  244 
...  403 
346 

Dictyocrinus,  m  .    . 
Dictyolfas     .... 
Dictyonema,  n   .   . 
Dictyophyton,  n  . 
Dictyopteris,  /  .   . 
Dictyost'roma,  n    . 
Didymograptus,  m 
Didymophleps,  /  . 
Didymophyllum,  n 
Dieconeura,  /    .    . 
Dignomia,  /  .   .   . 
Dimetrodon,  m  .   . 
Dinichthys,  m  .    . 

.  240 
-  117 
.  185 
.  158 
.  117 
.  158 
.185 
.  576 
.  117 
.  576 
.  343 
.  620 
.596 
.    .  343 

Eumicrotis  .... 

.    .   .  480 

.    .    .  403 

Eunemacanthus,  m 

...  597 
.    .    .  518 

.      478 

Euomphalus,  m    . 
Eupachycrinus,  m 

.    .    .403 
...  245 
.  573 

Edrioaster,  m     .   .   . 

.    .242 
242 

Edriospongia,/  .   .   . 
Eichwaldia,/     .    .   . 
Eiliticus,  m    .   .    .    . 

.    .  159 
.    .  345 
.   .  573 
.    .  242 

547 

Eurydictya   f    .    . 

.    .   .301 

Eurylepis,/   .    .    . 
Eurypterella   /"  .   . 

.    .    .597 
.    .    .  548 

Elasmophyllum,  n  . 
Eleutherocrinus,  m  . 
Elkania,/    
Ellipsocephalus,  m  . 
Elliptocephala,  /  .    . 

.  187 
.  242 
.346 
.  546 
.  546 
597 

Eurypterus,  m  .   . 
Eury  thorax,  m  .    . 
Eusarcus,  m    .   .    . 

.    .      548 
.    .      622 
.   .      549 
301 

Dionide,  /  
Dipeltis  m 

.    .544 
544 

Diphyphyllum,n  .    . 
Diplaspis   f 

.    .186 
596 

Euspirocrinus,  m  . 
Eusthenopteron,  m 
Euthydesma,  n 
Evactinopora,  /    . 
Exochorhynchus  .    . 

FABEHIA  /  .   .   .   . 

.    .      246 
.    .      597 
.    .      480 
.    .      301 
.    .      480 

.   .    .  549 

Diplazites     

.   .  117 
.    .  544 

Elymella,/     .    .   .   . 
Elytnocaris  f     •   •   • 

.    .  480 
.    .  546 

Diplichnites,  m     .   . 
Diplocaulus,  m  .   .   . 

.    .544 
.    .621 
436 

Embolamus,  m  .    .    . 
Embolophorus,  m    . 

.    .547 
.    .621 
.   .  187 

Dipleclema,  n    .   .    . 

.    .300 
596 

Empedias,  m  .    .    .    . 

.    .621 
.   .  621 

.   .    .  187 

Favicella  / 

.  301 

Diplograptus,  m    .    . 
Diplophyllum  .... 

.    .186 
.   .187 
300 

.   .  300 

.      187 

576 

Favistella  f   . 

188 

.  547 

188 

Diplostegium,  n    .   . 
Diplostyms,  m  .   .   . 
Diplotheca,/.   .   .   . 
Diplotrypa,  /     .    .   . 
Dipterocaris  f  .   .   . 

.    .  117 
.    .544 
.    .391 
.    .  187 
.    .  545 

Endoceras,  n  .   .   .   . 

.    .  436 
437 

189 

Fenestella,  /  .   .   . 
Fenestrilia  / 

.    .    .302 
305 

.  159 

547 

Fenestrapora,  /    . 
Ficoidites     .... 

.   .   .  305 
.    .   .  118 

.    .  547 

.      596 

.   .  547 

Filicites   

118,  189 
...  597 

344 

.    .  480 

Discites,  m  
Discolites  
Discophycus,  n  .    .    . 
Discophyllum,  n   .    . 
Discosorus,  m    .   .   . 

.    .  436 
.    .  402 
.    .  117 
.      187 
.      436 
300 

Eocidaris,  /    .   .   .   . 

.    .242 
.    .  242 

.   .   .305 

Flabellaria  .   .   . 

118 

.    .  480 

Flustra  / 

.   .   .  306 

118 

Forbesiocrinus,  m 
Fordilla  / 

...  246 

.  480 

Eopteria,/  

.    .  480 
.    .  621 

118 

Distacodus,  m    ...... 

Dithyrocaris,  /  .   •  , 
Dolabra,/  
Dolatocrinus.  m    . 

.      518 
.      545 
.      478 
240 

570 

Fungispongia,  /    . 

.    .    .  160 
.  404 

159 

Eotrochus  in  .   .   .    . 

.    .  403 

Fusilina,  /  .   .   .   . 
Fuxiis    . 

.    .    .  160 
.404 

Eotrovhonia 

.  518 

GAI,. — LEP.] 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


659 


Galium 

PAGE. 

119 

PAGE. 

598 

PAGE. 

256 

Gam  psacan  thus,  m  - 

.    .  598 
246 

Harpes,  m  

.    .549 
549 

Ichthyorachis,  /   -    . 

.   .  310 
256 

.      577 

Harttia  /    

.    .  549 

IdiophyJlum,  n  .  .    . 

.    .  120 

247 

548 

Idiotrypa  f 

310 

Genopteryx,  /   .    .    . 

.      577 
189 

Helicopora,  /     .   .   . 
Helicotoma   f  .   .   . 

.   .308 
.    .  405 

Ilionia,/  

.    .483 
.   .  550 

Gerablattina,  /  .    .    . 

.      577 
571 

Heliodus,  m   .   .   .   . 

.    .  599 
.    .  191 

Illsenus,  m  

.   .550 
.    .  406 

577 

119 

.   .  193 

577 

192 

483 

.      571 

Helminthoidichnites,  m 

.    .  518 

Intrapora  f   .    .    .    . 

.    .  310 

577 

622 

310 

.      577 

Helodus   »i    .... 

.  •  599 

.    .  256 

481 

Helopora  f  •       •   • 

.    .  308 

.  346 

598 

.      578 

160 

807 

.    .  252 

483 

481 

549 

483 

437 

252 

551 

Glossograptus  nn  .    . 

.    .  189 

Hemipronites   .... 

.    .  346 

Isonema  n  

.    .  406 

.    .  307 

Hemitrypa  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  309 

Isotelus    n  

.    .  552 

.    .  518 

Hernodia  f    •   •    .    . 

.    .  309 

Isotrypa  f  

.      310 

Glymmatacanthus,  in 

.    .  598 
.    .  247 

Heterocrinus,  TO   .   . 
Heterocystites  m  .   . 

.    .252 
.    .  253 

600 

481 

309 

247 

193 

120 

248 

160 

346 

Glyptodendron    n    . 

.    .  119 

Heteroschisma,  n  .   . 

.    .  253 

Kut^rgina  f  .    •    .    . 

.    .  347 

Glyptodesma,  n     .    . 
Glyptolepis,  /   .   .   . 

.    .481 
.    .598 
307 

Heterotrypa     .... 
Hindella,/     .... 
Hindia  /    

.    .  193 
.    .  346 
.    .  160 

LABECHIA,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  310 
.      600 

598 

346 

194 

Gomphoceras,  n    .    . 
Gomphocystites,  HI  . 

.    .437 
.249 
m     249 

Hippodophycus,  n   . 
Hipponicharion,  TO  . 

.    .  120 
.    .  549 
309 

Lampterocrinus,  m  . 
Lasiocladia,/.  ,    .    . 

.    .  257 
.    .  160 
552 

Goniatites  m     ... 

438 

Holocystites  TO  ... 

.    .  253 

Lecanocrinus  m   .    . 

.    .  257 

Gonioceras,  n    .    .    . 
Gonioccelia  
Goniophora  f   .    .    . 

.    .  441 
.    .346 
.    .  481 

Holometopus,  in  .   . 
Holopea,  /  
Holopella  /  .   .   .   . 

.   .550 
.    .405 
.    .  406 

Lecracanthus,  m  .    . 
Lecythiocrinus  .... 
Leda     

.    .600 
.    .257 

.    .  484 

Goniopteris  

.    .  119 
307 

Holoptychius,  m  .    . 

.    .  599 
600 

Lepadocrinus,  m  .    . 

.    .257 
.   .  552 

119  518 

550 

.      406 

307 

255 

258 

Gosselettia,  /    .   .   . 
Grammysia,  /    .    .    . 
Granatocrinus    m 

.    .  482 
.    .  482 
.    .  250 

Homothetus,  m     .    . 
Homotrypa,  /    .    .    . 
Homotrypella  f  .    . 

.   .578 
.    .  309 
.  310 

Lepidesthes,  /  .   .    . 
Lepidilla,/  
Lepiditta  /    .    .    .    . 

.    .  258 
.    .  553 
.    .  553 

Graphiocrinus    m 

.    .  251 

.    .  310 

Lepidocidaris  /    .   . 

.    .  258 

Graptodictya    f 

.    .  307 

Hortholus     

.      442 

.    .  553 

Graptolithus  m 

19 

193 

.    .  121 

Gryphorhynchus     .    . 
Gulielmites,  m  .   .    . 
Gypidula   f 

.    .  483 
.   .  119 
346 

Huronia,  /  
Hybochinus,  m  .    .    . 

.    .  442 
.    .255 
606 

Lepidodendron,  n    . 
Lepidodiscus    .... 

.    .  121 
.    .  258 
160 

Gvracanthus,  m    .   . 

.    .  598 

Hybocrinus  TO  ... 

.    .  255 

L,epidophloios,  m  .    . 

.   .  122 

Gyrichnites,  m  .    .    . 
Gyroceras,  n  .    .    .    . 

.   .518 
.    .  441 

Hybocystites,  m    .    . 
Hydnoceras     .... 

.    .255 
.    .  442 

Lepidophyllum,  n    . 
Lepidostrobus  TO 

.   .  123 
.    .  123 

HADROCRINUS  m  .    . 

.    .  252 

Hydreionocrinus,  m 
Hylerpeton   n    •    .    . 

.    .  256 
.    .  622 

Lepidoxylon,  n.   .    . 

.   .124 
.   .  258 

Hadrophyllum,  n    . 

Haimeophyllum    n    . 

.    .  191 
.    .  191 

Hylonomus,  TO  ... 
Hymenophyllites  TO 

.    .622 
.    .  120 

Leptacamhus  .... 

.    .600 
.   .  347 

Hallia  /  

.    .  191 

Hyphasma  n     .    .    . 

.    .  622 

.    .  348 

Halonia  /  

.    .  119 

Hyolithellus  TO    .    . 

.    .  391 

.    .  348 

Halysites    m  .    .    .    . 

.    .  191 

.    .  391 

.    .  484 

Halysiocrinus  .... 

.    .  252 

256 

.    .  485 

Haplocrinus  m  .    .    . 

.    ,  252 

256 

.   .  160 

Haplophlebium,  n   . 
Haplotichnus,  m  .   . 
Harlania,  f    .    .    .   . 

.   .  577 
.    .  578 
.   .  119 

Hystrispongia,  /  .    . 

ICHNOPHYCUS,  n  .  .     . 

.    .  160 
.    .  120 

Leptophloeum,  n  .    . 
Leptophractus,  m  .  . 

.    .  124 
.    .623 
.    .  194 

Harmodites  . 

.  191 

Ichthv  acanthus.  TO  . 

.  622 

.  161 

660 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


[LEP.— OPH. 


PACK. 

311 

Macrodon,  »/.... 
Macropetalichthys,  »i 
Macrostaehya,  /   .    . 
Macrostylocriniis,  /// 
Madrepora  
Malocystites,  in  .   .    . 
Mariacrinus,  ///... 
Marracantbus,  >/*  .    . 
Mamipiocrinus,  //*  . 

PAGE. 

.  487 
.  601 
.  126 
.  259 
.  195 
.  259 
.  259 
.601 
.  260 
.  352 
.  488 
.  392 
.571 
.  602 
.  353 
.  312 
.  555 
.  195 
488 

Myrianite?,  in    .    .    . 
Myrtillocrinus,  in  .    . 
Mytilarca,  /    .    .    .    . 
Mytilops,  /  
Myiilus,  in  

Naiadite»  
Natica      

PAGE. 

.    -  519 
.    .261 
.    .  493 
.    -  494 
.    .  494 

.    .  494 
413 

Lescuropteris,  /    . 

.    .  124 
125 

Libellula,/  
L/ichas  m    

.    .  578 
.    .  553 

Lichenalia,  /  .    .    .    . 
Lichenocrinus,  m  .   . 
Licbenotrypa,/.  .    . 
Licrophycus,  n  .    .    . 

.    .311 
.    .  258 
.    .  312 
.    .  125 
486 

Naticopsis,  /  .    .    .    . 

.  .  413 
413 

Limaria,/   
Limoptera   f  •    •    •    . 

.    .  194 
.    .  486 

Matheria,  /  
Matthevia',/  .... 
Mazonia,  /  
!  Mecolepis,  f  
Meekella,/  
Meekopor'a,  /  
Megalaspis,  /  
Me^alograptus,  m  .  .    . 

198 

Necymylacris,  n    .    . 

.    .579 

44^ 

194 

Lingula,  /  
Lingulelasma,  n    .    . 

.    .349 
.    .351 
359 

Netnagraptns,  ///  .   . 
Nemapodia,  f.  .    •    . 

.    .  198 
.    •  519 

Nemataxis,  >n  .  .    .    . 
NeuHitophycus,  n.   .    . 
Nematophyllum,  n  . 
Netnatopora,  /  .    .    . 
Nematoxylon,'  n    .    . 
Nephropleris  
Nereidavus,  m  .    .    . 
Nereites,  m  
Neriopteris,  f.  .   .   . 

.    .  313 
.    .  127 
.    .  127 
.    .  313 
.    .  127 
.    .  127 
.    -  519 
-    .519 
.    .  127 

352 

352 

Linipora  
Linnarssonia  f  ,  •  . 

.    .  194 
.    -  359 

Megalopteris,  /.'.... 
Megambonia,  /  .    .    .    . 
Meganteris    
Megaphyton,  n  .   .    .    . 
Megaptera  
Megastroma,  n  .    .    .    . 
Megathentomum,  n  .    . 
Megistocrinus.  //<  .    .    . 
Melia 

.  126 
.488 
.353 
.  126 
.  489 
.  161 
.  579 
.  260 
.  443 
.261 
.261 
.  556 
.  353 
.  353 
.  3=i4 
.  602 
.  556 
.  556 
.  261 
.  623 
.409 
.579 
196 

Lioclema  n  .  .  .  . 

.    .  310 

Liodus,  m    .    .    . 
Liognathus,  m  .    .    . 
Liopteria,  /  

.    .600 
.    .600 
.    .484 
347 

Neuropteris,  /  .    .    . 
Nicholsonella,  f.  .    . 
Nilens,  //;  .  .    .    .    .    . 
Nipterocrinus,  m  .    . 
Nodosinella,  /  .    .    . 
Noeggerathia,'/  .    .    . 
Nothodon,  m  .... 
Nothozoe   
Nucleocrinus.  ///    .    . 
Nucleospira.  f   .    .    . 
Nuoiila,/.  .'.... 

.    .  127 
.    .313 
.    .557 
.    .  262 
.    .  161 
.    .  129 
.    .623 
.    .  557 
.    -  262 
.    .  355 
.    .494 
495 

555 

Lisyocaris  

.    .  555 

601 

Listracanthus,  m  .  . 
Lithentomum,  n  .  . 
Lithodicluon  
Lithomylacris,  n  .  . 

.    .601 
.    .578 
.    .  125 
.   .  579 
486 

Melocrinus,  m    .    .    .    . 
Melonites,  m  

Menocephalus,  »i  .   .    . 
Merista,  f  
Meristella,/  
Meristina,  /  
Meeodmodus,  //>... 
Me=onacis,  f  
Mesothyra,  /  
Mespilocrinus,  m-.   .    . 
Metarmosaurus,  m    .    . 
Metoptoma,/  
Miamia,  /    

Lithostrotion,  n  .  .  . 
LUtorina  
Lituites  in 

.    -  194 
406-486 
442 

Loculipora  f  •  .  .  . 

.    .  312 

Nuculites   tn  .... 

.    -  496 

.    .  161 

Nullipora  
Nuttainia  
Nyassa,  /  

.    .  161 
.    .557 
.    .496 
198 

Loganellus,  m  ... 
Loncbocephalus,  m  . 
Lonchopteris,  /  .  .  . 
Lonsdalia,/  .  .  .  . 
Lophodus  

.    .  555 
.    .  555 
.    .  125 
.    .194 
.   .  601 

OBOLELLA.  f  -    .    .    . 
Obolellina.  '  

.    .  355 

.    .  355 

Microceras,  n  
Microcyclus,  m  .... 
Microdiscus,  m  .... 
Microdoma,/  
Microdon  
Microspongia,  /.  .   .    . 
Millepora  

.410 
.  196 
.  557 
.  410 
.489 
.161 
.  196 
313 

Lophophyllum,  n  .  . 
Lophospira,  /  .  .  .  . 
Loxonema,  n  .  .  .  . 
Lucinci,  f  

.    .  194 
.    .406 
.    .  406 
.    .  486 

Obolus  m    

.    .  355 

Odontocephahis    .    .    . 

.    .  557 

Odontochile  ... 
Odontopteris,  /  . 
Odontotrypa,  /  . 
Oenites,  m  •    •    • 
Oestocephalus,  »j 
Ogygia,/  
Oldhamia,  /  .    .    .    . 
dlenellus,  m  
Olenoides,  m  .   •   •   . 
Olrnus   in  

.    .557 
.    .  129 
.    .  313 
.    .  519 
.    .623 
.    .557 
.    .  198 
.557 
.  557 
.    .  558 

Lumbriconereites,  m 
Lunatipora,/.  .   .   . 
Lunulicardium,  n  .  . 

.    .  518 
.    .  195 
.    .  486 
161 

Modiola  / 

489 

125 

489 

Lycopodites,  m  .  .  . 
Lyellia  /  

.   .  125 
.   .  195 

Modiomorpha,  /  .    .    . 
Moellerina  /  

.  491 
.  161 

.    .487 
.      258 

Molgophis   in  

.  623 

Monocraterion,  n  .    .   . 
Monograptus,  ///... 
Monomerella,  /  .  .   .    . 

.519 
.  196 
.  354 
.  492 

161 

Oligocarpia  f    •   •    • 

.  130 

Lyriopecten,  m  .  .  . 
Lyrodesma,  n  .  .  . 

.    .  487 
.    .487 
312 

Oligopcfrus,  m    .    .    . 
Olivanites  
Ollacrinus    
Omphalotrochus,  //)  . 
Omphyma,  f  .   .   .   • 
Onchus  ..I.... 
Oncoceras,  n  .    .    .   . 
Onycbaster,  m  .    .    . 
Onychocrinus,  m  .    . 
Onychodus,  in    •    •    • 
Ophiacodon,  m  .    .    . 

.  263 
.  263 
.  263 
.  413 
.  198 
.  602 
.445 
.  264 
.  264 
.  602 
.  624 

Monotis,  /  

.492 
.196 
.  196 

Lysocystites,  m  .  .  . 
Lysorophus,  m  .  .  . 

MACH.ERACANTHUS,  m 
Machairodus  .... 
Maclurea,  /  
Macrocheilus,  n  .  .  . 
Macrochilina,  /  .  .  . 

.    .259 
.   .623 

.   .601 

.   .519 
.    .408 
.    .408 
.    .409 

Monticulipora,  /  .    .    . 
Murchisonia,  f  .   .   .    . 

.  197 
.  410 

Myalina  /  

.  492 

Myelodactylus,  m  .  .   . 
Mycterops,  /  
Mylacris,  n  

.  261 
.  602 
.579 

OPH.— POS.] 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


661 


Ophileta,/  
Opisthoptera  
Oracanthus,  m  .  .  . 
Orbicula  
Orbifiiloidea,  f  .  .  . 
Orbit  ulites  
Ormathichnus,  rw  .  . 
Ormoceras,  n  .  .  .  . 
Ormoxylon,  n... 
Ornithichnit?s,  m  •  • 

PAGE. 

.    .  413 
.    .  497 
.    .  603 
.    .  356 
.    .  356 
.    .  161 
.    .414 
.    .  445 
.    .  130 
.    .  624 

Paleschara,/  .   .    .    . 
Palinacites    .    .    .    .    . 
Panenka,  /  
Pan<tf>tea  
Pantylus,  ?/;.... 
Paolia,  /  .    .    .    .    .    . 
Paracardiutn.i/  .    .    . 
Paraoyclas,  /  .   ..    .    . 
Paradoxidt  s,  w  .    .    . 
Pararca,  /    

PAGE. 
.      .   313 

.    .  131 

.    .500 
.    .500 
.    .  624 
.    .  579 
.    .  500 
.    -  500 
.    .  559 
.    .  500 

Phyllodictya,  /  .  .  . 
Phyllograptus,  m  .  . 
Phyllopora,  /  .  .  . 
Phylloporina  .... 
Phyllopteris,  /  .  .  . 
Physetocrinus,  in  .  . 
Physonemu?,  m  •  • 
Phywphycus,  n  .  .  . 
Physospougia,  /  .  . 
Phytolithus  

PAGK. 

.    .  315 
.    .  200 
.    .  315 
.    .  315 
.    .  133 
.    .  269 
.    .606 
.    .  133 
.    .  163 
.    .  133 

Orodus,  »i  
Orthacanthus,  m  .  . 
Orthis,/  
Orthisina,  /  
Orthoceras,  n  .  .  .  . 
Orthodesma,  n  .  .  . 
Orthogoniopteris,  /  . 
Orthonema,  n  .  .  . 

.    .  603 
.    .  604 
.    .356 
.    .360 
-    .445 
.    .  497 
.    .  130 
.    .  414 
497 

Pariotichus,  »i    .    .    . 
Parioxys,  m     .... 
Parisocrinus    .... 
Paromylacris,  n     .    . 
Pasceoius,  m  .    .    .    . 
Patella,/    
Pattersonia,  /     .    .    . 
Pecopteris,  /  .    .    .    . 
Pecten 

.    .  624 
.    .624 
.    .  267 
•-    .  580 
.    .  162 
.    .  415 
.    .  163 
.    .  131 
501 

Phytopsis,/  .  .  .  . 
Pileopsis  
Pileotrypa,  /  .  .  .  . 
Piliolites  
Piloceras,  n  .  .  .  . 
Pinacotrypa,  f  .  .  . 
Pinna,/  
Pinnatopora  .... 

.    .  134 
.    .  415 
.    .315 
.    .561 
.    .453 
.    .315 
.    .502 
.    .  315 
502 

Orthonoteila,  /  .  .  . 
(Jrthonychia  .... 

.    .  498 
.    .  414 

Pelion,  m     
Peltodus    m    .    .    .    . 

.    .  624 
.    .  605 

Pinnularia,  /  .  .  .  . 
Pisocrinus  m  ... 

.    .  134 
.    .  269 

Orthopleurodus,  m  . 
Orthopora,  /  .  .  .  . 

.    .604 
.    .313 
414 

Peltura     
Pemphigaspis,  /    .    . 

.    .560 
.    .  560 
267 

Placunopsis,  /  .  .  . 
Plangtichnus,  m  .  . 
Planolites 

.    .  502 
.    .580 
.    .  520 

Ortonia  

.    .  519 

Ptntagonia,  f  .    .    .    . 

.    .  360 

Planorbis  

.    .  415 

Oryctoblattina,  /  .  . 
Oryctocephalus,  m  . 
Ostrea  

PACHYCRINUS  in  .  . 

.    .  579 
.    .  558 
.    .  498 

.    .  265 

Pentagonites    .... 
Pentamerella,  /     .    . 
Pentamerus,  m  .    .    . 
Pentremites,  m  .    .    . 

.    .  267 
.    .  360 
.    .  361 
.    .267 
605 

Plasmopora,  /  •  •  • 
Platepbemera,  /.  .  . 
Playc-eras,  n  .  .  .  . 
Platycrinus,  m  .  .  . 

.    .200 
.    .580 
.    .  415 
.   .  270 
.    .  272 

Pachydictya,  /  .  .  . 

.    .  313 
265 

Pereichocrinus     .    .    . 

.    .  269 
605 

Platyodus,  m  .... 

.    .606 
.    .  561 

Pachyphyllum  .... 

.    .  130 
198 

Peripristis,  m     .    .•  . 

.    .  605 
501 

Platyscbisma,  n  •  • 

.    .418 
607 

Pachypora,  /..'.. 

.    .  199 
.    .  130 

Pernopecten,  m     .    . 

.    .501 
199 

Platystoma,  n  .  .  . 

.    .418 
.    .  362 

Palaeacis,  /  
Pabeacimea,/.  .  .  . 
Palseanatina,  /  .  .  . 
Palsearca  
Palseaspis,  /  .  .  .  . 
Palseaster,  m  .... 
Palseasterina,  /  .  .  . 
Palsechinus  m  .  .  . 

.    .  161 
.    .414 
.    .498 
.    .  498 
.    .604 
.    .  266 
.    .  266 
.    .  266 

Petalichnus,  m  .    .    . 
Petalodus,  TO  .... 
Petalorhynchus,  n   . 
Petalotrypa,/    .    .    . 
Petigopora,  /  .    .    .    . 
Petrablattina,  /  .    .    . 
Petraia,  /   
Petraster  m   .   .    .    . 

.    .452 
.    .  605 
.    .  606 
.    .  314 
.    .  314 
.    .  580 
.    .  199 
.    .  269 

Plasmopora,  /  .  .  . 
Plectamboniles  .  .  • 
Plectostylus  
Plethomytilus,  m  .  . 
Pleuracanthus,  m  .  . 
Pleurocystites,  m  .  . 
Pleurodictyum,n  .  . 
Pleuronotus  m  .  .  . 

.    .  200 
.    .  362 
.    .  418 
.    .503 
.    .607 
.    .272 
.    .  200 
.    .  419 

Paheobatis,  m  ... 
Palteocampa,/  .  .  . 
Palreocardia,  /  .  .  . 
Palseocaris,  /  .  .  .  . 

.    .  604 
.    .  573 
.    .  498 
.    .  558 
-    .  498 

Pe  trod  us,  m  .... 
Phacelopora,  /  •    •    • 
Pliacops,/  
Phsenopora,  /     .    .    . 

.    .  606 
.    .314 
.    .560 
.    .  314 
560 

Pleurophorus,  m  .  . 
Pleuroptyx,  /  .  .  . 
Pleurorhynehus  .  .  . 
Pleurotomaria,  /  .  . 
Plicatula  

.    .503 
.    .  625 
.    .  504 
.    .  419 
.    .  362 

PaLeochorda,  /  .  .  . 

.    .519 
266 

Phaneropleuron,  n  . 

.    .  606 
415 

Plumulina,  /  .  .  .  . 

.    .  134 
.    .  561 

Palseocrinus,  m  .  .  . 

.    .  267 
559 

Pharetrella,  /    .    .    . 

.    .  392 
606 

Pnigeacantbus,  m  • 

.    .607 
607 

Palseocvclus,  m  .  .  . 

.    .  199 

Phillipsia,  f   .    .    .    . 

.    .  560 

Poliochera,  f  •  •  •  • 

.    .  571 

PaUfocystites,  TO  .  . 

.    .  267 

Phillipsastrea  /     .    . 

.    .  199 

Polycronites  

.    .  453 

Palseomanon  f  .  .  . 

.    .  161 

Philocrinus  

.    .  269 

Polydilasma  .... 

.    .  200 

Palseoneilo,/  .  .  .  . 
Palseoniscus,  in  .  .  . 
PakeopaUemon,  ///  . 
Pakeophycus,  n  .  . 
Palseophyllum,  n  .  . 
Palseopinna,  /  .  .  . 
Palceopteris  
Palseosolen,  m  .  .  . 

.    .  499 
.    .604 
.    .559 
.    .  130 
.    .  199 
.    -499 
.    .  131 
.    .  500 
162 

Phlegethontia.  f  .    . 
Plioladella,  /  .    .    .    . 
Pholadomya    .... 
Pholidocidaris,  m  .    . 
Pholidops,/   .    .    .    . 
Phractopora,/  .    .    . 
Phragmoceras,  n  .    . 
Phragmodictya,/  .    . 

.    .624 
.    .502 
.    .  502 
.    .269 
.    .  362 
.    .  315 
.    .452 
.    .  163 
415 

Polyernus,  TO  ... 
Polygnathus,  TO  .  . 
Polyphemopsis,/  .  . 
Polypora,  /  .  .  .  . 
Polyporites,  TO  ... 
Polyrbizodus,  TO  .  . 
Polyspora  
Porambonites,  TO  .  . 
Porcellia  / 

.    .  580 
.    .  520 
.    .  423 
.    .  315 
.    .  134 
.    .  607 
.    .  134 
.    .362 
424 

199 

415 

Ponies 

200 

Palaiotrochus,  m  .  . 
Palssoxyris,  /  .  .  .  . 

.    .  414 
.    .  131 

Phthanocoris,  /    .    . 
Phtbonia,/    .   .    .    . 
43 

.    .  580 
.    .502 

Porocrinus,  m  .  .  . 
PosidoniaJ  .... 

.    .273 
.    .504 

662 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


[POS.— SOL. 


Posidonomya,  /  .  . 
Poteriocrinus,  m  .  . 
Prsecardium,  n  .  .  . 
Prasopora,/  .  .  .  . 
Prestwichia  
Primitia,  /  
Prioniodus,  m  .  .  . 
Prionotus  

PAGE. 

.    .  504 
.    .  273 
.    .  504 
.    .  201 
.    .561 
.    .561 
.    .520 
.    .  201 

Ptychocrinus,  .    .    . 
Ptychodesma,  n    . 
Ptychonema,  n  .   . 
Ptychoparia,  /  .    . 
Ptychophyllum  n 
Ptychopteria,  /     . 
Ptyctodus,  TO  . 

PAGE. 

.    .    .276 
.    .    -508 
.    .    .  201 
.    .    .  564 
.    .    .  201 
.    .    .508 
.    .    .610 
.    .    .  625 

Saeoammina,  f  .  .  . 
Saccocrinus,  m  .  .  . 
Saccospongia,  /  .  . 
Saericl  mites,  m  .  .  . 
Sagenaria,  
Sagenella,  f  .  .  .  . 
Salterella.  V  .  .  .  . 
SaUeria 

PAGE. 

.    .  164 
.    .278 
.    .  164 
.    .453 
.    .  138 
.    .  321 
.    .520 
566 

Prisconaia,  /  .  .  .  . 
Prisniopora,  /  .  .  . 

.    .504 
.    .  317 
608 

Ptyonodus,  w 
Pugiunculus,   . 
Pnna    f 

.    .    .  610 
...  392 
.    .      424 

Sandalodus,  m  .  .  . 
Bangui  no!  aria,/  .  . 

.    .  612 
.  509 
509 

608 

509 

566 

Productella,  /  .  .  . 
Productus  in  .  .  . 

.    .  362 
.    .  363 

Pycnocrinus,  wt     . 
Pycnostylus  m  •    . 

.    .    .276 
.    .    .  202 

Saportaea,  /  .... 
Sarcinula,  f  .  .  .  . 

.    .  138 
.    .  203 

Proetus  m  

.    .  561 

Pygopterus  m  .    . 

.  611-625 

.    .  612 

Promacrus,  m  .'  .  . 
Promylacris,  n  .  .  . 
Propteticus,  m  .  .  . 
Prorynchus,  n  .  .  . 
Proscorpitts,  .... 
Protaraea,/  .  .  .  . 
Protester,  m  .  .  .  . 

.    .504 
.    .  580 
.    .581 
.    .504 
.    .571 
.    .  201 

.  :  276 

Pygorhynchtts,  n     . 
Pyrenomoeus,  m    . 

Quenstedtia,     .   .    . 

RAMIPORA,  /  .   .   . 
Raniceps      .... 

.   .   .277 
...  509 

...  202 

...  320 
.   .    .  625 

Sauropleura,  /  .  .  . 
Sauropus,  TO  .... 
Scsevogyra,  /  .  .  .  . 
Scalaripora,  /  .  .  . 
Scalites,  TO  
Scaphiocrinus,  TO  .  . 
Scenella,  /  

.    .625 
.    .625 
.    .425 
.    .  321 
.    .  425 
.    .279 
.    .  392 

I'rotasterina,  .... 
Prothyris  f  .  .  .  • 

.    .  276 
:    .  504 

Raphistoma,  n  .   . 
Rastrites  in    ... 

...  424 
.    .    .  202 

Scenellopora,  /  .  .  . 
Sceptropora  f  •  •  • 

.    .  322 
.    .  322 

Protichnites  m  .  .  . 

.    .  562 

Rauffella  /.'.'. 

.    .    .163 

Schizambon  .... 

.    .  370 

Protoblechnum,  n  . 
Protocaris,  /  .  .  .  . 
Protocrisina,  /  .  .  . 
Protocyathus,  in  .  .  . 
Protograptus,  in  •  . 

.134 
.    .563 
.    .  317 
.    .  163 
.    .  201 

Receptaeulites,  m 
Remopleurides,  m 
Rensselseria,  /   .   . 
Reptaria,  /  .    .    .   . 
Retepora  f     .   .   . 

...  163 
.    .    .565 
.    .    .366 
...  320 
.   .    .  320 

Schizoblastus.  m  .  . 
Schizobolus,  >//... 
Schizocrania,  /  .  .  . 
Schizocrinus,  m  .  . 
Schizodus,  in  .  .  .  . 

.    .  281 
.    .  370 
.    .  371 
.    .  281 
.    .  510 

Protolimulus,  TO  .  . 
Protomya  f  •  •  .  . 

.    .  563 
.    .  505 

Reteporina,  /     .    . 

.    .    .320 

.    .    .277 

Schizodiscus,  m  .  . 
<S'<  hizopteris  .... 

.    .  566 
.    .  138 

Protoscolex,  m  .  .  . 
Protospongia,  /  .  . 
Protostigma,  /  .  .  . 
Prototaxites,  m  .  . 

.    .  520 
.    .  163 
.    .  135 
.    .  135 
563 

Retiograptus,  m    . 
Retiolites,  m  .   .   . 
Retzia,  /  
Rhabdaria,  /  .    .    . 

.    .    .202 
.    .    .202 
...  366 
...  164 
566 

Schsenaster,  TO  ... 
Schutzia,f  
Scoliostoma,  n  .  .  . 
Scolithus,  ;«.... 

.    .  281 
.    .  139 
.    .425 
.    .520 
.   .  139 

Proutella  / 

318 

136 

164 

Psammodus,  m  .  .  . 
Psaronius,  in  .  .  .  . 
Psephodus,  7/1  ... 
Pseudocrania  f  •  • 

.    -  608 
.    .  135 
.    .610 
366 

Rhacbiopteris,  /  . 
Rhachitoinus,  m  .    . 
Rhachura,  /  .    .    . 

...  137 
...  625 
.    .    .566 
.    .  137 

Scyphocrinus,  TO  ... 
Scytalocrimis,  .... 
Sedgwickia,  /  .  .  . 

.    .281 
.    .  281 
.    .  511 
.    .  139 

Pseud  omonotis,  /  . 
Pseudopecopter  s,  / 
Pseudophorus,  m  .  . 

.    .505 
.    .  135 
.    .  424 

Rhadinichthys,  m 
Rhinidictya,  /   .    . 
Rhinipora  f  •    •    • 

...  611 
.   .    .320 
.    .    .321 

Selenoides,  
Selenopora,/  .  .  . 
SemicosciniurD,  n 

.    .  164 
.    .  322 
.    .  322 

Psilophyton,  n  .  .  . 
Pterichthys,  m  .  .  . 
Pterinea,  /  
Pterinopecten,  m  .  . 
Pterocephalia,  /  .  . 
Pteronautilus,  m  .  . 
Pteronitella,/  .  .  . 
Pteronites,  m  .  .  . 
Pleropora,  
Pterotheca  f 

.    .  136 
.    .  610 
.    .505 
.    .507 
.    .564 
.    .453 
.    .  507 
.    .507 
.   .  318 
392 

Rhinocaris,/  .    .    . 
Rhizodus,  m  .    .    . 
Rhizograptus,  m   . 
RhizolUhes,  .... 
Rhuomopteris,  f  .    • 
Rhizomorpha,/    . 
Rhodocrinus,  7/1    . 
Rbombodictyon,  n 
Rhombopora,/.   . 

...  566 
.    .    .611 
...  202 
...  138 
...  138 
...  138 
...  277 
...  164 
.    .    .321 
321 

Septopora,/  .  .  .  . 
Serpula,  /  
Serpulites,  TO  ... 
Shumardia,  /  .  .  . 
Sicarius,  
Sideinina,  
Sigillaria,  /  .  .  .  . 
>Sigillarioides,  ///  .  - 
Sigillariostrobus,  TO 

.    .  322 
.    .  521 
.    .521 
.    .  566 
.    .  612 
.    .  453 
.    .  139 
.    .  141 
.    .  141 
.    .  164 

Pterotocrinus,  in  .  . 
Pterygotus,  m  .  .  . 
Ptilocarpus,  m  .  .  . 
Ptilionella  

.    .  276 
.    .564 
.    .  136 
.  318 

Rhynchodus,  m    . 
Rhynchonella,  /  . 
Rhynchospira,     .    . 

.    .    .611 
.    .    .367 
.    .    .370 
.    .    .  370 

Siphonocrinus,  m  • 
Siphonotreta,  /  .  . 
Skenidium,  n  .  .  . 
Smithia  f  

.    .281 
.    .  371 
.    .  371 
.    .  203 

Ptilodictya  /  .  .  . 

.  318 

.      370 

Solenocaris  f  .  .  . 

.    .  567 

Ptilograptus  m 

201 

Ribeiria  / 

.    .      566 

.    .  425 

Ptilonaster  . 

276 

612 

.    .  512 

Ptilophyton,  .  .  .  . 
Ptilopora,  /  .  .  .  . 

.    -  136 
.    .  319 

Romingeria,  /   .   . 
Rotalia  f    .   .   .   . 

...  203 
.    .    .164 

Solen,  TO  
Soleniscus,  in  ... 

.    .512 
.    .  4L'5 

Ptiloporella,  f  .  .  . 

.    .  319 

Rotella  /    .   .   .   . 

.    .    .  425 

Solenocaris,  

.    .  566 

Ptiloporina,  /  .  .  . 
Ptilotrypa,/  .  .  .  . 
Ptvnhasnis.  f  .  . 

.    .  319 
.    .320 
.  584 

Rolularia,    .... 
Rusichnites,  m  .    . 

...  138 
...  566 
.  138 

Solenochilus,  n  .  .  . 
Solenomya,  /  .  .  . 
Snlpnonlftiira.  f  .  . 

.    .453 
.    .512 
.567 

SOL.— UNO.] 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


663 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

PAGE. 

Solenopsis,  /  .   .   .    . 

.    .  512 

Streptosolen,  m     .    . 

.    .  165 

Thallistigma,  n  .    .    . 

.    .  327 

Solenoula,  f  

.    .  141 

Streptospongia,  /  .    . 

.    .  165 

Thamniscus,  TO      .    . 

.    .327 

Sorocladus,  m    .    .    . 

.    .  141 

Striatopora,  /     .    .    . 

.    .  205 

Thamnodictya,  /  .    . 

.      166 

Spattiella,/     .... 

.    .  513 

Stricklandia,    .    .    .    . 

.    .  379 

Thamnograptud,  m  . 

.    .207 

Spathiocaris,  /  .    .    . 

.    .567 

StricklandiniH,  /  .    . 

.    .379 

Thainnopora,  f  .    .    . 

.    .  328 

Spatiopora,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  323 

StrigiUina,    .    .    .    .    . 

.    .612 

Thamnotrypa,  /   .    . 

.    .  328 

Spli86r6xocb.us  TO 

.    .  567 

StrobilocystitpH    in   . 

.    .  283 

Theca  f 

393 

Sphaerocoryphe,  /    . 

.    .567 

Strobilospongia,   .    .    . 

.    .  165 

Thecia,  /.  

.207 

Sphserocrimts,  .... 

.    .282 

Strobilus,  

.    .  146 

Thecostegites,  m   .    . 

.    .  207 

Sphyerocystites,  m    . 

.    .  282 

Stromatocerium,  n  . 

.    .  165 

Thenaropus,  m  .    .   '. 

.    .  626 

Sphgerolites,  m  .    .    . 

.    .203 

Stromatopora,  /    .    . 

.    .  165 

Theropleura,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  626 

Sphagodus,   

.    .  521 

Strombodes,  m  .    •    . 

.    .  205 

Thoracodus,  m  .    .    . 

.    .  613 

Sphenacodon,  in   .    . 

.    .  626 

Strop  halosia,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  379 

Thrinacodus,  m     .    . 

.    .613 

Sphenolium,  n  .    .    . 

.    .  513 

Strophites,  m     .    .    . 

.    .  427 

Thyrsidium,  n  .    .    . 

.    .  626 

Spbenophyllum,  n  . 

.    .  141 

Strophodonta,  /    .    . 

.    .  379 

Thysanocrinus,  TO     . 

.    .  286 

Sphenopteris,  /     .    . 

.    .  142 

Strophomena,  /    .    . 

.    .381 

Titanophasma,  /  .  .    - 

.    .581 

Sphenopterium,    .    .    . 

.    .  164 

Strophonella,  /     .    . 

.    .383 

Tomodus,  m   .... 

.    .  613 

8phenothallus,  m  .    . 

.    .  143 

Strophostylus,  m  .    . 

.    .427 

Trachomatichnus,  TO 

.    .  454 

Sphenotus,  m     .    .    . 

.    .  513 

Strotocrinus,  m     •    • 

.    .  283 

Trachydomia,  n     .    . 

.    .428 

Spheropezium,  n  .    . 
Sphragiopora,  /     .    . 

.    .  626 
.    .  323 

Strotopora,  /  .    .    .    . 
Stylastrea,  /..... 

.    .  326 
.    .  205 

Tract  lypora,  /   •    •    • 
Trachyum,  n  .    .    .    . 

.    .  207 
.    .  166 

Spirangium,  n   .    .    . 

.    .  144 

Stylifer,     

.    .427 

Trernanotus,  TO  ... 

.    .428 

Spirifera,  /  

.    .  371 

Styliola,  /  

.    .  392 

Tremataster,  TO  .    .    . 

.    .286 

Spiriferina,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .377 

Stylonurus,  m    .    .    . 

.    .568 

Trematella,  /     .    .    . 

.    .  328 

Spirigera,     

.    .377 

Subretepora,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  326 

Trematis,  /     .... 

.    ..385 

Spirodomus,  in  .    .    . 

.    .  514 

Subulites,  m  .... 

.    .427 

Trematoceras,  n    .    . 

.    .  454 

Spirophyton,  n    .    .    . 

.    .  144 

Sulcopora,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  326 

Treniatocrinus,    .    .    . 

.    .  287 

Spirorbis,  m   .    .    .    . 

.    .521 

Symphylurus,  in   .    . 

.    .568 

Trematodiscus,  TO 

.    .455 

Spirula,    

.    .454 

Synbathocrinus,  m   . 

.    .  284 

Trematopora,  /     .    . 

.    .328 

Spongia,    

.    .  165 

Synocladia,  /     .    .    . 

.    .  326 

Trematospira,  /    .    . 

.    .  385 

Sporangites,  m  .    .    . 

.    .  144 

Syntrielasma,  n     .    . 

.    .383 

Treptichnus,  TO     .    . 

.    .581 

Sporocystis,  TO  ... 

.    .  144 

Syringocrinus,  m  .    • 

.    .  285 

Triacrinus,  

.    .287 

Squam  aster,  

.    .  282 

Syringodendron,  n  . 

.    .  146 

Triarthrella,  /   .    .    - 

.    .568 

Staphylopteris,  /  .    . 

.    .  144 

Syringolites,  m  •    •    • 

.    .  205 

Triarthrus  in     •    •    • 

568 

Staurocephalites,  m  . 

.    .  521 

Syringophyllum,     .    . 

.    .  166 

Trichiulus,  TO     ... 

.    .  573 

Staurograptus,  m  .    . 

.    .  203 

Svringopora   f  • 

206 

Trichomanites,  m 

.    .  147 

Steganbcrinus,  TO  .    . 

.    .282 

^  J  J  i**£v^fV»»|  J 

Syringostroma,  n  .    . 

.    .  166 

Trichophycus,  n   .    . 

.    .  147 

Stellipora,  /    .... 

.    .  203 

Syringothyris,  /    .    . 

.    .384 

Trichospongia,  /  .    . 

.    .  166 

Stemmatocrinus,  TO  . 

.    .  282 

Syringoxylon,  n    .    . 

.    .  146 

Tricoelocrinus,  m  .  '. 

.    .  287 

Stemmatodus,  m   .    . 

.    .  612 

Trigonocarpum,  n    . 

.    .  147 

Stemmatopteris,  /    . 

.    .  144 

TjENIASTER,  m     '....;. 

.    .285 

Trigonodus,  in     .    .    . 

.    .  613 

Stenacanthus,  m  .    . 

.    .  612 

Tseniodictya,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  327 

Trigonotreta,  f    .    .    . 

.    .  386 

Stenaster,  in  .... 

.    .  282 

Teeniodus,  m  .    .    .    . 

612 

Trimerella,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  386 

Stenocrinus,      .... 

.    .283 

Tseniophyllum,  n  .   . 

.    .  146 

Trimerorhachis,  /    . 

.    .  626 

Stenopora,/  .... 

.    .  203 

Tseniopora,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .  327 

Tritnerus,     

.    .  568 

Stenopterodus,  m  •    • 

.    .  612 

Tseniopteris  /  •    .    • 

146 

Trinucleus,  m     .    .    . 

.    .  568 

Stenoschisma,  n    .    . 

.    .  377 

Talarocrinus,  m     .    . 

.    .  285 

Triphyllopteris,  f     - 

.  148 

Stenotheca,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .392 

Tanaodus,  m  .... 

.    .612 

Triplesia,  f    .... 

.  387 

Stephanocrinus,  m    • 

.    .283 

Taonurus,  TO  .... 

.    .  146 

Trochita,  f  

.    .428 

Stereocrinus,  TO     .    . 

.    .283 

Taxocrinus,  TO    .    .    - 

.    .285 

Trochoceras,  n  .    .    . 

.    .  455 

Sternbergia,  /    .    .    . 

.    .  145 

Technocrinus,  m  .    . 

.    .285 

Trocholites,  TO  .    .    . 

.456 

Stictopora,  /  .    .    .    . 
Stictoporella,/  .    .    . 

.    .  323 
.    .  325 

Technophorus,  TO     . 
Teleiocrinus,  m     .    . 

.    .  514 

.    .  285 

Trochonema,  n  .    .    . 
Trochophyllurn,  n 

.    .428 

.  207 

Stictotrypa,   

.    .  325 

Telephus,  TO  .... 

.    -  568 

Trochus,  

.  428 

Stigmaria,  f    .    .    .    . 

.    .  145 

Tellina      

514 

Troostocrinus,  TO 

.  287 

Stigrnarioides,  m  .    . 

.    .  145 

Tellinomya,  /    .    .    . 

.    .514 

Tropidoleptus,  in  .    . 

.387 

Stotnatopora,  f  .   .   . 

.    .  325 

Tellinopsis  /    .    .    . 

515 

Tropidopora,  f  •    •    • 

.  329 

Straparollina,  /    .    . 

.    .426 

Temnochilus,  n     .    . 

.    .454 

Tryblidium,  n    .        . 

.429 

Straparollus,  'TO.      .    . 

.    .  426 

Tentaculites,  TO     .    . 

.    .  393 

Tuberculopora,    .    .    . 

.    .  329 

Streblopteria,  f     .    . 

.    .  514 

Terataspis,  /  .    .    .    . 

.    .568 

Tubipora,  f     .    .    .    . 

.    .207 

Streblotrypa,  /  .    .    . 

.    .  325 

Teratichnus,  m  .    .    . 

.    .454 

Tuditanus,  m     ... 

.    .626 

Strephochetus,  m 

.    .  165 

Terebratula,  /   .    .    - 

.    .384 

Turbo,  m     

.    .429 

Strephodes,    

.    .  204 

Terebratulites,  .... 

.    .  385 

Turbonilla 

429 

Streptaxis,  in      ... 

.    .427 

Termes,  m  

.    .  581 

Turrilepas,  m     ... 

.    .  569 

Streptelasma,  n     .    . 

.    .  204 

Tctradium  .n     ... 

.    .  206 

Turritella  f 

429 

Streptoceras,  n  .    .    . 

.    .454 

Tetragraptus,  111    .    . 

.    .  206 

Strobilepis,  /     ... 

.    .  468 

Tcxtu  Ictritt 

166 

ULODENDRON  n 

.  148 

Streptorhynchus,  n  . 

.    .  378 

Thaleops,  f  

.    .568 

Ungulina,     

.    .515 

664 


INDEX  OF  GENERA. 


[UNI.— ZYG. 


Unio  

PAGE. 

.   .  515 

Vitulina  /  .   .   .   . 

PAGE. 

.    .  387 

Xystracanthus,  m  . 
Xystrodus,  m  ... 

YOLDIA,  /  

ZAPHRENTIS,  /  .  .  . 
Zaptychius,  m  .  .  . 
Zatrachys,  n  .  .  .  . 
Zeacrinus,  m  .... 
Zittelella,  /  .... 
Zonites  m  

PAGK. 

.    .614 
-    .614 

.    .  516 

.    .208 
.    .  430 
.    .627 
.    .  288 
.    .  167 
.    .  430 

Unitrypa  

.    .  329 

Volkmannia,  m     . 

WALCHIA,  /   .   .   . 
Walcottia,  /  .    .   . 
Waldheimia,  /  .    . 
Whittleseya,  /  .    . 
Worthenopora,  /  . 

XENOCRINUS,  m 
Xenoneura,  /    .    . 
Xenophora,  f  .   .    . 
Xvlobius.  m   . 

.    .  148 

.    .  148 
.    .522 
.    .  387 
.    .  148 
.    .  330 

.    .  287 
.    .  581 
.    .  430 
.  574 

Uphantaenia,  /  .  .  . 

VALVUUNA,/  .  .  . 
Vanuxemia,  /  .  .  . 
Vasocrinus,  m  .  .  . 
Vaticinodus,  m  .  .  . 
Venus,  
Venustodus,  m  .  .  . 

.    .  166 

.    .  167 
.   .515 
.    .  287 
.    .613 
.    .  516 
.    .613 
207 

Vertumnia,  /  .  .  . 
VesicuJaria.  f.  . 

.    .  516 

.  208 

Zvcrosoira.  f  . 

.  388 

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